2Nd ICSTCSD 2018 Proceeding Magelang, 16 – 17 November 2018

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2nd ICSTCSD 2018 Proceeding Magelang, 16 – 17 November 2018

The Role of Government

Editor : Fadlurrahman, S.IP., M.P.A Nike Mutiara Fauziah, S.A.P., M.A

The Role of Government on Sustainable Development

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2nd ICSTCSD 2018 Proceeding Magelang, 16 – 17 November 2018

“The Role of Government on Sustainable Development” Magelang, 16 – 17 November 2018

Collaboration Conference :

3rd Borobudur Conference on Public Administration 3rd International Conference on Tourism Role in Sustainable Comunity Development 4th Conference on Social Transform 3rd International Social Science Tourism Research Conference

Editor : Fadlurrahman, S.IP., M.P.A Nike Mutiara Fauziah, S.A.P., M.A

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The Role of Government on Sustainable Development

2nd ICSTCSD 2018 Proceeding Magelang, 16 – 17 November 2018 FOREWORD

Assalamu‘alaikum Warahmatullah Wabarakatuh,

Finally, Second International Conference on Social Transformation, Community and Sustainable Development (2nd ICSTCSD) proceeding has been published. It is my great honour to say thank you to our Keynote Speaker Prof. Dr. Soffian Effendi and our Guest Speakers Prof. Dr. Rosazman, Teuku Afrizal, Ph.D, Dr. Karen M Fernandez, Assoc. Prof. Nursuhaily Abu Bakar, our invited audience, Rector of Tidar University, Dean of Faculty of Social and Political Science and our dear colleague in university. On behalf of my colleagues in Faculty of Social Science and Political Science, we are deeply honoured to be hosting this conference. 2nd ICSTCSD 2018 is held as our response to Nawa Cita, the national development agenda who require the good governance principle in its implementation. In a good collaboration with government institution, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Imus Institute of Science and Technology, Diponegoro University, and Jenderal Soedirman University the conference will come up with recommendation within academic framework. Through this highly valuable forum, I do hope many insights and enlightenment from the speaker and all participants for a better Social Transformation, Community and Sustainable Development. Last but not least, thank you for all perpetual support from all lecturer, staff, and students in FISIPOL of Tidar University. May Allah bless us.

Wassalamu‘alaikum Warahmatullah Wabarakatuh.

Catur Wulandari, S.Sos., M.Si

2nd ICSTCSD 2018 Committee Chairman

The Role of Government on Sustainable Development

2nd ICSTCSD 2018 Proceeding Magelang, 16 – 17 November 2018

TABLE OF CONTENTS

NO TITLE PAGE 1 Reading The Direction of The Study Governing Negativity of Sex Workers 1-9 By : Tedi Erviantono, Ni Made Ras Amanda G. 2 The Model Network of Actors of the Integrated Service Centers for Empowering Women and Children Team in the Socio-Cultural 10-16 Environment in Palembang City By : Nengyanti, Yoyok Hendarso 3 ‖Local Strongmen‖ Phenomena in Indonesia : Case Study of Syahrul Yasin Limpo‘s Dynamic of Power in South Sulawesi 17-25 By : Muhammad Nurhidayat, Meidi Kosandi 4 Analysis of Factors Increasing the Electoral Strength of the Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle in the Legislative Election 26-33 2014 By : Yuri Ashari, Meidi Koesandi 5 Building Convergence of Ethnicity in the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia 34-42 By : Tomi Setiawan 6 Development of Candirejo Tourist Village Towards Social Economy By : Oktavia Suryaningsih, Nur Ma‘rifah, Elsa Aerani, Joko Tri 43-50 Nugraha, Retno Dewi Pramodia Ahsani 7 Domination Technology of Power In Internal Control of Government Institution 51-61 By : Mutia Rizal 8 Juridical Study of Performance of Village Apparatus in the Ages of Integrated Integrated Service in the Village of Balesari Kecamatan 62-71 Windusari Kabupaten Magelang By : Indira Swasti Gama Bhakti, Tri Agus Gunawan 9 Laughter Game : Enhancing the Confidence and Socialization Related with Vocabulary of Isolated Students 72-79 By : Atiqoch Novie Ameliani, Septa Hardiyaning Tiyas 10 Strategic Planning Model on Minapolitan Tourism Area Development of the National Fishery Harbor of Karangantu at Serang City 80-99 By : Ipah Ema Jumiati, Rd. Nia Kania Kurniawati, Leo Agustino 11 The Conflict Between the DKI Jakarta Regional Leadership Board and the PDI-P Central Leadership Board in the DKI Jakarta Election 100-106 Period 2017-2022 By : Fikri Ibrahim Arif, Chusnul Mar‘iyah 12 The Impact of 2013 Curriculum Revision for the History Teachers of 107-115 Vocational Schools (A Case Study on History Teachers of Vocational

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The Role of Government on Sustainable Development

School in Surakarta) By : Retnaningsih, Nunuk Suryani, Sri Yamtinah 13 Transforming Pulau Besar, Malacca, Malaysia By : Zuriati Binti Mohd Rashid, Siti Fathihah binti Abd Latif, Nik 116-126 Yusri bin Musa, Wan Mohd Azam bin Mohd Amin

14 The Competitiveness of Indonesian Tuna in the Rep of Korean Market 127-134 By : Sri Hidayati 15 Initiating School Change toward Sustainable Improvement 135-142 By : Uning Musthofiyah, Elfirahmi Thamrin 16 Collaborative Public Management in Indonesian Natural Disaster Mitigation 143-152 By : Nike Mutiara Fauziah, Fadlurrahman, RM Mahendradi 17 The Dynamics of Conflict in the House of Representatives of Republic of Indonesia About to the Formulation the Presidential 153-158 Thereshold on Election Law of No.7/2017 By : Ridho Miqdar, Valina Singka 18 Single Candidate in the Local Election of Makassar at 2018 159-162 By : Zulqifli, Chusnul Mar‘iyah 19 Vote Buying : Incumbent and Democracy Threats of The Simultaneous Election of Perbekel in Bali 163-170 By : Piers Andreas Noak 20 Parental Perspective on the Determinants of Secondary School Enrolment in Indonesia: A Case Study in Tembang Island, Banggai 171-187 Regency, Central Sulawesi By : Loiza Susilo 21 Yogyakarta‘s Traffic Lights Intersection Street Dancer : Dance Commodification as a Life Survival Strategy in the Middle of Poverty 188-194 Line By : Seiren Ikhtiara, Fadlurrahman, Nike Mutiara Fauziah 22 Role of Actors in Actor Network Stage of Tourism Development in Semarang City 195-201 By : Tri Yuniningsih, Nina Widowati 23 PKK And Shadows "Post-Reformation" State Ibuism : (Dynamics of the Role of PKK Organizations in Raksa Jiwa Village, Ogan 204-211 Komering Ulu District) By : Amaliatulwalidain, Novia Kencana 24 Employee Participation and Organizational Culture in the Public Universities in Malaysia : An Analysis 212-220 By : Badariah Ab Rahman, Dzurizah Ibrahim, Rosazman Husin, Harifah Mord Noor 25 Evaluasi Dampak Perubahan Status Desa Menjadi Kelurahan di Kelurahan Mungseng Kecamatan Temanggung Kabupaten 221-230 Temanggung (Pada Bidang Pemerintahan) By : Muhamad Chamdhani, Catur Wulandari viii

2nd ICSTCSD 2018 Proceeding Magelang, 16 – 17 November 2018

26 Pengembangan Social Capital dalam Menumbuhkan Industri Kreatif (Studi Kasus Kerajinan Bahan Imitasi di Kelurahan Sarirejo 231-237 Kecamatan Semarang Timur) By : Budi Puspo Priyadi, Retno Sunu Astuti 27 Model Pengelolaan Obyek Wisata Taman Kyai Langgeng di Kota Magelang 238-245 By : Sri Mulyani, Wahyu Prabowo 28 Government Policy in Waste Management Through 3R (Reduce, Reuse, Rcycle) in Magelang City 246-253 By : Eny Boedi Orbawati, Sri Dayati 29 Kajian Yuridis Vonis Ultra Petita Terhadap Prinsip Kebebasan Hakim Pada Putusan Pidana Nomor 1537/Pid.B/2016/PN.Jkt Utr 254-264 dalam Kasus Penodaan Agama By : Tri Agus Gunawan, Arnanda Yusliwidaka

The Role of Government on Sustainable Development

2nd ICSTCSD 2018 Proceeding Magelang, 16 – 17 November 2018 READING THE DIRECTION OF THE STUDY GOVERNING NEGATIVITY OF SEX WORKERS

Tedi Erviantono1 Ni Made Ras Amanda G2

1Student of The Political Science Doctoral Program at Gadjah Mada University & A Lecturer Political Science Department, Udayana University, PB Sudirman Denpasar, 80223, Indonesia, [email protected] 2Communication Science, Udayana University, PB Sudirman Denpasar, 80223, Indonesia, [email protected]

Abstract 1. INTRODUCTION The studies related to sex workers governance tend The substance of Indonesia‘s political policy to use the positivist paradigm approach. This studies after authoritarianism laid the construction approach views the issue of sex worker as being of the knowledge of the policy makers through a more dominant from the point of view of neo-liberal approach. In this approach, the policy implementing policies, controlling sexually actors take the protagonist role by spreading the transmitted diseases, and empowering the welfare idea that the policies they make are able to direct a economic dimensions. This article discusses the mapping of governing negativity studies related to better democracy (Kusman, 2017). The shift in sex workers carried out by the researchers and the study initially positioning citizens as mere the positioning of these studies in the mainstream of objects or subjects related to power becomes a the power. The methodology of this article is non- study of citizens with all-new political activism positive paradigm by compiling the research (Klinken & Berenschot, 2014). Activism in the manuscripts, both journals and scientific substance of Indonesian political policy studies publications related to sex worker. The leads to the study of political citizenship. Politic manuscripts were analyzed using power theory with descriptions to review the literature. The dimensions are not only understood as the rights conclusion is that the studies of sex worker did not and responsibility, participation, status and certain treat the sex worker as the subjects, but the access to policies, but also generated from the objects. The objectivity of sex worker is seen as a claims, struggles, or treatments constructed by the subaltern group. The subaltern group must forces out of the the individual and even the rival inevitably be excluded from formal work, immoral groups. and criminal tendencies and even accepts This context contains binary. There are themselves as a group spreading sexually transmitted diseases, including their passivity in citizen classes possessing the access to accepting various health policies on their bodies. compromise with policy-making elites, and on the The trap of sex worker studies has been positivistic other hand there are classes of citizens often in nature, even though contributive, but it has experiencing the negativity. This class is managed placed capacity for the casuistic and short-term by the State through the policy instruments. understanding. It is not a long-term understanding Negativity is rationality imposing something as leading to the new knowledge understanding that the sexuality service industry and its variants are the truth (Hardiman, 2011). The thought of capable of reproducing themselves. negativity is latent and symbolic manifests in the structure of language, discussion, conversation, Keywords: Study; Governing Negativity; Sex and rationality (Ricoeur, 1998), one of which is a Workers

The Role of Government on Sustainable Development policy based on certain political morality. 2016). It was noted that other implementations Following Ricoeur‘s terminology, language related to the prostitution control in Yogyakarta becomes a sense expression to negate others, while City referring to the regulations of the Special at the same time influencing and controlling the Region of Yogyakarta Province as well as Den- way people think to take an action to negate others pasar City in 2015. as well. Through this language, people are The frames that are always targeted in the ―forced‖ to enter and accept certain meanings studies related to prostitution regulations are the absolutely without any other possibility. Wagenaar discursive discourses on the mutually contested (2012) said that morality arises from the interests in the agenda setting process. Governing consequences of the openness of liberal-conser- negativity refers to the concepts of governance by vative politics, so that there is always a discursive including the role of the public (state), private, and issue concerning the private lives of the citizens, voluntary sectors. The governance of prostitution such as abortion, contraceptive use, gambling, is a complex social problem including co-steering, LGBTQ, drug use, pornography, dead penalty, collaboration, or even co-operation (Phoenix, euthanasia (suicide attempt by the assistance of the 2009). This article discusses how the knowledge doctors), and prostitution. In Anglo-Saxon building related to the social policy on the countries, the dilemma of negativity governance is prostitution governance has been carried out so far. driven more by the enforcement of the equality and The methodology of this article is non-positivist human solidarity. The choice includes policy paradigm by compiling the research manuscripts, controversy with the contesting debate subject. both journals and scientific publications related to This article highlights the prostitution sex worker. The manuscripts were analyzed using subject. This subject was approached by the studies power theory with descriptions review the related to the process of formulation and literature. implementation of the policies, especially at the local government level. For example, Semarang 2. METHODS City Government discussed the Regional Regula- The methodology of this article is non- tion Draft on the governance of prostitution in positivist paradigm by compiling the research Sunan Kuning prostitution area at the formulation manuscripts, both journals and scientific publi- stage in the regional house of representative, and it cations related to sex worker. The manuscripts is similar to Pasuruan Regency Government. The were analyzed using power theory with des- researches in these two regions are difficult criptions to review the literature. because it is not at the stage of policy legalization (ratification of local regulations) yet, so that the 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION position of the policy entrepreneur is not visible Until now, the negativity governance yet. Whereas in the aspect of implementation, the through the instruments of prostitution social closure of Dolly prostitution area in Surabaya City, policy is dominated by the positivist paradigm. The followed by the policy of empowering the sex researchers and the studied parties are distant and workers and pimps, had political implications for place the reality of understanding of power as the the local elections and the formation of a new city ―first face‖ in which the state dominates the identity (Rapller.com 2015). Likewise, the closure governance of the institution and sex worker of Kalijodo prostitution area in Jakarta Province, activity. This study is manifested in a variety of the idea of Ahok, the ruling governor that time, to dominant discourses on prostitution governance certify the sex workers and special apartments for policies categorized as follows (adopted from prostitution was rejected (Jawa Pos, March 30, Kurniawan, 2012):

2nd ICSTCSD 2018 Proceeding Magelang, 16 – 17 November 2018

Ontology Encouragement Relationship Goal Strategy Main Actor Rhetoric Assumption Prostitution Sex workers HIV/AIDS Sex workers Suppressing Interventioni The Ministry Public to be made as a endemic are a threat to the threat of st of Health and health, sex healthy profession at HIV/AIDS the its staff, workers in risk of transmission spreading of CSOs, the military sexually HIV/AIDS military regime transmitted institutions as diseases peacekeepers in conflict- prone countries Prostitution Sex workers Religious Sex workers Community Authoritative Local Moral and to be as a threat to morality and are subject to moral Government cultural eliminated morality, value social enforcement Leaders values destruction sanctions and (Mayors/Rege of Young the state is nts), Ministry Generation required to of Social and threats close the Affairs, Local to family localization Government harmony (Civil Service Police Unit), and Morality institutions in the name of religion Prostitution Sex workers Economical Alleviation of Compliant Authoritative State, Local Women‘s service as a Job sex workers Citizens and Empowerme NGOs, Local empowerme provider to choice for through based on the nt Government nt program be economic economic useful (Social empowered factors empowerment productive Service, urgency efforts by enterprises Empowermen providing for the State t of Women & labor intensive Children) capital

Prostitution Sex workers Juridical Sex workers Reducing Formal legal Police, Global to be are a source get criminal crime rates authorization international human and disciplined of social and threats, including the bodies female criminal especially on potential risk (including the trafficking illness the cases of of women EU), media and drug women trafficking at and migration trafficking local and academics and violence global levels in Children

Prostitution Sex workers Basic Human Sex workers Recognition Affirmation International Citizenship

The Role of Government on Sustainable Development service as Work Right are recognized as citizens of welfare and State rights in providers to Options that as legitimate who have state NGOs politics and be equated are occupational equal rights, social affairs equivalent to professions in so that they other formal the country, so need to get employment, they must protection in so they need guarantee the employment to be elimination of protected discrimination and violence

The table above shows the discourse of eradication of prostitution only in the aspect of prostitution governance policies influenced by the empowerment. Weitzer called the oppressive context of knowledge networks of interests and viewpoint of most politicians to approve the their relationships. The social policy of negativity legalization of prostitution which means that the governance in society does not run in a single, but government allows the acts of violence against fragmented plot. Social pressure on policies women, organized crime in children and human written by Sauer (2004), for example, shows that trafficking. Politicians tend to accommodate the the discussion of the prostitution governance is demands of moral panic voiced by the power of always confronted reality with discursive dis- individual morality caller, the organizations acting cussion about morals and public disturbances, so on behalf of the public morality improvement that any advocacy on behalf of the equality of civil movement to the mass media, so that the rights for legalization in parliament is considered consideration for its rejection is far greater than irrelevant and constantly rejected. Sauer said that the legalization. the policy of managing prostitution in the Austrian The discourse fragmentation above also parliament has always contested with the citizens‘ shows us the social policy intervention model of moral pressure in 1970-2000. Although the negativity governance of the prostitution in the parliamentary configuration is controlled by the countries with different political systems. Social Democratic Party (Sozialdemokratische European countries adhering to social democracy, Partei¨sterreich, SPÖ) in which there is a very for example, in social, political and economic strong women organization, the rejection is policy must contest with a variety of forces, both dominated by the proposal of Austrian People‘s the auxiliary state and the external forces of the Party ( Österreichische Volkspartei , ÖVP) on country such as worker activist networks. The behalf of the community morality and the study of this model was examined, among others, dominance of mass media framing sex workers as by Mattson (2016), Hubbard, Matthews & Scoular the cause of public nuisance and traditional (2008), by demonstrating the running of social morality offender. The Austrian feminist advocacy policies on prostitution governance in European movement has a limited role in decorating the countries. They show the policies in each country discussions or debates of the discourse but is with a different political system, dominant powerless. currents are played by the leaders of international Even in the same situation, Weitzer (2009), NGOs and researchers from government-funded an international prostitution policy expert and research institutions. It includes the presence of researcher who is not dictated by a feminist sex workers and sex worker activist network perspective standing on an anti-positivity approach taking the initiative to transform prostitution that rejects the positivists, always sees the policies on behalf of human rights in parlia-

2nd ICSTCSD 2018 Proceeding Magelang, 16 – 17 November 2018 mentary discussions in European countries prostitution governance such as sex workers (Banurea, 2013). Mattson categorized the empowerment program is also highlighted by the countries with strong welfare state, agents counter-policy group.Sagar (2009) criticized formulating policies also known as policy entre- interventionist policies on the rehabilitation of sex preneur by Kingdon, purely are the bureaucrats or workers in the form of housing assistance, independent institutions fully funded by the independent business capital, and health insurance, private sector dedicated to the interests of the which are only too authoritative experimental citizen welfare. instruments and negate the participatory and This provides an explanation that the emotional aspects. In the countries that have a country‘s response to the prostitution governance policy instrument for prohibiting prostitution, the policies is translated differently, such as, based on substance of criticism is directed at the in- the banning in Sweden, abolition in the UK, full effectiveness of the concerned policy because of legalization in the Netherlands, or limited its broad coverage and the absence of the specific legalization in Greece. The legality of prostitution regulations (Duarte, 2012), and even then creates a governance policy is related to the problem of how new hidden prostitution in the industrial areas the state recognizes the rights of the social (Kilvington 2001). citizenship. The policy of prostitution governance This does not mean that the countries with in the countries with social democratic citizenship, the prostitution legalization regulations are free corporatist social citizenship dan liberal-residual from the essence of criticism or counter-policies. social citizenship is very dependent on a range of Verhoeven‘s study (2016) highlighted the relationships to several aspects (Hernes, 1987), dilemma position of Netherland local governments such as the lobbying capacity of liberal feminists in maintaining the legalization of prostitution advocating gender equality in employment, policies. The government reverses the direction to protection of women from the violence, criminalize and victimize the sex workers anticipation of human trafficking, the position of selectively when facing anti-trafficking prevention the state as a fair referee for the welfare, including demands without categorizing the indicators. the choice of the citizens of the work and its social In Indonesia, the researchers are mostly still rights, to the issue of the legal protection of a positivist paradigm with the perspective of individual citizens‘ bodies.There are a number of institutionalism and behavioralism. One of them is studies criticizing prostitution governance policies the hegemonic study by Jones, Sulistyaningsih, mostly leading to the responsiveness of inequality and Hull (1995) which discussed the sex worker to policy-maker accommodation (read: State) welfare policies and the posed health risks. standing on the interests of social pressure and Abalahin, A.J. (2003) highlighted the variety of moral community on negativity, and on the other prostitution regulations in the colonial period, hand they must sacrifice the principle of equality especially localizing the impact of the spread of of citizens‘ rights. sexual disease. Sedyaningsih (2010) examined the The studies of criticism or counter-policies social factors of women becoming sex workers as have survived on the issue of equality of citizens‘ well as the risk of contracting STIs and social rights in the job to be protected by the state. HIV/AIDS. These three works lead to the study of Sex workers are legal professions with a clear the risk of prostitution in the spread of diseases work standard, so that they have community rights that must be healthy. This research study has the in labor union including the various efforts to proximity to Utomo & McDonald‘s (2009) study demand the elimination of criminalization of the which discussed the context of socio-political profession (Meulen, 2011). The social policy of change influencing the sexual and reproductive

The Role of Government on Sustainable Development health policies of adolescents in Indonesia third face, both powerful and powerless are liquid, contesting with the strength of traditional changeable, and not static. Indonesian values, westernization, and funda- The studies represent the three dimensional mentalist Islamic views. This research displayed view of power including the studies by Mattson, the actors or agents influencing the policy making Sanders, and Harrington. The methodology of the process even though Utomo‘s research referred to three studies is anti-positivist paradigm. At the the exploration of secondary data. The limitation beginning, Mattson positioned the epistemology of the research is it did not really display the discussion of his book chapter on the debate on the discursive discourse of each agent and leads to the practice of European prostitution in the crossing of population, family planning, and the spread of the Weberian perspective (emphasizing HIV/AIDS theme. localization) versus Foucaldian (the reality of If observed, the various studies move on the prostitution spreading on all networks and reality of understanding the workings of the everywhere). This is also confirmed at the end of second face of power by Bachrach and Baratz. the paper mentioning the study of meaningful Kingdon‘s policy theory said that on the second prostitution, there is no production of knowledge face of this power, more capacity is actualized to as a single truth. Mattson often displayed the study influence the agenda setting. This is reflected in on the prostitution governance policy which is the resistance or disapproval actions of those laden with ambivalence. As the feminist affected in the arena of decision making. The researchers, he faced a variety of cultural elements out of the state are powerful; insofar they ambiguities, one of which is gender dominance in can influence the reciprocity to the power. This the prostitution governance. Finally, amid the element is powerless by authority, but it is debate between the two movements, Mattson powerful by the voice of the resistance or framed prostitution in the fight for the meaning of disapproval. identity politics, contesting the meaning of gender, Power is defined as a decision causing market, and modernity in the welfare state stress, obstruction, latent rejection of the value or ideology. interest of the decision maker. Policy preference Mattson obtained the research data through appears from the behavior in the form of closed or a combined strategy. For the case study strategy, it open complaints, but the articulation is carried out was obtained through observation and interview consciously and observable. Power is also a data used to explain the comparability of several counter authority. Power is not understood only in countries in the EU. In the place where he lives, the same direction, but also when the powerful Mattson used an ethnographic strategy with owner exercises his power but those who are participant observer data collection, including in affected by powerless miners refuse, and this the prostitution network and partly used interview rejection already contains power. data collection techniques. The advocacy An understanding of the prostitution championed by Mattson actually presented a negativity governance policies is also examined in critique of the advocacy agenda of feminist the third dimensional view of power. According to activists including the NGO researchers and Lukes, to know the use of power by a person or a academics in approaching the prostitution issue in group of political actors does not have to go each EU country. This included the EU‘s human through actual observable conflicts, but latent trafficking oppressive agenda. conflicts because power is a form of knowledge Another article on this topic is Sanders‘ control or hidden power. Power relations on this (2009). The methodology used by Sanders in his writing is anti-positivist paradigm with a feminist

2nd ICSTCSD 2018 Proceeding Magelang, 16 – 17 November 2018 perspective. Sanders put the reason for choosing the second-tier analytic approach, namely his perspective on feminist standpoint episte- discourse analysis theory in an interpretive mology emphasizing the constructive aspects and perspective. According to this theory, the interpretations, among the two other schools of stakeholders articulate the production of the feminist criticism, namely, empirical feminists construction of their truth respectively towards the emphasizing the patriarchal bias and feminist nodal point discourse through the hegemony postmodernism emphasizing the inseparable concept. In this articulation, there is a power women‘s experience from the influence of struggle in forming the discourse on prostitution globalization and modernism. Through these governance policies. Social policy governance is paradigms and perspectives, Sanders emphasized an empty signifier or an empty marker that cannot the link between prostitution and clients, work be sensed as a matter. Prostitution is the form of rights, and related criminalization by including sensing on matter, such as women, men, in certain advocacy opportunities in each chapter. locations, to the formation of elements of The data collection in Sanders‘ writing is denotation of the empowerment, such as the qualitative, obtained through ethnographic re- meaning of alleviation manifested in increased search strategies with observation and interview expertise through training, health control, techniques. In several other writings, Sanders used economic capital provision, to oppressive the Particapatory Action Research (PAR) strategy, meanings such as human trafficking. which had a participatory principle among community members in a lower community whose 4. CONCLUSSION enthusiasm encouraged transformative action and The studies related to sex workers have community liberation from the shackles of the been dominated by the positivistic studies. Many ideology and power relation. In this paper, Sanders studies were conducted not by treating sex referred to the feminist research, O‘Neill (2001) workers as the subjects, but as the objects. The and O‘Neill (2007). objectivity of sex workers is seen as a group that is Harrington‘s study explained how the always governed and not subalterns who actually power of global knowledge networks activated by have a capital capacity even though excluded from the UN peacekeeper forces through its militaristic the formal work. The previous studies tend to regime finally ―hijacked‖ the discourse of the position sex workers tendentiously as the immoral violence against women to become the HIV/AIDS group and trigger the crime, even as a group threat issue, so that through the governmentality of spreading sexually transmitted diseases. Post- ―self-health care efforts‖ promoted by the positive paradigm studies only put analytical traps international CSOs to sex workers make them which were casuistic with the short-term solution. helpless over their own demands. In this research, It is not a long-term understanding leading to a Harrington used an anti-positivistic methodology new knowledge understanding that the sexuality with a critical interpretive perspective, and the service industry and its variants are capable of data from policy documents, the program reports reproducing themselves. from the ministries and local agencies, the statements of the authorities, and media coverage 5. REFERENCES regarding prostitution in Timor Leste. Bachrach, Peter and Morton S. Baratz. 1962. Two The studies confirm that the approach to Faces of Power. The American Political negativity governance is often shaped by a third Science Review, Vol. 56, No. 4 (December., face power knowledge network. Analyzing the 1962), P.952. American Political Science existence of power in this research, I made use of

The Role of Government on Sustainable Development

Association. Stable Klinken & Berenschot, dkk. 2014. In Search of URL:http://www.jstor.org/stable/1952796 Middle Indonesia Kelas Menengaj di Kota Banurea, Rima Nusantriani. Berlindung dalam Kota Menengah. Obor-KITLV: Jakarta. Hak Asasi Manusia : Strategi Pekerja Seks Halaman 5 di Eropa untuk Mentransformasi Kebijakan Kurniawan, Nanang Indra. 2012. Wacaan Prostitusi, Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Lingkungan dan Pembangunan Berkelan- Politik, Volume 16, Nomor 3, Maret 2013. jutan dalam Lembaga Swadaya Masyarakat Halaman 274. di Indonesia. Dalam Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Bryson, Valerie. 1999. Feminist Debates : Issues Ilmu Politik. 2012, XVI (1). Tahun : 2012. of Theory and Political Practice. Macmillan: Kusman, Airlangga Pribadi. Kuasa Oligarki dan London; Mattson, Greggor. The Cultural Posisi Masyarakat Sipil : Relasi antara Politics of European Prostitution Reform Intelektual dan Kekuasaan dalam Politik Governing Loose Women. Palgrave Indonesia Pasca Otoritarianisme dalam Macmillan :London; dan Matthews, Roger. Prisma 1 Volume 36 Tahun 2017 LP3ES : 2008. Prostitution, Politics and Policy. Jakarta Routledge:New York. Hal.3-7. Lukes, Steven. 2005. Power A Radical View : Duarte, Magdalena. 2012. Prostitution and Second Edition. Palgrave Macmilan :US. Trafficking in Portugal: Legislation, Policy, P.109 and Claims. Sex Res Soc Policy (2012) Mattson, Greggor, Christian. 2008. Governing 9:258–268 DOI 10.1007/s13178-012-0093- Loose Women: Rationalizing European 2 prostitution, 1998–2004. University of Hardiman, Farncisco Budi. 2011. Massa, Teror, California, Berkeley, ProQuest dan Trauma: Menggeledah Negativitas Dissertations Publishing, 2008. 3331707 Masyarakat Kita. Penerbit Pustaka Mattson, Greggor. The Cultural Politics of Lamalera:Ende European Prostitution Reform: Governing Harringtonn, Carol. 2011. Governing Sex Workers Loose Women. Palgrave Macmillan : UK. in Timor Leste. Asia Pacific Viewpoint, Phoenix. Jo. 2009. Regulating Sex for Sale : 04/2011, Volume 52, Issue 1 Prostitution Policy Reform in The UK. Hernes, Helga Maria. 1987b. The Welfare State Bristol Publ. and Women Woman Power: Essays in State Ricoeur, Paul. 1998, ―Violence and Language‖ in Feminism. Oslo : Norwegian University Bulletin de la Société Americaine de Press. Lebih lanjut lihat Mattson, ibid. philosophie de langue Française, Vol. 10, Halaman. 160-165 Issue 2, Fall (1988) Hubbard, Phil, Matthews, Roger, dan Scoular, Sanders, Teela, O‘Neill, Maggie & Pitcher, Jane. Jane. 2008. Regulating sex work in the EU: 2009. Prostitution: Sex Work, Policy & prostitute women and the new spaces of Politics. Sage : London. Lihat pula tulisan exclusion, dalam Gender, Place and Culture lain, Sanders, Teela. Blinded by morality? Vol. 15, No. 2, April 2008, 137–152, Prostitution policy in the UK. Capital & Routledge. Class, 06/2005, Issue 861 O‘Neill, Maggie. Jawa Pos, 30 Maret 2016 2001. Prostitution and Feminism. Kilvington. Judith. Daya, Sophie. 2001. Cambridge : Polity Prostitution Policy in Europe: A Time of Sauer, Birgit. 2004. Taxes, rights and Change?Feminist Review No. 67 Spring 21. regimentation: discourses on prostitution in Austria. Dalam The Politics of Prostitution :

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Women‘s Movements, Democratic States Weitzer. Ronald. 2009. Morality Politics in and The Globalisation of Sex Commerce. Western Australia. The British Journal of Dalam Outshoorn. Op.cit. Halaman 41 Criminology,Vol. 49, No. 1, Moral Wagenaar, Hendrik & Altink, Sietske. 2012. Panics—36 Years On Januari 2009, pp. 88- Prostitution as Morality Politics or Why It 105. Oxford University Press. Is Exceedingly Difficult To Design and Weitzerm Ronald. 2010. The Mythology of Sustain Effective Prostitution Policy. Sex Prostitution: Advocacy Research and Public Res Soc Policy (2012) 9:279–292 DOI Policy. Sexuality Research and Social 10.1007/s13178-012-0095- Policy, 03/2010, Volume 7, Issue 1.

The Role of Government on Sustainable Development

THE MODEL NETWORK OF ACTORS OF THE INTEGRATED SERVICE CENTERS FOR EMPOWERING WOMEN AND CHILDREN TEAM IN THE SOCIO-CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT IN PALEMBANG CITY

Nengyanti1, Yoyok Hendarso2

1Lecturer of Magister Kependudukan, Universitas Sriwijaya, 30139, Indonesia ([email protected]) 2Lecturer of Magister Sosiologi, Universitas Sriwijaya, 30139, Indonesia ([email protected])

Abstract leadership's commitment to encourage the This study aims to identify and analyze the implementation of the duties and functions of network of actors in the Integrated Service Center each actor. So there are needs to have a review of for Empowering Women and Children (ISCEWC) the implementation of the ISCEWC in Palembang Team in Palembang city. The research design in city. this study is descriptive explorative. Data sources used are primary data and secondary data. Data Keywords: Implementation; Network of Actors; collection is done by interviews, observation, Women and Children‘s Empowerment documentation, group discussion forums, and 1. INTRODUCTION literature studies. The informants in the study The social environment with its various were the actors involved as administrators of the special characteristics has a large role in the ISCEWC of Palembang city. The results showed formation of relations with the community. The that the actors involved 38 actors including 30 social environment is one of the factors that can human actors and 8 non-human actors in which influence a person or group in carrying out an there were two influential actors, called Actans, action and a change in the behavior of each namely Mayor and Women‘s Empowerment and individual. Mufidah (in Purwaningsih 2008: 30- Children Protection (WE-CP) Office of Palem- 31) states that social environmental factors bang city. The actor is connected by communi- influence the amount of violence against women cation ties, formal ties, material ties, affective ties and children. The influence of the social and cognitive bonds. Based on these five ties, the environment is closely related to the formation of most dominant bond in the ISCEWC in community character in an interactionist per- Palembang city is a communication and cognitive spective. Cases of violence against women are bond. The implementation of the network of increasingly common with strengthening efforts actors of the ISCEWC in Palembang city is not related to gender equality and justice. The yet fully in accordance with the network pattern existence of women's subordination in a society mandated in the Regional Regulation. These with male domination and patriarchal culture. In conditions are influenced by communication and the 1993 declaration of the abolition of violence coordination that do not work well and the against women by the United Nations organi-

2nd ICSTCSD 2018 Proceeding Magelang, 16 – 17 November 2018 zation, it was investigated that violence against develop according to his fitrah and nature. The women is any act based on gender-based phenomenon of violence against women and differences that results in physical, sexual, children is likened to an iceberg, where there are psychological misery or suffering for women, still many cases that have not appeared on the including the threat of such acts for example surface. Based on the recapitulation of the forced or arbitrary deprivation of freedom, both number of cases of violence against women and in the realm of public and private life. Another children in Palembang city, it is classified as growing problem of violence is violence against having a high value, and significantly increasing children, which is seen as a weak object. The each year, given the economic development that child is a responsibility that must be protected is not in harmony with the conditions of society. and maintained with dignity and self-esteem in a The following is shown in Figure 1.1, namely the fair and proportionate manner, both legally, number of cases of violence that occurred in the economically, politically, socially and culturally, Palembang city. and guaranteed the right of his life to grow and

FIG. I Data on Cases of Violence against Women and Children of Palembang City Violence of Women and Children in Palembang City

physical psychological sexual treafficking neglect exploitation household violence

149 156 132 140 118 115 136 76 89 86 84 76 68 56 37 37 17 19 16 0 0 7 0 8 7 2 2 14

2014 2015 2016 2017 Source: The Integrated Service Center for Empowering Women and Children South Sumatra Province

Women's empowerment and children Palembang city or is abbreviated ISCEWC is one protection policies are a form of joy from the form of service vehicle in an effort to fulfill the Ministry of Women's Empowerment and Child need to increase access to the prevention of acts Protection (WE-CP) of the Republic of Indonesia, of violence against women and child protection, which then delegated authority to regional as well as improving the position and condition of services jointly managed by the Regional Leaders women in society. The ISCEWC can facilitate and the Office of Women's Empowerment and various community services including Regional Children Protection. As a research information, referral consultations, training, skills sample city, Palembang issued a Mayor's Decree and other activities. Based on the data on the No. 57 of 2013 concerning the Establishment of number of victims that have been handled by the ISCEWC in Palembang, involving a number ISCEWC, follow in table 1.1. of actors from various agencies. The ISCEWC of

The Role of Government on Sustainable Development

TABLE I Number of Victims of Violence against Women and Children that are handled by the ISCEWC Categories of Victims of Violence 2013 2015 2016 Violence against Women 26 34 32 Violence against Children 15 25 53 Source: The ISCEWC of Palembang City

Based on table 1.1, there is an imbalance between particular phenomenon or fact. Data sources used the number of cases of violence against women are primary data and secondary data. Data and children in Palembang city with the number collection is done by observation, interviews, of cases of victims of violence against women documentation, group discussion forums, and and children in Palembang city whose victims can literature studies. The informants in the study be handled and can obtain appropriate services were the actors involved as administrators of the from the ISCEWC in Palembang city. Sabatier Integrated Service Center for Empowering (1986: 32) states that the success of a policy is Women and Children (ISCEWC) of Palembang very dependent on the skills of certain individuals city. The validity test of the data used is in the structure of local implementation rather triangulation from Cresswell, namely by checking than the efforts of central government officials. the data to the same source with different According to Dunn (2003: 13), individuals or techniques. Then, the data is analyzed by groups that the success of a policy is very managing data and interpreting data, reading the dependent on the skills of certain individuals in entire data, analyzing in more detail by coding the structure of local implementation rather than data, describing coding and interpreting data. the efforts of central government officials. According to Dunn (2003: 13), individuals or 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION groups that have a stake in a policy because they 3.1. Actors in the Team of Integrated Service influence and are influenced by policy decisions Center for Empowering Women and are referred to as actors or policy actors. Children of Palembang City Supported by Nugroho's opinion (2014: 677), The scope of Women's Empowerment and interactions between actors in the network will Children Protection (WE-CP) policies as one of determine how implementation must be carried Indonesia's achievements ties the parties in the out, problems that must be put forward, and government system to both central services and discretions that are expected to be an important regional services to implement the policy. The part of them. form of the process of achieving this joy is the establishment of an Integrated Service Center for 2. METHODS Empowering Women and Children (ISCEWC) Research Design Paradigm used in this which involves a number of actors from various study is the constructional paradigm. The agencies, particularly agencies in regional research design in this study is descriptive services in Palembang city with the aim of exploratory. Descriptive research carried out by preventing the development of violence against analyzing and presenting data systemically, so women and children. Broadly speaking, the that it can be more easily understood and ISCEWC Regional Regulation divides the concluded. While exploratory research aims to implementation of policies on WE-CP in several find something new in the form of grouping a stages, namely: (1) Planning; (2) Implementation;

2nd ICSTCSD 2018 Proceeding Magelang, 16 – 17 November 2018

(3) Reporting; and (4) Evaluation. The four stages leader should be able to implement policies then form a network that is interdependent with consistently not only at the level of planning and each other in the process of implementing stipulating a policy, in this case the ISCEWC ISCEWC Regional Regulation. In line with the policy through its implementation activities as a mandate of the Regional Regulations for the coach must direct members under it. With his management of the ISCEWC that WE-CP authority, the Mayor can delegate his authority in policies are carried out from planning to reporting the context of implementing the ISCEWC so that they must be comprehensively understood Regional Regulation to implementers in the field by the actors involved in accordance with their who are directly involved and related to other duties and authority at each stage. The process of actors. The field findings indicate that the role forming a network of actors begins with the and concrete actions of the Mayor through his interest that motivates network formation in intervention to his ranks in implementing implementation activities. The conceptualization ISCEWC Regional Regulation have not been of the formation of actor networks in the implemented optimally. As seen from the Mayor implementation of the WE-CP policy began with who has not comprehensively encouraged and the existence of interest, namely the confirmed his tools to truly contribute to the implementation of the ISCEWC as a regional implementation of this integrated service center. service by the government. The Mayor's interest The mayor only plays a role in the formation of was actualized through the stipulation of the regulations as a precursor to the achievement of Regional Regulation on the establishment of WE-CP policies in Palembang city, but follow-up ISCEWC as the legal basis for achieving WE-CP regulation at the lower level has not been a major which was translated by establishing a service concern. center involving a number of actor The next Actant is the Palembang Women's representatives, with a total of 38 actors including Empowerment and Children Protection (WE-CP) 30 human actors and 8 non-human actors. Office. In the planning stage, the WE-CP Office The process of issuing the Mayor's Decree as an extension of the Ministry of WE-CP holds is a translational / translation form, namely the control of the discussion before the Regional stage of translating motivation to actors who have Regulation is ratified, based on data and an interest in supporting the achievement of the information related to acts of violence against goals of the motivation. At this stage, these actors women and children in Palembang city. WE-CP will move together and open opportunities for Office is the main work unit with a focus on other parties to participate in realizing interest in women's empowerment and child protection, and accordance with their interests. In this translation also has a function to facilitate the ISCEWC, by phase, actants are produced namely the most delegating many actors to be involved in this influential actors in the network and can regulate ISCEWC. Based on the findings in the field, the other actors. The Acts are the Mayor and the WE-CP Office has not been able to carry out Office of WE-CP. The first Actants are the coordination and communication as well as Mayor. The mayor as the top leader in regional organizing optimally to all members of the government became the actant who held the most ISCEWC, thus making the implementation of important role. This role is based on his authority ISCEWC unproductive, it intersects overlapping in the decision-making process, both concerning work the actors included in the ISCEWC the implementation and technical policies management structure. The next phase, actants concerning development and priorities in the make translations that are forwarded to other region. The mayor as the highest regional service actors involved in ISCEWC. Actors have a large

The Role of Government on Sustainable Development role as a task force that focuses on women's actors such as the Office of Communication empowerment and children protection policies. and Information, Bappeda, Social Affairs, The involvement of many parties in realizing this and Health Office are also likely not to interest has resulted in other parties outside the comprehensively understand the purpose of Regional Work Unit that have the same interest, these regulations and policies, due their main namely the women crisis center, Legal Entity mission is different even though in the Institution, and the Team for Family Empo- context of the appropriate work. This has an werment and Welfare. The actor becomes another impact on the willingness and seriousness of actor outside the actor from the Regional Work the actor in implementing the policy Unit which is then translated through the decree mandate. of the establishment by involving him as a c. The ISCEWC as a non-budgeter organiza- participant or participant. This participant tion can also influence implementation becomes a unity in realizing the interest of ISCEWC itself. women's empowerment and child protection. The d. Clarity of Regional Regulations is not yet description illustrates how the initial process of sufficient to be used as a basis for WE-CP forming an actor network in implementing Policies which are supported by ISCEWC Regional Regulation namely interest- implementing regulations, namely the translation-actor-translation. In the process of Mayor's Regulation. forming networks, these actors were born with five (5) ties that connect actors, namely the 4. CONCLUSION Communication Association, Formal Bonds, From the results of the research conducted, Material or workflow ties, Affective Bonds and the network of actors in the implementation of the Cognitive Bonds, and each of them cannot be Integrated Service Center for Empowering formed properly and smoothly and consistent at Women and Children (ISCEWC) in field each stage. The following is presented in the conditions is not yet in accordance with the network scheme of actors in the ISCEWC of mandate of the Ministry of WE-CP Nawacita and Palembang city, in figure 3.1. the applicable Regional Regulations. The number of actors involved were 38 actors with details of 3.2. Problems in ISCEWC Policy Imple- 30 human actors, 8 non-human actors, and 2 mentation actants as executors in achieving the successful In achieving a policy, of course there are implementation of ISCEWC with the number of many obstacles found in the implementation actors in accordance with ISCEWC Regional process. The constraints identified in the Regulation, only a few actors actually emerge and implementation of the ISCEWC include: form networks in achieving policies that a. Overlapping work carried out by the actors empower women and protect children. The policy involved, ISCEWC as additional work is not is an interest which is then translated into often ruled out by the actors, because more ISCEWC Regional Regulation and becomes the important duties and obligations must be basis for actants and actors to achieve that goal. resolved, related to the workload of the Actants appear as a result of the translation organization. process that is influenced according to the b. Understanding of actors related to applicable concept of network formation of actors proposed regulations or policies, outside the by Carroll. appropriate WE-CP Office has a mission to The network of actors at the ISCEWC of empower women and protect children, other Palembang city is connected by a number of ties

