1. Urine Diversion
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Advisory Report Animal Welfare in Circular Agriculture (Full Report)
Animal Welfare in Circular Agriculture Table of contents Procedure ........................................................................................................... 4 Structure of the document .................................................................................. 4 1. Introduction ............................................................................................... 5 1.1 Background and reason ........................................................................ 5 1.2 Objective and question ......................................................................... 6 1.3 Guiding principles ................................................................................ 6 2. Circular agriculture ..................................................................................... 7 3. Feeding animals in circular agriculture ..................................................... 11 4. The value of manure in circular agriculture .............................................. 15 5. Animal housing in circular agriculture ...................................................... 16 6. What animals are suitable for circular agriculture? .................................. 18 7. Concluding analysis and conclusions ........................................................ 20 8. Recommendations .................................................................................... 22 References ....................................................................................................... 23 Annexes ........................................................................................................... -
Healthy Toileting Practices
Healthy Toileting Practices Bowel movements: Start a toilet time routine. Choose a specific time during the day when your child will sit on the toilet to pass a bowel movement (make a poop) and have them use the toilet at the same time every day. The body is usually ready for a bowel movement 20-30 minutes after eating, so a good time to try would be after breakfast, lunch, or dinner. Your child’s stool (poop) should be soft and easy to pass, and look like a snake or sausage. To help your child have regular bowel movements, they should eat fruits and vegetables, and drink plenty of water. If your child is constipated they will be unable to have a bowel movement or have painful and difficult bowel movements. Please call us with any questions or concerns about constipation. Hygiene and proper cleaning are important. Please remember to wipe from “front to back”. Urination: Remind your child to sit on the toilet AT LEAST every 3 hours, or more often if they need to. Give your child enough time to sit on the toilet and try to urinate (pee). Remind your child not to rush while they urinate. Ask your child to breathe deeply and take their time when trying to urinate to relax the pelvic floor (no squeezing or pushing with the tummy). Ask them to take deep breaths and blow out the air slowly to help them relax. Double voiding: Try to have your child urinate. After your child urinates and says they are “finished”, wipe them from front to back and ask them to stand up and move around and then sit back down on the toilet and try again. -
Detection of Continuous Erythropoietin Receptor Activator in Blood And
Letters to the Editor 5 A Pugliese-Ciaccio, Catanzaro; Dipartimento di Oncologia, 1.0 Biologia e Genetica Università degli Studi di Genova, Italy. Funding: supported from Associazione Italiana Ricerca sul Cancro 0.8 (AIRC) (to FM and MF) and Fondazione ‘Amelia Scorza’ β2-mneg Onlus, Cosenza, Italy. 0.6 Acknowledgments: we would like to acknowledge Dr. Vincenzo not treated Callea, Prof Luca Baldini, Dr Ugo Consoli and Dr Serena Matis 0.4 for their contribution and useful suggestions.We thank Laura Veroni and Brigida Gulino for precious secretarial assistance. Proportion 0.2 p=0.002 pos β β2-m Key words: 2-microglobulin, CD38, IgVH mutational status, CLL, prognosis. 0.0 Correspondence: Fortunato Morabito, Unità Operativa Complessa di Ematologia, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna, 0 3 6 9 12 15 Azienda Ospedaliera di Cosenza, Viale della Repubblica, years 87100 Cosenza, Italy. Phone: international +39.0984.681329. B Fax: international +39.0984.791751. Univariate analysis E-mail: [email protected] Risk categories HR (95% C.I., p value) Citation: Gentile M, Cutrona G, Neri A, Molica S, Ferrarini M, No factor 1 and Morabito F. Predictive value of B2-microglobulin (B2-m) levels One factor 1,5 (0.7-3.4, p=ns) in chronic lymphocytic leukemia since Binet A stages. Two factor 5.0 (2.5-10.2, p<0.0001) Haematologica 2009; 94:887-888. Three factors 15.4 (7.3-32.5, p<0.0001) doi:10.3324/haematol.2009.005561 C 1.0 References 0.8 1. Rossi D, Zucchetto A, Rossi FM, Capello D, Cerri M, no factor Deambrogi C, et al. -
Leave No Trace Outdoor Skills & Ethics
