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An Ecosan Source Book 2 Draft, Version: 31. October 2003 An ecosan source book for the preparation and implementation of ecological sanitation projects 2nd draft – 10/2003 An ecosan source book for the preparation and implementation of ecological sanitation projects 2nd draft, Version: 31. October 2003 by Christine Werner Arne Panesar Patrick Bracken Heinz Peter Mang Elisabeth Huba-Mang Agnes M. Gerold Silke Demsat Irmgard Eicher Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH NOTE: Appendices will be sent in a second mail. Please ensure you have sufficient space in your in mail box Seite 1 An ecosan source book for the preparation and implementation of ecological sanitation projects 2nd draft – 10/2003 Table of contents 1 Introduction to the guidelines and toolbox...................................................... 6 1.1 Aim of the guidelines and toolbox.....................................................................................................6 1.2 How to use the guideline and toolbox...............................................................................................7 2 Ecosan in the context of the world water and sanitation crises .................... 9 2.1 The world water and sanitation crises ..............................................................................................9 2.2 Limitations of conventional sanitation systems.............................................................................. 10 2.3 Principles, advantages and key issues of ecological sanitation (ecosan)..................................... 15 2.4 What is a typical ecosan project? .................................................................................................. 20 2.5 The 4 basic types of ecosan projects ............................................................................................ 21 2.6 Implementing ecosan..................................................................................................................... 23 2.7 Existing experiences and the need for new tools .......................................................................... 26 3 Planning, preparation and implementation of ecosan projects ....................29 3.1 Awareness raising and providing information................................................................................ 29 3.2 Participation ................................................................................................................................... 30 3.3 Definitions and interpretations of participation............................................................................... 31 3.4 Commonly applied tools and methods .......................................................................................... 33 3.5 The Household Centred Environmental Sanitation (HCES) approach and related guidelines ..... 36 3.6 The “ecosan project steps” - an adaptation of the HCES 10-STEP-process ................................ 39 3.7 The “ecosan project steps” – key moments, necessary activities and expected results............... 40 3.8 Where do conventional planning and implementation instruments fit in? ..................................... 46 3.9 What is a stakeholder? .................................................................................................................. 50 3.10 Who are the stakeholders in ecosan projects?.............................................................................. 50 3.11 General introduction to the tasks and roles of the stakeholders in the different ecosan project types .............................................................................................................................................. 56 3.12 Tasks and roles of the stakeholders in project type A: rural upgrade ........................................... 56 3.13 Tasks and roles of the stakeholders in project type B: (peri-) urban upgrade............................... 58 3.14 Tasks and roles of the stakeholders in the project type C: new urban development areas.......... 62 3.15 Tasks and roles of the stakeholders in project type D: non-residential......................................... 65 4 A toolbox for ecosan programmes..................................................................68 4.1 Types of instruments available ...................................................................................................... 68 4.2 Regarding “missing” tools .............................................................................................................. 69 4.3 Tools for step 0 – raising awareness............................................................................................. 70 4.4 Tools for step 1 – Request for assistance ..................................................................................... 72 4.5 Tools for step 2 – Launch of planning and consultative process................................................... 74 4.6 Tools for step 3 – Assessment of current status ........................................................................... 75 4.7 Tools for step 4 – Assessment of user priorities............................................................................ 76 4.8 Tools for step 5 – Identification of options ..................................................................................... 79 4.9 Tools for step 6 – Evaluation of feasible service and reuse combinations.................................... 80 Seite 2 An ecosan source book for the preparation and implementation of ecological sanitation projects 2nd draft – 10/2003 4.10 Tools for step 7 - Consolidated ecosan plans for the study area .................................................. 81 4.11 Tools for step 8 – Finalising consolidated ecosan plans ............................................................... 83 4.12 Tools for step 9 – Implementation ................................................................................................. 84 4.13 Tools for monitoring, evaluation and feedback (MEF)................................................................... 85 5 Appendices........................................................................................................87 5.1 The 10-steps process for implementing a HCES programme....................................................... 87 5.2 Reviewed Literature....................................................................................................................... 87 5.3 Some further internet links with information on awareness and participatory tools and methods 87 Lists of figures, boxes and tables Boxes: BOX 1 The Millennium Development Goals and the Johannesburg Plan...............................9 BOX 2 The Bellagio Principles (2000)...................................................................................15 BOX 3 What is “agricultural reuse” in ecosan? .....................................................................16 BOX 4 Other forms of reuse in ecosan .................................................................................16 BOX 5 The Luebeck recommendations for action.................................................................24 BOX 6 What issues must tools of an ecosan tool-box address?...........................................28 BOX 7 What is participation? ................................................................................................31 BOX 8 Common participatory tools used in water management projects .............................33 BOX 9 The two main components of the HCES....................................................................36 BOX 10 The 10 Steps for implementing the HCES-Bellagio-principles Approach .................38 Tables TABLE 1 The characteristics of the 4 basic types of ecosan project ....................................23 TABLE 2 Factors motivating and constraining stakeholders to participate in an ecosan programme ...............................................................................................................55 TABLE 3 Tasks & roles of the stakeholders in project type A “rural upgrade” ......................57 TABLE 4 Tasks & roles of the stakeholders in project type B “(peri)Urban upgrade” ...........60 TABLE 5 Tasks & roles of the stakeholders in project type C “New urban development areas” .......................................................................................................................64 TABLE 6 Tasks & roles of the stakeholders in project type D “non-residential”....................67 TABLE 7 “Selected tools for Step 0” .....................................................................................70 TABLE 8 “Selected tools for Step 1” ......................................................................................72 TABLE 9 “Selected tools for Step 2” ......................................................................................74 TABLE 10 “Selected tools for Step 3” ....................................................................................75 TABLE 11 “Selected tools for Step 4” ....................................................................................76 TABLE 12 “Selected tools for Step 5” ....................................................................................79 TABLE 13 “Selected tools for Step 6” ....................................................................................80 TABLE 14 “Selected tools for Step 7” ....................................................................................81 TABLE 15 “Selected tools for Step 8” ....................................................................................83
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