2nd ICSTCSD 2018 Proceeding Magelang, 16 – 17 November 2018 namely the bond of communication, material ties the mandate of Regional Regulation Number 57 or workflow, formal ties, affective ties and of 2013 Actors, both human actors and non- cognitive bonds with the dominating bond is human actors, have not synergistically moved communication and cognitive. In implementation together to form an ideal network as the plot in activities, the obstacles that arise are obstacles the ISCEWC Regional Regulation. The actor that are juridical in nature, cultural constraints network has not been formed integrally and and institutional constraints, namely the sustainably at each stage but is still partial as a Implementation of ISCEWC Regional Regulation form of implementation of the main tasks and cannot be implemented by all actors involved and function from the WE-CP Office of Palembang with a systematic workflow in accordance with city. FIG. II Network Communication Flow Mapping of ISCEWC

Source: Secondary Data, 2018

The Role of Government on Sustainable Development

5. REFERENCES Vol 2, No. 1 (https:jom.unri.ac.id, diakses ______2007, Kebijakan Publik: Teori & pada 1 September 2017) Proses, Yogyakarta: Media Pressindo Handoko, T. Hani. 1999. Manajemen. BPFE ______2008. Public Policy: Dinamika Yogyakarta: Yogyakarta. Kebijakan-Analisis Kebijakan-Manajemen Hidayat, Dedy N. 2003. Paradigma dan metodolgi Kebijakan.Jakarta: Gramedia Penelitian Sosial Empirik Klasik, Departe- Agustino, Leo. 2008. Dasar-Dasar Kebijakan men Ilmu Komunikasi FISIP Universitas Publik. Bandung: Alfabeta Indonesia, Jakarta. Badjuri, Abdulkahar. 2003. Kebijakan Publik Partowidagdo, Widjayono.1999, Memahami An- Konsep dan Strategi. Semarang: UNDIP alisis Kebijakan, Program Studi Pem- Creswell, John W. 2010, Research Design: bangunan Program Pascasarjana ITB, Pendekatan Kualitatif, Kuantitatif dan Bandung. Mixed, Pustaka Pelajar, Yogyakarta. Pradhitama, Sandhi, dkk. 2015. Kekerasan terha- Darwin, Muhadjir M., 2005, Negara dan Perem- dap Anak dalam Keluarga dalam Perspektif puan: Reorientasi Kebijakan Publik, Media Fakta Sosial. Jurnal Pendidikan Sosiologi Wacana, Yogyakarta. Antropologi, Universitas Sebelas Maret. Dwidjowojoto, Riant N. 2006, Kebijakan Publik Didownload melalui jurnal.fkip.uns.ac.id/ Untuk Negara-negara Berkembang, PT. index.php/sosant/article /download/8832 Elex Media Komputindo, Jakarta. /6439, tanggal 3 Maret 2018 Dye, Thomas R.,2011, Understanding Public Purwaningsih, Eni. 2008. Faktor-faktor penyebab Policy (14th ed.), Pearson Education, Inc. terjadinya kekerasan terhadap perempuan USA. dalam rumah tangga(studi di Polres Mata- Echols, John M. , Shadily, Hassan. (1983). Ka- ram). Skripsi fakultas hukum Universitas mus Inggris Indonesia. Jakarta: Gramedia. Brawijaya. Malang. Didownload dari Cet. XII. http://www.academia.edu/578338/faktorfak Edward III, George C., 1990, Implementing tor_penyebab_terjadinya_kekerasan_terhad Public Policy, Washington DC: ap_perempuan_dalam_rumah_tangga_studi Congressional Quartely. Press _di_polres_mataram, tanggal 3 Maret 2018 Fadilah, Ulva. 2012. Kinerja Pusat Pelayanan Purwanto, Erwan A. & Sulistyastuti, Dyah R., Terpadu Pemberdayaan Perempuan dan 2015, Implementasi Kebijakan Publik: Anak (P2TP2A) Dalam Penanganan Kasus Konsep dan Aplikasinya di Indonesia, Kekerasan Seksual Terhadap Anak di Yogyakarta, Gava Medika. Provinsi Banten. Serang, Universitas Ripley, Randall B., 1985, Policy Analysis In Poli- Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa. cal Science, Cicago: Nelson-Hall, Inc. 167 Grindle, Marille, 2013, Politics and Policy Sari, Bonita. 2012. Pelaksanaan Program Pusat Implementation in The Third World, New Pelayanan Terpadu Pemberdayaan York: Princenton University Press. Perempuan dan Anak (P2TP2A) dalam Haloho, Seriahni. 2013. Efektivitas Kinerja Pusat Menanggulangi Kekerasan dalam rumah Pelayanan Terpadu Pemberdayaan Perem- Tangga di Pekanbaru Tahun 2012. Riau: puan dan Anak (P2TP2A) Provinsi Riau Universitas Riau Tahun 2013 Dalam Menangani Kasus Winarno, Budi. 2004, Teori dan Proses Kebijakan Kekerasan Dalam Rumah Tangga (KDRT). Publik, Yogyakarta: Media Presindo

2nd ICSTCSD 2018 Proceeding Magelang, 16 – 17 November 2018

”LOCAL STRONGMEN” PHENOMENA IN INDONESIA : CASE STUDY OF SYAHRUL YASIN LIMPO’S DYNAMIC OF POWER IN SOUTH SULAWESI

Muhammad Nurhidayat1, Meidi Kosandi2

1Departemen Ilmu Politik, Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik Universitas Indonesia, 16424, Indonesia, [email protected] 2Departemen Ilmu Politik, Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik Universitas Indonesia, 16424, Indonesia

Abstract close relationship with the election body in South This research aims to explore the phenomena of Sulawesi. His development programme is in his Syahrul Yasin Limpo as a ―Local Strongmen‖ in favor by granting him profits from natural South Sulawesi within the era of decentralization. resource exploration permit in South Sulawesi. The researcher deploys a qualitative method Theoritical implications of this research show using in deep interview and document study that Syahrul Yasin Limpo not entirely become as approaches. Theories used in this research are a ―local strongmen‖ because the phenomena of ―local strongmen‖, and ―local bossism‖. In deep Syahrul Yasin Limpo also meet the certain interviews and document study results showed criteria of ―local bossism‖. Findings of this Syahrul Yasin Limpo succeeds in emerging as a research can also be found in other researches on ―local strongmen‖ in South Sulawesi during the ―local strongmen‖ in other region or state such era of decentralization. In controlling the as the Philippines and Thailand. political network in South Sulawesi, Yasin Limpo clan developed a political network family in Keyword : Local Strongmen; Power; positioning strategic of both political structures Decentralization; South Sulawesi and bureaucracies at the regional and national levels. Political network Syahrul Yasin Limpo‘s 1. INTRODUCTION family has been able to play an important role for Political reform after the fall of Soeharto's Syahrul as Governor and gives him power to be a regime did not automatically encourage the birth local strongmen on the political stage in South of democratization. The shift of power from Sulawesi. Furthermore, Syahrul Yasin Limpo centralism to decentralization actually gave rise succeeds in using his position as the Governor of to 'a lot of Soeharto' in Indonesia, especially in South Sulawesi in building a strong political and the local political arena. The emergence of economical power. He managed to raise kinship politics is characterized by the advance- Golongan karya party into a strong party in ment of wives, children or relatives of South Sulawesi and his policies are strongly incumbents both in the contestation of regional supported by the Regional Parliament of South head elections and legislative elections. In the Sulawesi Provinces. He also succeeds in using perspective of elite theory, the advancement of the bureaucracy to mobilize votes, acquire funds incumbent relatives causes elite circulation to from the government‘s project, control occur only among ruling families and closes bureaucrats that loyal to him and established opportunities for alternative candidates outside

The Role of Government on Sustainable Development the ruling elite. Whereas the development of local people in an area to exploit existing people and democracy is largely determined by the political nature in their territory. These local bosses elite at the local level, where the democratic emerge through competitive and periodic transition to a consolidated democracy is electoral mechanisms and are followed by high determined by the existence of democratic rules political participation. They use various strategies of the game and the submission of actors (elites) from vote buying, manipulation to intimidation to in the rules of the game. Decentralization and the use of violence (Sidel, 1999, p.22). De- democratization carried out with general elections centralization does not automatically increase and direct regional elections turned out to give politics in a more democratic direction. Often birth to kinship politics or dynastic politics decentralization is counterproductive to demo- (Purwaningsih, 2015). cracy. It takes a lot of effort so that a de- The political era of the reform era re- centralized political system truly dedicates itself sembles a situation of comparison like the term to the interests of the people and prevents the referred to by Mancur Oslon (Agustinus and forces of the dominant group from physically Yusoff, 2010, p.86-104), where political and manipulating the electoral process at the local economic control shifts from big bandits to small level. Not surprisingly, there is a phenomenon of bandits. Joel S. Migdal (2004) sees the pheno- "mafia mafia" in local government that in- menon above as a result of the persistence of the creasingly alienates people from the political influence of "local strongmen" in the local process (Kothari, 1999). political arena. The power of influence of "local The direct election of regional heads at the strongmen" comes from the formation of an local level in Indonesia's decentralization era accommodation triangle built by "strong local" actually produces "local bosses" who have strong alliances with state bureaucracy officials at the bases in the region. One that should be local level and politicians at the local level. highlighted is the influence of Syahrul Yasin "Local strongmen" succeed in placing themselves Limpo (Governor of South Sulawesi) and Yasin among the people with vital resources such as Daeng Limpo's family as "local bosses" in South land, credit, and work. "Local strongmen" have Sulawesi. Through its strong influence in the the ability to guarantee political stability at the military, SOKSI and Golkar, the descendants of local level and carry out social control over local Yasin Daeng Limpo succeeded in occupying people. "Local strongmen" also have the ability to various important positions in the decentralized mobilize people. era of South Sulawesi. Besides strong political John Sidel then modified Joel Migdal's influence, Syahrul Yasin Limpo and Yasin Daeng theory of local strongmen. According to him, Limpo's family are known as wealthy families, local strongmen are local bossism who maintain a many followers and supported by local groups of long-established political network to gain a thugs. Research by Michael Buehler and Paige monopoly of control over society through the Tan who conducted research on the power of control of economic resources and coercive "local strong people" named Yasin Daeng Limpo power in their territorial jurisdiction in the era of and his descendants in South Sulawesi. democracy. Local bosses are in the form of According to them, Yasin Daeng Limpo Mayor, Governor, Members of Congress and bequeathed a strong economic and political Senate Members who become power brokers for network to his descendants. So it is not surprising their political patrons at the national level and that their offspring have mastered important become power brokers for their political clients at political positions in South Sulawesi such as the regional level and become the most powerful Regency DPRD Members, Regents, Members of

2nd ICSTCSD 2018 Proceeding Magelang, 16 – 17 November 2018 the Provincial DPRD, Regents, Governors, and within the community, penetrate within the Members of the Indonesian Parliament. Yasin community, take the resources that are in the Daeng Limpo also established relationships with community and use the resources that are in the national figures such as Surya Paloh and Edwin community. In a local political arena, "local Kawilarang and descendant entrepreneurs such as strongmen" together with local bureaucrats who Anton Obey and Peter Gozal. The Yasin Limpo run local government and politician policies family uses money politics and intimidation in consisting of political parties and formal leaders every election momentum. They also had a strong at the local level, form an accommodation influence in the SOKSI and FKPPI organizations triangle that is interrelated with each other. They and had militias named 9-11 Brigades and 02 build what is called Joel Migdal as a social Brigades which consisted of hundreds of thugs economic and political exchange network. (Buehler and Tan, 2007). John Sidel modified Joel Migdal's theory of In controlling political networks in South "local strongmen". According to him, "local Sulawesi, Klan Yasin Limpo developed a family strongmen" are "local bossism" who maintain a political network in strategic positions on long-standing political network to gain a political structures and bureaucracy both at the monopoly of control over society through the regional and national levels. The existing Yasin mastery of economic resources and coercive Limpo family political network has been able to power in the territorial jurisdiction of their power provide an important role for Syahrul as in the democratic era. "Local Bossism" is in the Governor and will greatly influence Syahrul to be form of Mayor, Governor, Members of Congress firm in his seat of power and freely Syahrul Yasin and Senate Members who become power brokers Limpo stride strongly on the political scene in the for their political patrons at the national level and coming South Sulawesi. become power brokers for their political clients at This study will use a theoretical approach the regional level and become the most powerful introduced by Joel Migdal (1988) provides a people in an area to exploit the people and nature definition of "local strongmen" as non-formal that is in their territory. The "local bossism" leaders of countries such as landlords, arises through a competitive and periodic election middlemen, businessmen, tribal leaders, warlords, mechanism and is followed by high political bosses, wealthy peasants, clan leaders, za'im, participation. They use various strategies from effendi, agha, cacique and kulaks , which builds vote buying, manipulation to intimidation to the its social organization in the form of networks in use of violence. (Sidel, 1999, p.1-22). order to carry out social control over society to For Sidel, the country where the "local control the entire population that inhabits certain bossism" operations are not weakened as Joel areas. The "local strongmen" carried out various Migdal imagined. Through its bureaucratic activities such as granting credit, granting capitalism, the state actually accumulates capital people's access to land, security protection, through the help of "local bossism". State leaders extortion, and other actions. They also apply at the local level, namely "local bossism" use the gifts, punishments, and symbols as a form of state apparatus to move the community to follow social control over society. "Local strongmen" their will. So that "local bossism" as happened in operate in the post-colonial countries of the Asian the Philippines is a subordinate activity of the and African continents who are still weak in state apparatus in the power of the bosses to carry exercising social control over their communities, out capital accumulation for personal and family especially at the local level. Social control is interests. mainly carried out to regulate social relations

The Role of Government on Sustainable Development

The network of "local bossism" controlled cronies as mayors, deputy mayors and regional national politics and the leaders of "local legislators. (2). Form a political machine as a bossism" became rulers of the state (president). sound broker. (3). Regulate the placement of local "Local bossism" exists at every level, there are officials. (4). Regulate government projects and bosses who control the district (district /city), aspiration funds. (5). Regulate regional there are bosses who control the province and regulations. (6). Regulate tax breaks. (7). Arrange there is a boss who controls the center. Patron- loans from the Regional Development Bank. (8). client networks of bosses at every level in the Provide mining, forestry and plantation Philippines form the rivalry tendency of the two concessions and contracts. (9). Intimidation and main groups. The two large groups will compete political violence. (10). and defeat each other. Their rivalry takes place at the level of Mayor elections, Governor elections, 2. METHODS congressional / Senate elections and the peak of This research is a descriptive qualitative the Presidential election. The patron-client research about Syahrul Yasin Limpo as a local network of "local bossism" is not static and strongman in South Sulawesi permanent but dynamic and very fluid. They can move between patrons at the central level, move 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSION clients at the local level and move between 3.1. Syahrul Yasin Limpo as a Local Strong- national political party affiliations. The "local men bossism" conducts (transactional) exchange of Local politics understood as a series of voters with economic assistance, seeds, irrigation, political processes and democracy in the region debt repayment and other means of exchange. surfaced long ago until democracy was finally They are very understanding by providing health formed in Indonesia, dynamic local politics assistance, providing employment assistance, increasingly highlighted itself in the elections. providing legal assistance, then later when the Various tempting resources and the emergence of election day, they change the assistance they local leaders in the region (local strongman) provide into political voice and support. John encouraged him as part of the political power Sidel explained that economic growth, which had the effect of strengthening the ruling urbanization, and industrialization modernized political relations in the region. "local strongmen" and their patron-client relations The South Sulawesi Pemilukada with new to become more sophisticated, more modern and nuances of local politics and community more professional in the form of "local bossism" participation in the region was marked by the and its political machinery. inauguration of Syahrul Yasin Limpo for the first The durability of each "local bossism" time becoming governor in April 2008, beginning varies from one that lasts only one generation to with echoes of a number of major programs in the one that survives multi-generations. Various South Sulawesi. Among them is the Point of strategies are carried out by "local bossism" to Indonesia Center built, IPDN for regional areas of maintain economic domination and polity. The East Indonesia centered in Makassar, free durability of each "local bossism" varies from one education programs inspire nationally, 500 that lasts only one generation to the one that doctoral candidates are given scholarships survives multi-generations. Various strategies are abroad, and entrepreneurs are facilitated to invest. carried out by "local bossism" to maintain its The beginning of his leadership of the great economic and political domination. These programs was made as a foundation not only strategies include: (1). Placing relatives and physically, but building civilization. That

2nd ICSTCSD 2018 Proceeding Magelang, 16 – 17 November 2018 sentence is most often echoed by Syahrul at the The success that successfully catapulted beginning of his term. Physical development Syahrul Yasin Limpo who is also the Chairperson programs are followed by character building. The of the Golkar Party's DPD I South Sulawesi. first step was taken by changing the name of elected by acclamation to occupy the position Hasanuddin Airport to Sultan Hasanuddin. Not a through the 8th Regional Conference of the matter of name, the effort returned the spirit of Golkar Party of South Sulawesi in Makassar. As a heroism, nationalism, the reflection of regional populist political vehicle, the Golkar party is a culture as well as close cultural symbols in South political party and is one of the 10 political Sulawesi. Developmental civilization in the parties participating in the 2014 elections, has modern era is the basis of all aspects of life. Make many representative councils in Indonesia to the strong and great. That is why two accurate regions. Compared to other participants' political programs are always echoed with the deputy parties, the electability of the Golkar Party tended governor Agus Arifin Nu'mang. The Free to be stable towards the 2014 Legislative Election education and free health. Two programs that of 17.1%. touch the basic dimensions of human life as His experience and achievements in beings with identity. pursuing his career in the government and The Incumbent who is also a son of the bureaucracy led him as an influential person, and South Sulawesi region from several books and his modest rhetoric appeal in the political arena biographies that contain about him, a child born with various political career trips proved that he in Makassar, March 16, 1955, is the son of H.M. possessed high intellectual abilities. This is an Yasin Limpo and Hj. Nurhayati. Father's important capital and sympathetic community education with a military background led him to towards the figure of Syahrul Yasin Limpo in grow as a tenacious leader. Nine years leading the supporting his power and victory at the local Gowa district, Syahrul was later mandated by the level. people of South Sulawesi to become Governor. The second period of the election of the Governor 3.2. Position as Governor / Incumbent of South Sulawesi, Syahrul Yasin Limpo again His position as governor has his own proved that he was a superior person, had an advantages, namely utilizing existing resources attitude, experienced in the bureaucracy, led him by utilizing the position of reaching the layers of back to lead South Sulawesi in the 2013-2018 society. Syahrul Yasin Limpo's social capital is period, paired with Agus Arifin Nu'mang with the capable of supporting it in addition to experience "tagline" (SAYANG Jilid II) able to gain in government and in the process of his victory 2,251,407 votes or 52.42% far from its rival Syahrul Yasin Limpo is also considered by the Ilham Arief Sirajuddin-Abd. Aziz Qahhar people of South Sulawesi as a variety of ethnic Mudzakkar (IA) won 1,785,580 votes (41.57%) representations in South Sulawesi. The leadership and Andi Rudiyanto Asapa-Andi Nawir of Syahrul Yasin Limpo as the governor of South Pasinringi (Garuda-Na) won 257,973 votes Sulawesi for the period 2008-2013 and the (6.07%). Of the 24 regencies /cities of SAYANG victory for the second period of the governor for that are superior in 14 districts /cities, IA wins in the 2013-2018 period had its own advantages to 9 regencies /cities. While Garuda-Na is only the attention of the people of South Sulawesi superior in Sinjai, the district where Rudiyanto Regency. underwent his second period as regent The first period of the leadership of (tribunnews.com, 2013). Syahrul Yasin Limpo and Agus Arifin Nu'man, which were popular with SAYANG jargon, did

The Role of Government on Sustainable Development go well and there was almost no gap for criticism. "Pak Syahrul is a magnet that is loved by Although there are still some shortcomings, the people and inspires many people as Syahrul's expertise in rhetoric and politics seems long as he serves as governor of South Sulawesi, and the programs run by him to cover up the deficiency. This is one of the have been tested and the impact is felt advantages and advantages of Syahrul. Another directly by the community". (Interview) advantage that is owned by Syahrul is the political power map that carries it. Golkar as the Based on the understanding of the largest political party in South Sulawesi, most informant above, Syahrul Yasin Limpo's position likely recommended Syahrul in the 2013 South as governor /incumbent strongly supports his Sulawesi election. The indicator emerged after victory and becomes social capital through work the arrival of Abu Rizal Bakrie, general chairman programs at the beginning of the period in the of Golkar, in Makassar a few days ago. (Kompas Election of Governors (Pilgub). This factor is in daily, 2015) line with the support of political parties. Syahrul Yasin Limpo's figure has extra- 3.3. Chairman of Golkar DPD 1 South ordinary abilities in terms of leading someone / Sulawesi. his followers. Obedience of a subordinate arises In addition to being the Governor of South from full trust in him. It can be said that SYL has Sulawesi, Syahrul Yasin Limpo is also the an extraordinary ability beyond the ability of Chairman of the Golkar Party's DPD I South ordinary people, as political officials have the Sulawesi. This is symbolic capital, which advantage of personality traits affecting the mind, includes status, authority, and legitimacy. The and the behavior of others because they are seen Golkar Party is a political party and is one of the as special actors because of their authoritative 10 political parties participating in the 2014 nature. His personality is accepted and trusted as elections, has many legislative councils in a respected, respected person, obeyed and obeyed Indonesia to one of the regions in South Sulawesi. willingly and sincerely. Able to move the Compared to other participants' political parties, surrounding attributes in carrying out their the electability of the Golkar Party tended to be management. Behavioral aspects that arise as a stable towards the 2014 Legislative Election of consequence of his figure as governor, are able to 17.1%. (tribunnews.com, 2013). The Golkar adapt quickly in the face and overcome changes Party is the sound machine that is considered the that occur. So that it can be categorized as a most potential to win the General Election. The political actor who is capable of democratic spirit ruling party since the Soeharto era was greatly in leading South Sulawesi in the past period. appreciated especially in remote villages, where Syahrul Yasin Limpo's position as they considered this party to be a government governor of South Sulawesi is a strength party that could bring their local government in a possessed in his political strategy, that with his better direction, such as during the Soeharto era. position, Syahrul Yasin Limpo carries out the role of a political actor with social capital supported 3.4. Smart, Experienced and Considered to Be by economic capital in such a way that relations Makassar Local Ethnic Representation or relations occur so that they become in Syahrul Yasin Limpo's cultural capital as a accordance with the wishes of individual actors political actor has extraordinary abilities in terms who have power. This was expressed by one of of leading someone / his followers. Among his the youth leaders in South Sulawesi who is also various experiences in the government of Syahrul the chairman of the KNPI of South Sulawesi Yasin Limpo who once led Gowa Regency for 9 Imran Eka Saputra: years is considered as an ideal figure as a leader.

2nd ICSTCSD 2018 Proceeding Magelang, 16 – 17 November 2018

Obedience of a subordinate arises from full trust who have power. Because power is always in him. It can be said Syahrul Yasin Limpo has an related to the social context, the social and poli- extraordinary ability beyond the ability of tical interactions and configurations that ordinary people, as political officials have the accompany it are very important, so it can be said advantage of personality traits influence the mind, that in fact, all social relations are power and the behavior of others, because they are seen relations. The existence of Ichsan Yasin Limpo as as special actors because of their authoritative Regent of Gowa Regency and also chairman of nature. His personality is accepted and trusted as the Golkar Gowa's party Hj.Tenri Olle Yasin a respected, respected person, obeyed and obeyed Limpo strongly supports Syahrul Yasin Limpo's willingly and sincerely. Able to move the political power in Gowa Regency. This was surrounding attributes in carrying out their stated by the Head of KNPI South Sulawesi, also management. known as the Yasin Limpo clan loyalist: Behavioral aspects that arise as a conse- "So far, the role of the family as the quence of his figure as governor, are able to adapt winning team is very important where they quickly in the face and overcome changes that socialize to the village and an administrative village levels. Everywhere he men- occur. This is in line with the statement by Ian tioned that the winning team and party Latanro: cadre must in the SYL. It could be said, the "Pak Syahrul is a Makassar native and presence and hard work of the people popular, and with his experience in around him greatly affected his success. bureaucracy taking the community in a "(Interview) better direction, for example, his free education and health that he cares for the Based on the understanding of the general public, there is no discrimination informants above, it can be concluded that the he is the ideal leader. That's what we role of the family has a significant influence to expected. In addition, he was happy to support the political power of Syahrul Yasin create new innovations for the development of South Sulawesi in the Limpo in the district of South Sulawesi. The future. " (Interview) existence of these influences on the political power of Syahrul Yasin Limpo as the governor Based on the understanding of the infor- and chairman of the Golkar Party of South mant, Syahrul Yasin Limpo was considered very Sulawesi can be categorized that the community modest for the people of South Sulawesi, close to gives recognition and support to the leader and mingling with the people of any community, because the leader gets authority according to the able to establish communication in harmony with procedures set out in the legislation, so that a various components of society. The figure of political leader or actor can form influence on the Syahrul Yasin Limpo is a leader who has a demo- personality and actions of the political behavior cratic spirit which is reflected in the responsive of the community, including the ranks of Syahrul nature of leaders who make society as a founda- Yasin Limpo's subordinates (in this case the tion in their political leadership. family clan acts as the ranks of Syahrul Yasin Syahrul Yasin Limpo's power as a political Limpo's subordinates). official is a power he has in his political strategy, that with the power possessed by individual 3.5. Personality or Personal Charisma political actors are able to influence the behavior As part of the symbolic capital of of actors collectively in such a way that there is a personality or personal charisma Syahrul Yasin relationship between actors so that it becomes in Limpo with what he has achieved, the figure who accordance with the wishes of individual actors becomes a candidate for the regional head is also

The Role of Government on Sustainable Development very decisive in the implementation of Pemilu- 4. CONCLUSION kada. In the post-conflict local election, most of This research show that Syahrul Yasin the people voted not because the candidate's Limpo not entirely become as a ―local strong- factor was supported by the Party. However, men‖ because the phenomena of Syahrul Yasin popularity and candidate figures also influence Limpo also meet the certain criteria of ―local the election results. Victory in the regional head bossism‖ also. Findings of this research can also election also depends on the figure of the be found in other researches on ―local strongmen‖ nominees who are promoted. If the candidate who in other region or state such as the Philippines is carried has charisma and is recognized by his and Thailand. figure, then the possibility of winning will be As a result, the change of the political very large because it is liked and desired by the system from an authoritarian style to being community. democratic brings the consequences of changes to As expressed by one of South Sulawesi existing structures. If in the beginning, in the political leaders Prof. Armin Arsyad that: authoritarian era of the New Order, the existing structure was interpreted as a barrier or restraint "You can say that he is a good person and for certain local political elites, so in the era of wise, he always calls on his sympathizers strong reformation the nuances of democracy, the to be wiser in responding to each problem. The character and charisma that are existing structure was no longer interpreted as a possessed are very strong and suitable for barrier or restraint for the local political elite. The the people of South Sulawesi" new structure that exists in a democratic political system can now be said to provide opportunities The statement of the informant can be said that are more or less 'spoiled' by local political that his position as the Governor of South elites who will play their part in the political Sulawesi Syahrul Yasin Limpo has more appeal arena of the era of decentralization. because of his experience as well as his personality. The form of charismatic authority 5. REFERENCES refers to a quality inherent in the actor's perso- Agustino, Leo, Yusoff, Muhammad Agus.(2010). nality, and the advantages he possesses are seen ―Pilkada dan Pemekaran Daerah as inaccessible to ordinary people, even though dalam Demokrasi Lokal di Indonesia: Syahrul Yasin Limpo is special in the eyes of the Local Strongmen dan Roving Bandits‖, public because of his position as a governor. Malaysian Journal of History, Politics, & Based on the statement of the informant Strategic Studies, Vol. 37, 86 – 104. above it was stated that what was his superiority Kothari, Rajni. (1999). ―Issues in Decentralized was his ability to actualize his personality as a Governance‖, dalam S.N. Jha dan P.C. person who had a great influence, both in the Mathur (eds), Decentralization and Local government structure and his figure as a regional Politics, New Delhi : Sage Publications. son. The Golkar Party has broad access to Migdal, Joel S. (1988). Strong Societies and villages because the election is mostly from the Weak States : State-Society Relations and village. Although in some realities the field State Capabilities in the Third World, encountered by the writer that generally people Princeton, NJ : Princeton University Press. know because these candidates are well-known Sidel, John T. (1989). ―Beyond Patron-Client figures, the majority of the Golkar party's Relations : Warlordism and Local Politics presence in Gowa Regency. in The Phillipines‖, dalam Kasarinlan, A

Philippine Quarterly of Third World

2nd ICSTCSD 2018 Proceeding Magelang, 16 – 17 November 2018

st Sidel, John T. (1999). Capital, Coercion and Studies 1 Quarter. Crime : Bossism in the Philippines, Sidel, John T. (2004). ―Bossism and Democracy Stanford : Stanford University Press. in the Philippines, Thailand and Indonesia : Purwaningsih, Titin. (2015) dissertation about Towards An Alternative Framework for Politik Kekerabatan dalam politik lokal di The Study ―Local Strongmen‖, dalam John Sulawesi Selatan di era reformasi Harris, Kristian Stokke dan Olle Tornquist www.tribunnews.com (eds), Politicising Democracy, The New www.kompas.com Local Politics of Democratization, New York : Palgrave Macmillan.

The Role of Government on Sustainable Development ANALYSIS OF FACTORS INCREASING THE ELECTORAL STRENGTH OF THE INDONESIAN DEMOCRATIC PARTY OF STRUGGLE IN THE LEGISLATIVE ELECTION 2014

Yuri Ashari1, Meidi Koesandi2

1Student of Master Political Science, University of Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia Email : [email protected]

Abstrack The 2014 election put the Indonesian Democratic Keywords: Elections; Political Parties; PDIP. Party of Struggle (PDIP) as the winning party with 18.95% of the vote. PDIP's electoral 1. INTRODUCTION strength has increased by 4.92% compared to the In several studies on PDIP, most of them 2009 Election. The achievement in the 2014 discussed a lot about the history of PDIP, Election has also cut off the declining trend of Megawati's leadership and PDIP's strategy in votes experienced by the PDIP since the 2004 various electoral contestations in elections at the Election. The increase in electoral power was local level. This can be seen in Jonas Ricardo F. achieved amid increasing numbers of nationalist Sobaely's study entitled "The Victory of the parties such as the PDIP. Departing from this Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle (PDIP) phenomenon, this paper discusses two main in the 2014 Legislative Election in Depok City". questions, namely why PDIP's electoral power His research only discusses PDIP victory factors has increased in the 2014 election after the on a local scale, so it does not adequately explain previous two elections have always experienced a the phenomenon of PDIP victory in the 2014 downward trend and what factors caused it. The General Election nationally. author argues that the cause of the increase in In addition there is also a study of PDIP's electoral power is in two parts. First, the Aquinaldo Wirabuanaputera Kaligis's Retor internal factors of the party which can be entitled " Marhaen dan Wong Cilik: Membedah identified are: party institutionalization, strong Wacana dan Praktik Nasionalisme bagi rakyat party leadership and also Jokowi's character. The kecil dari PNI sampai PDI-Perjuangan" giving two external factors that can be identified are, an idea of how the PDIP's identity as a party with internal competitor party conflict and the right a tried popular agenda was carried out PNI.1 party positioning strategy. In carrying out the While the dynamics of elections in the analysis, this paper will use the theory of party Reformation era showed a high level of votality. institutionalization, retrospective voting theory, The party's vote continues to experience party id theory and character quality. This research uses qualitative research methods 1 through basic study methods for data derived Read the book Aquinaldo Wirabuanaputera Kaligis with the title Marhaen dan Wong Cilik: from various references such as books, party Membedah Wacana dan Praktik documents, and searches for sites that contain Nasionalisme bagi rakyat kecil dari PNI research results, and the performance of parties sampai PDI-Perjuangan‖ published in Left that are the object of study. Margin in 2014

2nd ICSTCSD 2018 Proceeding Magelang, 16 – 17 November 2018 significant changes from elections to elections. In second place under PDIP. In addition, new parties this case PDIP together with the Golkar Party emerged that also received significant support became a party capable of maintaining a double- such as the National Awakening Party (Partai digit voice in each election in the reform era. In Kebangkitan Bangsa, PKB), National Mandate the 2014 election the PDIP even managed to Party (Partai Amanat Nasional, PAN), Crescent increase its electoral power and win the election. Star Party (Partai Bulan Bintang, PBB), Justice This phenomenon of achieving PDIP certainly Party (Partai Keadilan, PK) and several other requires a more contextual analysis framework. parties that had less than 10 seats in the DPR. However, from several examples of studies The success of the PDIP in winning the above, it does not pay attention to the combina- 1999 elections made it the highest-ranking party tion of several important aspects of party success in the history of democratic elections in in elections such as the level of institutio- Indonesia.2 PDIP, which is a continuation of the nalization of the party, the role of the figure and Indonesian Democratic Party (PDI) in the 1997 the positioning of the party as important factors in General Election, only gained 3% of the vote, electoral power. So in that context this paper will soaring many times with the power of 33.73% specifically discuss how PDIP is able to increase defeating Golkar which was dominant in the New its electoral strength in the 2014 election by a Order era. combination of several important factors. However, its achievements in the 1999 This research aims to discuss the influence General Election failed to be maintained in the of PDIP's internal and eksternal conditions on its 2004 Election. Appearing as the ruling party, performance and capabilities in competing in the PDIP's electoral power dropped dramatically to 2014 Election. 18.53% or a decrease of around 15.2%. The decline in PDIP's electoral strength is almost half 2. METHODS of its acquisition in the 1999 elections. This This research adopted qualitative research. downward trend continued in the 2009 elections. The main method uses literature study to obtain PDIP only gained 14.3% of the vote, down by the objective results. Literature study towards around 4.5% from the 2004 elections. some journals, scientific papers, newspapers and Different from the previous two elections, other sourches which are further analyzed by the in the 2014 Election PDIP emerged as the winner researcher. This research use theory of party of the election with a vote of 18.95%. These institutionalization and voting behavior to results indicate there was an increase in votes analyze of factors increasing the electoral from the 2009 Election of 4.92%. For the PDIP, strength of PDIPin the legislative election 2014. the victory in the 2014 election will at the same time break the downward trend in votes 3. DICUSSION experienced since the 2004 and 2009 elections as PDIP which participated in the 1999 shown in the table below: General Election (Surprise) surprisingly received extraordinary support with 33.73% at the national level. The results of the 1999 Election have changed the political configuration of the parliament, which since the New Order era was controlled by Golkar. In the 1999 Election, 2 Elections in the New Order Era won by Golkar with Golkar, which had changed its name to Golkar absolute votes were not categorized as democratic Party, won 22.43% of the national vote in the elections due to the involvement of the government and military in supporting Golkar.

The Role of Government on Sustainable Development

TABLE I Percentage of Electoral Strength of Five Big Parties in Post-New Order Elections Party Legislative Legislative Legislative Legislative Election Election Election Election 1999 (%) 2004(%) 2009(%) 2014(%) PDIP 33,7 18,53 14,03 18,95

Golkar Party 22,3 21,58 14,45 14,75 Gerindra Party - - 4,46 11,81 Demokratic of - 7,45 20,85 10,19 Party National 12,6 10,57 4,94 9,04 Awakening Party

There were two things that became the institutionalization.3 The level of institutionalize- political setting of PDIP's victory in the 2014 tion of the party is measured by the level of election compared to the previous elections after adaptability, complexity, autonomy and cohe- the direct presidential election was held in 2004. rence. According to him, the easier the party First, for the first time in the 2014 election it was adjusts to, the higher the degree of institutionali- ensured that there was no incumbent going zation. Likewise, the more challenges that arise forward in the presidential election with the end the older the party's age, the greater the ability to of the second government period SBY. This adapt to the environment (adapt). Meanwhile situation relatively provides a more "balanced" Vicky Randall and Lars Svasand said the contestation space between parties and key party institutionalization of parties was a process of figures in contesting elections. Second, even strengthening political parties both structurally in though the parliamentary threshold is getting order to pattern behavior and culturally in bigger compared to the 2009 Election, the patterning attitudes or culture.4 This institu- number of parties that qualify for the parliament tionalization process contains two aspects, actually increases in the 2014 election. This namely internal-external aspects, and structural- situation illustrates the increasingly competitive cultural aspects. If these two aspects are crossed, contestation map in the 2014 Election compared a table of four cells will be produced, namely (1) to the 2009 Election. degree of system (systemnes) as a result of the crossing of internal and structural aspects. (2) the 3.1. Institutionalization of the Party, Strong degree of value infusion of a party as a result of Party Leadership and Jokowi's crossing internal and cultural aspects. (3) the Leadership degree of autonomy of a party in decisionional Increasing PDIP's electoral strength in the autonomy as a result of crossing external and 2014 Election is inseparable from several internal factors. First is the factor of party institu- 3 Samuel P.Huntington, Political Order in Changing tionalization. Samuel P. Huntington said that Societies, (New Haven and London, Yale University Press, 1968), hal. 8-31. survival political parties must have strong 4 Vicky Randall dan Lars Svasand, ―Party Institutionalization In New Democracies‖, jurnal Party Politics, Vol. 8, no 1. January 2002, hal 12.

2nd ICSTCSD 2018 Proceeding Magelang, 16 – 17 November 2018 structural aspects. (4) the degree of knowledge or PNI, Murba, IPKI, Parkindo and the Catholic public image (reification) as a result of crossing Party in the New Order era. The voters' base of external and cultural aspects.5 the five sides is the traditional mass base of PDIP If the institutionalization of the PDIP is voters or also becomes the main constituent of assessed based on the terminology of institutio- PDIP. Their existence can be identified on the nalizing the party, several things can be traditional PNI base in the 1955 elections in Java explained. In terms of systemism, PDIP has as well as electoral Hindu, Christian and Catholic succeeded in rooting its party in the community. voters in eastern Indonesia. The mass group is The high age of PDIP is based on its history believed to have an emotional bond with PDIP which is a historical continuation of the which is infatuated with nationalism.7 It is Indonesian Democratic Party (Partai Demokrasi undeniable that political support from this mass Indonesia, PDI) during the New Order and the base in Central Java, East Java, DIY, Bali, North Indonesian Nationalist Party (Partai Nasional Sulawesi and NTT has become an important Indonesia, PNI) during the Old Order. This has factor in PDIP's electoral increase in the 2014 become an important capital of the PDIP known election. PDIP's sectoral powers have increased by voters. In addition, the broad power of PDIP's significantly in this area which has implications reach was marked by party stewardship up to the for the percentage of electors nationally. branch level, indicating the good level of the Then in terms of the degree of public PDIP system. In this case the PDIP is one of the knowledge about the existence of a political parties that has a broad management reach. party, PDIP is included in a very high degree of Meanwhile, in terms of organizational resources, recognition. Almost all survey reports confirm PDIP has good potential human resources. PDIP's that the level of public recognition of PDIP is internal regeneration process is relatively good. above 90%, which is always in the top two PDIP also shows itself as a political party that positions of the party that is most known to the recruits many activists who are certainly potential public.8 The introduction of the public towards human resources in raising the party. Even most PDIP itself was very strong and some had also members of the DPR RI PDIP for the period been built in the era before reform. PDIP which 2009-2014 (64 out of 94, or 68%) are cadres with has genealogical relations with the PNI and is a long track record in party organizations. The seen as a continuation of the PNI founded by footsteps of their activism can often be traced Soekarno in the era of the independence back to the Indonesian Nationalist Student movement. Although the pressure of the New Movement (Gerakan Mahasiwa Nasioanal Order regime through a "fusion" policy in 1973 Indonesia, GMNI). The existence of activists in had eliminated the PNI name, but the figures and the PDIP has played a significant role in the factions of PNI supporters continued to survive in articulation and aggregation of political interests.6 the PDI. In the era of the Megawati leadership Meanwhile, in terms of the degree of "PNI attributes" increasingly thickened with identity of values, PDIP is a party known as a personification of the continuation of the PNI party that has a secular-nationalist ideology. PDIP Soekarno and its PDIP in various party attributes is also a fusion of five political parties namely 7 Litbang Kompas, Partai Politik Indonesia 1999- 2019: Konsentrasi dan Dekonsentrasi Kuasa, Penerbit 5 Ibid Kompas, 2016. hal 367. 6 Marcus Mietzner , Ideology, money and dynastic 8 Data was obtained in the Poltracking survey report, leadership: the Indonesian Democratic Party of Indonesian Political Indicators, Indonesian Survey Struggle 1998–2012, Journal South East Asia Circle and Indobarometer in a survey conducted Research, 2012,Vol 4, hal 524. several times in the range 2012-2014.