ISLE ROYALE NATIONAL PARK Leave No Trace Outdoor Skills & Ethics Leave No Trace Outdoor Skills and Ethics ISLE ROYALE NATIONAL PARK Leave No Trace Center for Outdoor Ethics November, 2004 Leave No Trace — Isle Royale National Park Skills & Ethics 1 Wildland Ethics "Ethical and moral questions and how we answer them may determine whether primal scenes will continue to be a source of joy and comfort to future generations. The decisions are ours and we have to search our minds and souls for the right answers..." "The real significance of wilderness is a cultural matter. It is far more than hunting, fishing, hiking, camping or canoeing; it has to do with the human spirit." —Sigurd F. Olson ...and so we visit wild places to discover ourselves, to let our spirits run with the graceful canoe and journey through the beckoning forests. The wilderness is good for us. It enables us to discover who we really are, and to explore who we are really meant to be. It is the nature of wild places that gives us the space to slow the pace of our lives, to becalm the storms of everyday life, to gain perspective on the things we truly value. Sigurd Olson needed wild places...they gave much to him, as they do to us—and, so, we should be eager to give back. Our favorite places— those whose forests have welcomed us, whose lakes have refreshed us, whose sunsets have inspired awe—are not ours alone. They are a treasured resource, there for the good of all who seek their own true spirit through solitude and adventure. -
Recode Draft Plumbing Code for Composting and Urine Diversion Toilets
June 9, 2014 Recode Draft Plumbing Code for Composting and Urine Diversion Toilets Editor Mathew Lippincott recodeoregon.org Collaborators Laura Allen greywateraction.org Mark Buehrer 2020engineering.org Molly Danielsson recodeoregon.org Melora Golden recodeoregon.org Colleen Mitchell 2020engineering.com Kim Nace richearthinstitute.org Glenn Nelson compostingtoilet.com Abe Noe-Hayes richearthinstitute.org David Omick watershedmg.org/soil-stewards John Scarpulla sfwater.org Justification Introduction Water scarcity and pollution concerns are driving Environmental Protection: the adoption of composting and urine diversion Urine diversion can reduce nitrogen in domestic toilet systems in the US and abroad. In the US, wastewater by 80%, and Composting Toilet these systems have been treated unevenly by Systems can reduce household nitrogen by close a patchwork of regulations in Health, Onsite to 90%, both at installed costs of $3-6,000. This is Sanitation, and Building Code departments a higher performance than Alternative Treatment because they do not fit neatly into categories Technologies (ATTs) and sand filters currently designed to guarantee safe sanitary drainage required in many jurisdictions with surface and systems. It is the opinion of this code group that groundwater concerns, and at a fraction of the composting and urine diversion toilets are at a cost. This code brings new, lower cost options for turning point, mature enough to build sound environmental protection to homeowners. regulation around while also being a site of active research and development. Our intent is Innovation: therefore to create code language that provides This code enables the installation of innovative for strict protections on public health while also technologies by creating a code with clear encouraging the growth of domestic industry and inspection points to safeguard public health even innovation in composting and urine diversion in the event of the failure of new or experimental systems. -
Source Separation and Treatment of Anthropogenic Urine
Source Separation and of Treatment Anthropogenic Urine Infrastructure Water Environment Research Foundation 635 Slaters Lane, Suite G-110 n Alexandria, VA 22314-1177 Phone: 571-384-2100 n Fax: 703-299-0742 n Email: [email protected] www.werf.org WERF Stock No. INFR4SG09b Co-published by IWA Publishing Source Separation and Treatment Alliance House, 12 Caxton Street London SW1H 0QS United Kingdom of Anthropogenic Urine Phone: +44 (0)20 7654 5500 Fax: +44 (0)20 7654 5555 Email: [email protected] Web: www.iwapublishing.co IWAP ISBN: 978-1-78040-005-1/1-78040-005-5 Co-published by Aug 2011 INFR4SG09b SOURCE SEPARATION AND TREATMENT OF ANTHROPOGENIC URINE by: Kimberly LeMonde Fewless Sybil Sharvelle (PI) Larry A. Roesner (Co-PI) Colorado State University 2011 The Water Environment Research Foundation, a not-for-profit organization, funds and manages water quality research for its subscribers through a diverse public-private partnership between municipal utilities, corporations, academia, industry, and the federal government. WERF subscribers include municipal and regional water and wastewater utilities, industrial corporations, environmental engineering firms, and others that share a commitment to cost-effective water quality solutions. WERF is dedicated to advancing science and technology addressing water quality issues as they impact water resources, the atmosphere, the lands, and quality of life. For more information, contact: Water Environment Research Foundation 635 Slaters Lane, Suite G-110 Alexandria, VA 22314-1177 Tel: (571) 384-2100 Fax: (703) 299-0742 www.werf.org [email protected] This report was co-published by the following organization. IWA Publishing Alliance House, 12 Caxton Street London SW1H 0QS, United Kingdom Tel: +44 (0) 20 7654 5500 Fax: +44 (0) 20 7654 5555 www.iwapublishing.com [email protected] © Copyright 2011 by the Water Environment Research Foundation. -
A Concept of Clean Toilet from the Islamic Perspective