The Role of Government on Sustainable Development that regularly featured a young Sukarno as the stronger so that party organizations were more founding father who towered from the party. solid. Three of the four measures of party Third is Jokowi's character. It cannot be institutionalization show PDIP as a party that has denied that Jokowi has increased the popularity a fairly good degree of institutionalization and electability of PDIP among voters. Jokowi's compared to most other parties. The institutionali- character has become an attractive magnet for the zation of the party's capital is one of the internal party's voters and even the identity of the PDIP factors which is the cause of the increasing party. Jokowi has become a voter attraction amid electoral strength of PDIP in the 2014 election. the waning of Megawati's popularity. Jokowi's Second, a strong party leadership factor. It name always tops the results of the 2014 is undeniable that strong party leadership is the presidential candidate survey.10 Jokowi's main key to organizational solidity. Meanwhile, popularity and electability are always the highest the solidity of the organization becomes the compared to other figures both from internal party's important capital in facing the election. parties and from external parties. The ability to control the negative effects of elite The influence of leadership is still a very factionalism is an important factor that makes important factor in explaining voting behavior in PDIP a competitive party in electoral contesta- Indonesia along with the declining Party Id in tion. Although leading the PDIP for a very long Indonesia. The strong influence of figures is not time, the existence of Megawati as a charismatic only happening in developing countries like leader in PDIP had a significant impact in Indonesia. In some developed countries such as maintaining party solidity. Kharisma owned by the United Kingdom, Canada, and Australia, Megawati made the PDIP solid and able to where political parties are relatively institutio- minimize the adverse effects of party nalized, the character of party leaders still has a factionalism. Megawati is a symbol that unites strong influence in increasing electoral power.11 party internal groups. So that party energy is For PDIP, Jokowi's character became an more easily concentrated in the election winning important advantage to improve party identity in agenda. voters. So that the decision to nominate Jokowi This situation is certainly different from the during the legislative election campaign was an 2009 elections. At that time the solidity of the important strategy for the PDIP to strengthen organization was disrupted by the release of voter support. Jokowi's nomination increasingly several key PDIP cadres who later established a strengthens the identification of PDIP in voters in new party called the Democratic Renewal Party the 2014 election. (Partai Demokrasi Pembaharuan, PDP). Initially this problem arose in the 2005 PDIP National

Conference where several key cadres questioned 10 National surveys carried out by sharing survey Megawati's leadership in PDIP.9 Then the PDP institutions such as Poltracking, Indonesian Political then participated in the 2009 elections but did not Indicators, the Indonesian Survey Circle, Indobarometer and Kompas Research and make it to parliament. The conditions ahead of Development in several surveys in the range 2013- the 2009 election were different from the 2014 2014 showed Jokowi excelled from names that had elections. Megawati's leadership was relatively been known to the public such as Megawati, Prabowo, Aburizal Bakrie and others 11 Saiful Mujani, S, Liddle, R. William, dan Ambardi. 9 Marcus Mietzner , The Soekarno dynasty in 2012. Kuasa Rakyat: Analisis tentang Perilaku Indonesia :Between Institutionalisation, ideological Memilih dalam Pemilihan Legislatif dan Presiden continuity and crises of succesion, Journal South East Indonesia Pasca Orde Baru. Jakarta : Mizan Publika. Asia Research, 2016,Vol 1, hal 7. hal 6

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These internal factors have caused PDIP's with a power of 6.72%. The political situation electoral strength to increase in the 2014 that befell the top two parties in the 2009 elections. The three factors make the PDIP elections indirectly has benefited PDIP in the organization's institutions relatively better 2014 election. The weakening of the solidity of prepared to contend in the 2014 election the main competitors has paved the way for the compared to the 2009 elections. PDIP to poke the first place in the 2014 election. The 2009 elections experienced internal problems 3.2. Internal Conflict Competitor’s Party and in the face of the 2014 elections. the Right Political Positioning Strategy Both political positioning factors. The In addition to a number of internal factors, political position of PDIP is in opposition to the the strengthening of PDIP's electoral strength was SBY-Boediono government in 2009-2014, even also influenced by the external political situation since the first period of SBY's administration with and also the political challenges that PDIP had JK. The decline in public satisfaction with the overcome. There are a number of external factors performance of SBY's government has provided identified which also indirectly contribute to the political incentives for the PDIP which positions strengthening of PDIP in the 2014 election. itself as an opposition party. Negative evaluation First, internal conflicts that hit the of voters on the performance of SBY's competitor's party. In this case the Democratic government has had a positive impact on the Party and the Golkar Party which became the first image of PDIP as an opposition party which is an and second party in the 2009 Election expe- alternative for voters. rienced internal conflicts which resulted in This government performance evaluation is weakening party solidity in the face of the 2014 in the concept of voting behavior known as elections. In the case of the Democratic Party retrospective voting.13 Within the framework of since the cessation of Anas Urbaningrum from his retrospective voting, voters believe that society position as General Chair has escalated conflict will reward successful governments by choosing escalation in the party between Anas Urbaning- them again and giving penalties to those who fail rum and SBY loyalists. The dynamics of the by leaving them in the next election. This means conflict that was so violent in the end also led to that if the results of the incumbent performance the release of several Anas Urbaningrum loyalists evaluation (also when compared to the 12 from the Democratic Party. predecessor) are positive, then they will be re- Meanwhile in the case of the Golkar Party, elected. If the results of the assessment are the defeat of Surya Paloh of Aburizal Bakrie in negative, then the government will not be re- the Pekanbaru National Conference in 2009 again elected or tends to choose opposition from the has prompted the birth of the National government.14 Democratic Party (Nasional Demokrat, Nasdem) In this case the PDIP decided its political as a new party in the fraction of the Golkar Party. positioning as the government's opposition in the The party's infrastructure is much strengthened by Decree of the Second PDIP Congress No.11 / Surya Paloh's "supporting carriages" in the 2005. In the decision, PDIP became an opposition Golkar Party. The Nasdem Party finally became party in the period 2005-2009. PDIP actually the only new party that passed the KPU's verification to participate in the 2014 election. 13 Harrop, Martin dan William L. Miller. Election And Even in this first election, the Nasdem Party Voters:A Comperative Introduction. London: Mc managed to escape the parliamentary threshold Millian. hal. 149 14 Roth, Dieter. 2008. Studi Pemilu Empiris: Sumber, Teori-Teori, Instrumen dan Metode. Jakarta: LSI . hal. 12 Litbang Kompas, Op.Cit. hal 367. 48.

The Role of Government on Sustainable Development realizes that the choice of being an opposition ahead of the 2014 election. This situation again party is not a popular choice because so far the benefited PDIP as a competitor from the opposition does not have a proper and respectable Democratic Party. place in political concepts and practices in Indonesia, so the opposition is misinterpreted as a 4. CONCLUSION bully and a gatekeeper of the government. The PDIP's electoral increase in the 2014 PDIP wants to straighten out the bad view of election by 4.92% compared to the 2009 elections opposition in the life of democracy and sound cut the downward trend experienced by the PDIP political education. Nationally the opposition since the 2004 election. Although the level of PDIP was carried out ideologically based on the competition between parties was getting tougher, Pancasila of June 1, 1945. Furthermore, the PDIP again succeeded in repeating its success as determination of PDIP as an opposition party was the 1999 election winner. reaffirmed by Megawati in a speech opening the The success of PDIP in increasing its PDIP III Congress in Bali on April 6-9 2010. electoral strength in the 2014 election was Megawati stressed that PDIP would not be identified by several factors divided into internal tempted to coalition with power.15 factors and external factors. Judging from its Meanwhile the public perception of the internal factors, the success of PDIP was caused performance of the SBY government in the by the relatively good institutionalization of the second period experienced a significant decline party, strong party leadership and also the figure compared to the first period in the eyes of the of Jokowi. Meanwhile, judging by external public in various surveys conducted.16 When the factors, the success of PDIP was also caused by performance of the SBY administration declined, internal competitor party conflicts and the right at the same time the Democratic Party had to face party positioning strategy. This combination of corruption issues that afflicted its main elites such various factors has led to an increase in PDIP's as Anas Urbaningrum (General Chair), electoral strength in the 2014 election. Nazaruddin (General Treasurer), Angelina 5. REFERENCES Sondakh (Wasekjen) and Andi Mallarangeng ……………………,‖ The Soekarno dynasty in (High Council Secretary). The issue of corruption Indonesia :Between Institutionalisation, has been a major topic in most national media ideological continuity and crises of since the end of 2011 to 2014. Various reports in succession‖, Journal South East Asia the media have placed the issue of corruption as Research, Vol 1, hal 1-14, 2016. an issue of public concern which has implications Harrop, Martin dan William L. Miller. Election for increasing negative perceptions of the And Voters:A Comperative Introduction. Democratic Party. London: Mc Millian. With the declining performance of the SBY Kaligis, Retor Aquinaldo Wirabuanaputera, government and the issue of corruption which Marhaen dan Wong Cilik: Membedah plagued the elite of the Democratic Party, it has Wacana dan Praktik Nasionalisme bagi caused a negative public sentiment towards the rakyat kecil dari PNI sampai PDI- Democratic Party. This can be seen from the Perjuangan‖, Penerbit Marjin Kiri, 2014. electability of the "freefall" Democratic Party in Litbang Kompas, Partai Politik Indonesia 1999- various surveys conducted by various pollsters 2019: Konsentrasi dan Dekonsentrasi Kuasa, Penerbit Kompas, 2016. 15 Litbang Kompas, Op.Cit. hal 368. Mietzner, Marcus, ―Ideology, money and 16 Data from the Public Opinion Survey by Poltracking released on October 20, 2013. dynastic leadership: the Indonesian

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Democratic Party of Struggle 1998– 2012‖,Journal South East Asia Research , Vol 4, hal 511–531, 2012 Mujani, S, Liddle, R. William, dan Ambardi,, Kuasa Rakyat: Analisis tentang Perilaku Memilih dalam Pemilihan Legislatif dan Presiden Indonesia Pasca Orde Baru, Mizan Publika, Jakarta, 2012. Public Opinion Survey Data from Poltracking, Indonesian Political Indicators, Indonesian Survey Circle, Indobarometer and Kompas R & D in several surveys in the range 2013-2014.

Randall, Vicky / Svåsand, Lars, ―Party Institutionalization in New Democracies, in: Party Politics‖, Sage Publication, Vol 8, 2002. Roth, Dieter., Studi Pemilu Empiris: Sumber, Teori-Teori, Instrumen dan Metode,LSI, Jakarta, 2008. Samuel P.Huntington, Political Order in Changing Societies, Yale University Press, New Haven and New York, 1968.

The Role of Government on Sustainable Development BUILDING CONVERGENCE OF ETHNICITY IN THE UNITARY STATE OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA

Tomi Setiawan1

1Center for Agrarian Policy Study, Padjadjaran University Jl Raya Bandung-Sumedang Km.21. Jantinangor 45363, West Java, Indonesia Email: [email protected]

Abstract. boundaries) (Furnivall, 2009). In a pluralistic This paper is the result of a literature review to society the most prominent feature is the absence examine ethnicity and threat of disintegration in of shared will at all. Cooperation is possible only plural society. Plural society is a society on certain matters that are considered important consisting of two or more communities and as well as defense against external aggression. In groups that are culturally and economically the context of "country", a pluralistic society is divided by having different institutional usually divided into several provincial structures. The problem facing Indonesia as a confederations that unite with an agreement or a pluralistic society is the relationship between the formal constitution that regulates agreed matters, government or public administration system and and the rest of them live their own lives. the existing ethnic groups. And the origin and The state have as a slogan ‗Bhinneka continuity of ethnicity that includes ethnic Tunggal Ika‘ (see Box 1. for detail) reflects the boundaries, the integration of ethnic populations, actual reality of the Indonesian people, that and the institutional relations of ethnicity, are Indonesia is known as a plural society consisting generally concerned with competition for power of approximately 7000 ethnic groups, where each positions and economic resources. Building of ethnic group retains its ethnic and cultural convergence in a plural society must be initiated identity, and covers its own ethnic territories. by the consciousness of the ethnic groups of Members of each ethnic group live in relatively pluralism itself. In plural society, the government homogeneous ethnic communities, with their own has an important role to aid the develop justice cultural identity and territorial boundaries, which and equality. At last, the government plays the are spread throughout the Indonesian archipelago. main role as a source of unity, and provides a In his hometown, local ethnicity or indigenous focus for the common life of the whole community culture is dominant, which serves as a reference through various public policies. system in selectively guiding the members of the Keywords: convergence; ethnicity; role of community in carrying out their daily activities, government. as well as how they perceive their surroundings, where they are a small part of it. 1. INTRODUCTION In the past, mixing of different ethnic Indonesia (Dutch East Indies) in the past is groups was probably only found in cities and one of the real examples of a pluralistic society, urban centers. But at this time, almost all regions namely a society consisting of several groups or of ethnically Indonesia are fairly heterogeneous, social systems that live side by side, but without along with the arrival of migrants and from mingling in one political unit (certain territorial different ethnic groups then living side by side

2nd ICSTCSD 2018 Proceeding Magelang, 16 – 17 November 2018 with local ethnic communities, not only in cities Batak). In the past, this category of society was or urban centers, but also in villages and inland led by nobles who led their native countries areas. Therefore, inter-ethnic relations become (except Minangkabau and Batak). Communities more interactive than in the past. But then this classified into this category are Javanese, also often brings new problems in accommo- Sundanese, Madurese, Acehnese, Malay, dating cultural differences between migrants and Minangkabau, Makassar-Bugis, and Batak. And local communities, if later migrants are fourth, it can be found in urban centers, and economically more established than local grouped according to the level of education and communities. ethnic culture, as the center of the social and cultural system. In fact, it is this side that Box 1. The sentence was taken from the philosophy of the distinguishes this category of society from rural communities. These cultural differences further Nusantara Archipelago which since the days of the Majapahit Kingdom has also been used as a motto of deepen ethnic differences, because the perpetra- unif ying the Nusantara archipelago, which was tors use the ethnic culture as a reference, to pledged by Patih Gajah Mada in Kakawin Sutasoma, identify their ethnicity. As stated by Barth (1969), the work of Mpu Tantular: Rwāneka dhātu winuwus wara Buddha Wiśwa, ethnicity surfaced in times of social and Bhinnêki rakwa ring apan kěna parwanosěn, geographical contacts intensified between

Mangka ng Jinatwa kalawan Śiwatatwa members of different ethnic groups. This reality tunggal, can be considered true especially in relation to Bhinnêka tunggal ika tan hana dharmma economic interests and their usefulness in mangrwa (Strophe.139: 5). competition for certain resources. Related to the concept of ethnicity, Conceptually, ethnic and cultural differen- Oommen (2009) identify at least five different ces in Indonesia can be seen based on the level of perspectives in which ethnic groups and economic development. As stated by Kennedy ethnicities are conceptualized, namely: first, (1943), there are four categories of community ethnic groups are conceptualized as small. The culture. First, is the category of people living ethnic group shares the same culture with the from the results of hunting and food gathering. culture of their ancestors as a basis. However, in People living in this culture are nomadic groups today's world, society and groups are not limited where hunting and collecting forest products in by lineage and kinship. Second, ethnic groups are certain territorial areas are their top priority in seen as groups that have the authority to define life. They have also been able to grow crops themselves. The authority of the ethnic group is using dry land farming techniques. Second, is a based on subjective factors chosen by their group that has achieved economic growth in the members from past history or current conditions. field of agriculture, but lacks an adequate portion The chosen cultural style helps in the creation and of the political area at the village level. maintenance of socio-cultural ties in relation to Communities that can be classified into this ethnic groups interacting with each other. category include, among others, Baduy, Tengger, Third, ethnic groups are seen as interest Kalimantan Dayak, Mentawai and most ethnic groups that compete to benefit from a welfare groups in Irian Jaya. state. Groups such as race, religion, and language Third, it is grouped based on the level of are included in this definition which sees advanced cultural complexity, such as artificial ethnicity as a source used by marginalized irrigation, agriculture with intensive rice farming migrant groups. Fourth, ethnicity is considered as techniques, written literature, religion from major an instrument of identity seeking by people with traditions (mostly Islam, except Balinese and

The Role of Government on Sustainable Development diverse racial and cultural backgrounds in society. also diverse, depending on the types of Fifth, ethnicity is conceptualized as a tool used by relationships that influence each other between people to seek psychological unity which is often individuals and groups, with their social and based on general similarity, namely blood natural environment. These environments include equality, both real and fictitious. ethnic categories and cultural power systems that The problem faced by Indonesia as a provide important authority over political, pluralistic society is centered on the relationship economic and social norms. These all function in between the government or the national system inter-ethnic relations, which in turn direct and and the ethnic groups. President Soekamo once establish norms and positions, as determined or supported a unification policy, ending with a valued by members of ethnic groups who care rebellion, based on ethnicity, during his reign. about the environment. These environments also During the Soeharto era, policies regarding unity offer alternative opportunities as well as re- and uniformity remained supported, even military stricting individuals or groups who wish to forces were used to suppress aspects of ethnicity, manage available resources, while creating religion and race as a means of mobilizing the symbols used to achieve certain positions in masses so as not to oppose government policies. social and ethnic relations. At the same time, the Soeharto government used According to Barth (1969), the catego- ethnicity and religion politically to gain support rization of certain ethnic groups is determined and the community. President Habibie, who through their basis, general identity, background succeeded Soeharto, was caught up in Soeharto's and origin. In this case, ethnic groups are seen as ideas of democracy and the despotic and a social category that functions as a collection of militaristic approach, which produced erratic and reference systems to identify certain ethnic contradictory policies. In the end, this reality groups - in inter-ethnic relations. Because ethnic resulted in an inter-ethnic bloody conflict in most groups refer to a distinctive culture, attempts to parts of Indonesia. define such important concepts are appropriate for the purposes of classification and metho- 2. METHODS dology. Culture is seen as a "blue print" for life, The research methods used in this paper is as a collection of reference systems or forms a literature study. Literature study method is a created through taste and knowledge of series of activities related to library data something quite diverse. Many people use these collection methods, reading and recording, and forms selectively, along with their interest in managing research material (Creswell, 2010). these forms to produce meaningful understanding Literature study conducted by collecting data or of certain situations, and at the same time to sources related to the topic raised in a study. This guide their actions in their environment, through literature study uses various sources, journals, their activities. Such actions may be seen as a documentation books, internet and others directive to meet needs as well as a response to literature. certain strength structures in their environment. Cultural and ethnic categories are used as a 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION reference system for such interpretations and 3.1 Ethnicity in the Process of Social responses. Then, such an approach takes into Interaction consideration social power for actors in In Stewart's view (2005) ethnicity is a understanding their actions in certain structures of separate phenomenon that arises in social strength and interaction. interaction. The process of social interaction is

2nd ICSTCSD 2018 Proceeding Magelang, 16 – 17 November 2018

Awareness of being part of a specific power relations has changed, along with migrants ethnic community or social unit is a starting point who have begun to enter economic sectors which for members of certain ethnic groups to previously were exclusive land for local people or understand their perspective on other social units, they created economic activities (new markets) such as religious organizations, political parties, that were different from traditional markets. The professions, or even countries, as an ethnic group structure of inter-ethnic relations between and through their affiliation, mobilization and migrants and members of local communities has solidarity processes stated repeatedly that the also changed. Local ethnic communities suffer, social unit was an ethnic group. These processes because they lose their privileges in the economic always occur at certain times and places, and and political fields. Finally, the symbiotic often relate to other ethnic groups in fighting for relationship between the two ethnic groups turned economic and political resources. The emergence into a struggle for resources, including position of ethnic associations in cities or urban centers is and power. It was then that ethnicity was basically politically nuanced and aims to claim reaffirmed for the purpose of maintaining and safe areas in these cities as ethnic areas, both strengthening ethnic boundaries to further economically, socially and culturally. The same distinguish "our" vis a vis "them". thing also happened in the case of affiliation with Ethnicity is used as an instrument to political parties, religious organizations, uphold social cohesion and solidarity - from both professions, even organizations of bad people and sides to fight for the market. If the market criminals. It is all seen as an ethnic and political struggle does not have certain rules that guarantee group for resources and domination. justice for competing ethnic groups, then finally all possible ways are done, such as efforts to 3.2 Ethnicity and Resource Issues mutually disable access to resources and position, In the previous explanation, Barth (1964) and monopolize and control its allocation and has shown that the origin and continuity of distribution. Along with the passage of time, the ethnicity which includes ethnic boundaries, the results that will occur are division of labor and incorporation of ethnic and institutional relations economic specialization based on ethnicity. If a of ethnic relations, is generally related to stable competitive relationship has taken place, competition for economic positions and re- then the pattern of new inter-ethnic relations will sources. In a homogeneous local ethnic commu- follow. Therefore, a balance point in the environ- nity, environmental resources and certain posi- ment can be established. tions are allocated among its members, based on However, the point of balance may not last the official local environment (ulayat rights) and long. When high-value economic resources and their customs (adat). Competition in fighting over office positions begin to become scarce, pressure resources and position can hardly be found in to eliminate other ethnic groups, while domi- societies that are organized socially and nating their allocation and distribution becomes culturally. If newcomers, such as migrant urgent. These interests may be caused by greed or workers, are accepted into a particular commu- stimulated by political forces at the local and nity, they must obey the rules that apply in the national levels, to benefit in the fields of community. autonomy, social or political. Because ethnic When migrants arrive and live in certain grouping is hierarchical, ethnic members rely on communal areas, the total population of the their leaders or certain patrons to direct their community will far exceed the available envi- actions in inter-ethnic relations through their ronmental resources. The structure of certain unity, society or social units in general. It is

The Role of Government on Sustainable Development ethnic leaders who have the right to urge to ethnicity through the destruction of ethnic eliminate ethnic groups that disobey and symbols. Then, each party tries to destroy and dominate economic resources and take over eliminate the existence of other parties. In fact, positions in offices at local level politics, and this babies and children resulting from cross-breeding pressure is realized through other issues they (between ethnic groups) were also killed during develop by referring to the character of inter- the Singkawang and Sampit conflicts. This can be relations ethnicity, where they are an integral part seen as an act of annihilation of the evidence and of it. For example, In the article Van Klinen. ethnic symbols of the opponent. In ethnic 2005. Pelaku Baru, Identitas Baru: Kekerasan conflict, ethnicity shifts from individual Antar Suku pada masa Pasca Soeharto, explained phenomena to ethnic categories. Ethnic symbols that the Sambas Case, as well as the Ambon and are targets that must be destroyed, because they Sampit cases, can be seen as examples of how are seen as representations of hostile presence. competition for economic resources and positions These symbols include members of ethnic groups can turn into inter-ethnic bloody conflicts. who are opponents, property and their properties. However, competition between ethnic groups does not always lead to bloody conflicts. This can 3.3 Ethnicity and Threat of Disintegration be prevented if members of these ethnic groups A social institution, with a set of norms, comply with applicable law and maintain social interrelated roles and predetermined behavior is a order. The police, as law enforcers, should not social entity that has a balance in the relations of take sides as long as the competition or conflict strengths of its elements. When one of the takes place, and there should be no outside elements changes, it will affect the other political, economic and religious support to one elements, which ultimately threaten the point of or both ethnic groups that are competing and balance. Therefore, the social institutions of conflicting. interrelated norms and roles must be defined to As long as ethnic conflict occurs, ethnicity accommodate the changes that occur. This becomes the main reference in identifying uncertain situation is a situation of social themselves and their groups. Ethnic conflict in disorder. Indonesia is basically often a conflict between When the whole system is not functioning local ethnic groups and migrants. The impact of properly to guarantee the production process, the the conflict included the loss of life, destruction system will experience social shocks and dis- of the immigrant community and its environment, integration. Social disintegration refers to and those who survived were forced to leave their conditions, where certain power structures and homes. In the most extreme conditions, it their interactions with the environment do not becomes a bloody conflict, a total war with function properly, thus disrupting the structure of uncountable loss of life, mass dislocation, agreement norms among members of different oppression, alienation and suffering caused by ethnic groups, and leadership, which results in the hunger and torture. All migrant ethnic popula- loss of one ethnic group in the ethnic conflict. tions were expelled from their environment. In Ethnicity as a phenomenon that arises in the article of Alqadrie, Syarif Ibrahim. 2003. social interaction is a social institution. The Faktor Penyebab Konflik Etnis, Identitas dan potential to organize the behavior of a particular Kesadaran Etnis, serta Indikasi ke arah Proses ethnic group in a "social setting" is ascriptive and Disintegrasi di Kalimantan Barat. In this article primordial. When they appear in social inte- explained that ethnic conflict is basically a ractions, the differences between "me" and "you", conflict that leads to the destruction of each and "us" and "them" are formed. The actors

2nd ICSTCSD 2018 Proceeding Magelang, 16 – 17 November 2018 involved organize themselves in social categories one ethnic group. The existence of ethnicity and based on ascriptive attitudes and their symbols, ethnic groups depends on ethnic culture. Ethnic with reference to culture and its own ascriptive culture is basically regarded as a root, or pri- ethnicity. In turn, this social category is mordial culture, because members of an ethnic transformed into groups, groups and communities group learn and live their culture through the as a group of organized activities, which are imposition of parents, elders and their based on self-explanations and by others. communities. Ethnic culture is a set of values of In a pluralistic society like Indonesia, whe- orientation, norms, language, religion and other re ethnicity is a social fact, ethnic competition in practical guidelines to be able to live in their fighting over resources and position might create environment. In competition and ethnic conflict, a kind of fragile false balance from these groups. these cultures are activated and manipulated They may develop ethnic communities that have selectively by ethnic leaders to understand their interdependence, institutionalize cooperation and changing environment and to understand division of labor or position between them. dominant issues. Such issues usually demand the However, on the other hand, pluralistic societies support and loyalty of group members, because will also bring these ethnic groups from they include relevant facts, even though they are competition towards bloody ethnic conflict, while distorted, for them, because they care about their destroying the existing social order and social existence and honor as an ethnic group. In article integration at the local and national level. Diverse of Alqadrie, (2003) Faktor Penyebab Konflik societies can also be a problem if one ethnic Etnis, Identitas dan Kesadaran Etnis, serta group succeeds in dominating the other group, Indikasi ke arah Proses Disintegrasi di while simultaneously applying the group's rules Kalimantan Barat, obtained an illustration that to the other. All of these scenarios depend on the case of bloody ethnic conflict in Singkawang several factors such as differences in political and was triggered by a series of acts of violence economic ethos, population numbers and growth, committed by Madura criminals. The victims who and external support, both locally and nationally. came from ethnic Malays witnessed acts of In Indonesia, where competition between violence committed by these criminals, as ethnic groups is organized ascriptively, it will be authentic evidence of the ideas (stereotypes) they seen that ascriptive loyalty is more dominant than had obtained about the Madurese community. economic loyalty. The ascriptive organization, Then, the issues that were further developed in namely ethnicity, is important in the competition this incident were that the Malays had organized process for resources that involve internal loyalty their group into a fighting army, to fight the for social cohesion and political support and Madurese, to get rid of them from their homeland external funding. Kinship, ethnicity and regional and cleanse their world of the evil Madurese. The networks can be created and activated to win the police, who should prevent the conflict competition. When competition turns into escalation, cannot act appropriately, because they conflict, political support and external funding are are not trained to deal with such situations (but important to overcome the destruction, or restore are trained as criminals), or they take sides (to the spirit of ethnicity in order to win the conflict. one ethnic group) in the conflict. In inter-ethnic conflict, the target of destruction can include (up to) human lives, and ethnic 3.4 Building Convergence of Ethnicity: A Role culture represented by symbols and property. of Government Ethnic culture is a reference for ethnicity The basis of convergence in ethnic and a mechanism to maintain the boundaries of diversity according to Parekh (2008) can be seen

The Role of Government on Sustainable Development at least from the arguments of Montesquieu and Then in Herder's view, nature has placed a Herder. For Montesquieu, cultural diversity is the 'tendency for diversity in our hearts'. Every nature of human life that develops slowly and culture has an identity of 'single, very good, absolutely. There are no two communities in incomprehensible, identity that cannot be elimi- common. Each society has different customs, nated', attaching a different vision of human life, practices, methods, legal systems, family realizing different human capacities, instilling structures and forms of government, and each different goodness and behavior, and having a encourages different desires, morals, goodness unique 'core of happiness',' center of gravity ',' and behavior, forms of excellence and a good spirit ',' ethos', or 'atmosphere'. It is free unity conception of life. Even when they have the same integrated and moving according to its own laws and customs, these things have different internal principles (Herder, 1969). In meta- influences and play quite different roles. physical influences, Herder understands culture in Although all human beings are shared with the the image of a beautiful entity as a microcosm. general nature, Montesquieu thinks that each They are windowless and can be self-sufficient, society also develops different human capabi- who see the world in their own perspective and lities, desires, and so on, and gives rise to the have the power in themselves and the vitality to second nature of 'nationalism'. Its members grow oppose and refract external influences. Each has together, and feel home with socially acquired its own endpoint and develops in a direction that properties as well as biological and natural is ordered by it. 'The future' determines the characteristics. Thanks to the diversity of national present, and the present determines the past, as characteristics, it is 'a huge advantage if [the law] the purpose of determining the preparation of the of one nation is suitable for the whole nation'. facilities to be used. Although all societies as social entities pursue In every society, the government has an certain general objectives, each has its own important role in fostering justice and to- 'unique goals'. getherness. In a pluralistic society, the govern- While for Herder (1969) each culture is ment is a source of unity, provides a focus for the uniquely associated with the experience of a common life of citizens, and is expected to set an community group, ancestors and historical de- example to overcome narrow prejudices and scendants, and reveals the way in which members communal views. Government institutions should of the community group understand and (and must be seen) be fair in treating members of imaginatively interpret these experiences. The different communities. As the only legal source natural environment of society plays an important of justice in society, the government needs to role in shaping its culture, by structuring the convince its citizens to obtain equal treatment in world of its experiences in which it interprets and all areas of life such as employment, justice in organizes the creative imagination of humans. For criminal acts, education and public services. In its Herder, culture is a product of collective efforts negative form, Equality includes the absence of that the public is not aware of, and like all direct or intentional discrimination, and indirect creative actions there are always elements of or institutionalized discrimination. Direct discri- mystery such as why culture develops in such a mination occurs when the decision maker is way and form. Intellectual and creative writers directed by prejudices against certain groups, play an important role in the process, but they do meanwhile, indirect discrimination occurs when come true when they provide a centralized and the rules and procedures they undergo contain deepest expression of the community and invisible discrimination bias and result in articulation of expression.

2nd ICSTCSD 2018 Proceeding Magelang, 16 – 17 November 2018 systematic harm to certain communities or groups each other in a normal life series at the local or of people. regional level, respect for diversity in that level While in its positive form, Equality becomes a big problem and shapes perceptions requires rights and obligations. All citizens must between one and the other and with the enjoy the same rights, and should include not government. It is easier for local and regional only the fulfillment of civil, political, economic bodies to accommodate these differences (rather and other rights but also including cultural rights. than the central government) because the The latter refers to the rights possessed by a necessary adjustments are more readily identi- person or community to express, maintain and fied, on a limited scale, not too expensive, and instill their cultural identity. Because culture is usually free from public scrutiny. There is also an integral part of the feeling of individual more room for experimentation so mistakes can identity and well-being, cultural rights are part of be easily corrected, and one area can learn from human rights, and a good society must guarantee the success of other regions. Thus, it is important the existence of cultural rights for all its citizens. to build strong local and national government In addition, in every society, the existing units and use them to strengthen the culture of community usually determines its own cultural civil society. In Varshney's (2001) explanation, nature and is able to unequivocally assert and recent research shows that tensions between express its own cultural identity. equal oppor- community groups are less frequent and easier to tunities should also be extended to minority control when there is a network of relationships communities. between formal and informal community groups By giving a "sense of security" to minori- that maintain social capital trust and cooperation. ties to show identity and interact with the wider community, cultural rights also demand loyalty 4. CONCLUSSION and goodwill and facilitate their unification. In the process of social interaction, Principles of justice govern important things for ethnicity has the potential to organize solidarity in a good life and relate to what is called Rawls a descriptive manner, although competition for (2011) the basic structure of society. The basic resources and position can lead to conflict and structure of society is not only about politics and social disorganization. Then, ethnic conflict, economics (as explained by Rawls) but also which can be a form of conflict to eliminate culture, and therefore the principle of justice is others in a competition, can also lead to social not only related to freedom and material disintegration. This is not caused by ethnicity resources but also to cultural rights and itself. Social disintegration is the end result of opportunities. Thus, political recognition is a various factors. Internal factors include the broader part of the justice and nuances of the accumulation of hatred towards certain ethnic theory of justice, with an important difference groups and also the role of ethnic leaders in the between freedom and material resources, recog- inter-ethnic warfare. While external factors nition that cannot be enjoyed individually or include the deterioration of the general economic distributed from the center and requires a more and political conditions and the ascriptive complicated concept of justice. character of society. The most important thing in building Building ethnic convergence must be convergence is decentralization of power. preceded by the awareness of ethnic groups on Decentralization of power has a very important the awareness of pluralism itself. In a pluralistic role to ensure justice in a pluralistic society. society, the government has an important role in Because different communities regularly face helping the development of justice and equality.

The Role of Government on Sustainable Development

The government holds a key role as a source of https://arrow.latrobe.edu.au/store/3/4/3/2/6/ unity, and provides a focus for the common life public/B12313476pt10.pdf. Accessed in: of all people. The government has a role in 19 Juni 2018. ensuring equality for cultural diversity that exists Lan, Thung Ju. (2005). Program Manajemen dan in society. Because the basic structure of society Transformasi Konflik LIPI. is not only about politics and economics but also Oommen T.K. (2009). Kewarganegaraan, culture. Kebangsaan, dan Etnisitas: Mendamaikan Persaingan Identitas. Yogyakarta: Kreasi Wacana 5. REFERENCES Parekh, Bhiku. (2008). Rethinking Alqadrie, Syarif Ibrahim. (2003). Faktor Multiculturalism: Keberagaman Budaya Penyebab Konflik Etnis, Identitas dan dan Teori Politik. Yogyakarta: Kanisius Kesadaran Etnis, serta Indikasi ke arah Rawls, John. (2011). Teori Keadilan: Dasar- Proses Disintegrasi di Kalimantan Barat. dasar Filsafat Politik untuk Mewujudkan Jakarta : YOI-KITLV-LIPI Kesejahteraan Sosial dalam Negara. Anwar, Dewi Fortuna, et.al. (2005). Konflik Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar. Kekerasan Internal: Tinjauan Sejarah, Stewart, Frances. (2005). Sebab-sebab Dasar Ekonomi- Politik, dan Kebijakan di Asia Sosial Ekonomi, Konflik Politik dengan Pasifik. Jakarta: YOI-KITLV-LIPI Kekerasan. Barth, Fredrik. (1969). Introduction, dalam Stokhof, W.A.L., Murni Djamal. (2003). Konflik Fredrik Barth (Ed.). Ethnic Groups and Komunal di Indonesia saat ini. Jakarta: Boundaries. Boston: Little Brown and Co. INIS dan PBB. Creswell, Jhon W. 2010. Research Design. Suharno. (2006). Konflik, Etnisitas Dan Integrasi Indonesian Edition. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Nasional. Makalah disampaikan dalam Pelajar. Seminar dan Lokakarya Resolusi Konflik Cribb, Robert. (2005). Pluralisme Hukum, pada Civics Community, Jurusan PKn dan Desentralisasi, dan Akar Kekerasan di Hukum FISE UNY 2006. Indonesia. Tirtosudarmo, Riwanto. (2005). Demografi dan Diamond, Larry. (1998). Nasionalisme, Konflik Konflik: Kegagalan Indonesia dalam Etnik, dan Demokrasi. Bandung: Penerbit Melaksanakan Proyek Pembangunan ITB. Bangsa. Jakarta: YOI-KITLV-LIPI Furnivall, J.S. (2009). Hindia Belanda: Studi Van Klinen. (2005). Pelaku Baru, Identitas Baru: Tentang Ekonomi Majemuk. Jakarta: Kekerasan Antar Suku pada masa Pasca Freedom Institute. Soeharto. Jakarta: YOI-KITLV-LIPI Kennedy, Raymond. Southeast Asia And Indonesia. In:

2nd ICSTCSD 2018 Proceeding Magelang, 16 – 17 November 2018 DEVELOPMENT OF CANDIREJO TOURIST VILLAGE TOWARDS SOCIAL ECONOMY

Oktavia Suryaningsih1, Nur Ma‘rifah2, Elsa Aerani3, Joko Tri Nugraha4, Retno Dewi Pramodia Ahsani5

1Faculty of Social and Political Science Universitas Tidar Jl. Kapten Suparman No. 39, 56116, Indonesia, [email protected] 2Faculty of Social and Political Science Universitas Tidar Jl. Kapten Suparman No. 39, 56116, Indonesia, [email protected] 3Faculty of Social and Political Science Universitas Tidar Jl. Kapten Suparman No. 39, 56116, Indonesia, [email protected] 4Faculty of Social and Political Science Universitas Tidar Jl. Kapten Suparman No. 39, 56116, Indonesia, [email protected] 5Faculty of Social and Political Science Universitas Tidar Jl. Kapten Suparman No. 39, 56116, Indonesia, [email protected]

Abstract business opportunities. The ownership and Candirejo Tourist Village is 3 km from control of Candirejo Tourism Village Borobudur Temple, offering village excursion development belongs to the local society under tours to see the atmosphere of rural society. In the administration of Tourism Village 2016, it earned revenue of IDR. 885.769.775.00. Cooperative. The development of Candirejo Indubitably, that capacity of revenue brings Tourism Village brings positive impacts toward momentous potential benefit and significant the development of village infrastructure, such impact for the local society‘s economy. The as roads, mosques, security posts (Poskamling), purpose of this research is to analyze the Impact and so on. In addition, it also increases village‘s of Candirejo Tourist Village Development revenue, hence being calculated in determining towards the society‘s economy. This research Local Government Budget (APBD). employed descriptive qualitative research and the data collection techniques were observation, Keywords: Impact; Tourist Village; Society interviews, and documentation. Data analysis Economy. technique was comprised of: data reduction, data presentation, and inference. The results of 1. INTRODUCTION this research indicate that the majority of Indonesia‘s tourism, cultural, and natural, Candirejo Village societies are fairly ready to if managed properly, has the potential to be play the role of tourism actors, assessed from business concept for the local society. One of education factor and their knowledge, as well as Indonesia‘s famed tourist destinations is the society‘s participation in tourism. The Borobudur Temple situated in Magelang impact of Candirejo Tourism Village Regency, Central Java. The temple is the development indicates an increase in the local favorite destination of both domestic and society‘s economy, the emergence of job international tourists. As one of world heritage diversification, and the distribution of donations site, Borobudur Temple experiences annual throughout the society. Opening multitude of increase in number of tourists. This is an

The Role of Government on Sustainable Development opportunity for tourism development in Hadiwijoyo (2012) explains that there are Borobudur Area. One of them is tourist village, 2 applicable approaches in planning and a rural area with unique and distinctive tourist developing tourist village: (1) tourist village attractions: physical, natural environment, or development market approach and (2) tourist sociocultural life, that are managed in appealing village development physical approach. and natural manner by developing supporting According to Cohen in Gunawan (2016), facilities. There are around 20 tourist villages the economic impact of tourism can be classified that are currently under development around into seven main groups, i.e.: (1) Impact towards Borobudur area. Among all of tourist villages in foreign exchange income; (2) Impact towards Borobudur area, Candirejo Tourist Village is the the society‘s income; (3) Impact towards most advanced, as it was the pioneer of tourist employment opportunity; (4) Impact towards village development. prices; (5) Impact towards benefit or profit Candirejo Tourist Village is 3 km from distribution; (6) Impact towards ownership and Borobudur Temple, offering tour the village control and; (7) Impact towards development in excursion to see the atmosphere of rural society. general. The visiting tourists will be offered a number of tour packages such as: excursion tour to see the 2. METHODS village, the village‘s agriculture system, envir- This research employed qualitative onmental education, homestay, and traditional descriptive research, focusing on the impact of art. In 2016, it earned revenue of IDR Candirejo Tourist Village development towards 885.769.775.00 (Accountability Report of the economy of Candirejo Village‘s society. Candirejo Tourist Village Cooperative Improvement of economy is concentrated to the Administrator Year 2016). Indubitably, that entirety of Candirejo Village, instead of solely capacity of revenue brings momentous potential to the cooperative members, seeing that not all benefit and considerable impact for the local of the society are cooperative members. society‘s economy. Yet, is the revenue This research had been conducted in distributed evenly to the entirety of the society Candirejo Village, Borobudur Sub-Regency, or solely to the tourist people? According to Magelang Regency, which is one of tourist Pitana (2009), tourism development and villages with the amount of total revenue of IDR building directly reach and involve the society, 885.769.775.00 (Accountability Report of Can- thus bringing a multitude of impacts toward the direjo Tourist Village Cooperative Administra- society, positive or negative. Based on that tor Year 2016). This research was conducted issue, we were interested to analyze ―The Impact starting in March 24th 2017 to July 10th 2017 (4 of Candirejo Tourist Village towards The months) Society‘s Economy‖. Data collection techniques used (Sugiono, Tourism is assorted tourist activities 2015) were interview, observation, and supported by various facilities and services documentation. The informants were Village provided by the society, business society, and Head of Candirejo Tourist Village, Candirejo the government (Law of Tourism No. 10 year Tourist Village apparatus, Head of Candirejo 2009). Tourist Village is a form of integration of Tourist Village Cooperative, members of Candirejo‘s attraction, accommodation, and Candirejo Tourist Village Cooperative, the supporting facilities presented in a society life society of Candirejo Tourist Village who had structure that merge with the etiquettes and been selected using purposive sampling prevailing traditions (Nuryanti, 1993). technique.

2nd ICSTCSD 2018 Proceeding Magelang, 16 – 17 November 2018

Documentation was conducted by 3.2 Candirejo Tourist Village Development compiling village regulations (Mid-Term Deve- Efforts lopment Plan of Village (RPJMDes), Village Several tourism development efforts in Development Action Plan (RKPDes)), village Candirejo Village conducted by village adminis- profile, tourist village profile, cooperative trator are: Annual Member Meeting (RAT), and other a. Developing the society‘s creativity in related documents. Observation was conducted creating crafts that will be sold to tourists as directly in Candirejo Tourist Village. Research well as tourist object by teaching them to instruments used were interview guidelines, create specific crafts. documentation guidelines. Three data analyzing b. Developing supporting tourism infrastructure techniques applied were based on Miles and and various arts or local culture in Candirejo Huberman model (1992), i.e.: data reduction, Tourist Village as well as realizing inno- data presentation, and inference. This research vation towards several existing tourist objects applied triangulation method to verify data and updating tourism information via Candi- credibility, in form of technique triangulation rejo Tourist Village official website. and source triangulation. c. Improving service quality towards tourists by performing various training programs for 3. RESULT AND DISCUSSION tourism actors both in foreign language and 3.1 Candirejo Tourist Village Development hospitality. Efforts d. Cooperating with various parties concerning The local society of Candirejo Tourist with the development of Candirejo Tourist Village utilizes 54.98% of their land for agri- Village such as: Tourism Office, the Govern- culture and 31.41% for plantation, so that the ment of Magelang Regency, Borobudur majority of the society works as farmers Temple Management, and Balkondes (65.44%). (Village Conservation Office) in accordance Either agriculture or plantation lands in to tourism providence and other concern Candirejo Tourist Area are managed with parties. polyculture system (sistem tumpang sari), which Several development efforts are proven to means that the society plant several varieties of be effective to increase the number of tourists vegetables, tubers, and fruits in an agriculture or over the years, as seen in the following table: plantation land with varying harvest periods, that will result in the stability of the society‘s TABLE I income as they will not depend on a single crop Tourists of Candirejo Tourist Village Year variety which is usually harvested several 2012-2016 months post-plantation. Year Tourists Total Based on population table of Candirejo International Domestic (person) Tourist Village written in RPJMDes, 69.84 % of 2012 3.936 1.015 4.951 the society are in productive age with percentage 2013 4.425 937 5.362 of female 50.27 % and male 49.73 %. This indi- 2014 6.276 1.365 7.641 cates that Candirejo Tourist Village has 2015 5.946 1.741 7.687 sufficient human resources capital to exercise 2016 5.371 1.864 7.235 the society‘s economic development. Source: Accountability Report of Candirejo Tourist

Village Cooperative Administrator Year 2016

The Role of Government on Sustainable Development

3.3 Local Society Readiness as Tourism society, who are farmers have already Actors in Candirejo Tourist Village possessed sufficient agricultural knowledge In developing tourist village as one of (cultivation methods, types of crops as well means to increase the society‘s economic, the as their seeding and fertilization) that highly society‘s readiness as tourism actors becomes an supports the success of one of tourist objects, urgent matter. The local society‘s readiness, as which is agriculture education tourism that the main actor, and tourism administrator in includes educating tourists about agriculture tourist village will determine the success of and other information concerning the crops accomplishing the goal of Candirejo Village as they cultivate. The local society‘s level of tourist village. To understand the society‘s knowledge aids the success of agriculture readiness as tourism actors, in accordance to the education tourism management as they are to opinion of (Hermawan, 2016) about the proce- educate the proper cultivating and harvesting dures to understand the local society‘s readiness methods to the tourist, especially to interna- towards tourism development and growth, then tional tourists who usually request to be the local society‘s readiness as tourism actors in educated in cultivating and harvesting vege- Candirejo Tourist Village can be analyzed tables and fruits, as well as to accommodate through several of the following factors: the questions inquired by the tourists regarding the cultivated crops. 1. The society‘s degree of education 3. Local society‘s interaction with tourists and Based on population data written in the society‘s participation. RPJMDes Candirejo Tourist Village year In interaction and participation in 2011-2015, most of Candirejo Tourist tourism, Candirejo Tourist Village‘s is rather Village society are educated community with intensive, especially as tourism actors. Such percentage of Primary School (SD) graduates intensive level of interaction is caused by the 35.22 % (1,503 people), Junior High School fact that the majority of Candirejo Tourist (SMP) 24.00% (1,024 people), Senior High Village society are involved directly in the School (SMU) 18.33% (782 people) and management of tourist village as tourism university graduates approximately 6.40% actors such as homestay owner, craft commu- (273 people). The 273 people of Candirejo nity member, horse carriage (andong), local Tourist Village who got to higher education, guide, et cetera, that are also cooperating in indicates that there has been plenty of conducting tourism activities. academic circle in Candirejo Tourist Village that are able to become innovator, and Of the aforementioned explanations, it is empowerment figures that will support in inferable that Candirejo Tourist Village society various village development, particularly is ready as tourism actors. economic. 2. Level of the local society‘s knowledge in 3.4 Society’s Economy in Candirejo Tourist accordance to tourism development Village Society‘s knowledge becomes a rather Candirejo Tourist Village has fertile soil significant factor in continuity of tourism with abundant water availability for either development efforts. Candirejo Tourist agriculture or drinking water, supported by the Village society‘s level of knowledge in existence of Tempuran River as main water accordance to tourism development can be provider for the village society. Possessing deemed as sufficient. The majority of the fertile geographic condition drives the locals to decide to utilize more than half of the village

2nd ICSTCSD 2018 Proceeding Magelang, 16 – 17 November 2018 area or 54.89% for agricultural purposes, towards the local society‘s income, particularly, 31.41% for plantation that significantly impacts who are incorporated in the community and the locals‘ livelihood of whom are mostly become tourism actors either as local guide, farmers (65.44%). homestay owner, etc. The increase of income The entirety of Candirejo Tourist Village happens since the tourist village development is territory is not only comprised of lowlands, but followed by job diversification. also mountainous area with outstanding scenery Job diversification can be defined as a which significantly supports tourism activities: condition where a village society has more than natural and agricultural education by utilizing one type of job, resulting in them having income agriculture lands as tourist object. In managing sources other than their main job. In Candirejo agriculture or plantation land, the locals applied Tourist Village which majority of the society are polyculture system that involves cultivating farmers, the job diversification is that aside from multiple varieties of vegetables, tubers, and being farmers, they also can become tourism fruits in a plantation land with various har- actors, for example, artists, homestay owners, vesting periods, so that the society will not cooperative administrator, and other works that solely depend on a single crop variety, and so can earn them additional incomes. These are in that they are able to harvest different types of accordance with the opinion of Isnaeni and crops in almost every month. This results in the Mohammad (2015) that with the development of society‘s steady agricultural income as they will tourist village, society will have opportunities to earn incomes from agriculture sector in every earn additional income from homestay, shops, month. tour guides, and other tourism related bu- Besides the natural resources that support sinesses. the society‘s economy, the human resources in In addition to job diversification that Candirejo Tourist Village are also quite abun- increases the income of Candirejo Tourist dant, based on Candirejo Tourist Village Popu- Village‘s society, the increase of income also lation Table written in RPJMDes, that 69.84% happens due to income distribution from tourism of the locals are within productive age with activities distributed annually by Candirejo females 50.27% and males 49.73% of the total Tourist Village Cooperative as tourism adminis- productive people. This indicates that Candirejo trators to cooperative members (village society Tourist Village has sufficient human resources who becomes tourism actors), thus, increasing capital to exercise the society‘s economic the income of local society who become a development. cooperative member. For the locals who neither direct tourist actors nor cooperative members, 3.5 Impact of Candirejo Tourist Village additional income is also gained from sub- Development towards The Local So- village donations given by cooperative to every ciety’s Economic. sub-village in the tourist village, which is  Impact towards the society’s income normally distributed evenly to every villager or Development of tourism will result in utilized to fund the activities of sub-village positive impacts for the local societies in form society, so that they need not to pay dues when of the increase of income because, directly or conducting said activities. In 2016, sub-village indirectly, will open plenty of business opportu- donation given by Candirejo Tourist Village nities and new jobs that will increase their Cooperative was IDR 41.732.550.00, the income. Thus, the development of Candirejo existence of this donation indicates that the Tourist Village also results in positive impact development of Candirejo Tourist Village does

The Role of Government on Sustainable Development not only increase the income of society who are of the society‘s income. New businesses opened cooperative members or tourism actors, but is by the society as impacts of the development of also capable of increasing the income of the Candirejo Tourist Village include handicrafts entirety of Candirejo Tourist Village society, (frames, decorative pencils, pandanus mat), despite not by marginal numbers. culinary business (food and traditional snacks stalls), and other businesses as means to increase  Impact towards Working and Business working and business opportunities in Candirejo Opportunities Tourist Village. In line with the opinion of N, Fildzah A‘inun, et al. (2014: 343) that the development  Impact towards Prices of tourist village can bring positive impacts for Prices of daily needs in Candirejo are the local society itself, i.e.: new working completely unaffected by the existence of tourist opportunities that will decrease the unemploy- village development, because most the society ment numbers, thus the development of Candi- members are farmers, which is international rejo Tourist Village brings positive impact to tourists‘ most favorable tourist attraction. The increase of working and business opportunities result of research shows that the existence of in the local society. The existing tourism activity Candirejo Tourist Village increases the sales of will open multitude of business opportunities local products such as handicrafts (pandanus and new jobs concerning tourism that currently mats) and Lego blocks as well as Candirejo are managed by the locals. Several types of the Village typical foods: slondok and mangut society‘s job concerning tourism are as seen beong. below: TABLE II  Impact towards Ownership and Local Total of Workers in Candirejo Tourist Village Society’s Control No Types of jobs that emerge Total The development of Candirejo Tourist after the development of Village is basically society based, so that the tourist village ownership and control in its development is in 1. Cooperative Administrator 7 people the society‘s full entitlement. Tourism develop- 2. Local Guide 11 people ment in entirely under Candirejo Tourist Village 3. Homestay Owner 12 people Cooperative, where all of its members are local 4. Artist 5 groups villagers of Candirejo Village to empower its 5. Other tourism jobs 41 people local human resources. Therefore, external society members are not permitted to be a Source: Accountability Report of Candirejo Tourist Village Cooperative Administrator in 2016 2016 cooperative member.

 Development Impact in General The numbers of visiting tourists have The existence of Candirejo Tourist opened opportunities for a lot of people to start Village impacts on the village‘s infrastructure new business such as grocery shops, culinary development. Candirejo Tourist Village business, or various craft products that primarily Cooperative‘s net income (Sisa Hasil Usaha or will be sold to tourists. This is in accordance to SHU) is specifically allocated for education the opinion of Pamungkas and Mohammad funds, local development and growth, in amount (2015) that the development of Tourist Village of IDR. 5.997.497.00. Hence, village infra- impacts on the society‘s economic by opening structure development is perpetually performed new business opportunities and to the increase to improve the convenience of Candirejo Village

2nd ICSTCSD 2018 Proceeding Magelang, 16 – 17 November 2018 society itself and visiting tourists. The throughout the local society. Opening multitude infrastructure development is in forms of: the of business opportunities as the result of construction of Balkondes Candirejo, the Candirejo Tourist Village development, as well development of hermitage area tourism, road as the sales of local products such as handicrafts works, mosque construction, and MCK (bathing, and foods in better prices. washing, and laundry facilities), security posts The ownership and control over Candirejo (Poskamling), etc. Tourist Village development is the locals‘ right under the administration of Tourist Village  Impact of Tourism Development in Cooperative. The existence of Candirejo Tourist Candirejo Tourist Villagetowards Village development brings positive impacts to Government Revenue the village infrastructure development, such as The impact of Candirejo Tourist Village‘s roads, mosques, Poskamling, and so on. In existence roundly increases the revenue of the addition, it also increases the village‘s revenue village itself. The contribution of tourism so that it is calculated in determining APBD. development to the village government is considered in calculation to determine Local Govern- 5. REFERENCES ment Budget (APBD). The following table is Gunawan, Anita Sulistiyaning, et al. 2016. tourist village‘s contribution towards village ―Analisis Pengembangan Pariwisata revenue in 2016. terhadap Sosial Ekonomi Masyarakat‖ TABLE III (Analysis of Tourism Development Tourist Village‘s Contribution Towards Village towards Society‘s Socioeconomic). Jurnal Revenue Administrasi Bisnis, (JAB) Vol. 32 No. 1. Type of Income Total (IDR) Malang: Universitas Brawijaya. Hadiwijoyo, Suryo Sakti. 2012. Perencanaan Sub-Village Donation 41.732.550 Pariwisata Pedesaan Berbasis Masyarakat Organizing local culture 5.000.000 (Society Based Rural Tourism performance Framework). Yogyakarta: Graha Ilmu. Taxes 7.511.200 Hermawan, Hary. 2016. ―Dampak Tourist Activity Donation 40.030.000. Pengembangan Desa Wisata Total 94.273.750 Nglanggeran Terhadap Ekonomi Source: Accountability Report of Candirejo Tourist Masyarakat Lokal‖ (Impact of Village Cooperative Administrator in 2016 2016 Nglanggeran Tourist Village toward 4. CONCLUSION Local Society‘s Economic) dalam Jurnal The development of Candirejo Tourist Pariwisata STP ARS Internasional, Village is conducted by empowering local September 2016. ISSN: 2355-6587. No.2; human resources at its disposal. Candirejo Vol. III. Halaman : 105-117. Village‘s society is fairly ready to play the role Isnaini, Wahyu Nur dan Mohammad Muktiali. of tourist actors, assessed from education factor 2015. ―Pengaruh Keberadaan Desa and their knowledge, as well as their participa- Wisata Samiran Terhadap Perubahan tion in tourism. Lahan, Ekonomi, Sosial, Dan The impact of Candirejo Tourist Village Lingkungan‖ (Impact of the Existence of development indicates an increase in economy Samiran Tourist Village towards the of the local society, the emergence of job Changes of Land, Economy, Social, and diversification, and distribution of donation Environment). Jurnal Teknik PWK

The Role of Government on Sustainable Development

Volume 4 Nomor 3 2015 Online: Existence of Karangbanjar Tourist Village http://ejournal- towards the Changes of Land, Economy, s1.undip.ac.id/index.php/pwk Teknik Social, and Environment). Jurnal Teknik PWK; Vol. 4; No. 3. PWK Volume 4 Nomor 3 2015 Online (Laporan Pertanggungjawaban Pengurus :http://ejournal- Koperasi Desa Wisata Candirejo Tahun s1.undip.ac.id/index.php/pwk Teknik 2016. Accountability Report of Candirejo PWK; Vol. 4; No. 3. Tourist Village Cooperative Pitana, I. 2009. Pengantar Ilmu Pariwisata Administrator in 2016 2016) (Introduction to Tourism Study). N, Fildzah A‘inun, Hetty Krisnani, & Rudi Yogyakarta: Andi. Saprudin Darwis. 2014. Pengembangan Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Menengah Desa Desa Wisata Melalui Konsep Community (RPJMDes) (Mid-Term Village Based Tourism (Tourist Village Development Framework (RPJMDes)) Development using Community Based Candirejo Tahun 2017 Tourism Concept). Prosiding KS: RISET Sugiyono. 2015. Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif, & PKM Vol 2 (3) : 301 – 444. Kualitatif, dan R&D (Quantitative, Pamungkas, Istiqomah T D dan Mohammad Qualitative Research Methods, and Muktiali. 2015. ―Pengaruh Keberadaan R&D). Bandung: Alfabeta Desa Wisata Karangbanjar Terhadap Undang-Undang No. 10 Tahun 2009 Tentang Perubahan Penggunaan Lahan, Ekonomi Kepariwisataan. (Law No. 10 year of Dan Sosial Masyarakat‖ (Impact of the 2009 concerning Tourism)

2nd ICSTCSD 2018 Proceeding Magelang, 16 – 17 November 2018 DOMINATION TECHNOLOGY OF POWER IN INTERNAL CONTROL OF GOVERNMENT INSTITUTION

Mutia Rizal1

Public Administration Science, Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia, [email protected], [email protected]

Abstract 1. INTRODUCTION Internal control in an organization always The study of internal control in bureaucra- consists of formal and informal mechanism. cy is important for the public administration, Likewise, in government agencies, internal both at the level of theoretical discourse and control that has been regulated through a practice. Internal control becomes an interesting government regulation requires all government study because it is believed to be a solution to agencies to carry out internal control. Internal bureaucratic life that is expected to be able to control studies have mostly used management increase accountability and shape a clean and auditing perspective. Almost all of the bureaucratic governance (Jones, 2008; Laura research discuss about how control can dan Page, 2003; Rendon, 2016). effectively govern its employees. There have not The reason for internal control is in line been many studies of organizational internal with the rationality of modern bureaucracy, that control seen from socio-political studies, mainly the effectiveness of an internal control system is using critical social perspective. Through this determined by how management is able to understanding, internal control is viewed in identify risks, create rules and procedures to terms of the use of power instruments used by minimize risk. If everyone in the organization elites to govern their employees. The performs the procedure according to the instruments used encompass souvereignty, stipulation, it can make the organization run disciplinary power, and hegemony. All three efficiently while achieving its goals (Ionescu, are inseparable and coinciding in the 2008). Likewise, the integrity and behavior of bureaucracy. In some cases, the power public officials and their apparatus will be able instrument causes dehumanization and to be controlled and expected to minimize discrimination which can actually extinguish various irregularities (Decker, 2012). the potential of employees and lead Picket (1999) stated that many organiza- disadvantage to bureaucracy. This research, tions carry out internal controls by designing that is conducted with ethnographic method, is standards, forming compliance teams equipped needed so that the government bureaucracy can with a system of reward and punishment. The maintain the balance of its institution which element of strict supervision and coercion in this consists of many human bodies. way is considered to be able to prevent deviant behavior and inspire the compliance of all staff in the organization. However, according to Keywords: Internal control; Governement Picket, this reasoning does not go as expected. bureaucracy; Technology of power; Domination Picket stated that even though the policies and standards had been designed and determined and the compliance team had been formed, the fact

The Role of Government on Sustainable Development was that the staff in the organization would not 2008), including in forming self-discipline and immediately be obedient and behave as desired awareness of self-control (Stringer, 2002). by management. The huge narrative of previous internal In Indonesian government bureaucracy, control research is to place employees as the internal control has been formally regulated by biggest source of risk, as objects that need to be Government Regulation Number 60 year 2008 controlled to achieve organizational goals. This concerning the Government Internal Control understanding reduces internal control as a System, called SPIP (Sistem Pengendalian compliance, not as a cognition of practice for Intern Pemerintah). That regulation states that employees in their work. Under these condi- all government agencies are obliged to carry out tions, control often engender dehumanization, the government's internal control system. The discrimination and exploitation practices which problem in internal control is how the will to can extinguish potential employees and also control can be accepted by all employees so that disserve the organization. the behavior of the employees is controlled and Through a technology of power point of obedient to jointly achieve organizational goals. view, I takes a critical stance to dismantle the Several previous studies have revealed the veil of power in government internal control that weaknesses of various forms of internal control is implemented in government agencies and see which aim to obtain an effective internal control the edges of the boundaries. In this way, I hope model. Individuals as controlled parties are to expand the critical thinking opportunities always placed as controlling objects. about what actually happened and what might According to Simmons (1995) and happen in the implementation of internal control Pfiester (2009), the notion of control are both in government agencies. through formal and informal mechanics, while the internal control system is a formal mecha- 2. METHODS nism in the form of procedural routines, which Many studies on internal control have are used by management to manage organiza- been carried out, mostly referring to manage- tional activities. Informal internal control, which ment and accounting sciences. The study of is intangible control, is not real as a formal rule, internal control with a new perspective on social but instead nudges the individual members of and political science is found in a small part of the organization (Chitoui and Dubuisson, 2011), the study. In Indonesia, interest in studying becoming a new requirement for internal control internal control in the public sector is still very modernization (Stringer, 2002). low. For some existing studies, research still Various formal rules such as written rules, appears in the form of evaluations of internal formal procedures, separation of functions, and control implementation from a formal per- also authoritation, are not effective in reducing spective and using management and accounting fraud in the organization. In fact, informal science approaches. There is no research in approaches such as organizational culture that Indonesia that studies internal control in the promote ethical attitudes become very important government bureaucracy seen from a social and and influence the behavior expected by the political perspective using a critical social theory organization (Wilton, 1992). Rationalization that analysis approach. operates in this informal control is that the In assembling all aspects, research uses a values that are internalized through organiza- critical paradigm. Through this paradigm, reality tional culture are directly related to the willing- is placed as a constructionist orientation through ness to do things well in the organization (Rae, hidden power nets (Neuman, 2013). Thus, the

2nd ICSTCSD 2018 Proceeding Magelang, 16 – 17 November 2018 behavior of the people in the bureaucracy is technology and self technology interact con- understood as a form of construction through tinuously and inseparably. Domination techno- various understandings of the bureaucratic logy has the ability to influence the behavior of actors. The behavior of actors, both elites and individuals to act on themselves and others. employees in the bureaucracy, is motivated by Likewise, self-technology is integrated into subjectivity derived from various factors. Thus, coercive and domination structures, an integral research attempts to observe and capture the part of the individual to respond to domination. subjectivity and underlying factors by not According to Lemke (2000), domination keeping distance from the object of research. In technology is a technique used by someone or a conducting observations, researchers became group of elites who assume that subordinate observer participants, becoming part of the daily objects have very limited choices of actions life of the bureaucracy which became the locus (Lemke, 2000). In fact, often these objects have of research. The study took a locus on no choice but to follow the will of the dominant government agencies engaged in supervision in group. This relationship is usually coercive and the Yogyakarta Special Region. Research on repressive. As explained by Marasco (2012), internal control in the supervisory agency is that the way to organize people as the Prince interesting to do because the agency is the does in Machiavelli's book is not included as the leading sector in terms of internal control in the art of government, because individuals are government bureaucracy. controlled through absolute power that is undeniable and does not provide an alternative 3. RESULT AND DISCUSSION space for other individuals. Individuals are 3.1. Domination Technology of Power forced with various sanctions and penalties to do Foucault (1998) introduces the term what the Prince wants. technology as a technique or a specific way of Internal control in government of forming things. There are four types of Indonesian uses a system, namely Government technology that Foucault considers can be used Internal Control System, called SPIP (Sistem to study human skills and behavior, those are: Penngendalian Intern Pemerintah), which (1) production technology, in the form of adopts the COSO (1992), an internal control techniques for producing, changing, or mani- framework. SPIP design refers to the results of pulating something, (2) sign system technology, risk identification. The identified risks try to be namely techniques for using signs and symbols prevented by making various types of control in interpreting something (3) domination activities in the form of procedures and policies. technology, a technique used to determine hu- From the results of risks identification, it man behavior to suit certain goals, and (4) self- is known that the main risk factors is human technology, in the form of a mechanism within resources. Thus, the main control that is carried an individual or through the help of others to out is monitoring, regulating, and improving move his body, soul, mind in directing himself human factors. In this control, the results of to achieve certain conditions related to his formal risk mapping and other informal control happiness, freedom, and awareness. practices have been mixed in various domi- Foucault explained, the first and second nation power practices. All have one pretext, technologies are commonly used to study which is controlling or shaping human behavior sciences and linguistics, while the third and to be effective in achieving organizational goals. fourth are of particular concern in studying Formation of behavior towards individuals human behavior related to power. Domination determines the responsibilities of the parties that

The Role of Government on Sustainable Development shape it. Individuals as subjects do not need to Governmentality is called by Lash (2007) feel responsible, but responsibility is defined as as a post-hegemony. According to him, an absence of desire, loss of individual capacity, hegemony is a form of domination that is carried even a neglect because it is formed by outside out through consensus as well as through forces. The dominating party immediately coercive means. He is also referred to as the becomes a party who feels responsible for a practice of power of domination through group of individuals. Thus supervision and ideology without recognizing the capacity of regulation become things that must be done to dominated individual autonomy. As for go- individuals. vernmentality, is a power relations practice that Foucault observed the operation of the recognizes the existence of an agency power practice by articulating the elements of (individual autonomous capacity) to consciously souveregnty, disciplinary power, and govern- choose its actions. Hegemony in the perspective mentality (Lemke, 2000: Li, 2012). The three of Gramscian is based on power collected at one are not mutually exclusive, but always exist in place, which is the dominant party, while every relation of human life, including in a governmentality through Foucauldian's per- closed institution such as an organization. spective bases on the understanding that power Souvereignty and disciplinary power belong to is omnipresent, not held by one party, and the domain of domination technology because productive. Thus, hegemony is still regarded as they operate dominantly and unilaterally. Both a power domination technique that is able to also limit the subject to having a choice of control the behavior of individuals to carry out action. The difference between the two is that their actions consciously and voluntarily through sovereign power is carried out by dominant the cultivation of ideology. parties in repressive and negative ways, while From the explanation, I present various disciplinary power is carried out in more forms of domination power techniques that productive ways through normalization tech- operate at the locus of research by dividing them niques (creating situations in which an indivi- into 3 types of power techniques, namely souve- dual's body can internalize submission and make reignty, disciplinary power, and hegemony. it appear as a normal circumstances). The power called governmentality is not 3.2. Practice of Souvereignty Power categorized by Foucault (1991) as the dominant The type of souvereignty power can be power. Governmentality considers that the found in various written and unwritten rules that subject or individual has a choice domain in are practiced in daily life within the government taking actions that in the end the action will be agencies. Employees obedience, that they called appropriate and in line with what is desired by as discipline, is considered to be the most the dominant party. The aim of governmentality important and fundamental thing in carrying out is to form individual awareness to act according daily tasks in the office. Without discipline, the to specific goals (Rose in Fogere, 2007). Go- behavior of employees considered by the leaders vernmentality is a form of self-control that will not meet the quality of performance that has shapes and produces the realm of possible been set. Various provisions regarding the choice of subject action (Mudhoffir, 2013), and discipline of these employees actually stem from is a new compliance mechanism based on the existence of formal provisions in the form of awareness to control oneself (Clegg et al., 2006: Government Regulation Number 53 of 2010 Bifulco, 2010). concerning employee discipline. That regulation found various levels of sanctions for disciplinary

2nd ICSTCSD 2018 Proceeding Magelang, 16 – 17 November 2018 violations that overshadow all types of an absence of desire, loss of individual capacity, employee disciplinary behavior. It is also from even a neglect because it is formed by outside the regulation that various rules regarding power. The dominating party immediately be- disciplinary behavior were born. Various comes a party who feels responsible for a group provisions of employee discipline have been of individuals. Thus supervision and regulation tightly regulated with various sanctions, aiming become things that must be done to individuals. for employees not to deviate from the On the other hand, experts contribute to the provisions. Formation of behavior based on the intervention of the formation of individual beha- threat of sanctions limits the movement of vior through knowledge and expertise to educate employees, as individuals, to actualize them- and empower individual groups and imme- selves. diately eliminate individual autonomy and In the government agency environment, freedom. (Rose, 1996). that regulation has been strengthened by the As far, the type of informal souveregnty existence of internal standard operating instruments are instructions or prohibitions from procedures (SOP) in terms of imposing a leader accompanied by the threat of sanctions. employee discipline sanctions by their direct Some elites often use their power to give orders superiors. This reinforcement was marked by the or prohibitions related to how their employees existence of a mechanism for giving penalties to work. These instructions and restrictions are his direct superiors who behaved unequivocally accompanied by threats of reprimand or towards his subordinates. The SOP further sanctions if the actions of employees are not strengthens the power absolutism among the suitable with the elite pretention. These elite towards its employees. The implementation instructions and prohibitions are usually carried of hierarchical sanctions in the SOP illustrates out directly to the employees concerned or the distribution of power among the elites, indirectly through the elite at the level below. In namely the policy-making elite with the policy addition to instructions and prohibitions, the implementing elite, but still employees are elite also conducts informal controls on the dominated by a group of elites. performance of employees. If there are According to Batters (2011), when a employees who do not meet the expected perfor- particular concept or rule is used for a particular mance, an elite can give a warning or sanction population, often institutions use it as a truth to toward them. set standards and limits for individuals. Further, Such reprimands or sanctions are personal normal categories appear for those who are able and are based on subjective judgments of an to meet the standards, and classify as ‗the elite. Reprimand and sanctions from each elite others‘ for those who do not meet the standards. are not the same. Each elite has a different type ‗The others‘ as an abnormal group is often the of reprimand and sanction, but has the same target of discrimination for an institution, and purpose, that is to control employees in absolute influences relationships with other individuals. terms. Absolutism of this type of instrument is Foucault often refers to the condition as marked by the number of employees who are normativity, is the initial part of the formation of afraid of their superiors, so that they have no the subject (subjectivation). choice but to follow instructions, restrictions, or The forming behavior towards individuals targets to be achieved by their superiors. The determines the responsibilities of the parties that types of reprimand and sanctions include: direct shape it. Individuals as subjects, do not need to reprimand to the concerned employee in a feel responsible, but responsibility is defined as closed manner, open warning in front of other

The Role of Government on Sustainable Development employees, sanctions not given an assignment, power is used to designate a form of power and or sanctions to be transferred to other areas. the form of technology or the mechanism for the There are several elite reasons for con- operation of that power. trolling employees using this souveregnty This subjugation practice has three power, including simple and easy reasons. elements, those are hierarchical observation, Simple because it does not require a more normalization, and examination (Foucault, complicated and troublesome control device, 1977). What is meant by hierarchical observa- such as dialogue and negotiation. It is consi- tion is the observation of a group of individuals dered easy because it is still within its authority, carried out by parties who have a position above the elite only uses its power to control its observed parties, or in other words as subordinate. In addition, there are other reasons, observations in an unequal position. Dominant that is some employees are considered not to parties who have a higher position are those who have a strong desire to act professionally, so perceive they have the authority to control. there needs to be a threat to empower em- Normalization is a practice that seeks to ployees. create a situation where an individual's body can As a result, many employees responded to internalize subjugation and make it appear as a this souveregnty power with various kinds of normal state. Normalization can be done through resistance. The resistance shown was very a series of knowledge, values, or standards that diverse, including being opposed to frontal are applied to a particular society. The examina- policies and leadership decisions. Some choose tion is a continuation of observation and nor- resistance by silence without doing anything the malization, that is in the form of individual boss instructs. Some of them continue to order determination that needs to be corrected. This their superiors, while waiting for the right determination seeks to separate individuals who moment to get out of the system and confine are considered to fulfill the norms and those their leaders. who do not. For those who have not met the standards or norms of discipline, the practice of 3.3 Pratice of Disciplinary Power improvement will be carried out. In Discipline and Punish (1977), Foucault Observations that made by certain parties showed a form of power called disciplinary to other parties become the beginning of the power, which is a technology of power that emergence of a disciplinary power. As Foucault operates through disciplining the body. Discip- said about panoptic supervision, efficient linary power is a technology of power that is oversight is able to make a group of individuals carried out to discipline the body and make it a obedient without feeling that the act of submissive and useful body. The power of this obedience is an act that must be done. This model according to Foucault can be effective in observation is hierarchical, it held by a party that closed institutions such as prisons, hospitals or dominates the other party, or in other words in rehabilitation centers, and in educational insti- an unequal position. tutions or schools. The power of this model is In everyday life in the office, leaders are essentially trying to create a situation where an always observe the staff below. Observation is individual's body can internalize submission and hierarchical. The behaviors that are considered make it appear as a normal state (Muddhofir, by their superiors can be in the form of ways of 2013). This is what Foucault calls the practice of working, fulfillment of duties, or behavior normalization of the ongoing power of the related to the code of ethics of the organization. individual body. The concept of disciplinary

2nd ICSTCSD 2018 Proceeding Magelang, 16 – 17 November 2018

The observation instrument mentioned carrying out duties because they are not in above have the power for a person/group of accordance with elite criteria. The elite criteria employees to carry out various actions in and beliefs are preceded by employee categori- accordance with the pretention of the observer. zation. Employees are separated subjectively This desire, of course, has a foundation in the into diligent, clever-stupid, competent, and form of norms, standards, or knowledge that will protracted employees. This employee catego- be used as a basis for assessment. That is what is rization is referred by Foucault as normativity, called the normalization instrument. Some of that is the separation of individuals according to them are the existence of many standard opera- the norms and standards set by the elite tional procedures (SOP), employee compliance (Foucault, 1990). rules, organizational values, as well as strategic About the practice of disciplinary power, plans of government agencies (strategic plans). employees are seen trying to carry out their Various basic assessments are able to normalize actions following the established pattern and the actions of employees. It can cause sandarization. They are consciously observed, employees to feel that the observations carried and tend to regard standardization, and exami- out and the actions observed are normal and nation is normal and needs to be done. should be done. In the end, observation and normalization 3.4 Practice of Hegemony Power of the practice of disciplinary power is On the other hand, subjugation and examining employees in various forms. control are not carried out through coercive or Examination is not interpreted in the form of disciplinary methods, but hegemonic. That threats and punishments, but rather a logical menas, subjugation is not felt as a submission. consequence of employee behavior. Employees The hegemonic power (Gramsci, 1975) operates who are considered not able to meet the at the level of consciousness embedded in standards of behavior will get various con- individuals through conquest of common sense. sequences. One form of this examination is that Hegemony occurs when a group of individuals no staff member plays an assignment that is controlled by a dominant party agrees with the considered important or a priority for the ideology, lifestyle and way of thinking of the organization. In addition to assignments, a staff dominant party. member who has not met the performance The ongoing hegemonic power no longer standards was also not included in various presents external supervision of individuals prestigious activities in the office. In addition, because it has been internalized within the some employees who have not fulfilled compe- object. So, it is not easy to question a problem tency standards will be included in the training when it is considered given, taken for granted, program that is available regularly. Employees and present as if it should be. Based on who have fulfilled the behavioral and compe- Gramsci's thinking, hegemony is a domination tency requirements can be proposed to receive power over the values of life, culture, norms, reward such as promotion. which eventually transforms into doctrine The assignment, transfer of work area, against other community groups in which the and promotion of employees becomes an elite dominated group consciously follows it (Daldal, authority at a certain level. With this authority, 2014). Groups that are dominated do not feel an elite often uses it as an instrument of power controlled, but rather feel that is the thing that to place his trusted people in the execution of should be done. duties, and instead prohibits an employee from

The Role of Government on Sustainable Development

Thus, people who are hegemonized never the form of patterns of relations between leaders know that their social practices and the way they as patrons, with subordinates as clients interpret their social world are something that (Dwiyanto, 2012). The relationship between the the dominant group wants. One of the hege- two tends to describe a superior-inferior (power- monic efforts carried out by the leadership was ful-powerless) relationship, which is able to through various speeches, directives, and re- touch the awareness of employees as clients to marks at various agency activities. The contents adhere to their patrons. It was seen through of the speech are about the strategic role of the various symbols, such as official inauguration supervisory agency as an internal audit of the events for leaders, the alignment of leaders in government. This strategic role brings the front row while attending events, speak consequences to the demands of high dedication articulation, and the existence of various and increased professionalism to carry out the facilities for leaders. mission well. Through the contents of the Paternalistic culture in this institutions speeches, which were then repeated on various come under the benevolent type, it means that occasions, the elites wanted to instill an under- the boss (patron) has the awareness to pay standing as well as arouse awareness that attention to and prosper the subordinates (client) employees should carry out their activities and (Aycan, 2006). Thus, the client will obey and work with dedication, thoroughness, and being loyal to his patron in voluntary rela- professionalism, so that the trust given by stake- tionships. The award given by the leadership to holders can be answered with good per- employees is also an instrument that strengthens formance. the benevolent paternalistic culture. The awards The elite's desire to change the mindset of are of various types and forms, both in the form its employees is not only through speeches and of money up to awards in the form of special directions, but also manifests in organizational assignments and promotions. Various compe- values and work principles. These organizational titions were held to select the best employees. values and working principles are expected to The cultivation of ideology through ideas always be implemented in the daily lives of and knowledge is carried out through various employees both in the office, work partners, and kinds of education and training. This education in community life. To internalize the values of and training activity, in addition to being an the organization and the working principle, instrument of normalization in disciplinary various efforts were carried out, including power, also becomes an instrument for the prac- socialization, role modeling, and campaigns tice of hegemony which serves to stimulate the using various media in the office environment. awareness of employees to do various things Leaders who feel responsible for the desired by the leadership. The curriculum, organization and employees, need recognition so materials, and methods of education and training that employees can always respect with their that have been established by the leaders are direction. This will make it easier for leaders to indeed prepared to educate awareness and provide direction/instruction aimed at managing understanding and to train employee behavior. and controlling employees. In this way, re- Thus, education and training is considered as a sistance is not expected to occur which will way for employees to have knowledge-based hamper the internalization of directives, values, awareness. and working principles set by the leadership. For Against the practice of hegemony, almost this reason, elites are seen to strengthen the all employees did not resist. They consider the paternalistic culture, that is cultural practices in content of speech, organizational values, and

2nd ICSTCSD 2018 Proceeding Magelang, 16 – 17 November 2018 various knowledge to be something they must do reflection for what has happened and also to follow. They also behave as directed in those improve the bureaucracy so that more humanist values and knowledge. and more valueable for society.

4. CONCLUSSION 5. REFERENCES Management and accounting knowledge Aycan Z. (2006). Paternalism: Towards state that internal control in organizations is Conceptual Refinement and needed to regulate the behavior of employees to Operationalization. In: Yang KS, Hwang prevent irregularities, while at the same time KK and Kim U (Eds), Scientific aiming to achieve organizational goals. This Advances in Indigenous Psychologies: understanding is used by the leaders of go- Empirical, Philosophical and Cultural vernment agencies to practice their power. A Contributions. Cambridge: Cambridge domination practice that governs the behavior of University Press (pp. 445–466). a group of individuals who tend to place Chitoui, Tahwid and Dubison, Stephanie Thiery. individuals as objects as well as subjects. (2011), Hard and Soft Controls : Mind the Objects in the sense of the individual as the Gap!, International Journal of Bussiness place for the practice of submission, and the Vol. 16(3) hal. 289-302. subject means that the individual is considered Clegg Stewart, David Courpasson and Nelson to be able to act consciously following the Phillips. (2006). Power and wishes of the elite. Organizations, Sage, London. The practice of power in the form of COSO (Committee of Sponsoring Organizations souveregnty, disciplinary power and hegemony of the Treadway Commission), (1992). cannot be separated. All three exist and overlap Internal Control-Integrated Framework. in government agencies where research is Daldal, Asli. (2014), Power and Ideology in conducted. Leaders need a disciplinary power in Michel Foucault and Antonio Gramsci: A order that employees work productively. Hege- Comparative Analysis, Review of History mony takes place so that employees feel com- and Political Science, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. fortable and aware to be loyal to their duties, 149-167 leaders and organizations. The souvereignty Decker, Jeffery L. (2012). Internal Control for power is needed as an initial control in order to Public Sector Entities, Journal of Business employees understand the consequences of their Case Studies Vol 8 No. 2. pp. 213-217. behavior, as well as the final control when Fogere, Martin, dan Solitander, Nikodemus. disciplinary power and hegemony look less (2007). The Rise of Creative effective. Governmentality - And how it‘s The things that are done do not need to be transgressing working hours, job security, interpreted as something that always means politics and everyday strife, Paper on negative because the three are also provides Critical Perspectives on the Creative values for the community as the main stake- Age‘, Fifth International Critical holders of government institutions. However, all Management Studies Conference, three need to be wary so as not to result in Manchester 11-13 July 2007. dehumanization practices, discrimination and Foucault, Michel. (1977). Discipline and Punish: excessive use of employees for the benefit of the The Birth of The Prison, Vintage Books, elite. By understanding these practices clearly, New York. the governance of institutions can be expected to

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------, (1982), Subject and Power, Accounting, Auditing & Finance Vol. Critical Inquiry Journal Vol. 8 No. 4, The 31(1) 28–50. University of Chicago Press. Lash, Scott. (2007), Power after Hegemony; ------, (1987), Philosophy & Social Cultural Studies in Mutation?, Theory, Criticism : The ethic of care for the self as Culture and Society, Vol. 24 (3): 55-78. a practice of freedom: an interview with Laura F. dan Page, Spira Michael, (2003), Risk Michel Foucault by Raúl Fornet- management: The reinvention of internal Batancourt, Helmut Becker, Alfredo control and the changing role of internal Gomez-Müller and J.D. Gauthier. audit, Accounting, Auditing & ------, (1990), The History of Sexuality: Accountability Journal, Vol. 16 Iss 4 pp. An Introduction, Vol. 1., Vintage Books, 640 - 661 New York. Lemke, Thomas. (2000), Foucault, ------, (1991), The Foucault Effect: Governmentality, and Critique. Paper Studies in Governmentality, The presented at the Rethinking Marxism University of Chicago Press, Chicago. Conference, University of Amherst. ------, (1998), Technology of The Li, Tania Murray (2012), The Will to Improve: Self, paper dalam Technology of The Governmentality, Development, and the Self: A Seminar With Michel Foucault, Practice of Politics, Marjin Kiri, Jakarta. The University of Massachusetts Press, Marasco, Robyn, (2012), Machiavelli Contra Amherst. Governmentality, Contemporary Political Gramsci, Antonio. (1980). Selections from the Theory Journal Vol. 11, 4, MacMillian Prison Notebooks. 6th ed. London: Publisher. Wishart Publications Maravelias, Christian dan Hanson, Johan, Ge, Changyin. (2014). Internal Control and (2005), Freedom in the Age of Post- External Constraints: Constructing an bureaucracy: The Example of Strategic Institution for the Control of Chinese Occupational Health, Paper for the 4th Enterprises, China Report Vol 50:1, page International Critical Management Studies 69-78, Sage Publication. Conference, 4-6 July 2005, Judge Institute Haier, Jan R. et al. (2005), a Century of Debate of Management, University of for Internal Control and Their Cambridge, UK. Assessment: a Study of Reactive Mudhoffir, Abdil Mughis. (2013), Teori Evolution, Journal of Accounting History, Kekuasaan Michel Foucault: Tantangan Vol. 10 No. 3 bagi Sosiologi Politik (Michel Foucault's Ionescu, Luminita, (2008), The Appropriateness Theory of Power: A Challenge for of Internal Control System, Economic, Political Sociology), Jurnal Sosiologi Management, and Financial Markets MASYARAKAT, Vol. 18, No. 1. Journal Vol. 3 (1), page 90-94. Neuman, W Lawrence. (2013). Social Research Jones, Michael John, (2008), Internal control, Methodology: Qualitative and accountability and corporate governance, Quantitative Approaches, Seventh Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Edition. Indeks, Jakarta. Journal, Vol. 21 Iss 7 pp. 1052 - 1075 Parales, Joseph D. (2012). Perceptions Of Kanagaretnam, Kiridaran et al., (2016), National Organitational Ethics, Governance, Culture and Internal Control Material Compliance, Risk, And Internal Control, a Weaknesses Around the World, Journal of

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Dissertation of University of Phoenix, Corporate Accounting and Finance Vol.15 UMI Dissertation Publishing. (6), Pro Quest Helath Management. Paskarina, Caroline. (2016). Bureaucracy Resist: Rendon , Juanita M., dan Rendon ,Rene G. Politics of the Body and the Battle of (2016), Procurement fraud in the US Reason in Bureaucratic Reform, Department of Defense, Managerial Dissertation (not published), Political Auditing Journal, Vol. 31 Iss 6/7 pp. 748 Science Study Program, Faculty of Social – 767 and Political Sciences, Gadjah Mada Rose, Nikolas, (1996), Identity, Genealogy, University. History, essay dalam Question of Cultural Pfister, Jan, (2009). Managing Organitational Identity, Sage Publication, London. Culture for Effective Internal Control : Simons R, (1995), Levers of control: How From Pratice to Theory, Physica-Verlag, Managers Use Innovative Control Berlin Heidelberg. Systems to Drive Strategic Renewal, Pickett, K.H. Spencer, (1999), The manager‘s Harvard Business School Press, Boston, guide to internal control: diary of a MA control freak, Management Decision, Stringer C,P. Carey, (2002), Internal Control Vol.37 Iss 2 pp. 93 - 215 Re-design: An Exploratory Study of Rae, K., Subramaniam, N., and J. Sands, (2008), Australian Organisations, Accounting, Risk Management and Ethical Accountability and Performance Journal, Environment: Effects on Internal Audit 8(2), 61- 86 and Accounting Control Procedures, Wilton, Acola L., (1992), Ethics : The Journal of Applied Management Foundation of Internal Control, Institute Accounting Research, Winter, 11-30. of Management Accountant Vol. 74. Ramos, Michael, (2004), Just How Effective is Your Internal Control?, Journal of

The Role of Government on Sustainable Development JURIDICAL STUDY OF PERFORMANCE OF VILLAGE APPARATUS IN THE AGES OF INTEGRATED INTEGRATED SERVICE IN THE VILLAGE OF BALESARI KECAMATAN WINDUSARI KABUPATEN MAGELANG

Indira Swasti Gama Bhakti1, Tri Agus Gunawan2

1Law Study Program, Faculty of Social and Politial Scienes, Tidar University, Kapten Suparman Street 39 Magelang, 56116, Indonesia, [email protected] 2Law Study Program, Faculty of Social and Politial Scienes, Tidar University, Kapten Suparman Street 39 Magelang, 56116, Indonesia, [email protected]

Abstract Posts for elderly citizens in Balesari Village, The Integrated Service Post (Posyandu) has Windusari District, Magelang Regency in been more widely known to serve maternal and accordance with Article 138 of Law Number 36 child health, even though in health services at of 2009 concerning Health which states that the the Puskesmas, there are also types of Posyandu Government is obliged to guarantee the elderly programs, which are specifically for the availability of facilities health services and elderly. Older people also need special facilitate the elderly to be able to live attention, considering their physical and mental independently and productively socially and development are vulnerable to various health economically. The research method used is a problems. As a tangible manifestation of social qualitative research method with descriptive and health services in this elderly group, the analysis techniques. Data collection is done government has launched services for the through observation, interviews and elderly through the Elderly Integrated Service documentation. Sources of research data are key Post (Posyandu Lansia). Elderly Posyandu is an informants, informants, research sites and integrated container for the elderly in their old documents. age because in old age like this, the condition of the elderly generally has a relatively weak Keywords: Juridical; Elderly Integrated Service physique. The benefits felt by the presence of the Post; Village Apparatus. elderly posyandu are not only felt by the elderly but also by the family and the environment in 1. INTRODUCTION which the elderly live. So from that the role of An increase in the elderly population can the government in this case the Village increase degenerative diseases in the Apparatus is tasked together with medical community. Without being balanced with personnel to give special attention to the health promotive and preventive efforts, the social of the elderly so that they have more physical burden incurred as well as the costs to be and mental conditions that are good and incurred for elderly health services will be quite productive. This study aims to describe the large, one of the facilities for service for the juridical study of the performance of village elderly is carried out through the elderly officials in the provision of Integrated Service posyandu. Elderly Posyandu is concerned with

2nd ICSTCSD 2018 Proceeding Magelang, 16 – 17 November 2018 improving facilities to maintain the health of the village of Balesari already provided health elderly, preventing health problems, treating insurance for the community in the village in diseases and rehabilitation efforts for the elderly accordance with what is expected by the with programs including measurements of country? "This study aims to describe the height and weight, blood pressure checks, juridical study of the performance of village periodic examinations and mild treatment, officials in the provision of Integrated Service physical exercise such as exercise and given Posts for elderly citizens in Balesari Village, health education. So that the elderly who are Windusari District, Magelang Regency. regular in utilizing the elderly posyandu will be The results of this study are expected to controlled by their health. The role of the family contribute to the wider community, especially is very important, but the role of the village the village community in terms of the delivery apparatus in fostering is equally important in of health insurance services and can provide improving the health and quality of life of the input to the government, central government, elderly, these roles include fostering the role of local government, village government and family care, motivators, initiators, liaison related institutions regarding health services for families and breadwinners. In addition, there is elderly citizens, and can also add insight guidance that is carried out through behavioral scholarship in the field of law. changes towards clean and healthy living According to the Indonesian juridical behaviors in the family order, environmental dictionary, it means that according to law, improvements (physical, biological, socio- legally, legal assistance (given by a lawyer to his cultural, economic), assisting in organizing client before the court). Based on the Indonesian health (promotive, preventive, curative, dictionary can be drawn juridical definition is all rehabilitative), and participating in the process things that have legal meaning and have been of control and evaluation of the implementation ratified by the government. Juridical contains of services for the elderly. Therefore, the role of things that must be obeyed. Juridical definition the family and the role of the village apparatus is anything that has legal meaning and is legally in caring for the elderly are very important to approved by the government. If this standard maintain the health and well-being of the rule is violated, the violator will get sanctions. elderly. with the role of the family through the Juridical is compelling where one must obey. guidance of a good and supportive village Juridical not only in the form of tertulus, but apparatus, it will motivate the elderly to sometimes this rule can be in the form of maintain their health and regularly come to the lesions. posyandu for the elderly. Thus the health status So, juridical is everything that has legal of the elderly will increase so that a happy and meaning, both written and oral. The written prosperous old age is achieved. Based on the juridical of which is the Law while the juridical description of the background of the problem in the form of oral is customary law. Even and identification of the problem above, the though in oral form, the existence of the custom main problem in this study can be formulated as must be obeyed by the community. If someone follows: "What is the juridical study of the or some person violates an oral law, he will still performance of village officials in the provision get sanctions. Juridical is a regulation that must of services for Elderly Integrated Service Posts be obeyed by the community and if they violate (Posyandu Lansia) in Balesari Village, Windu- it, they will get sanctions. If the written law, the sari District, Magelang Regency. Has the sanctions are from the government or the performance of the village apparatus in the authorized party. But if the law is oral, sanctions