A CONCEPT OF CLEAN TOILET FROM THE ISLAMIC PERSPECTIVE Asiah Abdul Rahim Department ofArchitecture Kulliyyah afArchitecture and Environmental Design INTERNATIONAL ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY MALAYSIA Abstract Islam is the official religion of Malaysia and more than half of the population is Muslim. As Muslims, the aspect of cleanliness is one of the most important and basic things that should be followed and practised in everyday life. Allah loves those cleanse themselves as quoted in the holy Qur'an. .. God loves those who turn to Him, and He loves those who cleanse themselves ". (Surah Al-Baqarah: 222) There is a growing awareness of public toilets among the public and authorities which can be seen in the events such as the "A Clean Toilet Campaign Seminar" held at national level end of July 2003 in lohor Bahru, Johor. Criticisms by visitors and locals stirred the level of consciousness among those responsible directly or indirectly for clean and effective public facilities.Nowadays, toilet is no longer perceived as merely a small and insignificant part of a building. It contributes and serves more than the initial purposes intended. Due to socio-economic changes, a toilet has been diversified and become multi-functions. It has surpassed its traditional role as a place to empty bowels or urinates to serve as comfortable vicinity with conveniences. In developed countries such as Japan and Korea, a public toilet has become a communal area where people could do face washing, showering, freshen up or taking care of their kids and so on. In designing a public toilet, some elements should be highlighted particularly on the understanding of users needs. -
Sustainable Environmental Protection Using Modified Pit-Latrines
Sustainable Environmental Protection Using Modified Pit-Latrines Esnati James Chaggu Promotor: Prof. dr.ir. G. Lettinga Hoogleraar in de anaërobe zuiveringstechnologie en hergebruik van afvalstoffen Co-promotoren: Dr. W. T. M. Sanders Post-doc onderzoeker bij de sectie Milieutechnologie, Wageningen Universiteit, Nederland Prof. A. Mashauri Dar-es-Salaam Universiteit, Tanzania Samenstelling promotiecommissie: Prof. G. Spaargaren Wageningen Universiteit Prof. dr. H. J. Gijzen UNESCO-IHE, Delft, Nederland Dr. G. J. Medema KIWA Water Research, Nieuwegein, Nederland Prof. Dr. H. Folmer Wageningen Universiteit Dit onderzoek is uitgevoerd binnen de onderzoekschool Wimek Sustainable Environmental Protection Using Modified Pit-Latrines Esnati James Chaggu Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor op gezag van de rector magnificus van Wageningen Universiteit, Prof. Dr. Ir. L. Speelman, in het openbaar te verdedigen op dinsdag 23 maart 2003 des namiddags te half twee in de aula CIP-DATA KONINKLIJKE BIBLIOTHEEK, DEN HAAG. Chaggu, E. J. Sustainable Environmental Protection Using Modified Pit-Latrines ISBN: 90-5808-989-4 Subject headings: excreta disposal/blackwater/nightsoil/anaerobic digestion/improved pit latrines Abstract - Chaggu, E. J. (2004). Sustainable Environmental Protection Using Modified Pit-Latrines. Ph.D Thesis, Wageningen University, The Netherlands. Pit-latrines are on-site excreta disposal facilities widely used as anaerobic accumulation system for stabilizing human wastes like excreta, both in rural and urban settlements of developing countries. Flooding of pit-latrines is often a common phenomenon, especially in situations of high water table (HWT) conditions and during the rainy season, causing a health jeopardy to residents. The pits are not water-tight, the (ground)water can freely flow in and out of the pit, especially in HWT areas. -
A Review of Ecosan Experience in Eastern and Southern Africa
The Water and Sanitation Program January 2005 is an international partnership for improving water and sanitation sector policies, practices, and capacities to serve poor people Field Note Sanitation and Hygiene Series A Review of EcoSan Experience in Eastern and Southern Africa Many governments and agencies in Africa are exploring the role of ecological sanitation, or EcoSan, within their environmental sanitation and hygiene improvement programs. Despite convincing environmental and economic reasons to support this approach, acceptance of the technology has been very limited so far. This field note reviews experience in Eastern Africa and, with less detail, Southern Africa. Introduction The scale of the sanitation crisis in Africa is enormous: 43 percent of the population of Sub Saharan Africa – over 303 million people – had no access to basic sanitation in the year 2000.1 Between 1990 and 2000, the number of people gaining access to improved sanitation failed to keep pace with population growth. The combination of poor progress, population growth, extremely weak economies and sometimes civil strife mean that the MDG targets facing Africa, seem almost insurmountable. This clearly means that ‘business as usual’ is not an option. Many governments and agencies in Africa are exploring the role of ecological sanitation, or EcoSan, within their environmental sanitation and hygiene improvement programs. Despite convincing environmental and economic reasons to support this approach, acceptance of the technology has been very limited so far. This field note reviews experience in Eastern Africa and, with less detail, Southern Africa. The aim is: • to identify as many successful EcoSan projects and programs as possible and to learn from these experiences; and, • to understand why take-up of EcoSan has been so limited, and to use this information to improve future sanitation programs. -