The Role of Government on Sustainable Development for violations can come from the community concerning Villages which provide an itself. explanation of the definition of the village stated Bernardin and Russel provide under- that: standing or performance as follows: "per- Article 1 number 1 states that: formance is defined as the record of outcomes "A village or another name, hereinafter referred produced on a specified job function or activity to as a village, is a legal community unit that has during time period." Performance or per- regional boundaries that are authorized to formance is a record of the results obtained from regulate and manage the interests of the local certain job functions or activities over a period community, based on local origins and customs of time. According to Gibson, job performance that are recognized and respected in the Unitary is the result of work related to organizational Government system. Republic of Indonesia". goals, efficiency and other performance Article 1 number 2 states that: effectiveness performance. While according to "Village Government is the administration of Ilyas, performance is the appearance of the work government affairs and the interests of the local results of personnel and within an organization. community in the system of government of the The appearance of the work is not limited to Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia". personnel holding functional or structural Article 1 number 3 states that: "The Village positions but also to the entire ranks of Government or what is referred to by another personnel within the organization. name is the Village Head and Village Apparatus Another definition of performance is as administrators of village administration". stated by Payaman Simanjuntak, who suggests The village government or what is called performance is the level of achievement of by another name is the village head and village results for the implementation of certain tasks. apparatus as the organizer of the village Company performance is the level of achieve- administration. Law No. 32 of 2004 article 202 ment of results in order to realize company describes village government in more detail and goals. Performance management is the whole firmly, namely that the government consists of activity carried out to improve the performance Village Heads and Village Devices, while of a company or organization, including the village officials here are Village Secretaries, performance of each individual and working field technical implementers, such as Head of group in the company. Affairs, and regional elements such as Head of The village is a legal community unit that the Hamlet or with another designation. has regional boundaries which are authorized to Posyandu is the center of community regulate and manage the interests of the local activities in efforts to provide health and family community, based on local origins and customs planning services. Posyandu activities are a that are recognized and respected in the system manifestation of community participation in of government of the Unitary State of the maintaining and improving their health status. Republic of Indonesia (Law No.32 of 2004 ) elderly posyandu is a forum for communication, Villages are areas where people know each transfer of technology and health services by the other, live together in mutual cooperation, have community and for communities that have the same customs, and have their own proce- strategic values for the development of human dures for managing the lives of their people. resources, especially the elderly (MOH, 2000). Besides that, a review of the village is also The definition of elderly is a person who found in many laws and government regulations reaches the age of 60 (sixty) years and above as contained in Law Number 6 of 2014 (Law 13 of 1998). This Elderly Category

2nd ICSTCSD 2018 Proceeding Magelang, 16 – 17 November 2018 according to Hardywinoto (1999) consists of 3 The purpose of the establishment of elderly categories, including: posyandu according to Azrul (1998), namely: - Young old (70 - 75 years old); (1) Maintaining health conditions with physical - Old (75 - 80 years old); activity according to ability and supporting - Very old (over 80 years). mental activities; (2) Maintain maximum inde- Whereas according to the WHO formula, the pendence; (3) Carry out early diagnosis appro- limitations of the elderly are as follows: priately and adequately; (4) Carry out appro- - Middle age (middle age) that is between the priate treatment; (5) Fostering elderly people in ages of 45 - 59 years the field of spiritual physical health; (6) As a - Elderly (elderly), namely between the ages of means to channel the interests of the elderly; (7) 60 - 74 years Increase the sense of togetherness among the - Continue old age (old) that is between the ages elderly; (8) Increasing the ability of the elderly of 75-90 years to develop health activities and other supporting - Very old, which is above the age of 90 years activities according to their needs. Whereas the understanding of the Elderly Meanwhile the Elderly Posyandu Posyandu (Effendy, 1998), is the center of Service mechanism only uses a 3-table service community activities in efforts to provide health system, with the following activities: and family planning services. Posyandu is a 1. Table I, covering the activities of registering center for family planning and health services the elderly, measuring height and weighing that are managed and organized for and by the the body. community with technical support from health 2. Table II, includes activities for recording workers in order to achieve the Norms of the weight, height, body mass index (BMI). Happy Prosperous Family (NKKBS). Health services such as simple treatment and There are several categories of elderly posyandu referral cases are also done at this table II. organizers, which consist of activity imple- 3. Table III, covering counseling or counseling menters and Posyandu managers. Implementers activities, here can also be done nutrition of the activity are community members who corner services. have been trained as local health cadres under The form of Elderly Posyandu Services, the guidance of the Puskesmas. Whereas the includes the examination of physical and mental Posyandu management is a board formed by the emotional health that is recorded and monitored RW head who comes from the PKK, formal and by the Health Towards Card (KMS) to find out informal community leaders and health cadres in earlier the illness (early detection) or the threat the area. of health problems faced. Whereas the types of Broadly speaking, according to the Health Services provided to the elderly at the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia Elderly Posyandu such as the examination of (2006), the purpose of establishing the elderly daily activities include basic activities in life, posyandu is as follows: (1) Increasing the reach such as eating / drinking, walking, bathing, of elderly health services in the community, so dressing, going up and down the bed, defecating that health services are formed that are in / small etc. (1) Mental status examination. This accordance with the needs of the elderly. (2). examination is related to mental emotional using Bringing services closer together and increasing the method guideline 2 (two) minutes. (2) the participation of the public and the private Examination of nutritional status through sector in health services while increasing weighing body weight and measuring height communication between the elderly was then recorded on the Body Mass Index

The Role of Government on Sustainable Development

(BMI) graph. (3) Blood pressure measurements 2. METHODS using tensimeter and stethoscope and pulse The study used a type or descriptive count for one minute. (4) Hemoglobin qualitative research method. According to examination using talquist, sahli or cuprisulfat. Moleong descriptive research is research that (5) Examination of the presence of sugar in seeks to express a problem and the situation as it urine as an early detection of the presence of is, for that researchers are limited to only sugar (diabetes mellitus). (6) Examination of the disclosing facts and not using hypotheses. presence of egg white (protein) in urine as an Descriptive research aims to describe precisely early detection of kidney disease. (7) Imple- the characteristics of individuals and the social mentation of referral to the Puskesmas if there conditions that arise in society to be used as are complaints and / or abnormalities found in objects of research. the examination of items 1 to 7. (8) Health In qualitative research, researchers enter education. certain social situations, make observations and Other activities that can be carried out interviews with people who are seen to know according to local needs and conditions such as about the social situation. Determination of data Supplementary Food Delivery (PMT) by taking sources on the people interviewed was con- into account the health and nutritional aspects of ducted purposively, which was chosen with the elderly and sports activities such as elderly specific considerations and objectives. The gymnastics, relaxing walks to improve fitness. informants in this study were the Head of For the smooth implementation of activities in Balesari Village, Village Government Appa- the Elderly Posyandu, supporting facilities and ratus, members of Windusari Health Center, infrastructure are needed, namely: the place of Balesari Polindes members and elderly residents activity (building, room or open space), tables of Balesari Village. and chairs, stationery, activity recording books, The research location is in Balesari adult scales, height measurement meters, Village, Windusari District, Magelang Regency. stethoscope, tension meters, simple laboratory The data collection techniques used in this study equipment, thermometer, Elderly Health Card are: observation, interview, documentation. In (KMS). analyzing data, researchers will be guided by the Based on location aspects, according to following steps: data collection; editing; Effendi (1998). Location conditions that must be interpretation of data. met include according to, among others: (1) Being in a place that is easily visited by the 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION community. (2) Determined by the community 3.1. Research Result itself. (3) Can be a local one. (4) If it is not The government has formulated various possible, it can be carried out in homes, regulations and legislation, which are included community centers, RT / RW or other posts. in Law No. 36 of 2009 concerning Health. Benefits of Elderly Posyandu: Article 138 states that: According to the Indonesian Ministry of (1) Health care efforts for the elderly must be Health (2000), the benefits of elderly posyandu aimed at maintaining a healthy and productive are: (1) Elderly physical health can be maintain- life both socially and economically in accor- ed in shape; (2) Recreational health is maintain- dance with human dignity; ed; (3) Can channel interests and talents to fill (2) The government must guarantee the spare time. availability of health service facilities and facilitate the elderly to be able to live

2nd ICSTCSD 2018 Proceeding Magelang, 16 – 17 November 2018 independently and productively socially and research team with the Secretary of the Village economically. of Balesari and a number of other village Along with the increasing population of apparatuses stated that initially Balesari Village the elderly, the government has formulated consisted of 5 hamlets namely Malanggaten various policies on elderly health services aimed Hamlet, Jambean Hamlet, Salakan Hamlet, at improving the health and quality of life of the Kembangsari Hamlet and Mojo Hamlet. elderly to reach a happy and useful old age in However, due to administrative requirements the lives of families and communities in stating that the number of family heads in 1 accordance with their existence. The activities of hamlet believed that at least 100 families and the the Integrated Service Post (Posyandu), so far number of households in Kembangsari hamlet more commonly known to serve maternal and did not reach that number, the Kembangsari child health, even though in health services at Hamlet and Salakan Hamlet merged into 1 Puskesmas, there are also types of Posyandu Dusun government and named Salakan Hamlet. elderly programs, which are specifically for the So, currently Balesari Village consists of 4 elderly. Older people also need special attention, hamlets namely Malanggaten Hamlet, Jambean considering their physical and mental Hamlet, Salakan Hamlet and Mojo Hamlet. development are vulnerable to various health The performance of the Balesari village problems. As a tangible manifestation of social apparatus in the provision of health services for and health services in this advanced age group, the elderly has not been carried out in full the government has launched services for the because in the village of Balesari the old elderly through the Elderly Integrated Service Posyandu institution has not been formed as Post. usual. However, there are elderly posyandu Based on the results of observations and activities that have been running since the interviews with informants that we have done in beginning of 2018, namely in Jambean Hamlet Balesari Village with the research title Juridical which is held on the 11th of every month and Assessment of Village Apparatus Performance the activity is in the form of Elderly Gymnastics. in the Elderly Integrated Service Post in Balesari In addition to these activities, there have actually Village, Windusari Subdistrict, Magelang been village programs to pay attention to health District, it illustrates the role of village officials and the provision of health services for the in ensuring public health or residents. age. It is elderly, namely the Additional Food Program known, the number of heads of households (KK) for toddlers and seniors. In the program the in Balesari Village is based on 2017 data of 975 village apparatus distributes additional food for households. Where, the number of elderly the elderly and toddlers. The additional food people in Balesari Village is 122 people, with provided is in the form of milk, green beans, the distribution in Salakan hamlet 44 people; vitamins and eggs. Balesari Village Secretary Jambean hamlet 25 people; Malanggaten hamlet said that the provision of supplementary food 25 people; and 28 Mojo hamlets. (PMT) is an important component of efforts to Observations and interviews conducted in improve family nutrition (UPGK) and programs Balesari Village have taken place four times. designed by the village government together Based on the observations and interviews that with Windusari puskesmas and Balesari have been carried out, it has gotten a picture of Polindes. PMT as a means of restoring nutrition the role of the village apparatus in the provision in a curative sense, rehabilitative and as an of health services, especially for the elderly. extension tool is one form of Balesari village Based on the results of interviews with the government program to provide nutrition in the

The Role of Government on Sustainable Development form of food from outside the family, in the lives. By attending posyandu activities, the context of the UPGK program. This program of elderly will get counseling on how to live supplementary feeding activities aims to healthy with all the limitations or health improve the nutritional condition of the village problems that are attached to them. With this community, both toddlers and the elderly who experience, the knowledge of the elderly is are vulnerable to nutrition and who suffer from increasing, which is the basis for forming malnutrition. In addition, it also controls the attitudes and can encourage their interest or nutritional needs of the elderly. motivation to always participate in the elderly The role of the village apparatus in the posyandu activities. (b) Distance of the house provision of health services for the elderly with the location of the posyandu that is far or Balesari village, namely the village apparatus difficult to reach. The close distance of the will launch several health service delivery Posyandu will make it easier for the elderly to programs for the elderly, one of which is reach Posyandu without having to experience through the visit of the village apparatus along fatigue or physical accidents due to a decrease in with the Windusari Health Center with the endurance or physical strength. The ease of Balesari Polindes to the homes of all elderly reaching the posyandu location is related to citizens. The provision of health services in the safety or security factors for the elderly. If the form of blood pressure checks, blood checks to elderly feel safe or find it easy to reach the control cholesterol levels, blood sugar levels, posyandu location without having to cause uric acid levels, etc. Where the program will fatigue or a more serious problem, then this can begin in August 2018, while in 2019 the village encourage the interest or motivation of the government will begin to routinely hold the elderly to take part in the posyandu activities. Lansia Desa Posesandu Balesari Program which Thus, this security is an external factor in the is named "Healthy Holidays" and will be held on formation of motivation to attend the elderly Sundays, every second week at Balesari Village posyandu. (c) Lack of family support to deliver Hall. The series of activities in the "Healthy or remind the elderly to come to the posyandu. Holiday" Program such as Elderly Gymnastics, Family support plays an important role in Health Checks, Supplementary Food Delivery, encouraging the interest or willingness of the and ended with socialization with the theme of elderly to take part in the elderly posyandu maintaining and supporting health improve- activities. Families can be a powerful motivator ments for the elderly. Village apparatus in for the elderly if they always provide themselves carrying out the programs and activities to accompany or take the elderly to the mentioned above in collaboration with the posyandu, remind the elderly if they forget the Windusari Health Center and Balesari Polindes. posyandu schedule, and try to help overcome all problems with the elderly. (d) Poor attitude 3.2. Discussion towards posyandu officers. Personal assessment 3.2.1 Constraints for the Implementation of or good attitude towards officers is the basis for Elderly Posyandu the readiness or willingness of the elderly to Some of the obstacles faced by the elderly take part in the posyandu activities. With such a in participating in posyandu activities include: good attitude, the elderly tend to always be a) Knowledge of the elderly who are low about present or take part in activities held at the the benefits of posyandu. Knowledge of the posyandu for the elderly. This can be understood elderly about the benefits of Posyandu can be because a person's attitude is a mirror of obtained from personal experience in their daily readiness to react to an object. Readiness is a

2nd ICSTCSD 2018 Proceeding Magelang, 16 – 17 November 2018 potential tendency to react in certain ways if an and chairs, stationery, activity recording books, individual is faced with a stimulus that requires adult scales, height measurement meters, a response. stethoscope, tension meters, simple laboratory equipment, thermometer, Elderly Health Card 3.2.2 Types of Health Services provided to the (KMS). elderly at the Elderly Posyandu are:  Examination of daily activities includes 3.2.3 Strategies for Implementing Elderly basic activities in life, such as eating / Posyandu that will be carried out are: drinking, walking, bathing, dressing, 1. Dissemination of posyandu for the elderly to going up and down the bed, defecating / the community and approaches to the elderly small and so on. family.  Mental status check. This examination is The existence of this socialization is related to mental emotional using the certainly very supportive in providing under- method guideline 2 (two) minutes. standing to the public regarding the importance  Examination of nutritional status through of this integrated service post for the elderly. As weighing body weight and height well as the approach in the elderly family, it is measurements and recorded on the body also influential so that the family also provides mass index (BMI) graph. support for the elderly so that they can  Blood pressure measurement using participate in the activities in this posyandu. In tensimeter and stethoscope and pulse addition to support, of course there is an effort count for one minute. from the child to want to deliver the elderly to  Hemoglobin examination using talquist, the service. Moreover, nowadays there are many sahli or cuprisulfat. children who do not pay attention to the  Examination of the presence of sugar in situation of their parents (elderly), who they urine as an early detection of the presence know provide food and clothing for the elderly of diabetes (diabetes mellitus) is enough without giving a medical examination  Examination of the presence of egg white and psychological condition to the elderly. 2. Pick up the elderly or handle it at the place (protein) in urine as an early detection of If the distance between the house and the kidney disease. posyandu place is far and does not allow the  Implementation of referrals to the elderly to go alone and there are no relatives to Puskesmas if there are complaints and / or deliver, then the elderly will be picked up by the abnormalities found in the examination of service officer for free. That way there is items 1 to 7. And nothing more for the elderly to worry about how  Health Counseling. to get to the posyandu. Other activities that can be carried out Whereas the handle at the place of intent according to local needs and conditions such as is that the officers hold posyandu services in the Supplementary Food Delivery (PMT) by taking elderly's house because the elderly cannot afford into account the health and nutritional aspects of to walk in the sense that the elderly person is no the elderly and sports activities such as elderly longer able to do any activities. So, officers only gymnastics, relaxing walks to improve fitness. checked blood pressure, hemoglobin, egg white For the smooth implementation of activities in content, sugar content in urine and health the Elderly Posyandu, supporting facilities and education. infrastructure are needed, namely: the place of activity (building, room or open space), tables

The Role of Government on Sustainable Development

3. Integrated services without levies levels, etc. Where the program will begin in Elderly Posyandu was established and moved August 2018, while in 2019 the village without charging fees from the elderly because government will begin to routinely hold the there was already a government budget for Lansia Desa Posesandu Balesari Program which public health funds, especially for the elderly. is named "Healthy Holidays" and will be held on Thus the elderly posyandu will be able to reach Sundays, every second week at Balesari Village all levels of society, even the lower layers. The Hall. services provided are also equally not dis- criminating, because the elderly are classified as 5. REFERENCES easily offended when they feel they are Azizah, Keperawatan Lanjut Usia, Yogyakarta, distinguished by officers and that will actually Graha Ilmu, 2011. worsen the emotional state of the elderly. Depkes RI, Pedoman Pembinaan Kesehatan 4. A look at the elderly Lanjut Usia, Jakarta, 2003. In addition to special examinations at the Dinas Kesehatan Lumajang. (2014). Accesed posyandu or at the local health center, there is September 12, 2017. Available: also a program to look at the activities of the Fallen .R & R.Budi, Keperawatan Komunitas, elderly in the homes of the elderly. Windusari Yogyakarta, Nuha Medika, 2011. Puskesmas officers, Balesari Polindes and Gibson (dkk). 2003. Organisasi dan village officials came to the homes of senior Managemen. Jakarta : Erlangga. citizens, examined what was done by the elderly Huda, Ni‘matul. 2009. Otonomi Daerah and how their families treated them at home. To Filosofi, Sejarah Perkembangan dan make it easier for officers to provide follow-up Problematika. Yogyakarta: Pustaka from the elderly. Pelajar. Lexi J, Moleong . 2006. Metode Penelitihan 4. CONCLUSSION Kualitatif. Bandung : PT .Remaja Elderly Posyandu is an integrated Rosdkarya. container for the elderly in their old age because Nawawi, Hadari, dan Mimi, Martini. 1994. in old age like this, the condition of the elderly Penelitian Terapan. Yogyakarta: Gajah generally has a relatively weak physique. The Mada University Press. benefits felt by the presence of the elderly Posyandu Bogor. (2011). Accesed September 8, posyandu are not only felt by the elderly but also 2017. Available: by the family and the environment in which the Ruky, Ahmad. 2002. Sistem Manajemen elderly live. The role of the Balesari Village Kinerja. Jakarta : Gramedia Pustaka Government in the effort to provide health Utama. services through Integrated Service Posts to the Simanjuntak, Payaman J. 2005. Manajemen dan elderly is quite good. This is evidenced by the Evaluasi Kerja. Jakarta: Fekon UI. plan of the village government to launch the Syaukani. 2005. Dasar-dasar Politik Hukum. Elderly Posyandu program by conducting a Jakarta: Rajawali Press. village apparatus visit together with the Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Windusari Health Center with the Balesari Indonesia Tahun 1945 Polindes to the homes of all senior citizens. The Undang-Undang Nomor 23 Tahun 2014 Tentang provision of health services in the form of blood Pemerintahan Daerah pressure checks, blood checks to control Undang-Undang Nomor 36 Tahun 2009 Tentang cholesterol levels, blood sugar levels, uric acid Kesehatan

2nd ICSTCSD 2018 Proceeding Magelang, 16 – 17 November 2018

Undang-Undang Nomor 6 Tahun 2014 Tentang http://dinkes.lumajangkab.go.id/seputar- Desa posyandu-lansia-2/ Y, Ilyas. 1999. Kinerja: Teori Penilaian dan http://posyandu.org/posyandu/posyandu- Penelitian. Jakarta: FKM UI. IQ. Jakarta: lansia/525-pengertian-posyandu- PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama. lansia.html

The Role of Government on Sustainable Development LAUGHTER GAME : ENHANCING THE CONFIDENCE AND SOCIALIZATION RELATED WITH VOCABULARY OF ISOLATED STUDENTS

Atiqoch Novie Ameliani1, Septa Hardiyaning Tiyas2

1Tidar University, 56116, Indonesia, [email protected] 2Tidar University, 56116, Indonesia, [email protected]

Abstract Education is very needed because there are some Nowdays, education has a big problem related lessons that will give them insight and with it‘s elements, one of them is the problem knowledge. One of the ways to obtain education about the isolated students. They need an is learning at school. appropriate way to help them in learning However, there are many problems process since they have to get a special related with education in several countries such treatment in order to make them more as Indonesia. In 2018, Indonesia has 45.379.879 confidence and have good socialization with students in all over the country. It shows that other. The purpose of this study is to prove there are many students are studying in this laughter game as an effective way for isolated country. For instance, there are 354.781 students students in enhancing their confidence, in Central Java. In Magelang, there are 10.826 enlarging their socialization related with students included primary, junior and senior improving their vocabulary. The participants high school. Unfortunately, it is not aligned with from students college are involved to their quality. Many students do not have enough investigate the influences of using laughter knowledge and confidence. For example, there game in learning process. The study found that are many students who only have limited laughter game is an effective way for isolated vocabulary. It gives the influences in the students. Finally, laughter game can be used to learning process. improve the confidence, socialization related Participants who attend the class have with increasing vocabulary of isolated students. known as students and a person who delivers the knowledge called teacher. As a figure that can Keywords: Isolated Students; Laughter Game; change the world, students have big Confidence; Socialization, Vocabulary. responsibility to this country. They build their character aligned with their knowledge. To reach this goal, students should have some 1. INTRODUCTION capabilities. However, there are various kinds of Education is very important and cannot be students at school. Each of students‘ types has separated from human‘s life. Developing different characteristic. Certainly, it will education has been done by all people such as influence their learning outcomes. Isolated educators, aligned with globalization. In global students become an example of students‘ types. era, all people are forced to be smart and They have less confidence in classroom. These demanded to keep up with current development. students never make a communication with the

2nd ICSTCSD 2018 Proceeding Magelang, 16 – 17 November 2018 teacher even with their peers. Furthermore, they only that, game usually consists of rules before are reluctant to ask something when they have it is played. It is necessary to the st\udents some difficulties. If they never communicate because they need to absorb the rules and with other people such as talking or making a respect the agreements. By playing game, conversation, they only have a few vocabularies. students learn quickly and absorb the rules Certainly, it will give bad influence to their easier. learning outcomes. Related with building the students‘ Actually the essential of education is to socialization, game can help the students to build students‘ character as agents of changes. In build their ability of communication and reverse, these students are not confident and establish better relations with their peers. they have a lack in socialization. It is necessary Kovačević and Siniša (2013, p. 97) clarify that to help them to be real agents of changes as the by using game, we can know the positive growth country‘s expectancy. and development of students who cooperate Using laughter game can overcome the with their friends. problem. It helps the students to enhance the Game for Improving the Vocabulary, confidence and socialization. Moreover, games Derakhsan & Elham (2015, p. 40) reported that proved to be an effective tool when devised to game is very beneficial and effective in learning explain vocabularies and they make it easier to vocabulary. Game also helps the students to remember their meanings (Bakhsh, 2016). That learn the target language more easily. From the is why, the study focus on how to prove that previous statement, we know that game is very laughter game is an effective way to enhance the advantageous for the students in order confidence and socialization related with increasing their vocabulary. Learning improving the vocabulary of isolated students. vocabulary through game also had attained a lot What is game? Bakhsh (2016, p. 122) of attention (Derakhsan & Elham, 2015, p. 39). explains that games are used to help students The Perceptions of Isolated Students, during their language learning. They make Everyone need to communicate and make an classes entertaining and sustain effort and interaction with others in life. It is natural interest. It is useful for the students. because we are social being. How if there are Game for Enhancing Confidence, Dewi, some people who do not have relation with Ummi & Ari (2017, p. 64) point out that others? It will give impact to them directly or communicative game is a set of well fun-design undirectly. There are three kinds of social activities can stimulate students‘ interaction in relation such as family, school and society the classroom. In other word, it will build the (Effendi, Rosmawati, & Yakub, 2016) There is students‘ confidence in the class. Then, their interaction between student and teacher in confidence will be automatically increased due school interaction. Students who have a good to its concept in building habits of interaction. It interaction can solve their problem. shows that game is an effective tool to build the On the contrary, there are some students students‘ confidence. will avoid from others if they have difficulties in Game for Enlarging Socialization, Game making interaction. We usually called them as is an alternative way that can enhance the isolated students. They hasitate to ask their students‘ socialization. Kovačević and Siniša teacher and do not communicate with their (2013, p. 96) said that students learn the skills of peers. They also do not have a confidence to socialization and acquire rules of behavior share their opinion. In other words, isolated which apply during play through the game. Not

The Role of Government on Sustainable Development students have some problems related with methods or strategies. Based on 21th century, it confidence and socialization. is needed to make some model of learning The Problems of Isolated Students, which is related with enhancing creativity and Confidence as the main thing in a person like critical thinking (OECD, 2008). For example, isolated students. It is very needed for isolated using game in learning and teaching process. students for making a socialization with their Game is adopted and it becomes a part of teacher even their peers. Furthemore, it also curriculum (Allsop & Jessel, 2015). Moreover, affects their mind and behavior (Skinner, 2013). game can reduce the boredom of students when Unfortunately, isolated students have less they are learning. In learning process, it is more confidence, they keep silent and avoid the effective than traditional teaching (Liua & Chen, interaction in classroom. This condition can be a 2013). Hence, many educators create many barrier between isolated students and their various kinds of model learning. The purposes success. They are reluctant to show their opinion of all models of learning is to attract the students with others. It makes they are difficult to make a and make them more understand with the socialization. Socialization is adaptation about material. the norms in society (Garibaldi & Josias, 2015). Isolated students also need some Isolated students prefer to be alone than treatments such as game in order enchancing gather or work with other. It will give impact for their confidence and enlarging the socialization. their learning outcomes. They cannot get the That is the basic of using game to overcome maximal grades or reults since the teacher their problem. By using game in learning usually give higher score to the active students process, they can improve their vocabulary. than the isolated students. For example, active There are many games in model of learning such students have shown their performance in as laughter game. This game consists of several speaking class, certainly they have a confidence components that can be useful for them. to do it. Besides the confidence, they also Laughter Game, This is a simple game mastering many vocabularies. Vocabularies is an that has some benefits for isolated students. It essential in all skill aspects to understand the can be used to improve their confidence because instruction (Wasik & Hindman, 2011). Not only this game is done in group. Confidence is that, having a comprehension about vocabulary needed to collaborate and communicate with can be used to understand the meaning in others in a group (Manilall & Rowe, 2016). English Foreign Language (Alqahtani, 2015). They have become accustomed to collaboration This condition is really different with isolated and they increase their confidence un- students that avoid interaction and less consciously. Collaboration consist of some confidence. They never make an interaction with participants such as isolated students and their others, how can they show the best perfor- peers. In other words, it can build a socialization mance? It is also important to improve their aligned with the initial goal. vocabulary that affects in all skill set. Less This game can be applied only with pro- vocabulary can be a serious problem and it must viding some tools or utilities such as some not be neglected (Hanifia, 2013). Therefore, papers and ballpoints. The essential of this game seeking some ways to overcome these problems is playing with some words. Indirectly, isolated is necessary. students also enhance their vocabulary. And Overcome The Isolated Students‘ below are the instructions for playing laughter Problems, Nowdays, there are many innovations game in learning process: in learning process such as using some fresh

2nd ICSTCSD 2018 Proceeding Magelang, 16 – 17 November 2018

Make a big circle. Prepare a piece of interview between the researcher and test takers paper and ballpoint for each students. Then, were implemented in the questionnaire. In invite each of students to write his own name in addition, the researcher could get the complete the top left corner of the paper, then double fold answer from the test takers that filled the reason the paper until the name is closed. After that, in questionnaire. Therefore, the questionnaire distribute the paper between the participants was administrated to know the students‘ until they do not get their own paper. Students responses about laughter game in English have to write in paper folds with a verb, fold Foreign Learning. then distribute it. Write an object word on the  Participants paper that is still blank, fold and distribute The participants of this study were 25 again. Then, write an adverb complete with students from English Department at Tidar place and time. Do not forget to fold it again. University especially from semester 4. They The teacher give an instruction to distribute the were randomly chosen. paper quickly and faster until the students  Procedures scattered and the teacher shouted, ―Stop‖. Each The researcher used questionnaire for the student will be told to read the contents of the participants. Before the participants filled the paper in front of his friends with a loud voice. questionnaire, they should know about laughter Usually the contents of the paper will invite game first. The researcher introduced about laughter, for example ―Tania cooking a frog in laughter game to the participants. After they the airport at night‖. recognised it, the researcher shared the These are some instructions to play questionnaire about the influences of using laughter game in learning process. Furthermore, laughter game in learning process for isolated it is simple and only need some materials. It can students. Then, they are invited to fill the be applied in some subjects such as speaking questionnaire. Finally, the results of the class. It can enhance some capabilities at once questionnaire were analyzed by the researcher. such as mastering vocabulary, improving confidence, and building socialization. The most 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION essential thing is improving learning outcomes 3.1 Results of isolated students. The results showed the perceptions of students at English Department about laughter 2. METHODS game for isolated students in enhancing the  Design confidence and also the socialization related Observation was used in this study as the with improving the vocabulary. method. It was aimed to reveal the isolated Participants or the students responded to students‘ problem in enhancing their confidence the questions or statements that were presented and socialization related with improving vo- in sections along with a discussion of the cabulary. responses. Besides the observation method, the reasearcher used the questionnaire research  Isolated students’ interest in learning method. There were five questions in the using laughter game questionnaire includes the issues about All participants were asked about isolated confidence, socialization and vocabulary. Each students‘ interest in learning using laughter of the questions, there were four options that can game. Three participants strongly agreed with be chosen by the test takers. Not only that, the the statement as follows:

The Role of Government on Sustainable Development

‗... isolated students enjoy learning using Then, there were fifteen participants who laughter game.‘ agree with the statements. They reported that ‗... it is not boring and make isolated stu- laughter game made the students became relax dents easily happy when they are happy.‘ and it could enhance their confidence as the Eighteen participants agreed with the responses below: statement. They also have their own reason ‗... laughter game can make the isolated behind it. students relax and help them in boosting Laughter game made the students interest their confidence.‘ to the learning because laughter game could be a ‗Using laughter game can build the confi- combination that was used and more intersting dence of isolated students in speaking.‘ than only encounter the materials in a book. ‗Laughter game also motivate the isolated Moreover, using laughter game could change the students to speak, it is automatically make the students become confident.‘ mindset about learning process of isolated ‗...laughter game will give a lot of oppor- students. tunities for them in speaking.‘ As seen in the example below, partici- However, six participants had their own pants reported that everyone liked game espe- perceptions about the statement. They explained cially laughter game: their responses as follows: ‗... laugther game will enhance isolated ‗... laughter game make the isolated students‘ interest in learning.‘ students feel more not confident when ‗The isolated students will be active and they are being watched by a lot of enjoy the learning process.‘ people.‘ However, there are four participants ‗... isolated students prefer studying and disagreed with the statement. They suggested as trying themselves and they will not laugh the response below: even though learning process is fun ‗... not all isolated students are easy to be enough.‘ attracted to the kind of thing even their From all of the previous responses, we friends who still care about them.‘ knew that most of participants agreed with the From all responses of the participants, we laughter game method that could enhance could say that most of them agreed with isolated students‘ confidence in speaking. statements about isolated students‘ interested in learning using laughter game because it gave  Increasing vocabulary of isolated some advantages. students after being taught using laughter game  Isolated students become confident in Participants respond this question with speaking after being taught using some reasons. There were two participants who laughter game strongly agreed with this statement about There were four participants who strongly increasing vocabulary of isolated students after agreed that isolated students became confident being taught using laughter game. They in speaking after being taught using laughter responded as below: game. They responded the statements as ‗... it can improve their vocabulary follows: because there are some words that are ‗... using laughter game makes isolated involved in this game such as subject, students become confident.‘ verb and adverb.‘ ‗... because their confidence will increase Then, there were eighteen participants and it will make them confident to speak.‘ who agreed and reported their responses as highlighted in the quotes below:

2nd ICSTCSD 2018 Proceeding Magelang, 16 – 17 November 2018

‗Laughter game make them relax and tunity for isolated students to socialize with their relaxed mind make them easier to get new peers as the responses below: vocabulary.‘ ‗... by using laughter game, isolated ‗... the isolated students learn new students have opportunity to express their vocabulary because there are a lot of emotion and feeling. The most important words in laughter game that are used. thing is by using this game, they can Many new words appear when we use socialize to the others.‘ laughter game.‘ ‗... laughter game makes the isolated ‗... the isolated students have students become active.‘ communication with their peers, so it will ‗Isolated students always socialize with enhance their vocabulary.‘ others because teamwork is required.‘ In contrast, four participants disagreed Meanwhile, there were two participants with the statement and explained that improving disagreed with the statement because it was not vocabulary depended on isolated students: suitable for isolated students: ‗... if they want to increase their ‗I disagree about laughter game gives vocabulary and enrich it, they will get it opportunity to the isolated students.‘ from the game.‖ From all the responses, we can considered ‗... not all students will make innovation that laughter game gave opportunity for isolated in learning and there are still any students who write what they know and do not students to socialize with their peers because the explore it more.‘ game required teamwork. It was automatically Responded to this statement, there were one made the isolated students socialized with the participants who strongly disagreed. He others. suggested that: ‗... using game cannot change and  Isolated students’ motivation to get used improve their vocabulary.‘ to speak. Although there were some participants Five of the participants strongly agreed who disagreed with the statement, most of that isolated students‘ had motivation to speak participants had positive responses to it. They as follows: agreed because there were many new words that ‗... isolated students will more motivated appeared in laughter game, then it could make by the other students.‘ the isolated students increased their vocabulary. Then, there were seventeen participants agreed that laughter game could motivate the  Giving opportunity for isolated students isolated students to speak. They responded as to socialize with their peers after being below: taught using laughter game ‗Laughter game is an appropriate way to There were nine participants strongly help the isolated students to speak up.‘ agreed with the statement. They also give ‗... isolated students can socialize with the others then they will get motivated from positive response to this statement as below: them. After that, they try to speak ‗Laughter game gives big chance for confidently.‘ isolated students to socialize with their ‗The participants also said that their peers.‘ confidence already grown then they get ‗Isolated students become more active and used to speak.‘ have more interaction. Isolated student On the other hand, three participants can enlarge their socialization through the disagreed with the statement. They reported as game.‘ Besides that, there were fourteen partici- below: pants agreed that laughter game gave oppor-

The Role of Government on Sustainable Development

‗Sometimes they feel motivated but also statement because still any students who write being forced.‘ and do not explore it more. We knew that most of the participants The next result shows that 56% of agreed with the statements that isolated students participants agree but 8% of them disagree with motivated to speak up after being taught by the statement. However, most of the participants using laughter game. agree that laughter game gives opportunity for isolated students to increase their socialization 3.2 Discussion with their peers. The results of this study suggest that The last data shows that about 68% of laughter game is an effective method for isolated participants agree. In other hand, 12% of them students. This method can be used for enhancing disagree with the statement. Most of them agree the confidence, socialization and also increasing because isolated students get used to speak up. the vocabulary of isolated students. They said that using laughter game influences The participants reported that laughter them to speak and it is the appropriate way for game were enjoyable and make the isolated them. student become relax when they used it in There are no differences between the learning process. Not only that, the participants theory about using laughter game for isolated also said that by using laughter game, isolated students and the result of the study in order to students have big opportunity to express their enhance their confidence, socialization and emotion and feeling. It will influence their improving vocabulary in learning. socialization with their peers. Besides that, there are many new words that appear in this game. 4. CONCLUSION This condition can increase the vocabulary of Using laughter game is appropriate to be isolated students. used in order to overcome some isolated The data shows that 72% of the students‘ problem. Less confidence and feel participants agree with the statement about reluctant will influence their learning outcomes. isolated students interest in learning using By using this game, their problem can be solved. laughter game. They said that using laughter They have to communicate with their peers in game make the isolated students become relax in groups. They will have a behavior to learning. However, there are 16% disagree with communicate with others. Doing collaboration the statement because not all students easily and interaction enhance their confidence. They attracted with the thing. will not feel afraid again but they will enjoy the About 60% agree with the statement classroom. This game also include playing of about isolated students become confident in various vocabularies. In brief, laughter game can speaking after being taught using laughter game enhance some aspects such as confidence, and only about 24% disagree with the statement. socialization and also vocabulary. The most Most participants said that when their mind are important thing is increasing their learning relax they can be confident in speaking. outcomes. It is essential of developing model of After that, 72% also agree that isolated learning in english foreign language learning. students increase their vocabulary after being taught by using laughter game because there are 5. REFERENCES many new words that are used. In other hand, Allsop, Y., & Jessel, J. (2015). Teachers‘ only 16% of participants disagree with the experience and reflections on game based learning in the primary

2nd ICSTCSD 2018 Proceeding Magelang, 16 – 17 November 2018

classroom. International Journal of English and Education Vol. I No. 1, Game Based Learning Vol. V No. 1, 3. 82. Alqahtani, M. (2015). The importance of Liua, E. Z., & Chen, P.-K. (2013). The vocabulary in language and how to be effect of game-based learning on taught. International Journal of students‘ learning - A case of Teaching and Education Vol. III No. "conveyance go". Procedia - Social 3, 21. and Behavioral Sciences Vol. 103 , Bakhsh, S. A. (2016). Using games as a tool 1045. in teaching vocabulary to young Manilall, J., & Rowe, M. (2016). learners. English Language Teaching Collaborative competency in Vol. IX No. 7, 120-122. physiotherapy students: implications Derakhsan, A., & Khatir, E. D. (2015). The for interprofessional education. effects of using games on english AJHPE Vol. VIII No. 2, 220. vocabulary learning. Journal of OECD. (2008). 21st century learning: Applied Linguistics and Language research, innovation and policy. Research Vol. II No. 3, 39-40. OECD/CERI International Dewi, R. S., & Armadi, U. K. (2017). Using Conference, 6. communicative games in improving Opić, T. K. (2013). Contribution of students‘ speaking skills. English traditional games to the quality of Language Teaching Vol. X No. 1, 64. students' relations and frequency of Effendi, A., Rosmawati, & Yakub, E. students' socialization in primary (2016). The influence of guidance education. Croatian Journal of group service towards isolated Education Vol. XVI No. 1, 96. students interaction. Education Skinner, B. R. (2013). The relationship Journal, 3. between confidence and performance Garibaldi, M., & Josias, L. (2015). throughout a competitive. All Designing schools to support Graduate Plan B and Other Reports, socialization processes of students. 4. Procedia Manufacturing Vol. 3 No. Wasik, B. A., & Hindman, A. H. (2011). 300, 1589. Improving vocabulary and pre-literacy Hanifia, F. N. (2013). The use of vocabulary skills of at-risk preschoolers. Journal journal in enriching students' of Educational Psychology Vol. 103 vocabulary mastery and the students' No. 2, 455. attitudes toward its use. The Journal of

The Role of Government on Sustainable Development STRATEGIC PLANNING MODEL ON MINAPOLITAN TOURISM AREA DEVELOPMENT OF THE NATIONAL FISHERY HARBOR OF KARANGANTU AT SERANG CITY

Ipah Ema Jumiati1, Rd. Nia Kania Kurniawati2, Leo Agustino3

1Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa University, Banten, Province – Indonesia 2Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa University, Banten, Province - Indonesia 3Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa University, Banten, Province - Indonesia [email protected]

Abstract steps that determine how well the strategic plan Strategic planning is a system developed with is carried out. The method used is descriptive regard to the specific characteristics of the method with a qualitative approach in the form organization. Strategic planning is used as an of case studies that focus attention on a instrument incompiling sustainable development particular unit of various phenomena that aim to that will help organizational leaders in describe, summarize various conditions, various managing and allocating all the resources they situations or various social realities of society. have to achieve organizational goals. But in The results showed that the strategic planning of reality there are still many problems found in the development of the Minapolitan tourist area strategic planning in an organization. The at the Serang Nusantara Fisheries (PPN) Port problem of this study is that strategic planning of Serang City was still not integrated because it is not based on the results of previous program was constrained by technical, consultative and evaluations, besides in planning formulation, it coordinative problems. The recommendation of does not involve all stakeholders, lack of this study is to encourage program synergy coordination between Regional Device between Minapolitan stakeholders and tourism Organizations, besides the coastal and small stakeholders in the development zones of the island strategic plans and Detail Engineering Minapolitan Karangantu tourist area, Serang Design (DED ) as one of the requirements for City on an ongoing basis. developing the Minapolitan area is not already. The purpose of this study was to determine the Keywords: Strategic Planning; Tourism Area; strategic planning model of the development of Development; Minapolitan. the Minapolitan Tourism Area at the 1. INTRODUCTION Karangantu Port of Nusantara Fisheries (PPN) Regional development is an important in Serang City. The concepts of the strategic part of the development of a region in order to planning process underlie this research which improve social, economic, cultural, educational include: (1) Scanning the environment; (2) and community life around it. For this reason, Determination of the organization's vision and the involvement of various elements of the mission; (3) Determination of strategies; (4) community and regional commitments is very Determination of goals; (5) Determination of necessary and determines the success of the area Annual Plans; (6) Controlling and evaluation

2nd ICSTCSD 2018 Proceeding Magelang, 16 – 17 November 2018 to be developed. Therefore, in order to be able to sustainable results (Dahuri at al., 2008: 148). carry out the development of controlled, The potential of marine tourism in Karangantu integrated and sustainable tourism, strategic include, Pulau Dua Tourism, Lima Island and planning was made. Tunda Island, which still need further attention. Indonesia is the largest archipelagic In order to support the potential of the country in the world with an area of about 5.8 region above, according to the Regional million km2. According to World Resources Regulation of Serang City Number 6 of 2011 data in 1998, the Indonesian sea has a coastline concerning the Serang City Spatial Plan for of 91,181 km. It contains fisheries and marine 2010-2030 in Article 39 which contains that resources that have great potential to become the Banten Lama was designated as a strategic area foundation of natural resource-based economic for social cultural development and preservation development. Karangantu Banten Province is of cultural heritage, and Regional Regulation one of 41 pilot Minapolitan Areas in Indonesia Number 14 of 2014 concerning the Master Plan that are expected to be a driving force for marine for Regional Tourism Development Number 14 and fisheries development region-based which is of 2014 concerning the Master Plan for Regional able to generate a multiplier effect of the Tourism Development for 2012-2015. The regional economy. The stipulation of the regional regulation explains the development Nusantara Fisheries Port (PPN) as the core zone and development of tourist areas or tourist of the development of the Minapolitan area of destinations which are the priorities of regional Serang City, which is based on the Mayor's tourism development. Decree No.523 / Kep.116-Org / 2011 Based on the results of interviews with concerning the Determination of Minapolitan one of the Head of Fields in Serang City Areas in Serang City. synergy between the Bappeda it is known that the development of the central government and the regions. The synergy Minapolitan tourist area in Karangantu, Serang between the center and the regions must be City has problems in terms of planning, which is done, at least, in three ways, namely not yet fulfilled one of the requirements for synchronization of objectives, synergy in the developing the Minapolitan Area, namely pattern of financing and consistency of local coastal and small islands strategic plans and governments in implementing government Detail Engineering Design (DED). policy directives. In Law No. 27 of 2007 concerning The Coastal Area has a large enough Coastal Areas and Small Islands, the coastal and potential to be developed. The coastal region has small island strategic plans must be prepared as rich and diverse natural resources, both one of the conditions in the form of coastal area renewable and non-renewable resources. In planning. Then, DED became a guideline for the addition, this region also has excellent physical development plan in the Minapolitan accessibility for various economic activities, area of Serang City and became an absolute such as transportation , port, industry, settlement requirement before entering the implementation and tourism. If coastal development is not well phase of the development of the Minapolitan organized and without regard to all related area in Serang City. The problem based on the aspects, especially the balance aspect between results of the observation is that the plan was the level of development and the carrying made not based on the results of previous capacity of the environment and the balance of program evaluations, besides the lack of development between regions, then the involving stakeholders in formulating strategic development will not achieve optimal and planning in addition to lack of coordination in

The Role of Government on Sustainable Development planning the development of the Minapolitan internal and external opinion leaders tourism area at the research locus. about all the important strategic planning Based on the inequality of empirical efforts and planning steps; conditions in the background of the research b. Identifying organizational mandates. The above, the formulation of the problem of this formal and informal mandates that are study is: "What is the strategic planning model placed on the organization are the of the development of the tourist area of necessities facing the organization; Minapolitan at the Karangantu Port of Serang?" c. Clarify organizational mission and values. The purpose of this research is to find out The organization's mission is closely how the strategic planning model of the related to its mandate, provides its raison development of the Minapolitan tourist area in de‘etre, social justification for its the Serang Karangantu Port of Nusantara existence, reduces conflict, and plans for Fisheries (PPN). the future; The urgency of this research is for the d. Assessing the external environment: development of science in the field of public opportunities and threats. The planning administration, especially about strategic team must explore the environment within planning in public organizations. From the the organization to identify opportunities applied aspects, the results of this study are and threats facing the organization. expected to be useful for dealing with issues e. Assessing the internal environment: relating to effective strategic planning for the strengths and weaknesses. To know city government and to be used as material internal power and weaknesses, organi- reflection of models for other public zations can monitor resources (inputs), organizations about effective strategic planning. current strategies (processes), and performance (outputs).  Strategic Planning Process f. Identifying strategic issues facing the Any strategic planning process will be organization. The first five elements of useful if the strategic planning process helps to the process simultaneously give birth to think and act strategically on key decision- the sixth element, identifying strategic making people. Strategic planning is not a goal issues important policy issues that affect in strategic planning itself, but is merely a the mandate, mission, and values in the collection of concepts to help leaders make organization. decisions avoid and do important actions. In g. Formulate strategies for managing issues. fact, if a planning process raises difficulties in Strategy is defined as a pattern of goals, how to think and act strategically, the planning policies, programs, actions, decisions, or process must be ruled out rather than its resource allocations that emphasize how thoughts and actions. the organization, what the organization Bryson (2007: 55) suggests eight steps in does, why organizations must do that. the strategic planning process, this process is Strategies can be different because of the more orderly, prudent and participatory. These level, function, and time frame. steps are: h. Creating an organizational vision in the a. Initiate and agree on a strategic planning planning process, the organization process. The aim of the first step is to develops a description of how the negotiate an agreement with important organization should be so that it success- decision makers (decision makers) and fully implements its strategy and reaches

2nd ICSTCSD 2018 Proceeding Magelang, 16 – 17 November 2018

its full potential. This description is a Strategic planning process according to vision of success. Allison and Jude Keye (2005: 13-18): These eight steps must lead to actions, a. Get ready. Strategic planning is more useful results, and evaluations. It is also emphasized if there are people who are right in the that actions, results, and evaluative assessments organization who are able to carry out the must appear at each step in the process. In other idea and the organization is ready, and agree words, implementation and evaluation do not on goals, objectives in preparing for the for- have to wait until the end, but must be an mulation of strategic plans, there are several integral part of the process and continuously. conditions for success in an organization, According to Ralston, B and Wilson, I namely: (2006: 144) the elements in a strategy are: 1) Commitment and support from top mana- concepts, programs, resources, monitoring and gement or leaders, as well as sub-section response, and finally the next step. Based on this heads who are in their respective fields. opinion it is known that a strategy must be 2) Commitment to explain the roles and comprehensive or holistic which includes expectations of all participants in the elements of the organization's internal and planning process, including who made the external environment, monitoring and con- policy and who will be responsible for the trolling it. Then it can be identified that the proposal. elements of the strategy above are important for 3) At least sub-section heads and at least achieving the goals and objectives of the executors who are actively willing to ma- organization. ke decisions. Furthermore, Starling, G (2005: 254) 4) Commitment to sufficient organizational argues that in strategic planning the most resources to complete the planning important strategy is able to be implemented and process. so that it can be implemented properly is the b. Reinforce the vision and mission. Vision main "leadership" factor. This is because the and mission are long-term goals, and want leader must be able to influence subordinates to to be brought where this organization in carry out the strategic plan itself. Influencing reaffirming the vision of this mission shows subordinates according to Starling, G (2005: that every vision and mission must have a 254) is done by being persuasive, motivating purpose, goals and values contained. Means employees, understanding the work culture well, why this organization exists and what it and values for the implementation of the wants to achieve from this organization, strategy. This is in line with the function of an what goals it wants to aim for and whether effective strategic plan that is as a work guide those objectives are relevant to the for members of the organization. conditions on the ground, the values of Then Mercer (1991) in Salusu (2005: 505) principles or beliefs that guide organiza- states the principles of effective strategic tional members as they pursue those goals planning, namely: (1) Scanning the environ- and objectives. ment; (2) Determination of the organization's c. Assessing the environment (Internal and vision and mission; (3) Determination of strate- External). The definition of strategic gies; (4) Determination of goals; (5) Determina- planning given emphasizes the importance tion of Annual Plans; (6) Controlling and eva- of focusing on the future in the context of a luation steps that determine how well the strate- constantly changing environment, in gic plan is carried out. addition to assessing within the organization

The Role of Government on Sustainable Development

we also need to assess the external environ- a. Conformity with the strategic plan, regional ment, because it analyzes the internal spatial plan (RT / RW) and / or zoning plan strengths and weaknesses as well as the for coastal and small island management opportunities that will occur. faced with. (RZWP3K) districts / cities, as well as d. Agree on priorities. Broad approaches need predetermined regional mid-term investment to be taken on general and specific strategies development plans (RPIJMD). and results that must be pursued, both short, b. Having superior commodities medium and long term goals, strategies, c. Strategic geographical location goals and objectives can emerge from d. There are units of production, processing individuals, this process is a stage that and marketing assesses the environment and because e. Support facilities are available in the form of dynamic in nature there must be a lot of markets, capital, and so on understanding that makes it shaky from this f. Environmental feasibility priority setting. g. Regional commitment e. Monitor and evaluate. The strategic h. The existence of responsible government planning process is never completely institutions completed, there are cycles and periods of i. Limited data and information about regional activities that are more intensive or less conditions and potential. intensive, but the process of being res- Then with the Minapolitan concept, it is ponsive to the changing environment expected that the development of the maritime continues, each organization must choose and fisheries sector can be implemented in an the right time in planning and evaluating. integrated, efficient, high-quality, and ace- lerating manner. The translation is, as follows:  Minapolitan Area Requirements a. The principle of integration, is expected to The Minapolitan area is a regional encourage the allocation of development development concept that has an important role resources to be planned and carried out in growing the economy of a region, especially thoroughly or holistically by taking into in coastal areas. However, to become a minapo- account the interests and support of litan area there are various aspects that are stakeholders, both sectoral agencies, central considered by a kawasam to become a and regional governments, business circles minapolitan area, therefore not all regions can and the community. These interests and become minapolitan areas. The Minapolitan area support are needed so that accelerated has various requirements including the production programs and activities are completeness of planning documents such as the supported by means of production, capital, Regional Decree (SK), SK Working Group technology, human resources, adequate (Working Group), Master Plan, Long Term infrastructure, and good management Investment Program Plan (RPIJM), and detailed systems. engineering design (DED). The other b. The principle of efficiency, the development requirements are based on The Decree of the of the marine and fisheries sector must be Indonesian Minister of Maritime Affairs and carried out efficiently so that development Fisheries Number KEP.18 / MEN / 2010 can be carried out at a low cost but high concerning Minapolitan General Guidelines efficiency. With the Minapolitan concept, includes: infrastructure development can be carried out efficiently and its utilization is expected

2nd ICSTCSD 2018 Proceeding Magelang, 16 – 17 November 2018

to be more optimal. In addition, the principle rize various conditions, various situations or of efficiency is applied to encourage pro- various phenomena of social reality in society. duction systems to run at low cost, such as The use of a qualitative descriptive approach in shortening the chain of production, efficien- this study is based on the consideration that this cy, and supporting the existence of factors approach is relevant and fits the research production as needed, so as to produce problem through the interpretation of processes economically competitive products. and meanings in the strategic planning process. c. Quality principles, the implementation of What is supported by Bungin (2008: 69) that the the development of the marine and fisheries qualitative descriptive format is more sector must be oriented to quality, both the appropriate when used to examine the problems overall production system, production, tech- of strategic planning in the development of the nology and human resources. With the tourist area of Minapolitan in the Karangantu concept of Minapolitas, the quality of pro- Fishery Port of Serang City. Furthermore, this duction systems and products can be approach is used to build understanding and fostered more intensively. provide explanations for the phenomenon under d. The principle of high acceleration, accele- study. Therefore, the phenomenon of process ration is needed to encourage production and explanation of meaning is one of the targets to be achieved quickly, through dominant methods in this study. innovation and breakthrough policies. The The selection of a qualitative approach to principle of acceleration is also needed to research is to obtain sharp, accurate and in-depth encourage the production target to be information about how and why various variants achieved quickly, through innovation and can appear in the strategic planning of the breakthrough policies. The principle of development of the tourist area of Minapolitan acceleration is also needed to catch up with at the Karangantu Port of Fisheries (PPN) in competitor countries, through increasing the Serang City, and become a source of problems market share of world-class Indonesian in it. By using a qualitative approach, it can be marine and fisheries products. obtained reformulation and reconceptualization Based on the explanation above, it can be of Strategic Planning theory, both from the concluded that the development of the perspective of the object under study and the Minapolitan area can include the development of researcher's own perspective, through the tourism in the Minapolitan area, including the integration of ethical and emotional approaches Minapolitan area which is located at the Serang as well as the qualitative modern paradigm. In Karangantu Port of Nusantara Fisheries (PPN). turn, a new hypothetical proposition will be This is done to increase the production of produced through the interpretation of marine and fisheries which has a direct impact interactions between attributes and properties on the welfare of fishing communities, and is which are then used to construct categories and expected to accelerate the pace of regional provide explanations of the phenomena under economic growth. study. The informants of this study were subjects 2. METHODS who understood the information and research This study uses a descriptive method with objects as the main actors and other people who a qualitative approach in the form of case studies understood the object of research (Bungin, 2009: that focus attention on a particular unit of va- 76). Informants in this study were elements of rious phenomena that aim to describe, summa- Serang City Bappeda, elements of Serang City

The Role of Government on Sustainable Development

Agriculture Service, elements of the Karangantu capture and marketing. To support the smooth Fisheries Port (PPN) Officer, elements of the running of the marine fisheries business, a Joint Business Group (KUB) of Karangantu fishing port is needed that can support the Capture Fishermen, administrators of Fishermen smooth running of the fisheries business in Cooperatives, and City Fishermen Association marketing the catch and other supporting (HNSI) City Serang, Elements of the Banten activities. Increasing fish production is an effort Village Apparatus, Fishing Boat Owners / to support the development of the capture Skipper. fisheries sector, the government through the The informant was obtained not based on Directorate General of Capture Fisheries, the amount needed, but based on consideration Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries of the function and role of the informant (KKP) provides various facilities that can according to the focus of the research problem. support the success of capture fisheries by The informant subject categories were those developing various Fisheries Ports. Data on the who were directly involved in the strategic number of fishing ports can be seen in the planning process of developing the Minapolitan following table I: tourist area at the Serang Karangantu Port of TABLE I Nusantara (PPN) Karangantu. While the indica- Number of Fishing Ports in Indonesia tors in the selection of informants in research are Amount to look at social situations which include No. Port Type (Unit) aspects: setting (actors), actors (events), events 1 Ocean Fishery Port (PPS) 6 (events) and processes (processes). (Spradley in Sugiyono, 2005: 146, Garna, 2009: 67). Nusantara Fisheries Port 2 (PPN) 15 3. RESULT AND DISCUSSION Coastal Fisheries Ports 3.1 Scanning the Environment 3 (PPP) 50 General Description of Karangantu City 4 Fish Landing Base (PPI) 745 Port of Fisheries (PPN) in Serang City: The fact Amount of 816 that Indonesia is a maritime country with an area Source: Directorate General of Capture Fisheries, of two-thirds of its land area, which is 5.8 2014 million km2, sets Indonesia as the third largest Karangantu Fishing Port is one of the ocean country in the world (Lubis, 2012). This important fishing fisheries centers in Serang was taken into consideration in order to provide City, located in Banten Village Kasemen the best alternatives in making development District based on the Decree of the Minister of planning and strategic policies in the future, Agriculture No. 311 / Kpts / Org / 5/1978 dated including in finding a strategic planning model May 25, 1978. Officially operational and be- for the development of the Minapolitan tourist coming a Technical Implementation Unit (UPT) area at the Serang Karangantu Port of Nusantara Directorate General of Capture Fisheries under Fisheries (PPN). the name Coastal Fisheries Port (PPP) Ka- Improvement and development of good rangantu. and adequate facilities is an absolute require- Karangantu is one of the areas designated ment for the creation of a business climate to as Minapolitan Area areas through Decree of the develop, besides that it is necessary to improve Minister of Marine and Fisheries No.KEP.32 / the skills of individual fishermen such as the MEN / 2010. techniques of their capture, handling after their The Minapolitan concept is the realization of a blue revolution paradigm and is one of the

2nd ICSTCSD 2018 Proceeding Magelang, 16 – 17 November 2018 national programs promoted by the Ministry of for Administrative Reform and Bureaucratic Maritime Affairs and Fisheries of the Republic Reform of the Republic of Indonesia on De- of Indonesia (KKP-RI) is a regional economic cember 2, 2010 Number B.36677 / M.PAN-RB / management-based concept of development with 12/2010 concerning Proposal for UPT Arrange- motors in the marine and fisheries sector. The ment within the Ministry of Maritime Affairs Minapolitan Area Management System is based and Fisheries so that on December 30, 2010 the on the principle of integration, efficiency, Pantai Fisheries Port (PPP) Karangantu has quality and high acceleration. The concept that officially changed its name and increased its has been implemented by the government of the class to Karangantu Fisheries Port (PPN). Republic of Indonesia since 2009 is an effort to revitalize fisheries and marine production cen- 3.2 General Description of Serang City ters with an increase in fishermen's income. As Serang City is a division of the Serang the implementation of the development of the Regency Region which was formed on August marine and fisheries sector with the Minapolitan 10, 2007 based on Law No. 32 of 2007 with an concept, the Minapolitan area is developed, area of 266.74 km2 or about 3.08% of the total namely a potential superior economic region. area of Banten Province. The city of Serang is The Minapolitan area will be a superior econo- the Capital of Banten Province, located in the mic area that can accelerate economic develop- northern part of Banten Province, its western, ment in the regions for the welfare of local eastern and southern borders directly with Se- communities. Through this concept, not all rang Regency, besides being directly connected commodities will be developed but will only to the Java Sea in its northern part. prioritize superior commodities, so that the In 2011 five regions in Banten Province Minapolitan concept is implemented through the were established to become Minapolitan areas in development of Minapolitan areas in potential accordance with Decree of the Minister of Mari- superior regions (Decree of the Minister of time Affairs and Fisheries number 39 of 2011 Marine and Fisheries Number KEP. 18 / MEN / concerning Determination of Minapolitan Areas. 2011 concerning General Guidelines Mina- The five regions include the Nusantara Fisheries politan). Port (PPN) (Serang City), Pontang seaweed Minapolitan is a new term in the concept cultivation area (Serang Regency), the Cultiva- of national development policy that refers to tion area and the Kronjo (PPI) fish landing base regional development based on fisheries and area (Tangerang Regency), Labuan Fisheries marine economic activities and their supporting Port (PPP) ( Pandeglang Regency), Panimbang services (Nugroho and Dahuri, 2012). The shellfish cultivation area and Binuangeun fish development and increase of port operations, landing (PPI) base (Lebak Regency). then on December 30, 2010 through the The coastal area of Serang City stretches Republic of Indonesia Minister of Maritime along the northern boundary of Serang City, Affairs and Fisheries Regulation Number: namely in Banten Bay, Kasemen District, which PER.29 / MEN / 2010 dated December 30, 2010 is directly connected to the Java Sea. Topo- concerning the second amendment to the graphically, most of the land in Serang City is Regulation of the Minister of Marine and flat land with a distinctive tropical climate that Fisheries Number PER.06 / MEN / 2007 is like an area located around the north coast of concerning the Organization and Work Pro- the Java Sea, with air temperatures ranging from cedure of Fisheries Ports which was preceded by 23.30C-33.20C, the average evaporation rate is the issuance of the Letter of the Minister of State 4.1 mm and 84% air humidity and air pressure

The Role of Government on Sustainable Development

between 1,010.8 hPa. Then the rainfall with the Based on table II above, Kasemen Sub- highest size in a month reaches 70 mm or the district is the district with the widest area, which average rainfall ranges between 1500-2000 mm / is 63.36 Km2, which is 23.74% of the total area year. Indeed the existence of coastal areas in of Serang City. The sub-district with the Serang City has an economic strategic value smallest area is Serang Subdistrict at 25.88, since the era of the Islamic Sultanate of Banten which is 9.7% of the total area of Serang City. in the 15th century until now Therefore, this re- Furthermore, according to the results of the gion has a high historical value with the fact that suevey of the 2017 National Work Force (BPS, there are a number of cultural heritage sites in 2018), the population of Serang City amounted the Old Banten region. Besides that in the west to 666,600 people, consisting of 51% male sex of the City Serang lies in the mountainous re- as many as 355,843 people and 49% female sex, gion, namely in the Taktakan Subdistrict area, namely 341,597. which is directly adjacent to Pabuaran Sub- Furthermore, from the results of the 2018 district, Waringin Kurung Subdistrict and national labor force survey the open unemploy- Kramatwatu District in Serang District. ment rate in Serang City amounted to 8.43% of Based on the characteristics of the two the population of Serang City aged 15 and over regions above, it can be seen that Serang City is who worked during the past week with main a low-lying area with extensive, productive rice activities as a workforce of 62.99%. While the fields in addition to the potential aquaculture economic sector that absorbs the most labor is areas in its northern region. Some of the the trade, hotel and restaurant sector, which is remaining areas have the characteristics of po- 33.65%, followed by the social, social and in- tential plantation and forestry areas. developed. dividual services sector at 27.38%. TABLE II The following is the population and popu- Area of Serang City by District lation growth rate in 6 (six) Subdistricts, which No. Kecamatan Jumlah Luas Persen- are in the Serang City area: Kelurah (Km) tase an (%) 1 Curug 10 49,60 18,59 2 Walantaka 14 48,48 18,18 3 Cipocok 8 31,54 11,82 Jaya 4 Serang 12 25,88 9,70 5 Taktakan 12 47,88 17,95

6 Kasemen 10 63,36 23,74

Jumlah 66 266,74 100

Source: BPS, Kota Serang Dalam Angka, 2018

2nd ICSTCSD 2018 Proceeding Magelang, 16 – 17 November 2018

TABLE III Population and Population Growth Rate According to Districts in Serang City, 2010, 2016, and 2017 No. Kecamatan Jumlah Penduduk Laju Pertumbuhan

Penduduk per Tahun

2010 2016 2017 2010-2017 2016-2017

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)

1 Curug 47517 50516 50885 7,09 0,73

2 Walantaka 76121 89980 92253 21,19 2,53

3 Cipocok Jaya 81511 105484 109793 34,70 4,08

4 Serang 208974 224448 226717 8,49 0,92

5 Taktakan 78602 87618 90961 15,72 1,85

6 Kasemen 88077 94062 95991 8,99 0,98

Jumlah 580802 655004 666600 14,77 1,77

Source: Kota Serang Dalam Angka, BPS: 2018

Based on Table III above, it can be seen Kasemen Subdistrict which is the third sub- that the population of Serang City amounted to district which has the third lowest population 666,600 people (2017), Cipocok Jaya growth rate of 0.98% (of the total population Subdistrict was found to be a Subdistrict whose amounting to 95991 people). The large number annual population growth rate from 2010 to of people has a positive impact when pro- 2017 was the highest at 4.08%, while Curug ductive age dominates and can be accepted to District was found is a Subdistrict whose work in various places, but also needs to be population growth rate per year from 2010 to considered consumption needs and other basic 2017 is at a minimum of 0.73% (from a needs. Fulfillment of these needs includes population of 109793 people). Serang Sub- encouraging participation and empowerment of district is the second sub-district which has the the community in improving the superior second lowest population growth rate of 0.92% products of their respective sub-districts. Here (of a population of 226717 people), followed by are the superior products of Serang City:

The Role of Government on Sustainable Development

TABLE IV Featured District Products in Serang City No. Kecamatan Produk Unggulan 1 Curug Sapi potong, Domba, Kambing, Ayam Petelur, Bakso Ikan, Batu Bata 2 Walantaka Anyaman Bambu, Kripik Singkong, Kacang Tanah, Itik Manila, Puyuh 3 Cipocok Jaya Industri Tempe, Buah-buahan, Batik Banten, Meubelair 4 Serang Sate Bandeng, Wisata Kuliner, Pusat Perdagangan Umum, Wisata Belanja 5 Taktakan Sapi potong, Kerbau, Industri emping, pengrajin emas dan perak, perkebunan dan buah-buahan, roti 6 Kasemen Wisata ziarah dan budaya, wisata alam, wisata kuliner laut, lumbung padi/beras, perikanan laut dan tambak Source: Bappeda of Serang City, 2015

In connection with the superior products Kelurahan in Kasemen Subdistrict, there are 3 above, Kasemen Subdistrict is a Subdistrict Sub-Districts with the majority of the population where there is the Nusantara Fisheries Port working as fishermen, namely Banten Village, (PPN) as a research locus which is the only one- Margaluyu Village and Sawahluhur Village. minapolitan area in Serang City, which is Banten Village has the potential of capture expected to be able to develop tourism potential fisheries by fishermen and fish marketers, which in the region. the strategic planning model for is a Minapolitan tourist attraction within the the development of the Minapolitan tourist area Karangantu VAT area, although it only has a in PPN Karangantu, Serang City. coastline of 10 KM, besides being surrounded Based on table IV above, the potential of by natural attractions that have a special the existing Kasemen region that can be deve- attraction for local and foreign tourists. These loped is pilgrimage tourism and natural tourism, attractions include Pulau Lima, Pulau Dua (Bird marine fisheries and ponds. Based on an inter- Island) and several pilgrimage, historical and view with one of the Regional Planning cultural attractions around Banten Lama. Officers, Serang City Bappeda, it was hoped that The diversity of socio-cultural life in the Kasemen would become a center for marine Minapolitan area of Karangantu is also fisheries that could contribute to the inclusion of interesting as part of cultural tourism, based on Regional Original Income, in order to improve the results of observations of researchers, it Kasemen's community welfare. appears from the diversity of multi ethnic groups The population of Kasemen Subdistrict is there, namely ethnic Sundanese, ethnic Javanese 95,991 (Serang City in Figures, BPS: 2018) with and ethnic Bugis who are members of 94 Joint an area of 56.36 Km, divided into 10 Kelurahan, Business Groups (KUB) and 4 (Four) Fishermen 70 Rukun Warga (RW) and 247 Rukun Cooperatives in Karangantu. KUB Capture Tetangga (RT) is the second largest sub-district Fisheries is an institutional part of the main in Serang City , located in the Ancient City of actors of fisheries, namely associations of Banten which has historical value as the seat of fishermen, fish farmers and processing of fish government of the Banten Sultanate. Of the 10 that are informally bound on the basis of

2nd ICSTCSD 2018 Proceeding Magelang, 16 – 17 November 2018 harmony and mutual needs in the environment desire to try to increase the income of members of influence and the leader of a group leader as in the capture fisheries business. the main perpetrator of marine and fisheries. The following are the categories of fisher- KUB is a non-legal entity business in the form men and the number of fishermen in Kasemen of a group formed by Fishermen based on the District: agreement of all members based on a shared

TABLE V Category of Fishermen and Number of Fishermen in Kasemen District No. Kelurahan Jumlah Nelayan Kategori Nelayan

2013 2014 2015 Nelayan Pembudidayaan

Tangkap Tambak

1. Banten 413 470 489 √

2. Margaluyu 325 389 406 √

3. Sawahluhur 265 310 314 √

Jumlah 1093 1179 1209

Source: Kasemen District, 2015

Based on Table V above, it can be Service (2017) the number of fishermen in seen that the majority of fishermen in Karangantu PPN is 2,481 people. Kasemen Subdistrict are Capture Fishermen Next is the fishermen cooperative in Banten Villages, whose numbers in- and the type of assistance for fishing boat creased from 2013 to 2015, but were engines received at Karangantu, Serang recorded in Serang City Agricultural City, as listed in table V, the following:

The Role of Government on Sustainable Development

TABLE VI Fishermen Cooperative and Types of Fishermen's Boat Engine Assistance (Unit) Received Before and After Changes in Institution of Fishermen from KUB to Cooperative in Karangantu, Serang City

No. Sebelum Perubahan Setelah Perubahan Nama Nama Alamat Jenis Bantuan Jenis Bantuan Koperasi Ketua Koperasi Mesin Kapal Mesin Kapal Motor Nelayan Motor Nelayan (Unit) (Unit) 1. KUD Mina Nazarudin Jl. Pelelangan Ikan 46 29 Teluk Banten Bhakti Karangantu BTN Mina Bhakti A2.30 Kel. Banten Kec.Kasemen Jl. Perum Mina 2. Koperasi Muhammad Bhakti, 34 26 Karangantu, Kel. Perikanan Sughanda Banten Genau Bahari Kec. Kasemen Jl. Pelabuhan 3. Koperasi Antu Tohir Perikanan 31 25 Nusantara, Nelayan Karangantu Kel. Banten Ar-Rahman Kec.Kasemen 4. Koperasi H. Sahibe Jl. Pelelangan Ikan 14 20 Karangantu, Kel. Nelayan Banten Al-Barokah Kec. Kasemen Source: Agriculture Service of Serang City, 2016

Based on Table VI above, it can be have been registered and registered in the analyzed that changes in the institution of Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries of beneficiaries from KUB to Cooperatives are an the Republic of Indonesia. alternative solution to improving the accounta- As the following interview: bility of recipients of fishermen empowerment The Ministry of Cooperatives has programs. It is intended that fishermen organi- only been pushing for cooperatives this zations have the legality that is expected to later year, because on a base-based basis in 2016 and beyond for cooperatives, the be able to access Banking financing and can be previous year the KUB was sufficient, recommended to be the recipient of subsequent now it has been upgraded to a empowerment programs that are intended for cooperative, because the KUB itself is fishermen through cooperative institutions that

2nd ICSTCSD 2018 Proceeding Magelang, 16 – 17 November 2018

ultimately a cooperative. Formation of Karangantu. The Empowerment of Capture cooperatives, formal legal groups Fishermen is believed to be encouraging the business (Interview with the Head of the development of the Minapolitan tourist area in Sub-Directorate of Fisheries Funding, Directorate of Services of the Ministry the Karangantu Kota Port of Fisheries of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries of the (PPN), Serang. Republic of Indonesia, Jakarta; Friday, 19 August 2016). 3.3 Determination of the Organizational

of The Organizational Vision Mission Based on the interview with the informant Determination of the organization's vision above, the author can analyze that the and mission is the second step in strategic government encourages the existence of Joint planning after Scanning the Environment. Business Groups (KUB) to be formally institu- In line with the vision and mission of the tionalized as Cooperatives, including in the Ministry of Maritime Affairs and capture fisheries empowerment program in Fisheries, the vision that will be realized Landing Base (PPI). The four fishing ports are by the Karangantu Archipelago Fisheries Port categorized according to several criteria needed during the period 2009-2014 is "the Karangantu for a port to handle fishing vessels that come Archipelago Fisheries Port (PPN) as the and go, as well as the position of the port Integrated Economic Development Center in position. This Ministerial Regulation includes: 2015" (PPN Karangantu Profile, 2013) . Based (a) The operational area of fishing vessels on the Minister of Maritime Affairs and served; (b) Mooring / anchoring facilities; (c) Fisheries Regulation Number PER.08 / MEN / Pier length and pool depth; (d) Capacity to 2012 concerning Fisheries Ports. Fisheries Port accommodate ships; (e) Volume of landed fish; is divided into 4 categories, namely: Ocean (f) Land area and (i) Characteristics of each Fisheries Port (PPS), Nusantara Fisheries Port fishery port category, can be seen in the (PPN), Coastal Fisheries Port (PPP) and Fish following table.

TABLE VII Characteristics of Class of Fishery Ports No. Kriteria PPS PPN PPP PPI Pelabuhan Perikanan 1. Daerah Mampu Mampu Mampu Mampu melayani operasional melayani kapal melayani kapal melayani kapal kapal perikanan kapal ikan perikanan perikanan perikanan yang yang melakukan yang dilayani yang yang melakukan kegiatan di melakukan melakukan kegiatan perairan Indonesia kegiatan kegiatan perikanan di perikanan perikanan di perairan Indonesia perairan Indonesia ZEEI dan laut Indonesia dan lepas ZEEI 2. Fasilitas > 60 GT > 30 GT 10 GT > 5 GT tambat/labuh

The Role of Government on Sustainable Development

kapal 3. Panjang > 300 m dan > 150 m, > 100 m, > 2 m > 50 m dermaga dan > - 3 m > 3m > 1 m kedalaman kolam 4. Kapasitas 100 unit > 75 unit atau > 30 unit atau 15 unit > 75 GT menampung jumlah keseluruhan > jumlah kapal sekurang- 2.250 GT keseluruhan kurangnya > 300 GT 6.000 GT 5. Volume ikan 50 ton per hari 30 ton per hari 5 ton per hari 2 ton per hari yang didaratkan 6. Luas lahan > 20 Ha > 10 Ha > 5 Ha > 1 Ha Source: Minister of Marine and Fisheries Regulation Number PER.08 / MEN / 2012

In addition to seeing the vision and improving the regional economy through the mission of the Republic of Indonesia Ministry of creation of a business and investment climate Maritime Affairs and Fisheries, of course it conducive to the development of small, medium needs to be seen the vision and mission of and cooperative businesses, as well as industry Serang City in 2014-2018 (Serang City that is able to optimize the utilization of natural Bappeda, 2018). The vision of Serang City is the and social resources in a sustainable manner; 5) realization of Serang Madani City as an realize the climate of social and political life that education city that relies on the potential of is religious, cultured, safe and orderly through trade, services, agriculture and culture. While its revitalizing the local wisdom of the community, mission is: 1) implementing good, clean and as well as fostering art, culture and sports among authoritative governance; 2) improve accessibi- the community and the younger generation. lity and quality of education, health and other social services in order to improve the quality of 3.4 Determination Of Strategies life of the community; 3) providing regional The Nusantara Fisheries Port (PPN) is a infrastructure and facilities as drivers of econo- supporting factor for the Minapolitan area in mic progress and people's welfare, as well as Serang City, as illustrated in Table VIII below: environmentally sound urban spatial control; 4)

TABLE VIII Minapolitan Area in Banten Province No. Kabupaten/Kota Kecamatan Kegiatan Komoditas Utama 1. Kabupaten Serang Minapolis: Kecamatan Perikanan Bandeng, Pontang Budidaya rumput laut, Hinterland: Kecamatan gracillaria Tirtayasa & Kecamatan Tanara 2. Kabupaten Minapolis: Kecamatan Perikanan Bandeng,

2nd ICSTCSD 2018 Proceeding Magelang, 16 – 17 November 2018

Tangerang Kronjo Tangkap, Udang, Hinterland: Kecamatan Budidaya, Rumput laut, Mauk & Kecamatan Pengolahan Kepiting Pakuhaji 3. Kabupaten Lebak Desa Muara, Kecamatan Perikanan Ikan Pelagis, Wanasalam Tangkap, Ikan asin Budidaya, Pengolahan 4. Kabupaten Kecamatan Panimbang, Perikanan Kerang hijau, Pandeglang Kecamatan Labuan Budidaya, rumput laut Tangkap 5. Kota Serang Minapolis: Kelurahan Perikanan Ikan Demersal, Banten, Kecamatan Tangkap, Ikan Bandeng, Kasemen Perikanan Sate Bandeng Hinterland: Kelurahan Budidaya Sawah Luhur Kecamatan Kasemen Source: Banten Province Marine and Fisheries Service, 2014

Based on Table 4.14 above, the only coastal and marine areas, should be carried out Minapolitan area in the City of Serang, Banten at three levels: technical, consultative, and Province, is Karangantu in the Banten Sub- coordination. At the technical level, all tech- District of Kasemen District. Determination of nical, economic, social and environmental con- Serang City as a Minapolitan area based on siderations should be balanced or proportionally Mayor of Serang Decree Number: 523 / included in every planning and implementation Kep.116-org / 2011 dated July 18, 2011. Based of the development of coastal and marine re- on the Mayor's Decree, it was stated that the sources. Then at a consultative level, all the area which became the center of Minapolitan aspirations and needs of the parties involved or Area development in Serang City was centered stakeholders affected by the development of in Kasemen District. The main activities in the coastal and marine resources should be con- development of the Minapolitan area of Serang sidered from the planning stage to implementa- City are capture fisheries and aquaculture with tion. Finally, the coordination level requires that superior commodities, namely demersal fish, harmonious cooperation be needed between all milkfish and milkfish satay. parties related to the management of coastal and Furthermore, in compiling the Strategic marine resources, be it the government, the Planning Model for the Development of Mina- private sector or the general public. politan Tourism Areas at the Karangantu Port of Fisheries (PPN) in Serang City, the authors saw 3.5 Target Determination the technical, consultative and coordination In determining the targets, the location of completeness as stated by Lang in Dahuri, et al the development of the Minapolitan City of (2013: 12) in his book Management of Regional Serang begins with the zoning of the Minapo- Resources Integrated Coastal and Oceanic, litan Area, namely the core zone, supporting which suggests that integration in planning and zone, attachment zone and fishing zone. The management of natural resources, such as core of the Minapolitan area is Serang, which is

The Role of Government on Sustainable Development in the Nusantara Fisheries Port (PPN), while the multiplier effect on the economy of the region, supporting zone is outside the VAT area that especially for local fishing communities. entered Banten Village and Sawah Luhur In addition to the core zone and Village (Minapolitan Area Masterplan in Serang supporting zone, in the zoning of the City, 2011). Minapolitan area of Serang City there are Based on this division, it can be explained fishing zones and linkages zones. Fishing zones that the core zone of the Minapolitan area of are zones that become areas for fishermen to Serang City, its activities are focused on capture carry out fishing activities. These fishing zones fisheries with the existence of ports and fish are located in the waters of Banten Bay (around auction sites (TPI) as driving modes of the island tunda, Panjang island, pemujaan economic activity, so that PPN Karangantu has a island, and surrounding islands). While the central role in the zoning of the Minapolitan area linking zone is a zone outside the core zone and in Serang City. In addition, various facilities buffer zone that has a connection to the core such as fish markets, ship workshops, ice zone and buffer zone. factories, ship docking sites, and Port Technical Then in addition to the three supporting Implementation Units (UPT) as public service zones above, as an important document providers and other supporting facilities are supporting the strategic planning of the included in the Karangantu PPN. Karangantu development of the Minapolitan tourism area in PPN is also the center for the gate of trade Serang PPN Karangantu is the Serang City relations and other social relations, so Regional Regulation Number 14 of 2014 Karangantu VAT is a component that needs to concerning the 2015-2025 Regional Tourism be considered and managed well in maintaining Development Master Plan, mentioned in Article the synergy of the economic activities of the 11 stating that Banten Lama, Banten Village, fishing community. Kasemen Subdistrict was designated as the Then the hinterland of the Minapolitan KSPD (Regional Tourism Strategic Area) and in area of Serang City is focused on aquaculture article 12 stated that the Banten Lama develop- with the pond area mostly located in the Sawah ment planning strategy included: a) clear zoning Luhur Village. The type of fish cultivated one of arrangements and tourist flow in each tourist them is milkfish. Fish Bandeng is a superior attraction as a safeguard in locations that have commodity category in the development of the historical value; b) preservation of cultural Minapolitan area in Serang City. This milkfish heritage and other assets that have historical will be supplied to the Karangantu market value; c) structuring and developing integrated (Banten Village) and surrounding markets, so parking facilities to serve tourist movements that the amount of fish supply in the Minapo- within the region; d) construction of infra- litan area can meet market demand. Besides structure and road facilities that support the focusing on aquaculture activities, in the buffer assistance of cultural heritage tourism areas; and zone of the Minapolitan area, Serang City is also e) arrangement and control of space for supported by other supporting sectors, such as relocation of street vendors as well as the settlements, trade and services, health, educa- construction of a typical Banten souvenir and tion, and tourism. With the development of the souvenir center around the Kawasan Wisata area implied in the Minapolitan concept, the road. productivity of fisheries in Serang City is The next step is to support the Serang expected to increase and create economic City Regional Regulation No. 14 of 2014 activities that have competitiveness and have a concerning the Master Plan for Regional

2nd ICSTCSD 2018 Proceeding Magelang, 16 – 17 November 2018

Tourism Development for 2015-2025, Regional set. Evaluation is also carried out to compare the Development Planning Agency (Bappeda) of implementation with the plan, looking at the Serang City, along with Archaeologists from the existing environment Evaluation is not for University of Indonesia to carry out the Old whether the information provided is true or Banten zoning, as once stated by one of the false, but rather the improvements needed. As Officials Serang City Bappeda (Serang, March stated by the Program, Evaluation and Reporting 29, 2017) that Bappeda began planning to (PEP) Section on July 19, 2017, program eva- revitalize the Old Banten area in 2015, it was luation is conducted quarterly. The parties also stated that a study on the compilation of involved in evaluating the program or strategic Banten's Old and Regional spatial planning planning review are the field of PEP Serang documents had been carried out. There are 4 Agriculture Office through activities hosted by (four) studies recommended by the City of Emilap. Serang City Bappeda, Serang City Serang Bappeda, namely: 1) Study of structuring Tourism, Youth and Sports Agency, Serang City cultural heritage boundaries to determine zones Industry, Trade and Cooperative Office , The of Cultural Heritage; 2) Study of archeological Serang City Environment Agency (BLHD), as potential to find out the potential of archeology; well as the Karangantu Port of Fisheries (PPN) 3) Review of revitalization planning and as an extension of the Republic of Indonesia adaptation; 4) study of Environmental Impact Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries Analysis (EIA). (KKP).

3.6 Determination of Annual Plan 4. CONCLUSION Controlling and Evaluation Steps Based on the results of the above re- Determining Where the Strategic Plan Is Run search, the conclusions of this study are that the The concepts of the strategic planning strategic planning model of the development of process underlie this research which include: (1) the Minapolitan tourism area in the Serang Scanning the environment; (2) Determination of Nusantara Fisheries (PPN) Port of Serang City the organization's vision and mission; (3) was carried out with regard to environmental Determination of strategies; (4) Determination scanning aspects, the Karangantu determination of goals; (5) Determination of Annual Plans; (6) as the only Minapolitan area in Serang through a Controlling and evaluation steps that determine Ministerial Decree Marine and Fisheries No. how well the strategic plan is carried out. Kep. 32 / MEN / 2010, and determination of The intended evaluation assesses the VAT status from Fisheries Shipping Ports (PPP) results (performance) of all stages in strategic to Ports (VAT) based on the Letter of the planning, determines the next action, and deter- Minister of Administrative Reform of the mines how well the strategic plan is imple- Republic of Indonesia dated December 2, 2010 mented. In other words the evaluation is Number. B.3667 / M / PANRB / 12/2010 intended to see the level of success of an activity regarding the proposed structuring of UPT so that it can be a material correction for the within the Ministry of Maritime Affairs of the next activity. Republic of Indonesia became the foundation for Evaluation as the last step in strategic the preparation of strategic planning for the planning is also intended to look at the imple- development of the Minapolitan tourism area in mentation stage and the problems faced to give Karangantu PPN, Serang City. conclusions about feedback so that it conti- Then in terms of determining the vision, nuously directs the vision, mission and targets the organization's mission pays attention to the

The Role of Government on Sustainable Development mission of the Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Plan for 2010-2030, printed on the program for Fisheries (KKP) in 2009-2014 which states that the realization of spatial patterns in which there Karangantu PPN is the 2015 Integrated are activities to develop the Buffer Zone of Economic Development Center. Besides that, it Pulau Dua, Rehabilitation of the Old Banten and also addresses the Serang City Government's Karangantu Areas. Besides that, it was also vision and mission for 2014-2018 third vision stated in the Tourism Area Development Pro- and fourth vision. The third vision which states gram, in activity 1) structuring and developing that providing regional infrastructure and the concept of ecotourism around the two facilities, as a driver of economic progress and islands in the village of Banten, the Subdistrict people's welfare, as well as environmental of Kasemen; 1) Cultural heritage management of control of urban communities. While the fourth Old Banten and Karangantu Harbor. vision states that the regional economy through Finally, in terms of Controlling and Eva- the creation of a business and investment cli- luation Steps that Determine How Well the mate that is conducive to the development of Strategic Plan Is Executed that program eva- small, medium and cooperative businesses, and luation is conducted quarterly. The parties invol- industries that are able to optimize the utilization ved in evaluating the program or reviewing the of natural and social resources in a sustainable strategic plan are the field of PEP at the Serang manner. City Agriculture Office through an activity Furthermore, in determining the targets called EvLap. the Serang City Bappeda, Serang begins with the determination of the zoning of City Tourism, Youth and Sports Agency, Serang the minapolitan area, namely the core zone, City Industry, Trade and Cooperative Office, supporting zone and fish zone, the important Serang City Environment Agency (BLHD), and points are for supporters such as settlements, Karangantu Port Fisheries (PPN) as an extension trade and health, education and tourism services. of the Ministry Marine and Perikanana (KKP) of With the development of the area implied in the the Republic of Indonesia. Minapolitan concept, the productivity of fisheries in Serang City is expected to increase 5. REFERENCES and create economic activities that have compe- Allison, Michael, Jude Kaye. 2005. titiveness and have a multiplier effect on the Perencanaan Strategis Bagi Organisasi economy of the region, especially for local Nirlaba (Terjemahan). Jakarta: Yayasan fishermen. The targeting also saw the City Obor Indonesia. Regulation of Serang number 14 of 2014 Bryson, J.M. 2007.Perencanaan Strategis Bagi concerning the 2015-2025 Regional Tourism Organisasi Sosial. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Development Master Plan, mentioned in article Pelajar 11 that Banten Lama Kasemen District was Bungin, Burhan. 2008. Penelitian Kualitatif, designated as the Regional Tourism Strategic Komunikasi, Ekonomi, Kebijakan Publik, Zone (KSPD), Banten Lama entered the Support dan Ilmu Sosial Lainnya. Jakarta: Zone. Kencana Prenada Media Group. Fourth, in determining the annual plan re- Dahuri, dkk. 2013. Pengelolaan Sumber Daya garding the strategic planning of the develop- Wilayah Pesisir dan Lautan Secara ment of the Minapolitan tourism area in the Terpadu. Jakarta: Balai Pustaka. Nusantara Fisheries Port, Karangantu, referring Dahuri, et al. 2008. Pengelolaan Sumber Daya to the Regional Regulation of Serang City Num- Wilayah Pesisir dan Lautan Secara ber 6 of 2011 concerning the Serang City Spatial Terpadu. Jakarta: Pradnya Pramita.