HEALTH ASPECTS of DRY SANITATION with WASTE REUSE Anne Peasey
HEALTH ASPECTS OF DRY SANITATION WITH WASTE REUSE Anne Peasey Task No. 324 WELL STUDIES IN WATER AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH Health Aspects of Dry Sanitation with Waste Reuse Anne Peasey WELL Water and Environmental Health at London and Loughborough Health Aspects of Dry Sanitation with Waste Reuse ii London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Keppel Street London WC1E 7HT © LSHTM/WEDC Peasey, A. (2000) Health Aspects of Dry Sanitation with Waste Reuse WELL Designed and Produced at LSHTM Health Aspects of Dry Sanitation with Waste Reuse EXECUTIVE SUMMARY BACKGROUND Dry sanitation is defined in this report as the on-site disposal of human urine and faeces without the use of water as a carrier. This definition includes many of the most popular options for low- cost sanitation including pit latrines, Ventilated Improved Pits, SanPlats, etc. There has always been an interest in the reuse of human waste as a fertiliser, and there has been much recent work on the development of composting and other processes to permit human waste reuse. This report examines the practice of dry sanitation with reuse in Mexico, with a particular focus on health issues and the lessons to be learned from case studies and experience. DRY SANITATION WITH REUSE There are two distinct technical approaches to dry sanitation with reuse; · Dehydration. Urine and faeces are managed separately. The deposited faecal matter may be dried by the addition of lime, ash, or earth, and the contents are simply isolated from human contact for a specified period of time to reduce the presence of pathogens. · Decomposition (composting) In this process, bacteria, worms, or other organisms are used to break organic matter down to produce compost. -
UD & Composting Toilets (Ecosan)
UD Toilets and Composting Toilets in Emergency Settings This Technical Brief looks at the criteria for selecting Urine Diversion (UD) and Composting Toilets options in an emergency setting, including the construction, operation and maintenance of such units which is used to store and dry the faeces over a specified Ecological Sanitation or period. Normally, it is recommended to store faeces for a Sustainable Sanitation? minimum of 12-months in one vault before emptying. Adding a desiccating material such as ash or sawdust will The approach of Ecological Sanitation (Ecosan) in accelerate the faeces drying process. Typically, in a well- emergency settings breaks with conventional excreta managed ecosan unit, storage times of greater than 3- disposal options such as pit latrines or pour-flush toilets. months will reduce many pathogens to safe levels, in Traditionally, Ecosan systems re-use both faeces and particular those responsible for Ameobiasis, Giardiasis, urine, turning them into either a soil conditioner or a Hepatitis A, Hookworm, Whipworm, Threadworm, fertilizer. This not only benefits peoples’ health through Rotavirus, Cholera, Escherichia coli, and Typhoid safe excreta disposal and by reducing environmental amongst others. Ascaris is more persistent though, and contamination, but also implies re-using the by-products may require retention times of 12-months or more. for some form of agricultural activity. In an emergency setting, the choice of ecosan options is very often driven by factors other than the re-use of all or part of the by-products. Ecosan toilets are very often better suited to rocky ground or areas with high water tables, making them more resistant to cyclic flooding for instance. -
Fecal Sludge Management (FSM) Services in Nigeria} Public Disclosure Authorized
Report No: AUS0000053 . Nigeria Sustainable WSS Services in Nigeria { Fecal Sludge Management (FSM) Services in Nigeria} Public Disclosure Authorized . {December 2017} . WAT . Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized . Document of the World Bank . © 2017 The World Bank 1818 H Street NW, Washington DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000; Internet: www.worldbank.org Some rights reserved This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors of The World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Rights and Permissions The material in this work is subject to copyright. Because The World Bank encourages dissemination of its knowledge, this work may be reproduced, in whole or in part, for noncommercial purposes as long as full attribution to this work is given. Attribution—Please cite the work as follows: “World Bank. {YEAR OF PUBLICATION}. {TITLE}. © World Bank.” All queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to World Bank Publications, The World Bank Group, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2625; e-mail: [email protected]. Technical Assistance to Fecal Sludge Management Services in Port Harcourt, Nigeria Selection #1222708 ASSESSMENT REPORT AND PROJECT DEVELOPMENT IN SELECTED PILOT AREAS 1 August 2017 ii Project Development in Selected Pilot Areas EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The imperative for improving the collection, treatment, and disposal of human excreta is gaining increasing attention in international development efforts.