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Garna, Judistira K. 2009. Metoda Penelitian: Sugiyono. 2005. Memahami Penelitian Kualitatif. Bandung: The Judistira Kualitatif. Bandung: Alfabeta. Foundation dan Primaco Akademika. Wiadnya, Dewa Gede Raka. 2011. Konsep https://www.tripzilla.id/destinasi-wisata-di-kota- Perencanaan Minapolitan dalam serang/11627 Pengembangan Wilayah. Universitas Keputusan Menteri Kelautan dan Perikanan Brawijaya: Makalah yang disajikan pada Republik Indonesia Nomor Workshop Penyiapan Peningkatan KEP.18/MEN/2010 Tentang Pedoman Kualitas Penataan Ruang di Kabupaten Umum Minapolita Tematik. Keputusan Walikota No.523/Kep.116-Org/2011 tentang Penetapan Kawasan Minapolitan di Kota Serang. Peraturan Daerah Kota Serang Nomor 6 Tahun

2011 Tentang Rencana Tata Ruang

Wilayah Kota Serang Tahun 2010-2030. Peraturan Daerah Nomor 14 Tahun 2014 Tentang Rencana Induk Pembangunan Kepariwisataan Daerah Tahun 2015-2025. Peraturan daerah Nomor 14 Tahun 2014 Tentang Rencana Induk Pembangunan

Kepariwisataan Daerah Tahun 2012-2015.

Ralston, B dan Wilson, I.W. 2006.The Scenario Planning Handbook: Developing Strategies in Uncertain Times. Indiana: The Thompson Corporation. Salusu. 2005. Pengambilan Keputusan Stratejik: Untuk Organisasi Publik dan Organisasi

Nonprofit. Jakarta: Grasindo.

Starling, G. 2005.Managing The Public Sector. Australia: Thomson Wadsworth.

The Role of Government on Sustainable Development THE CONFLICT BETWEEN THE DKI JAKARTA REGIONAL LEADERSHIP BOARD AND THE PDI-P CENTRAL LEADERSHIP BOARD IN THE DKI JAKARTA ELECTION PERIOD 2017-2022

Fikri Ibrahim Arif1, Chusnul Mar‘iyah2

1Universitas Indonesia, Margonda Raya, Pondok Cina, Beji, Kota Depok, Jawa Barat 16424 2Universitas Indonesia, Margonda Raya, Pondok Cina, Beji, Kota Depok, Jawa Barat 16424 [email protected]

Abstract data, ie data obtained directly through interview. Jakarta elections in 2017, quite different from Secondary data itself used in this research is data other elections in many areas. With candidates obtained indirectly such as documents, medias or promoted by political parties instead of the party literatures in accordance with the purpose of cadres and also the status of DKI Jakarta as the research. Data collection techniques used by capital of the country and have a heterogeneous researchers is in-depth interviews and literature society make the elections of DKI Jakarta a study. Informants who become target researchers concern for the whole people of Indonesia. For to see the dynamics that occurred in the internal the big national political party, the election of PDIP are some PDIP DPP managementt, also DKI Jakarta is definitely a target to be won. The stewardship of PDI Perjuangan in DKI Jakarta elections of DKI Jakarta in 2017 are also used by and also elites. To balance the information, the political parties as a 'warming up' event in the run author also searches for information from some up to 2019 General Election. Basuki Tjahaya media (print or electronic) related to the Purnama's nomination is quite controversial discussion. The results of this study indicate that because initially Basuki did not want to join a there has been internal political dynamics caused political party because according to him there by Basuki Tjahaya Purnama, especially the DPD was always a 'dowry', as well as giving his signal of DKI which wants cadres who become forward independently. Rejection in the internal candidates to contest in the election of DKI PDIP was felt with the member especially from Jakarta, outside of Basuki hard character and the board of DPD PDIP DKI Jakarta. Also, the assume political parties always talk about 'dowry allegations of corruption, reclamation and also '. Differences in politics also occur in the internal defamation of religion also became his politics of PDIP between the DPP and DPD DKI, controversy. Because the PDIP decision to DPP elites have the proximity and political support Basuki Tjahaya Purnawa became the calculation which is the reason to provide support main focus, the researchers want to know how the to Basuki. Factors that lends praise to the political dynamics of the PDI-P party and also existence of PDIP, because there is no PDIP what are the factors behind PDI Perjuangan cadres that have electability level equals to carrying Basuki Tjahaya Purnama as the Basuki, so PDIP carried Basuki as a means to candidate for Governor in Jakarta 2017 Jakarta maintain the existence of the PDIP. Another Election. Sources of this research data with factor to fill the position of governmental primary and secondary data collection. Primary positions, especially in DKI which is the capital of

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Indonesia PDIP as the party winning the 2014 political parties and their political attitudes in the election, want to fill the position of Jakarta regional elections took place long enough and administration again, to maintain the acquisition conditions with the political interests of many of votes even more for the 2019 election. groups or coalitions. The tug of interest in the internal political parties to determine who will be Keywords: Basuki Tjahaya Purnama; DKI nominated and the coalition to be formed will Jakarta Election 2017; PDI Perjuangan. become one of the things that usually happens before the elections are held. The decision of 1. INTRODUCTION political parties to carry out a candidate or pair is Election (Election) is one means of not separated from the figure of high-ranking democracy. Party of democracy which is the officials or elites from the party as well as embodiment of the order of life of the state and political deals with other parties and other factors the people who have the sovereignty of the that accompany them. people, the government from and for the people. The DKI Jakarta regional election in 2017 Regional head elections (Pilkada) were directly is quite different from other regional elections in held in the country for the first time in 2005, this many regions. With the presence of candidates direct local election provided a broad opportunity carried out by political parties instead of cadres for voters to make their choices according to the from the party and the status of DKI Jakarta as the wishes and consciences of each in the area. The capital city and having heterogeneous commu- implementation of regional elections is regulated nities make the DKI Jakarta Pilkada a concern for in the Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number the people of Indonesia not only in the real world, 12 of 2008 concerning Regional Government. In cyberspace is also busy discussing. For major it it was explained that in order to realize the national political parties, the DKI Jakarta regional mandate of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic election is certainly a target that must be won, of Indonesia, the implementation of regional especially for the party that won the previous governance was directed to be able to produce election. The Jakarta Election in 2017 is also used effective regional leadership by taking into by political parties as a 'warming up' event ahead account the principles of democracy, equality, of the 2019 General Election. Therefore, the justice and legal certainty in the Unitary State of nomination of Basuki Tjahaya Purnama (Ahok) as the Republic of Indonesia; to realize democratic a candidate for Governor by PDI Perjuangan regional leadership that pays attention to the certainly also has many goals and interests principle of equality and justice, the holding of especially for coalition political parties support elections for regional government heads provides the government. equal opportunities to every citizen who meets the There are many interesting things that requirements. happened in the second regional election in DKI In determining a figure who will be no- Jakarta since the mandate in the law on Direct minated in participating in a regional election, Regional Head Election emerged, DKI Jakarta is political parties (political parties) must carry out the most important and very vital region for the process democratically in accordance with the Indonesia, which makes political parties compete internal regulations of the party. Political parties to propose governor candidates who will lead are one of the 'vehicles' for an individual to seize Jakarta in the next five years. For the DKI Jakarta political office at both the executive and Pilkada, the political process within PDI Per- legislative levels. Related to this, the process of juangan is very interesting to see because many determining the candidates to be carried by interests are present towards the determination of

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PDI-P's political decisions. All party leaders must Data Collection Techniques Data collection want to be involved and have their own interests, techniques used researcher is Interview deep (In- including Megawati and other elites in the DKI depth Interview) and studies literature (Mulyana, Jakarta DPP and DPD. 2003). Interview is form communication lead turn The political process in PDI Perjuangan in back or two direction between people who intend determining the governor (Cagub) candidates in obtain information and people who have infor- particular and during the DKI Election in general mation with file questions based on aim certain. for the DKI Jakarta Pilkada raises a political Informants who were targeted by researchers for dynamic or political contestation. The political look the dynamics that occur in the internal PDI contestation that occurred was the result of the Perjuangan is some At that time the Executive debates of the emerging interests, the contestation Board of the PDI- P DPP and the management of between the DKI Jakarta DPD and the PDI-P DPP the PDI Perjuangan DKI Jakarta in DKI Jakarta arose because each had a different viewpoint and the figures who resigned from PDI Per- regarding which candidate to carry. Which in the juangan . For balancing information, the author is end the best will certainly be placed to win the also looking for information from some media election even though it is against the wishes of (print or related electronics) with discussion. some elites regarding the candidates carried. Elite Conflict Theory Elite conflict is used to explain elite behavior phenomena. The elite 2. METHODS conflict theory is to explain the behavior of the Research that will done by the author in formal elite, namely occupying positions in discussion this will use method qualitative, for government, or informal elites, elite who do not search informants master problem in a manner occupy positions in government such as party deep very required by the author. Theory only elites. Watered by the process of taking political used as framework think for understand pheno- decisions in the country or in an organization menon and as guide for collect data (Ritchie, sometimes elite conflicts occur. Political conflict 2004). Data collection techniques are carried out according to Rauf (2001), caused by the existence with two way, that is Interview deep informants of limited resources and position ( resources and selected purposively, and do studies literature, postion scarcity). The higher the level of absurdity specifically in assessment theory used. Type of the resources needed for life, the greater the research that will used in research this is research likelihood of political conflict. Political autho- exploratory, or dig in a manner deep phenomenon rities can fulfill their interests through the political that will studied (Bogdan, 1993). Type research policies they make. Because those who determine this selected because basically research this want policy, there are opportunities for the political explain and describe How dynamics politics that leaders they make. Political policy can also be occurred in PDI Perjuangan in order determine in made to ensure the fulfillment of the interests of Election DKI Jakarta Governor 2017. Method the political ruler. There is a huge temptation for Data Collection Research this will do with the the authorities to utilize their political power to introduction of primary and secondary data. enrich themselves, their families and their ranks. primer data, i.e. data obtained directly through Thus, if a person becomes a political ruler, it will interview (interview). Secondary data own used in be easy to regulate the limited resources for his research this i.e. data obtained in a manner not interests. However, to regulate things, political directly as documents or appropriate literature authorities usually use their groups to smooth out with mean from research. their plans. In his efforts it actually caused political conflict. Maswasdi Rauf stated that what

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2nd ICSTCSD 2018 Proceeding Magelang, 16 – 17 November 2018 makes political conflict different from other social the volunteer who carried up to the release of the conflicts is the nature of political conflict which is PDI-P cadres. always a group conflict. That what is meant by Political Recruitment Nomination process group conflict is conflict that occurs between two head area is peak from the recruitment process or more groups. Groups in conflict can be referred cadre party political corresponding with mecha- to as conflict groups. Furthermore, it was also nism that exists and becomes rules at each party explained if there were conflicts between the two political for follow something Regional election. in politics (which seemed to be individual The recruitment process is carried out party conflicts). The conflict is actually a result of political aiming for distribute cadres the best group conflict that occurs between two groups in every time positions strategic public in the which the people in conflict were members. To executive, either President, Governor, Regent, and resolve non-violent or coercive eating conflicts, Mayor, and in the legislature. According to consensus is carried out. Consensus can be Althoff, what is called with the recruitment established if an agreement has been reached by process is a system of law (legal system) an individual or party in conflict. The basic combined with system election in system party for principle in consensus is the opening of the determine a candidate for something containing possibility within each party that conflicts to make election various rules and procedures in changes to the opinions it adheres to by being regulations (Rush, 1993). With existence various willing to accept parts of the opinions of others kind of procedure, recruitment political do for who are the antagonists in the conflict. This obtain candidate leader with good capacity, means that the most important requirement for including for a candidate for election head area. achieving consensus is bargaining ( bergaining) , Other figures such as Peter M. Siavelis and Scott which means the willingness of all parties Morgenstern see recruitment political as a process involved in the conflict to reduce their own for interesting candidates political for compete demands and accept certain parts of the other (Siavelis and Scott, 2008). With understanding party. Political consensus can be taken with this, recruitment politics can be said a means for general elections and voting. Elections are the interesting members new a party political or for most democratic way with the people / society as occupy something position politics. The goal is to a determinant of results that are achieved more continue happen cadre in body administrator party peacefully. Whereas the political consensus and expansion ideology, so party that is not to through deliberation will result in a conflict lose its existence. the candidates or members that between parties involved in the conflict. is then will compete for can convincing Voting (voting) is a way to determine the administrators party that they are worthy for number of votes that support opinions with the advanced in the political process later on. Then aim of knowing which opinions are supported by Ramelan Surbekti (1992) also saw that re- votes as much as will be made joint decisions. cruitment political is selection / election and Based on the above theoretical framework, the appointment someone or group of people to doing Election of Regional Head of DKI Jakarta has a number of role party in system politics in caused or encouraged conflict in PDI Perjuangan, general and government in particular. Recruitment especially between the elite of the PDI Perjuangan political is portions were very important for DPP and DKI Jakarta DPP. Conflicts throughout continuity system politics, cause without this Regional Head Election performances occur existence elite capable doing its role, continuity for several reasons including the limited cadres living political system will threatened (Siavelis (resources) to be nominated, disagreement with and Scott, 2008) . In do recruitment politics, other

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The Role of Government on Sustainable Development figures such as Gabriel Almond see that at least certain and recruitment in a manner closed or there are two models happens, that is Style-based limited that is composed from some individual Ascriptive factor relationship blood or offspring, who can recruited for occupy position political or closeness, and the social status and Achievement government. Recruitment in a manner closed only Oriented more emphasize to expertise technical could owned by individuals who have proximity and leadership (Almond, 1984) . In pattern the, personally with ruler or leader political for then which becomes problem certain about quality and could occupy position politics. Recruitment expertise from individual that is . Loyalty political in something election head area could someone to the party also became one interpreted a selection process conducted by the consideration alone for party political for do party political with guided by regulations basic recruitment. Gabriel Almond also believes that adopted by each party political for find candidate process of recruitment is chance for selecting for could occupy position politics, governors, individuals who will on duty for lead they in regents, and so on. Recruitment process political something position certain. Jack C. Plano argues in the party political when this, for determine that process of recruitment as the process of candidates who will carried by the party politics, selecting people to fill role in system social, involving role from cadres or society. this certain whereas recruitment political show on charging indicate that process of democracy start built In formal and legal positions as well no formal role relation with Election, function recruitment (Almond, 1978). In connection with that, Almond political is function most important, p this caused and Powel said that party political do selection because in recruitment, party on duty for prepare towards talented people or the elect for fill individuals to sit inside executor if or legislature. positions political certain and then motivate they for work in framework interests and demands 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION party politics is concerned. Miriam Budiardjo say The results of this study indicate that there the same thing with Almond and Powel that party has been internal political dynamics caused by political function for find and invite talented Basuki Tjahaya Purnama, especially the DPD of people for take part Active also in activities DKI which wants cadres who become candidates politics. Miriam Budiardjo also mention that to contest in the election of DKI Jakarta, outside recruitment party political function for two thing, of Basuki hard character and assume political that is internal functions and function external parties always talk about 'dowry '. Differences in (Budiardjo, 1998) . Internal function is for keep politics also occur in the internal politics of PDIP existence party with continue do rotation mana- between the DPP and DPD DKI, DPP elites have gement in a manner periodically, so ideas and the proximity and political calculation which is thoughts emerge new in body administrator. Then the reason to provide support to Basuki. Factors function External function for fill positions that lends praise to the existence of PDIP, because governance - in democracy representative - there is no PDIP cadres that have electability level originating from parties‘ political well in the equals to Basuki, so PDIP carried Basuki as a legislative and executive, example in fact is insti- means to maintain the existence of the PDIP. tution the legislature (DPR) is certain originated Another factor to fill the position of governmental from party politics. According to Althoff and positions, especially in DKI which is the capital of Rush, he arrived two way in implementation Indonesia PDIP as the party winning the 2014 recruitment politics, that is in a manner open election, want to fill the position of Jakarta Where all people without exception have equal administration again, to maintain the acquisition opportunity for recruited with requirements of votes even more for the 2019 election.

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Writer made two categories first is internal Herry, Achmad. 2005. Pilkada Langsung factor and external that made the conflict is exist. Sembilan kunci Sukses Tim Sukses. Galang And there are two sides, one for they support Press, Yogyakarta Basuki and other one for the do not want to Husen, Rahmi. 20v 16. Konflik Elit Politik Dalam Basuki to got recomendation party. They who Pemilihan Umum Gubernur Dan Wakil support Basuki, basically see from electability, Gubernur Provinsi Maluku Utara Tahun programs that Basuki offers, also what Basuki did 2007. Jurnal Holistik, Tahun IX No. 117A for Jakarta previous period. They who dont want Jane Ritchie and Lewis, Jane. 2004. Qualitative Basuki be candidate thinks that Basuki is failed be Research A Guide for Social Students and governoor, like have bad commucation with Researchers. Sage Publication, London legislative, corruption and so on. Thoose findings Khoirudin. 2004. Partai Politik dan Agenda macth with the thoeries about conflict elites and Transisi Demokrasi. Yogyakarta : Pustaka also recrutment politics. Pelajar Lasswell, H. D., 2009. Power and Personality. 4. CONCLUSSION Transaction Publisher. Differences in political aspirations are Mills, C. W. 1996. The Power Elit. New York: common in politics, even in an ideology-based Oxford University Press. party. so too what happened to the internal PDIP. Mandala. 2016. Rekrutmen Bakal Calon Bupati we talk about group interests even though in one Dan Wakil Bupati Oleh Partai Politik Pada party agency, in accordance with elite conflict Pilkada Di Kabupaten Pesawaran Provinsi theory from Maswadi Rauf, where there will be Lampung Tahun 2015 (Studi Perbandingan interests that will always go hand in hand with the Pada DPC Partai Gerindra Dan DPC PKB resistance of the interests of other groups. Kabupaten Pesawaran. Univeristas Achievement Oriented according to Almond in Lampung line with the reason the DPP chose Basuki even Mulyana, Deddy. 2003. Metodologi Penelitian though there might be an Ascrieptive Style factor Kualitatif: Paradigma Baru Ilmu where Basuki had closeness to the Party. Komunikasi dan Ilmu Sosial Lainnya. Remaja Rosdakarya, Bandung 5. REFERENCES Mustama. 2013. Rekrutmen Calon Kepala Daerah Budiardjo, Miriam. 1998. Dasar-Dasar Ilmu Melalui Partai Politik Dalam Pemilihan Politik. Gramedia, Jakarta. Kepala Daerah Di Kota Baubau Sulawesi Budiardjo, Miriam. 1994. Demokrasi di Indonesia Tenggara 2012. Univeristas : Demokrasi Parlementer dan Demokrasi Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta. Pancasila. Gramedia, Jakarta. Norris, Pippa. 1995. Political Recruitmen: Friedrich, Carl.1967. Constitutional Government Gender, Race and class in British and Democracy: Theory and Practice in Parliament. Cambridge University Press. Europe and America. Blaisdell Publishing Rauf, Maswadi. 2001. Konsensu dan Konflik Company Politik, Sebuah Penjajagan Teoritis. Dirjen Gabriel A. Almond and G. Bingham Powel, Jr Dikti, Jakarta. 1988., Cooperative Politics Today : A Rush, Michael & Phillip Althoff. 1993. Pengantar World View, Fourth Edition, Scott, Sosiologi Politik. Rajawali Press, Jakarta Faresman and Company, London. Robert Bogdan dan Taylor, Steven. 1993. Kualitatif: Dasar-Dasar Penelitian. Usaha Nasional, Surabaya.

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Romli, Lilik, dkk. 2008. Kerangka Penguatan Syamsuddin, Nazarudin. 1993. Dinamika Sistem Partai Politik di Indonesia. Puskapol UI, Politik Indonesia. Gramedia, Jakarta Depok T.B. Bottomore. 2006. Elite dan Masyarakat. Siavelis, Peter dan Scott Morgenstern (ed.). 2008. Akbar Tandjung Institute, Jakarta Path to Power: Political Recruitment and Varma. S.P. 2010. Teori Politik Modern. Rajawali Candidate Selection. The Pennsylvania State Pers, Jakarta University Press, Pennyslvania. Ware, Alan. 1996. Political Parties and Party Sulistyo, Hermawan. 2001. Selamatkan Pemilu Systems. United States: Oxford Unversity Agar Rakyat Tidak Ditipu Lagi. Ridep, Press. Jakarta

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2nd ICSTCSD 2018 Proceeding Magelang, 16 – 17 November 2018 THE IMPACT OF 2013 CURRICULUM REVISION FOR THE HISTORY TEACHERS OF VOCATIONAL SCHOOLS (A CASE STUDY ON HISTORY TEACHERS OF VOCATIONAL SCHOOL IN SURAKARTA)

Retnaningsih1, Nunuk Suryani2, Sri Yamtinah3

1Student of Post Graduate Program, History Education, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta, Central Java, 57126, Indonesia, [email protected] 2Professor of Post Graduate Program, History Education, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta, Central Java, 57126, Indonesia, [email protected] 3Lecturer of Post Graduate Program, History Education, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta, Central Java, 57126, Indonesia, [email protected]

Abstract or towards the future of Vocational School The 2013 curriculum of Vocational Schools in students related to their education, character, Indonesia has undergone two revisions in its attitude, and nationalism. structure. The first revision was carried out in 2017 that resulted fundamental changes in some Keywords: Impact; Revision; the 2013 learning subjects such as the Indonesian History; Curriculum; History Teachers; Vocational Schools Art and Culture; and Sport, Health, and Physical Education. The second revision was in 2018 that 1. INTRODUCTION affected the subjects of Indonesian Language and Entering the 21st century with an expecta- Creative Products and Entrepreneurship. On the tion to improve the quality of education to be able first revision of curriculum, the Indonesian history to compete at the global level, the Indonesian experienced significant change from 2 hours of government began to implement the 2013 learning per week in 6 semesters to 3 hours per Curriculum in the school year of 2013/2014. The week in 2 semesters. This study aims to determine emergence of the 2013 Curriculum (K-13) was the impact of the curriculum revisions for History commenced by several internal and external teachers in Vocational Schools. The qualitative factors. The internal factors include the educational descriptive was used as the research method. The demands that refer to the eight points of Standar data were collected through analyzing the Nasional Pendidikan (SNP) or the National structure of the document of the 2013 Curriculum, Education Standards or, which covers the standard field observation, and interview with the History of content, process, competence of the graduates, teachers of Vocational Schools in Surakarta from teachers and education personnel, facilities and July to October 2018. Based on the research, it infrastructures, management, financial, and educa- can be concluded that the revision of the structure tional assessment. Other internal factors are of the 2013 Curriculum for Vocational Schools has Indonesia's demographic condition in which the caused anxiety among History teachers, either number of productive age is bigger than non- about the personal problem related to their welfare productive age. Equally important are the external

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The Role of Government on Sustainable Development factors, namely globalization, the advancement of allowance by teaching in other schools. industrial technology, the emergence of the Meanwhile, this kind of problem occurred in other creative industry in the form of a shift in people's schools because of the excess of History teachers. lifestyles into modern industrial and trading so- There are 59 History teachers in the city of cieties such as the World Trade Organization Surakarta, consisting of 22 civil servants, 11 (WTO), the ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA) and permanent teachers, and 26 non-permanent the ASEAN Economic Community. Meanwhile, teachers (GTT). For teachers who have obtained another external factor relates to the low degree of the certification allowance with reduced learning the Indonesia's participation in the study conducted hours will have an impact on their certification by the Program for International Student allowance. Meanwhile, for those who have not Assessment (PISA) and the Trends in Mathematics received the allowance must be willing to accept and Science Study (TIMSS). the school's decision to teach any subjects other In order to prepare the human resources of than History. the productive age to have the ability and Secondly, with the reduction of learning competencies at the global level, it is necessary to hours for History subject, the teachers concerned strive through education. By education, they will about the process of character building in have the competencies and skills that are needed to Vocational Schools because, in their perspectives, live in the 21st century. The 21st century can be the History education is one of the learning seen as the era when the graduated students from subjects that effectively develop the students‘ high schools, vocational schools, or academic awareness of the nation's values (Hasan, 2010). schools should master technology, be friend with Therefore, this paper deeply discusses the technology, and have technology culture, so they History teachers‘ anxiety regarding the 2013 can adapt to global culture (Robinson, 2010). curriculum revision and its implication for their Therefore, the government has conducted the career and the students learning activities. reinforcement of curriculum management in accordance with its era, the 2013 Curriculum. 2. METHODS In its development, the 2013 curriculum has This research was conducted from July to been revised in two times. The first was carried out October 2018. The subjects of the research were 59 in 2017, which resulted in changes in several History teachers of Vocational Schools in subjects such as Indonesian, English, Indonesian Surakarta City. The purposive sampling was History, Art and Culture, and Sport, Health and employed to select the representative History Physical Education. Meanwhile, the second teacher with specific considerations (Sugiyono, revision was in 2018 resulting in changes in the 2013). The consideration mainly depended on the subjects of Indonesian Language and Creative status of teachers, which categorized in three Products and Entrepreneurship. In the first revision qualifications: the civil servant teachers, the of 2017, Indonesian History has undergone a very permanent teachers, or the non-permanent significant change, from 2 hours of learning per teachers. By considering the number research week for 6 semesters to 3 hours of learning per subjects and the error rate of 10% based on the week only on 2 semesters. table, the sample of the research were 48 History Along with the changing hours of teachers with proportional details of 18 civil Indonesian History, the History teachers became servants, 9 permanent teachers, and 21 non- anxious about two things. First, because their permanent teachers. learning hours were reduced, they had to try to The data were collected through observation fulfill 24 hours of learning to get certification and interview. The observation aimed to gather the

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2nd ICSTCSD 2018 Proceeding Magelang, 16 – 17 November 2018 open-ended information by observing the teachers nation of the 1975 Curriculum and 1984 Curri- in a research location (Creswell, 2015). The culum. In the early 21st century, the Indonesian interview was intended to gather the data from government issued the Curriculum 2002 and 2004 interactive communication that involves someone that was designed by the principle of Competency who needs information from other parties by Based Curriculum or Kurikulum Berbasis Kompe- asking open-ended questions or general questions tensi (KBK). Then, in the 2006, the government set to the participants (Creswell, 2015). The data were the 2006 Curriculum based on the concept of analyzed by examining all data obtained through Education Unit Level Curriculum or Kurikulum both observation and interviews, reducing the data, Tingkat Satuan Pendidikan (KTSP). Lastly, the grouping the data, and drawing conclusions. Indonesian government has set the 2013 Curriculum. 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The 2013 curriculum had been revised two 3.1. The Development of Curriculum times, mainly on the curriculum structure, since it The Law of the National Education System was first implemented in 2013 until nowadays. The Number 20 of 2003 mentioned that the curriculum revisions affected some subjects, such as in the is a set of plans and systematizations of the pur- History subject. In the cases of Curricula for pose, content and learning material, as well as the Vocational Schools, all has brought up the History methods used as guidelines for the implementation learning as the compulsory subject as the of learning activities to achieve certain educational independent subject or integrated with other goals. learning subjects. As in the design of the 2006 Curriculum is the part of a system that play Curriculum, the Indonesian History was integrated important role in the educational institution, into social science together with Economics and because it provides life experiences for students as Sociology. well as teachers, who encourage deep under- In the design of the 2006 Curriculum, the standing, high skills, the right attitude and social social science learning was ended in the eleventh development values (Ornstein & Hunkins, 2013: grade. However, the social science learning was 8). Therefore, curriculum acts as a general system then completed until twelve grades along with the that supports the students‘ development. demand of the system of the schools. Previously, The history of the curriculum development the History subject had been integrated with the in Indonesian began with the 1947 Curriculum or Civic Education (PPKn), which was only taught in Subject Plans (Rencana Pelajaran), then the 1952 two sessions in a week. Curriculum or Unravel Subject Plans (Rencana This integration resulted a new abbreviation Pelajaran Terurai), and the 1964 Curriculum or namely Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan dan Sejarah Pancawardana, which pointed several learning (PKnS) or the Civic and History Education. The purposes such as creativity, sense, intention, work, materials taught on this learning subject and moral. Furthermore, the Indonesian go- emphasized on the attitude aspect of the students to vernment sets the1968 Curriculum or also known be a good citizen with little mastery of Indonesian as the Development of Pancasila‘s principles History. (Pembinaan Jiwa Pancasila). The 1975 Curriculum was aimed to gain the efficient and 3.2. The Structure of The 2013 Curriculum for effective educational objectives. The 1984 curri- Vocational Schools culum was designed in accordance with the Active The early structure of the 2013 Curriculum Student Learning Method or Cara Belajar Siswa was based on the Minister of Education and Aktif CBSA). The 1994 curriculum was a combi- Culture Regulation Number 70 of 2013. The

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The Role of Government on Sustainable Development regulation contains descriptions regarding the b. Religion, Pancasila and Civic Education, and Basic Framework and Curriculum Structure of Mathematics had no change in time Vocational Schools. The structure of the c. Some subjects, such as the Indonesian History, curriculum structure of Vocational Schools can be were changed. Previously, the Indonesian seen on the table 1 below: history had 2 hours per week for 6 semesters, then it was changed into 3 hours per week for 2 TABLE I semesters in first. The Indonesian History has The early structure of the 2013 Curriculum been taught only in tenth grade. The reason was Time Allocation Per Week because the History in Vocational Schools is No Subject X XI XII emphasized on implementing the values of 1 Religion 3 3 3 struggle, understanding the history of the Pancasila and Civic 2 2 2 2 Education nation's struggle, and the ability to realize 3 Indonesian Language 4 4 4 personal characters to love the nation and the 4 Mathematics 4 4 4 State. It was not fixated on learning historical 5 Indonesian History 2 2 2 episodes. 6 English 2 2 2 The following table shows the 2013 7 Art and Culture 2 2 2 Physical and Health Curriculum Structure, which was revised in 2017 8 3 3 3 Education based on the Decree of the Director General of Creativity and 9 2 2 2 Primary and Secondary Education Number: 130 Entrepreneurship /D/Kep/KR/2017: 10 Specialization Subject 24 24 24 Total 48 48 48 TABLE II In the structure of the 2013 curriculum, the The Revised Structure of 2013 Curriculum (2017) Time Allocation Per Week learning subject, such as History, Arts and No Subject Cultures, Creativity and entrepreneurship received X XI XII 1 Religion 3 3 3 a portion of two hours for each learning session. Pancasila and Civic 2 2 2 2 Education 3.3. The First Revised Structure of the 2013 3 Indonesian language 4 3 3 Curriculum (2017) 4 Mathematic 4 4 4 The explanation of Article 15 of Law 5 Indonesian History 3 - - 6 English 3 3 4 Number 20 of 2013 concerning on the National 7 Art and Culture 3 - - Education System confirmed the position of Physical and Health 8 2 2 - Vocational Education as the secondary education Education Specialization / that prepares students to work in certain fields. 9 22 29 30 Vocational Subjects Based on the consideration that the curriculum Total 46 46 46 structure in Vocational Schools is a unit of whole education program for each skill competency, and then it was rearranged. The points of rearrange- ment are as follow: 3.4. The Second Revised Structure of 2013 a. The subjects were grouped into National, Curriculum (2018) Regional, and Vocational General subjects, In 2018, the Ministry of Education and which previously were compulsory A, com- Culture, the Director General of Vocational pulsory B, and Specialization. Secondary Education, has revised the curriculum but it does not influence the History subject. The

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2nd ICSTCSD 2018 Proceeding Magelang, 16 – 17 November 2018 changed are found in the number of learning History. The descriptions of those anxieties can be session on the Indonesian subject for twelve explained as follows. grades. In previous curriculum structure, the a. The anxiety for the teachers‘ career Indonesian subject had 3 hours per week that The reduction of learning hours of changed into 2 hours per week. Meanwhile, the Indonesian History from the 2 hours per week for 6 Vocational/ Specialization subject, Creative semesters to 3 hours per week for first and second Products and Entrepreneurship, for eleventh grade only in tenth grade has caused the History teachers have changed from 5 hours per week to 7 hours per feel uncomfortable. Many of those could not fulfill week, and in the twelve grades from 7 hours per their obligation to teach for 24 hours in a week as week to 8 hours per week. the requirement to get certification allowance, even The latest revised curriculum (2018) is though they had been given the additional based on the Regulation of the Director General of assignments as the homeroom teacher, the duty Basic and Secondary Education Number: during off hours, and duty as a scoutmaster. 07/D.D5/KK/2018 about the curriculum structure Therefore, the teachers try to find additional for Vocational or Madrasah Aliyah Vocational teaching hours in other schools to meet their Schools is as follows: obligations. In fact, many other schools had also excess of History teachers. When looking for TABLE III additional hours in private schools, they also had The 2013 Curriculum Structure, revised in 2018 not felt calm, because there was a discourse for Time allocation Per Week civil servant teachers to look for additional No Subject X XI XII learning hours in state schools too. This certainly 1 Religion 3 3 3 greatly affects the performance of teachers who are 2 Pancasila and 2 2 2 Civic Education looking forward to their professional allowances. It 3 Indonesian Language 4 3 2 is no secret that the existence of teacher‘s 4 Mathematics 4 4 4 professional allowance in addition to developing 5 Indonesian History 3 - - professionalism as a teacher is also a hope for 6 English 3 3 4 improving welfare. According to Djamarah (2012) 7 Art and Culture 3 - - Physical and Health there are several factors affecting the teacher 8 2 2 - Education performance, including economic conditions or the Specialization/ 9 22 31 33 level of teachers‘ welfare. The welfare can include: Vocational Subject 1) salary, 2) promotion, 3) allowance, 4) comfort Total 46 48 48 in carrying out tasks, 5) facilities to carry out

learning, 6) conducive work climate, etc. 3.5. The Impact of the 2013 Curriculum Of the History teachers who are 50% civil Revision servants, they have joined the double expertise The revised structure of the 2013 program. In a state school, there are three (3) Curriculum Structure had procreated anxieties History teachers. Due to the revision of the 2013 among teachers, including the History teachers. Curriculum, there are two (2) teachers participating The teachers‘ anxieties can be categorized into two in the double expertise program for approximately types: the anxiety about the career of the History one year by taking a Cooking Expertise Program. teachers who lose many hours of learning, and the The double expertise program refers to a program anxiety towards the future of the students because from the Ministry of Education and Culture to of the reduced process of awareness and increase the teachers‘ competency to overcome the enlightenment of the past to be applied in the lack of vocational or productive teachers by present context because of reduced hours in

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The Role of Government on Sustainable Development utilizing the excess of teachers of adaptive- tion that must be prepared before the learning normative subjects in high schools and vocational process is Rencana Pelaksanaan Pembelajaran schools. The double expertise program lasts for (RPP) or the Learning Implementation Plan. The one year and gives coaching or special training, teachers who teach other subject beyond their basic and the teachers have to live in a dormitory. The competencies are almost 90%. They just copy and training is carried out to equip the teachers with paste the learning plan from colleagues or teachers new knowledge and skills so that they can be from other schools. It is true that teachers have to vocational or productive teachers. Later, when the keep learning, but it should be led by self- teachers have finished the training, they will get motivation to teach any subjects beyond their two certificates, a certificate of new teacher and a fields and the results will definitely be different. certificate of expertise issued by Lembaga b. The anxiety for the students‘ development Sertifikasi Profesi (LSP) or the Professional Certi- Before discussing the concerns of History fication Institute. Therefore, it is also known as the teachers for vocational students, we should first double expertise program. The teachers are then consider the position of the History subject in other converted from adaptive-normative teachers to countries. The study conducted by O'Donnell, who productive teachers. was cited by Hamid Hasan (2007) reveals that the However, the welfare and career of the history in the secondary school curriculum in teacher can be related to the teachers‘ teaching and England, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, learning motivation. Thus, the study about the Switzerland and Singapore is listed as a stand- teachers‘, who have passed the double expertise alone subject. Otherwise, Ireland has the diversity program and succeed in obtaining a new educator between stand-alone and "environmental and social certificate, should be conducted on the question studies". In Korea, history subject is integrated in whether they are comfortable with the new the Social Studies and only separated at the High subjects that they teach considering that the School Level. In New Zealand, Spain, Sweden and subjects are not linear with the first certificate. the United States, the History education becomes In the case of Guru Tetap Yayasan (GTY) or part of Social Studies. In Australia, the History the Permanent Foundation Teachers in Surakarta, subject is included in the Study of Society and there are two teachers who receive certification Environment course. In China, Laos, Sri Lanka, allowances and the rest do not have an educator Uzbekistan, and Vietnam, it is a stand-alone certificate. There is only one history teacher who subject. In Malaysia, it has been given separately gets the certification allowance. This teacher from junior high school; while in Fiji, India, New becomes the head of the library with compensation Zealand, the Philippines and Thailand; it is of 12 hours per week as the head of the library plus packaged in Social studies subjects. Thus, in the 12 teaching hours, and then the total is 24 hours overseas, History education becomes an important per week. and obligatory subject to teach. Why History is The future of Guru Tidak Tetap (GTT) or important? It is because according to Toffler, Non-Permanent Teachers are even worse, because History education is an establishment of a time they do not get certification allowances, so they sense, which is very important in human life. teach any subjects given by the school. This kind Without a sense of time, people will lose their of thing causes a controversy because the teachers temporal orientation. Therefore, it is necessary to certainly do not master all the material properly. It instill a time sense of the future with its various is not in accordance with their major, so learning in possibilities. In addition, Toffler assumes that the class becomes meaningless. From the results of History is still needed with new pressure, namely the observation, the teachers‘ learning administra- the perspective of time to the future (Widja, 2002).

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What about the role of History subject in science, (2) technology, (3) art, (4) culture, and (5) Indonesia, especially in Vocational Schools? To humanities. They are able to correlate this know- answer this question, let us look at the Minister of ledge in the context of oneself, family, school, Education and Culture Regulation Number 21 of surrounding society and natural environment, 2016 concerning on Content Standards. This nation, state, and regional and international area regulation states that the objectives of History c. Skill dimension: learning are: a) to building students' awareness of The students have the thinking and acting the importance of time and place which is a skills: (1) creative, (2) productive, (3) critical, (4) process from the past, present, and future; b) to independent, (5) collaborative, and (6) train students' critical power to understand communicative through scientific approaches as a historical facts correctly based on scientific development from those studied in education units approaches and methodologies; c) to establish and other sources independently. appreciation and valuation of students for historical All competencies in the dimensions of heritage as the evidence of Indonesian civilization attitude, knowledge, and skills are the answers to in the past; d) to foster students' understanding of the time sense of the future delivered by Toffler. the process of forming the Indonesian nation According to Amiruddin (2016), the History through a long history and process to the present education has the subject of humanitarian studies and the future; e) to grow awareness in students as of young people. History education aims to instill part of the Indonesian nation that have a sense of and develop a historical awareness in the younger pride and love for the country that can be generation. Historical education emphasizes its implemented in various fields of life, both activities in learning. The learning outcomes nationally and internationally. carried out by historical education is the formation If the learning objectives of history are of a young generation of historical awareness that achieved, then it is certain that students in the case is making historical experience as a reference in of vocational school will master competencies in face the problems in their daily life. three dimensions: attitudes, knowledge, and skills, Based on the Amiruddin's opinion, History based on the Minister of Education and Culture education in vocational schools is properly given at Regulation No.20 of 2016 concerning Graduates all grades or classes because the subject of the Competency Standards. The descriptions of the study is the humanity of young generation. History three dimensions are as follows. education aims to instill and develop a historical a. Attitude dimension awareness in accordance with the demands of the The attitude of the students covers some attitude dimension of the standard competence of points, such as: (1) faithful and fearful of God the students. Meanwhile, historical education Almighty, (2) have character, be honest, and emphasizes its activities in learning in accordance careful, (3) be responsible, (4) be true learners with the standard competence of the students‘ throughout life and (5) be physically and demands of knowledge dimension. In this spiritually healthy, in accordance with child dimension, the competence of History teachers to development in the family, school, surrounding be able to apply History learning in accordance society and natural environment, nation, state, with the era, 21st century learning should be regional and international area. considered. Therefore, History teachers should be b. Knowledge dimension included in the 21st century learning training, so The students have factual, conceptual, that they are capable and competent in responding procedural and metacognitive abilities in technical, to changing times. Meanwhile, the learning specific, detailed and complex levels regarding: (1) outcomes of the History education process as a

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The Role of Government on Sustainable Development reference for addressing current life are in the output of the vocational students is not only accordance with the standard competence of the knowledge and skills needed in the world of students. work to be improved, but also the balance Thus, if History subjects are given in a between mentality and attitude, one of which coherent and profound way starting from tenth can be obtained from History education. Skill- grade to twelve grades, the results will be better ful and intelligent teachers are ordinary, but than only at the tenth grade. It is because to realize skilled and intelligent are the main things. personal character that loves the nation and the The 2013 curriculum that has been imple- state must be carried out continuously and mented starting from the school year 2013/2014 continuously. was developed based on the competency. It is very necessary directing students to be: (1) 4. CONCLUSSION qualified human beings who are capable and From the above description, the authors proactive in responding to the challenges of the conclude some points regarding the impact of the changing era; (2) educated human beings who revised structure of the 2013 Curriculum towards have faith and fear to God Almighty, noble, the history teachers. The points are as follows: healthy, knowledgeable, capable, creative, a. Every change in curriculum structure affects the independent; and (3) democratic and res- teacher. When science and social study ponsible citizens. Thus, it is not resolved by appeared in the 2006 curriculum, many reducing the learning hours, but it should be vocational schools looked for more science or emphasized to some efforts to strengthen the social study teachers. After changing to History teachers to have a time sense of the Curriculum 2013, there were no science and future. The teachers learning model social studies anymore. It makes the teachers accompanied by the sense of time is very who have science or social background moved important to promote the students‘ high order in droves from vocational high schools, because thinking skills. The teachers must redesign their it was confirmed that the minimum teaching learning by doing enrichment to avoid the hours of 24 hours per week were not fulfilled. It obsolete learning subject matters. It is all the would affect their Surat Keputusan Tunjangan responsibility of the government, particularly Profesi (SKTP) or the Profession Allowance the Director General of Teachers and Educa- Decree as a condition for issuing certification tion, to produce and upgrade the History allowance. Likewise, the 2013 Curriculum teachers to be future oriented in every learning revision affected the existence of History process. teachers. As a result, many History teachers 3. The existence of globalization raises global teach in other schools to fulfill the 24 hours per culture. On the positive sides, we can access all week or take part in the Double Expertise kinds of knowledge. However, it also produces Program to be a vocational or productive the negative impact on the form of the loss of teacher by participating in activities for ethical and moral values of Indonesian people, approximately 1 year. However, the compe- especially the younger generation. Therefore, it tence of general teachers to migrate to voca- is an obligatory to strengthen the task of the tional or productive teachers still needs further History teacher. research. b. The revision of the curriculum structure can 5. REFERENCES improve vocational education as long as it is Amiruddin. (2016). Peran Pendidikan Sejarah conducted carefully and appropriately. Because Dalam Membangun Karakter Bangsa.

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Seminar Nasional. Makassar : 29 October Djamarah, et al. (2012). Strategi Belajar 2016 Mengajar. Jakarta: PT. Rineka Cipta Creswell, John. (2015). Riset Pendidikan 5th edition. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar Hasan, S.H. (2007). Kurikulum Pendidikan Menengah Kejuruan/Madrasah Aliyah Sejarah Berbasis Kompetensi. Seminar Kejuruan. Jakarta Pendidikan Sejarah UNNES. Semarang: 16 Peraturan Menteri Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan April 2007 Republik Indonesia Nomor 70 Tahun 2013 Hasan, S.H. (2010). Pendidikan Sejarah : Tentang Kerangka Dasar dan Struktur Kemana dan Bagaimana. Seminar Asosiasi Kurikulum SMK / MAK. Jakarta guru Sejarah Indonesia (AGSI). Jakarta: 6 Peraturan Menteri Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Maret 2010 Republik Indonesia Nomor 20 Tahun 2016 Jubagiyo, H. (2017). Pendidikan dan Perubahan Tentang Standar Kompetensi Lulusan. Sosial Dalam Era Globalisasi. Kuliah Jakarta Umum Pasca Sarjana Universitas Sebelas Peraturan Menteri Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Maret. Surakarta: 19 October 2017 Republik Indonesia Nomor 21 Tahun 2016 Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan. (2016). Tentang Standar Isi. Jakarta Pedoman Tata Ulang Spektrum Keahlian, Sharon P.Robinson & Ken Kay. (2010). 21st Struktur Kurikulumdan Kompetensi Dasar Century Knowledge and Skills in Educator Pendidikan Menengah Kejuruan. Jakarta Preparation, Partnership for Twenty first Keputusan Direktur Jenderal Pendidikan Dasar dan Century Skill, American Association of Menengah Nomor : 130/D/KEP/KR/2017 Colleges of Teacher Education, p. 6 Tentang Struktur Kurikulum Pendidikan Sugiyono. (2013). Metode Penelitian Pendidikan, Menengah Kejuruan Direktur Jenderal Bandung : Alfabeta Pendidikan Dasar dan Menengah. Jakarta Supardi. (2016). Kinerja Guru, Jakarta: Raja Ornstein, Allan C.& Hunkins, F.P. (2013). Grafindo Persada Curriculum: Foundations, Principles, And Undang Undang Nomor 20 Tahun 2003 Tentang Issues. Boston: Pearson Sistem Pendidikan Nasional Peraturan Direktur Jenderal Pendidikan Dasar dan Widja I Gde, (2002). Menuju Wajah Baru Menengah Kementerian Pendidikan dan Pendidikan Sejarah, Yogyakarta : Lappera Kebudayaan Nomor : 07/D.D5/KK/2018 Pustaka Utama Tentang Struktur Kurikulum Sekolah

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The Role of Government on Sustainable Development TRANSFORMING PULAU BESAR, MALACCA, MALAYSIA

Zuriati Binti Mohd Rashid1, Siti Fathihah binti Abd Latif2, Nik Yusri bin Musa3, Wan Mohd Azam bin Mohd Amin4

1 Lecturer, Department of Human Science, Center for Language Studies & Generic Development, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Locked Bag 01, 16300 Bachok, Kelantan, Malaysia. Tel: +609-779 7140. E-mail: [email protected] 2 lecturer, Department of Human Science, Center for Language Studies & Generic Development, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Locked Bag 100, 17600 Jeli, Kelantan, Malaysia. Tel: +609-947 7000. E-mail: [email protected] 3 Senior Lecturer, Department of Human Science, Center for Language Studies & Generic Development, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Locked Bag 01, 16300 Bachok, Kelantan, Malaysia. Tel: +609-779 7143. E-mail: [email protected] 4 Associate Professor, Department of Usulluddin and Comparative Religion, Kulliyyah Of Islamic Revealed Knowledge And Human Sciences, International Islamic University of Malaysia Gombak Campus, 53100 Gombak, Selangor, Malaysia Tel: +603-61965558. E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract authorities which could transform the overall This paper offers observation on the general Pulau Besar. practises of superstitious (khurafat) especially intercession (tawaṣṣul) among Muslims in Pulau Keywords: Pulau Besar; Malacca; transforming; Besar, a tiny island located at the Straits of Superstitious. Malacca. The authors emphasize the effects of the nature of composition of Malaysians‘ multi-racial 1. INTRODUCTION and religious society. They share a common Newspapers often report news about rituals working, living places and amenities for ages and of intercession (tawaṣṣul); an act of intermediary thus observe their religious rituals and praxis. This between living person and God through a dead study employs the qualitative methodology that personality at cemetery. For example, the covers interview, participant observation, and veneration of the tomb of Tok Gajah (Harian textual analysis on the materials that are related to Metro, Tuesday, February 14, 2012), Tomb of the topic. Findings indicate that there are practices Ashaari Muhammad in the Muslim cemetery of of khurafat such as veneration of certain village of Pilin, Rembau of Negeri Sembilan. In graveyards, wells, anthills, trees and specific addition, Mukim Jeram, Selangor and Pulau Besar, alleged object of deities‘. Many visitors come to Malacca. The Pulau Besar is a place of worship for this island regardless of citizenship, nationality, which is often visited by locals and also tourists races, some of whom are Muslim Malaysians, from overseas who is a Muslims, Hindus, Buddhist follow the same rituals and praxis. This paper also and Christians. There are a bunch of visitors came offers suggestions and plans to the religious to Pulau Besar to fulfil their wish in that the name of Pulau Besar is increasingly well known and

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2nd ICSTCSD 2018 Proceeding Magelang, 16 – 17 November 2018 there are some who named it ‗The Wish‘ Island. 1. Apply wishes, pray, meditate and approach This is so because of their wishes were fulfilled the tombs around the Pulau Besar is an fortuitously after saying prayers in the Island. excessive practice that may lead to shirk This situation has attracted more visitors 2. The act of worship with purpose to get help who wanted to try their luck and thus led to from an object such as in the grave of Sultan conduct of ascribing partner to God (shirk) and Al-Arifin Sheikh Ismail, the grave of Seven superstitious when they prayed to the grave, rocks Sisters, the grave of Syarifah Rodziah, the and a deceased person. This practice has long been grave of Sheikh Yusuf, the grave of Tok occurring since immemorial until now. There are Janggut, the grave of Grandmother Kebaya, also those who do practice superstition to get the Tempayan Broken, Stone, Wellness of lucky numbers. Some teachers explained, they Kebaya Grandmother, Lake Bunian, Lake make the Pulau Besar as a final court for Biawak and the tree is shirk. completing the knowledge they learn. In addition, 3. The act of reading Surah Yasin, making the the Festival of the peak in the archipelago is on the next tahlil pray for the wishes of non- day of the birth of Prophet Muhammad s.a.w in Muslims with the aim that their request is Rabiul Awal (Ana Faqir, 2008) reached is forbidden by Islam. On January 19, 2012, Department Mufti of 4. Bathe practices in Kebaya Grandmother and Malacca has commissioned the guidelines on Tempayan Pecah, making stones or objects Practice Superstitious and Amulets under taken from wells as an amulet, burning the Religious Administration Enactment (Malacca) burrows around graves and trees by 2002 but this superstitious practice is still rampant believing it could be beneficial or dangerous in Pulau Besar, Malacca. Conference of the Fatwa is an act of superstition which is clearly Committee National Council for Islamic Religious prohibited by Islam. Affairs of Malaysia for the 105th assembled on 3-5 5. The act of entertaining the public with the February 2014 discussed on the State of the vodified meat by Muslims and non-Muslims practice Superstitious In Pulau Besar, Malacca and and selling posters that are believed to be decided that the practices and acts done in Pulau pictures of the companions of the Prophet Besar, Malacca is bida‘ah dhalalah and highly are doubted from the legal aspect of syarak superstitious prohibited by Islamic law and should and need to be stopped. be stopped immediately because it can lead to 6. The practice of reading tahlil during the polytheism. (http://www.e-fatwa.gov.my/fatwa- upcoming ceremony and lowering the flag kebangsaan/kedudukan-amalan-khurafat-di-pulau- and walking without shoes or sandals to the besar-melaka, 10/8/2014). Thus, this study was cave or well and sweeping actions and conducted as a response towards the discussion. raising the yellow powder on the tombstone The problems prevailing in the island shows and grave Sheikh Ismail is a superstitious that it now fulfilled the practice of wishes in tombs thing to avoid. and burial ground still has yet to be abolished. 7. Based on a discussion conducted by the Based on one study that has been conducted by an Muzakarah of the 105th Malaysian National army investigator from Universiti Sains Islam Religious Council Fatwa Committee held on Malaysia (USIM) (Azman Ab Rahman: 2014) have 3-5 February 2014, the Muzakarah decided made it clear that there are some practice of that the practice and deeds performed on khurafat organized frequently on the Pulau Besar, Pulau Besar Melaka were a matter of bid‘ah Melaka. The practice such as; And the superstitions which are strictly

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prohibited by syarak and need to be stopped officials in the Kelantan Islamic Religious immediately because it can lead to shirk. Affairs Department (JAHEAIK). From that point on, a research problem 4. Eight officers of the Brunei Islamic Religious arises, which is the best way or strategy to address Council and a group of academicians of the this issue of worship? The study has several Sultan Sharif Ali Islamic University, Brunei objectives to be achieved, namely the identification in a roundtable session. of practicing practices still practiced in Pulau In addition, non-participant observation method Besar, Malacca and finally, devising a da‘wah is also conducted directly and indirectly to provide strategy to address the symptom of worship in additional information to this study. The research Pulau Besar, Melaka. This study has some team spent the night at the research site, Pulau questions that will be answered: What are the Besar to take a closer look at the activities carried practices of worship that are still practiced in Pulau out at night. Through this method, the researchers Besar, Melaka today? And what is the best strategy are able to observe the environment, the des- to address this symptom? cription and the environment of the research site. This can help researchers to analyse and to 2. METHODS summarize the research. This study uses qualitative methods in which The researchers have conducted an acade- in-depth interviews and non-participant observa- mic and roundtable discussion with the Brunei tions are the main instrument for obtaining infor- authorities to obtain information on the methods of mation. A total of 13 interviewed informants implementation in order to combat the symptoms throughout this research. As a result, all the data of Brunei. After all the information is collected, the obtained are analysed and then elaborated researchers are planning a new strategy to be descriptively. Issues regarding Islamic lawsuits, implemented in the country. researchers use descriptive methods and analysis of sources in social transformation. Researchers have 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION referred to a variety of previous and present written 3.1 Studies on Pulau Besar materials so as to obtain the data and information Field studies conducted in Pulau Besar, related to the research title. They are books, Malacca found that its visitors were made up of magazines, pamphlets, quotes, papers, newspaper various races, citizens and religions. Pulau Besar is articles, theses and the like. For this purpose also, a small island in the Straits of Malacca located in the researchers use the method of in-depth the west of the state of Melaka, taking about 15-20 interview. A total of 13 informants consisting of minutes by boat from Umbai Village jetty. Trans- four informal groups were interviewed to obtain portation to the island is easy so visitors enjoy the the required data. The four groups of informants scenic beauty of the beach. Among other are; attractions are also some of the tombs of Islamic 1. Five visitors who visit the location of preachers who were said to be buried on the island. superstitious (khurafat). Islamic graves, wells, rocks associated with local 2. Five local people who interact directly with myths are then centered on visits and intermediary visitors such as tour guides, retailers etc. objects between beggar and God. 3. Three officers appointed by the local 1. Hindus and Indian Muslims are the largest religious council who are responsible for the visitors to 75%, the rest are other religions practice of superstition in Malaysia and a including Buddhists, Christians, Sikhs, roundtable session with a group of religious Muslims, animism and atheism. Many citizens such as Singapore, Indonesia,

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Australia, Philippines, India and others visit services. The location is equipped with adequate this place with a variety of purposes and cooking utensils for the purpose of feast on a large motives. In addition to traveling the main scale. Normally, goats will be used as sacrifices to motives of visitors is praying in those places fulfill their wishes. that are intermediary objects between man In addition, the activity of bullets was also and god or in the Arabic term is ‗tawaṣṣul‘ performed by visitors. Usually, visitors can take a to perform prayers, desires and will of the beach bathing ceremony in a particular area of visitor. Not only are these places as the Pulau Besar beach. The ceremony is believed to be center of meditation, hermitage and worship capable of resisting and removing all dirty things with the conviction that the place is capable in its body, but can cure all the diseases they of giving what is desired. suffer. 2. There are some concepts in Islam and Accordingly, after the study, researchers Hinduism that are misunderstood by the found that there are many non-Muslim visitors followers of Islam, such as Karamah and who visit the graves of Muslims and places Sakthi concepts, the concept of intercession associated with Muslim stories there are several (tawaṣṣul) with the dead, the concept of strategies that can be implemented. Strategic plans knowing Allah (ma‘rifat Allah) and Prajna, can be divided into two parts; Short term and long Jnana (Narada, 2006; Stoddart, 2007) and term. many more. Practicing approach practices often involve 3.2 Short Term Plan grave worship activities. There are many graves This short-term plan will be divided into two available around the Pulau Besar. There are 8 sub-topics: Muslim and Non-Muslims. graves that are of concern (the tomb of Sultan 3.2.1 Muslim Ariffin, Tok Janggut, Tok Putih, Temples Introducing Islamic figures who are said to Grandmother, Seven Sisters, Thousand, Nisan One be buried in the Great Island. Among the Muslim and Syarifah Rodziah). The grave of Syed Ariffin leaders are the al-‗Arifin Syed Isma‘il, Syarifah is the most sought after tawaṣṣul location. Various Radhiah, Hang Nadim, Prophet Yunus (a.s) (his activities are carried out by visitors in the area. name is also associated with a place of hermit), Most visitors pray for a variety of wishes. Most some preachers and others. interestingly, non-Muslim visitors also practice  Sultan al-‗Arifin Syed Isma‘il bin Syed tawaṣṣul practices in the graves. They practice in Abdul Qadir bin Syed Abdul Jabbar bin many ways, including praying, reading Quran Syed Salih bin Ghauts al-A‘zam. Syed (Yasin), planting flowers. Ismail was said to be from Sheikh Abdul The Indian community is the most engaged Qadir al-Jilani (dead 1166M) who came visitor with tawaṣṣul activities in the graves. The from Iraq. following is a list of the tombs that became the  Syarifah Rodhiah‘s wife to Sultan al-‗Arifin, visitor‘s focus and note about the tomb where this is also said to be a preacher who was buried record has no academic record confirming it. in the area. Voter activities and cash wishes are often  Hang Nadim is a teenage figure in Malay performed simultaneously by visitors to the Pulau history. His name became popular when the Besar. On average, the voters in venues are said to story of Temasek Island was attacked by the have sacred. After their vow is reached, they will frogs, a kind of fish that had a sharp nozzle fulfill the vow in the place provided. There are two like spear. The ruler then said to command main places in Pulau Besar that provide voting troops and residents to make their thighs and

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calves as shields from this fish attack until is other power in this universe that equals someone was killed. Hang Nadim then Allah then it is Shirk; Namely to equate the proposed to take banana stems in place of power of the beings with the power of God. human shields. Hang Nadim managed to Shirk can occur in a zahir (zahir) and also save many people from being killed. His hidden (khafi). cunning makes the jealous King direct him b) Understanding the Concept of Mu‘jizat, to be killed because he fears will seize the Karamah and Sakthi throne. Hang Nadim is said to have been Some basic concepts in Islam that are sentenced to death by dumping into the sea. misunderstood are like Miracles. It comes  Jonah a. He is a prophet who has narrated from the Arabic words‘ a, j, z which means his story specifically in the Qur'an, chapter weak. Miracles are also defined as 10 (Yunus). A prophet who spread the extraordinary things conferred upon the religion of Tawhid to his people. There was Prophets and Prophets to weaken the one story when he was swallowed up by a arguments and actions of the opponents. kind of giant fish. He returns the fish when This can only be known from the Qur'an and his prayer is granted to God. His grave is only authentic hadiths. Miracles can not be said to be in Mosul, Iraq. The story of Jonah made analogous to human beings. is mentioned in Christianity in New Meanwhile, karamah is also derived from Testaments Matthew 12: 38-41, 16: 4 and the Arabic word k. R, m intend to glorify. Luke 11: 29-32. These verses also tell the Karamah is defined as the extraordinary story of the prophet Yunus swallowed giant thing which is bestowed upon a righteous fish. Muslim (good) because of his actions and actions that are not contrary to Islamic 3.2.1.1 Educate Muslim Visitors Shari'ah. Karamah matters are not from the Usually visitors to Pulau Besar have a Muslim's will. certain intention whether fishing, the purpose of Next is shakti or sakhti (Schuon, 2007) is a the visit, visiting the tomb and so on. Therefore, Sanskrit word referring to magical powers in Muslims who are Muslims should be taught about Hinduism and Buddhism. This power is also the concept of tauhid, shirk, miracle, karamah, from the feminine aspect of the gods of Sakhti, objective, courtesy visit the grave, rules Brahma, Shiva, Vishnu and others. Since the prayer in the grave and things that should not be concept of god in Hinduism is united with done in the grave. If visitors are clear about these the cosmos, then the power also exists in things, they certainly are not involved with the every thing in this world. It is also known by wrong practices on the teachings of Islam. other names like Marikas; The main female a) Understanding of Tawhid and Syirk Tawhid gods such as Dewi, Indrani, Brahmani and is to recognize and believe that Allah is one others. Meanwhile the magical power of the of the substance, nature and deeds. Among masculine aspect (manhood) is also called the attributes of Allah is Qudrah (power), God. This power also exists in all things. Ilm (knowledge), Iradah (will), Sama‘ Gods and Goddesses are the cosmic powers (hear), Basar (see) and others. The substance and powers that exist in this world. From the of God is not united with the nature of this perspective of Hinduism, this power or cosmos. Any belief in the unity of God with power can be activated by someone with the cosmos is also considered Shirk. certain acts or spells. This extraordinary Similarly if a Muslim is convinced that there power also exists in the human body and he

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needs to live a Hindu way of life known as Among the manners of visiting the grave Yoga. With certain practices in yoga the suggested by Islam is; energy can be activated. i. A Muslim is encouraged to be holy from the hadith (circumcision) ii. A Muslim is encouraged to salute the c) Understanding About Tawassul Or grave of ―al-Salam‖ alaykum from Intermediaries qawmin mu‘minin wa inna in sya ‗Allah The word Tawassul comes from the Arabic bhinah lahiqun ―(Sahih Muslim, Kitab al- which means taharah, chapter Istihbab italah al-gharrah (وسيلة) word isilah intermediaries. It means making something wa al-tahjil fi al- Wudu‘) or ―Assalamu' as an intermediary between a person and a ala al-diyari min al Mu‘minin wal god. The intermediary objects include Muslimin, wa inna in sya ‗Allah ta'ala people who have died, graves, goods, natural bikum lahiqun. As-alullahu lana wa events and so on. There are tawassuls lakumul afiyah. ―Sahih Muslim, Kitab al- allowed in Islam. Tawassul which is jana‘iz, chapter ma yuqal ‗ind dukhul al- justified in Islam is in three conditions. The qubur wa al-du‘a‘ li ahliha) first to use or reminisce with the names of iii. Forgiveness for forgiveness and well- Allah contained in the Qur'an, al-A'raf: 180. being to the dead such as ―Allahumma "And Allah has good names (the noble), ighfirlahu wa irhamhu ...‖ then call (and pray) to Him By mentioning e) Adab-Adab Praying In The Cemetery those names ... " Prayer is to ask for something like rejection, Secondly, it is permissible to ask the cure illness and others to God. Prayer should surviving righteous to pray for one's well- be done without human intermediaries, being and the third is to practice righteous objects and others. Among the manners of deeds which one has done by others is also prayer is as follows; permitted by Syara '. In addition there are i. Pray to God in a gentle and slow voice. tawassul prohibited in Islam. There are ii. Pray to God with low self-esteem. many prohibited tawaṣṣul such as asking iii. Pray to God in concise but compact terms from idols, trees, animals. Similarly with iv. Do not pray to God for evil. worshiping creatures and exaggerating in v. Pray with a positive and definite demand. asking of beings so forget to God vi. Pray in standing position Subhaanahu wa Ta‘ala is also prohibited. f) Unacceptable Things When Visiting the tawaṣṣul by asking the creatures and Grave believing that the creature obeys his request, Here are some things that are not and does not ask Allah to belong to the recommended when visiting a grave or syirik and prohibited categories. tomb: In the context of the Great Island, for i. Organise a party to eat and drink, to have example there are several hermits associated fun with Islamic leaders such as the Prophet's ii. It is not advisable to kiss construction at Cave of Yunus This act is forbidden in the cemetery. Islam. iii. It is not advisable to read al-Qur'an d) Understanding About Civility Visiting the loudly Grave iv. It is not advisable to specialize the day to visit the tomb.

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v. Sit on the grave. daily prayers daily, Friday prayers are also held vi. Urinating and waste. weekly. The main step is to make the mosque a vii. Performing tawaf center of Islamic missionary activities such as viii. Put a candle or a lamp on the grave. tazkirah, lectures, courses of understanding and the ix. Pray for help, protection, conveying strengthening of Islamic creeds, religious wishes and more from the calamity. comparison courses and so on. Priests and religious x. Giving food, flowers, sowing money and officials who have comparative knowledge of more to the dead. religion are appropriate to be assigned regularly or xi. Take something from the grave such as turn here because the issues encountered here are soil, stone, tombstone to be used as a tree from other religious influences such as Hinduism, or other uses. Buddhism and animism. In addition, making the mosque a center of 3.2.1.2 Action to Make dissemination of Knowledge and information i. Monitoring by relevant authorities such as includes a description of the fundamentals of the Police, Melaka Islamic Department of Islam, including aqidah, syariah and morals. The Islamic Affairs and Local Authorities and description of the Aqidah includes the pillars of others. The study found that rarely the Iman, Shirk, and others. Description of Sharia authorities did patrol or monitor the Islamiyyah including Islamic pillars, Islamic law in activities performed by visitors and Islam covers halal, illegal, obligatory, circumcision permanent residents of the island either day and makruh. Description of Islamiyyah Moral or night. Character which includes good, bad manners, ii. Improve explanations in the form of manners, and ways to build Islamic morals. brochures, circulars, banners, banners, Among other things, make the mosque a one warnings in the affected areas. stop center. MAIM / JAIM cooperation with iii. Print and explain about manners and prayer IPTAs in Malacca and its surroundings, the in the graves of Muslims. Tourism Department and several relevant agencies iv. Print and short prayers on the warning board in providing information on Islam, about the Pulau and also in the form of banners, appropriate Besar, and about related activities and others. pamphlets read when visiting the graves of It should also take the mosque as a center of Muslims. dialogue, counselling and information on local v. Encourage dialogue, counselling and residents and visitors who face various spiritual explanation sessions with visitors. problems. Some visitors claim that visiting certain vi. Appoint a knowledgeable traveler guide in places on this island their spiritual problems can be the field of religious comparison to give an reduced and completed. explanation of the place's affairs as well as the activities carried out. This can be 3.2.2 Non-Muslim achieved by part-time service from IPTA Due to the major attraction on the Pulau students specializing in religious compara- Besar are graves and names associated with tive subjects. Muslims then some steps need to be taken in educating the visitors of other religions comprising 3.2.1.3 The Role of the Mosque Hinduism, Buddhism, Chinese beliefs, Animism There is a mosque on the Pulau Besar with and many more. Among the steps to take: the Imam and bilal who are appointed under the jurisdiction of MAIM. Apart from setting up 5

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• Introducing the Islamic religion in brief that of Allah to His servant and others. Such matters rejects the concept of superstition, superstition need to be confirmed by the verses of the Qur‘an, and other matters beyond the limits of reason. the authentic hadiths and the scholars‘ consensus • Introducing the characters and names of before being adopted by Muslims. Muslims and their roles, which are the focus Modern researchers such as Joseph objects there. Campbell (1991), Alan Dundes (1980), Bruce • Introduce courtesy to visit the graves of Lincoln (2000) and others make deep research in Muslims such as; the field of Mythology. Similarly, Islamic figures i. Dressed politely and unobtrusively. such as Ibn Khaldun (1996), Malik Bennabi (2007) ii. Pray for the calamity of success in the and others basically say that a civilization should grave with a good prayer. be founded on rational and logical thinking, not a iii. Can not offer food, money, flowers, rituals myth. In the theory of civilization, Ibn Khaldun and worship. suggested the importance of rational science and iv. Can not pray for a wish from a dead mind as a condition. The development theory is v. Can not take anything from a Muslim known as ‗Umran‘ (Mahayudin, 2014) which cemetery to be a tree or amulet and so on. emphasizes spiritual and physical aspects. A myth will disappear with knowledge based development 3.3 Long Term Plan as it happens in the Islamic civilization, Western Since most of the beliefs and practices civilization and others. performed on the Great Island are mixed in the In line with the above ideas, Pulau Besar doctrines of religions including Islam, Hinduism, should also be developed by local authorities. Buddhism and local animism, they form into the  Developing the Island as a Human ‗myth‘ concept. Myth is a collection of ancient Resources Training Center. fictional stories about the extraordinary things of a  With its strategic location and terrain person, a place, an object, and so on. It is composed of beaches, sloping areas and associated with the value system of a religion and partly highlands, Pulau Besar is best suited is considered sacred by a group, society or nation. for training centers for human resource From that point came the terms such as Greek development. Training camps such as myths, or Arabic, Chinese, and many others. The PLKN, camps for school holiday courses myth creates beliefs that are considered sacred and for secondary school students, government held in most religions in this world. It is irrelevant campuses for government departments are and beyond the bounds of human mind. Myths can ideally developed on this island. This is be found in religions such as Hinduism, Buddhism, due to the easy transport, there are Christianity, Judaism, the Chinese belief system electromechanical facilities and water and many others. distributed from the mainland and many Islam forbids its people to believe in the others. It is understood that there has been concept of a myth that goes beyond the limits of an attempt to develop a boarding religious human reason. In the Qur‘an he is referred to as school on the island. ‗asatir al-awwalin‘ the fairy tales and the  Developing Island as a Travel and precursors of the previous generations (al-Qur‘an, Recreation Center. al-Furqan: 5; al-mu‘minun: 83; al- Naml: 68). The  Pulau Besar also has the potential to be an remarkable things that Islam accepts are just like attractive resort and recreation because of Miracles to the Prophet and His Apostle, Karamah its clean beaches and there is also a ramp His servant who obeys Shari‘ah, Ma‘unah, the help area suitable for playgrounds, theme parks

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and more. A small-scale resort or resort 4. CONCLUSSION can be developed to avoid destroying The challenge of educating the public on the natural green forest areas. prohibition and consequences of superstitious acts  Conduct a historical analysis of the tombs such as worship, magic and sorcery is still tough. that are said to belong to classical Islamic This barrier is increasingly challenging when the preachers. Anthropologists need to identify strategies carried out by the authorities are this. If it is true, the graveyard should be sometimes effective only for a certain period or preserved as a source of history. period. The re-emergence of this superstitious  The need for monitoring from police, conduct led to constant monitoring had to be done immigration and local authorities. by the authorities. However, constraints such as  Monitoring will also need to be held on the inadequate work force, financial assistance island as there are fears of illegal immi- narrows and time factors make it difficult for grants (illegal immigrants), drug addicts, authorities to continue to focus on one case at a criminal offenders and others taking refuge time. here. Mixing among the various races who also o Road and Pedestrian system. carry out their religious ceremonies are also more  The need for a systematic system of roads complicated efforts to combat the practice of and walkways to facilitate visitors to travel khurafat among the followers of Islam. It is around the island. It also makes it easy for difficult to identify believers according to their anyone to access hidden places that may religious beliefs, causing attempts to stop rituals or be a place for drug addiction or illegal religious activities that are conducted to a dead activities. end. The absence of legal provisions to overcome o Role of the mosque. the mixing of other faiths in Muslim areas such as  Mosques need to be streamlined with Islamic burial grounds led to legal action not being religious officials who have expertise in possible. Apart from that, the lack of education and administration, information technology as awareness among the local community is also one well as Islamic studies and comparative of the major challenges that must be faced by the religion. authorities. Local communities can also initially serve as ―observers‖ to the authorities, but act as if The practice of khurafat in the Muslim they support the activities of the superstitious community in this country is one of the problems conduct. Economic importance, political insistence that continue to this day. In fact, in some instances, and misunderstandings about religion become one this practice of superstition takes place on a large of the causes of the situation. scale involving various levels of society. Pulau Situations related to the practice of super- Besar, Melaka became one of the examples of stition, for example, in Pulau Besar, Melaka show locations that became the focus of superstitious that efforts need to be multiplied to continue to activities carried out with a large number of find solutions to eradicate the practice of super- practitioners from various states and countries. stition in our country. If immediate action is not Despite various enforcement efforts and strategies, taken, worry if the practice of superstition is going the practices contrary to Islamic teachings are still to continue on a larger scale and spread widely into practiced by some Muslim communities in the society. The question of the Muslim faith in this country. country is a serious issue and needs to be dealt with together. Various parties should give their ideas, views and suggestions to address the

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2nd ICSTCSD 2018 Proceeding Magelang, 16 – 17 November 2018 problem of the practice of this khurafat regardless Malik Bennabi, On The Origins of Human of background or expertise. Society:The Social Relations Network, terj. Muhammad Uthman El-Muhammady, Asal 5. REFERENCES Usul Masyarakat Manusia: Rangkaian Abdul Aziz Rashid, Misteri Lagenda Sejarah Hubungan Sosial, Kuala Lumpur:Institut Pulau Besar: Bersejarah dan Berkeramat Terjemahan Negara Malaysia Berhad Meneroka 753 Tahun Lepas, Pulau Besar: (ITNMB), 2007. Al-Ghazali (1986), Ihya‘ Ulum al-Din, Beirut: Dar Mohamad Kamil Ab Majid, (2003) ‗Fanatik Dan al-Fik Taksub Dalam Islam : Analisis Pandangan Ali Mahfuz (2001), Al-Ibda‘ fi Madar al-Ibtida‘, Al-Qardawi‘, dalam Jurnal Usuluddin, Bil. Beirut : Dar al-Kutb al-‗Ilmiyyah. 18, Kuala Lumpur:Penerbitan Universiti Al-Mubarakfuri (1990) Tuhfat al-Ahwadhi bi Malaya. Syarh al-Tirmidhi, Beirut: Dar al-Kutb al- Muzakarah Jawatankuasa Fatwa Majlis ‗llmiyyah. Kebangsaan Bagi Hal Ehwal Ugama Islam Ana Faqir, Menyingkap Misteri Pulau Besar, Malaysia Kali Ke-105 yang bersidang pada Kuala Lumpur: Penerbitan Seribu Dinar, 3-5 Februari 2014. 2008. Ibn al-Jawzi (t.t) Talbis Iblis, al-Qaherah: Azman Ab Rahman, 2014, Kedudukan Amalan Maktabah al-Mutanabbi Khurafat di Pulau Besar, Melaka Menurut Ibn Hajar al-‗Asqalani (1984), Fath al-Bari, Al- Syarak, Qaherah: Dar al-Qalam. http://www.muftimelaka.gov.my/jmm/pdf/Wacana Ibn Kathir ( t.t) Tafsir al-Quran al-‗Azim, al- _Pendidikan_dan_Kefahaman_Fatwa/Kedud Qaherah : Dar al-Sya‘b. ukan_Amalan_Khurafat_Di_Pulau_Besar_ Ibn Khaldun, Muqaddimah, Beirut:Maktabah al- Melaka_Menurut_Syarak.pdf, akses pada 25 ‘Asriyyah, 1996. Februari 2016. Ibn Taimiyah (1993) Adab dan Kaifiat Ziarah Campbell, J.J, The Power of Myth, New York: Kubur Dalam Islam, (Terj) Kuala Lumpur: Anchor Books, 1991. Pustaka Dini Dundes, A, Interpreting Folklore, Bloomington: Kalam Hamidi, ‗Menghapus Khurafat di Melaka‘, Indiana University Press, 1980. Berita Harian, 1990, 9 Mac, h.10 Engku Ahmad Zaki Engku Alwi, Ajaran Sesat KOSMO. (15 Ogos 2012). Makam 7 beradik Mengenali Jalan Yang Terpesong, Selangor: diroboh. PTS Publications & Distributors Sdn.Bhd, http://www.kosmo.com.my 2007. Majalah Al-Islam, Kuala Lumpur : Utusan Melayu Garis Panduan Hukum Mengenai Khurafat dan (M) Berhad, Febuari, 2002. Azimat (2012) Jabatan Mufti Negeri Mohamad Kamil Ab Majid, ‗Fanatik Dan Taksub Melaka. Dalam Islam : Analisis Pandangan Al- Jasmi, Kamarul Azmi dan Tamuri, Ab. Halim Qardawi‘,dalam Jurnal Usuluddin, Bil. 18, (2011) Dasar Akidah Muslim. Penerbit Kuala Lumpur : Penerbitan Universiti UTM, Skudai, Johor Bahru. Malaya, 2003. Lincoln, B, Theorizing Myth, Chicago: The Muhamad Shukri bin Muhamad (24 November University of Chicago Press, 2000. 2015). Amalan Khurafat di Kelantan Majalah Al-Islam, (Februari, 2002) Kuala Lumpur: (Temubual) Utusan Melayu (M) Berhad.

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Muhammad ‗Abd al-Salam al-Syaqiri (1988), Al- Rahimin bin Bani. (16 Jun 2015). Sejarah Pulau Sunan wa al-Mubtada‘at, Beirut: Dar al- Besar, Melaka dan Mobilisasi Masyarakat Jayl. Setempat (Temubual) Muhammad Jamal al-Din al-Qasimi,(1985), Schuon, F, ―Understanding and Believing‖, in Maw‘izah al-Mu‘minin Min Ihya‘ ‗Ulum Martin Lings and Clinton Minnar (et.al), The al-Din, Beirut: Dar al-Nafa‘is. Underlying Religion: An Introduction to the Muhammad Su‘ad Yaqut (2015), Al-Sirah al- Perennial Philosophy, Bloomington:World Nabawiyyah, Kaifa Nabni Dawlat Wisdom,2007. Hal. 141-150. Qawiyyah, Beirut: Dar al-Salam Siti Sobah Sulaiman, Bidaah Dan Khurafat Dalam Munir Muhammad al-Ghadban (2012), Qadhaya Masyarakat Islam, Tesis Doktoral yang tidak Islamiyyah Mu‘asarah, Beirut : Dar al- diterbitkan, Akademi Pengajian Islam, Salam. Universiti Malaya, 2003. Mustafa Dib al-Bugha (1998), Nizam al-Islam fi Stoddart, W, ‘Mysticism‘, in Martin Lings and al-‗Aqidah wa al-Akhlaq wa al Tasyri‘i, Clinton Minnar (et.al), The Underlying Beirut: Dar al-Fikr. Religion: An Introduction to the Perennial Pelita Brunei. (30 April 2014). Perintah Kanun Philosophy, Bloomington:World Hukuman Jenayah Syar'iah 2013 mula Wisdom,2007. Hal. 230-242. berkuatkuasa. UTUSAN Malaysia. (13 Oktober 2014). Muzium http://www.pelitabrunei.gov.bn Islam dibina di Pulau Besar. Pelita Brunei. (21 Ogos 2015). Kukuhkan http://www.utusan.com.my/berita/wilayah/melaka Pegangan, Hapuskan Penyelewengan. UTUSAN Malaysia. (18 Februari 2015). Penduduk http://www.pelitabrunei.gov.bn Pulau Besar terima manfaat: Projek bekalan Persidangan Meja Bulat dengan Jabatan Hal Ehwal elektrik beroperasi sepenuhnya Mac ini. Agama Islam Negeri Kelantan pada 24 http://www.utusan.com.my/berita/wilayah/m November 201 elaka Persidangan Meja Bulat dengan Pusat Dakwah UTUSAN Malaysia. (24 November 2010). Islamiah, Kementerian Hal Ehwal Agama Muzium Pulau Besar dibuka kepada orang Brunei Darussalam pada 2 September 2015 ramai. http://ww1.utusan.com.my/utusan Persidangan Meja Bulat dengan Universiti Islam Wan Mohd Azam bin Mohd Amin, Ajaran Sesat, Sultan Sharif Ali pada 5 September 2015 Kuala Lumpur: IIUM Press, 2009.

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2nd ICSTCSD 2018 Proceeding Magelang, 16 – 17 November 2018 THE COMPETITIVENESS OF INDONESIAN TUNA IN THE REP OF KOREAN MARKET

Sri Hidayati1

1Akademi Pertanian HKTI Banyumas, Indonesia, e-mail: [email protected]

Abstract Indonesia in the Rep of Korean market is stronger Tuna is main export commodity of the fisheries than fresh and preserved tuna. sector with the average proportion of 15.31% of the total production. Indonesian tuna is exported in Keywords: Competitiveness; Tuna the form of fresh, frozen and preserved tunas. Rep. of Korea has been set to be one of the prospective 1. INTRODUCTION markets declared in the MMAF Strategic Plan. The Tuna, is the second leading commodities changes in the global order has not been only after the shrimp of fishery exports of Indonesia, providing opportunities but on the other hand which has an export growth in 2009-2013 of increasing the competition, so the competitiveness 22.82%. The export value in 2013 increased by of products had become the key factor to win the 1.97% compared to 2012 (MMAF, 2014) and and competition. The research aims is to know about : being the largest exporter of tunas fish in Southeast (1) Indonesia‘s position as exporter, (2) the Asia (UNComtrade, 2013). In the ASEAN region, competitiveness of Indonesian fresh, frozen and Indonesia ranks second as a producer of tuna after preserved tuna, and (3) state of competitiveness of Thailand (FAO, 2012; Yudiarosa, 2009; Apsari, Indonesian tuna. The research use the time series 2011; hidayati, 2014). data of world‘s import export tunas in 1993-2012 The changes of the global caused the with the main source UNComtrade and Ministry of addition to providing opportunities but on the other Maritime Affairs and Fisheries of Indonesia. Data hand increase the competitiveness of trade itself. were analyzed to measure Market Share (MS), Therefore, The aim of the development of the Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA), Trade fisheries sector is to build competitive advantage Specialist Ratio (TSR), and Export Product of the fisheries sector based on comparative Dynamics (EPD). The study was conducted in advantage. That strategy to reach the objective is 2013-2015. The results showed that: (1) Indonesia supported by the enactment of the Strategic Plan is a major exporter of fresh and frozen tuna with 2010-2014, through the Minister of Marine Affairs an average market share of 34,61% and 17,49%, and Fisheries of Indonesia Number 06 of 2010, (2) the fresh and frozen tuna is high which marked with changing the export market competitiveness while preserved tuna is not from traditional markets (Japan, United States = competitive (3) position competitiveness of fresh US) to prospective market such as Rep. of Korea and frozen tuna in the growth to maturity, while (Kusumastanto, 2008; and MMAF, 2011) the Indonesian preserved tuna fluctuated from the Tuna has been exported either as fresh, stage of growth and import substitution. (4) in the frozen or preserved tunas , with the largest shares period 2010-2012, the position of the of exports of tunas Indonesia in 2012 were Japan competitiveness of frozen tuna is a rising star, (23.14%) and the US (12.35%) (Hidayati et al, while fresh and preserved tuna of a lost 2015a) . The value of Indonesian tuna exports to opportunity. The competitiveness of frozen tuna Rep of Korea even though it is still relatively small

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The Role of Government on Sustainable Development compared to the Japanese and US markets, but the export value growth shows a positive trend which ...... is equal to 83.96% in 2009-2012, with the largest (1) increase occurring in the 2011-2012 period, which is 185,79% (MMAF, 2014). Indonesia has a big Remarks: challenge to be able to make tunas products could MSij = market share of Indonesia tunas (fresh, be a competitive product in the global market, frozen, preserved) in the Rep of Korean market. especially in the major importing countries. The Xij = export value of Indonesia tunas export opportunities and amount of import threats (fresh, frozen, preserved) in the Rep of Korean market are depends on the competitiveness of Mj = import value of Rep of Korean market. commodities itself. With a higher competitiveness, (fresh, frozen, and preserved tuna) could make a greater export opportunities and much smaller threat of imports of these 2.2. Indek Revealed Comparative advantage commodities (Asriani, 2010). This condition (RCA) (Ng, 2002) : shows that competitiveness is the main key for Indonesian tuna product exports to be able to develop and compete (Darwanto et al. 2010)...... (2) The aim of the study was to find out: (1) Indonesia's position as exporter of fresh, frozen and preserved tuna in the Rep of Korean market, Remarks: (2) the competitiveness of Indonesian fresh, frozen RCA = Revealed Comparative Advantage index and preserved tuna in the Rep of Korean market, for tuna (fresh, frozen, preserved) Indonesia. and (3) state of competitiveness of Indonesia tuna Xij = exports value of Indonesia tunas (fresh, in the Rep of Korean market. frozen, preserved) to Rep of Korea market Xiw = export value of Indonesia tunas (total, fresh, frozen, preserved) to the world 2. METHODS This research used time series data of the Xwj = export value of the world's (total, fresh, world imported tunas and Indonesian tunas which frozen, preserved) tuna to Rep of Korea has been exported to the Rep of Korea in 1993- Xww = export value of the world tunas (fresh, 2012, sourced from UNComtrade and Ministry of frozen, preserved) Maritime Affairs and Fisheries (MMAF) from Criteria: RCA> 1 (strong competitiveness), and various publications, code named Harmonized not competitive if RCA is <1 (moderate System (HS-1992), namely: HS 030231, 030232, competitiveness if 0.5 = RCA <1 and weak if 0 030233, 030239 for fresh tuna, HS 030341, = RCA <0.5) (Darwanto, 2010). 030342, 030343, 030349 for frozen tuna and HS 160414 for preserved tuna. The indicators which 2.3. Trade Specialist Ratio (TSR) (Kusumastanto, 2008 ; Ng, 2002) being used to analyze the competitiveness of Indonesian tuna in the Rep. of Korea are analysis ...... (3) of Market Share (MS), Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA), Trade Specialist Ratio (TSR), and Export Product Dynamics (EPD). Formulation Remarks : Nijx = export value of Indonesia tunas to Ref is as follows: 2.1. Market share =MS (Ng, 2002; Crespo & of Korea market; Fontouna, 2010) :

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Nijm = import value of Indonesia tunas to Rep  of Korea market Export market share i : TSR index can be used to identify the stage of growth of commodities in trade, that is: ....(5) a. -1

2.4. Export Product Dynamics (EPD) .....(6) (Edwards and Schoer, 2001).

Remarks: ...... (4) Xij = Export value of Indonesian tunas i to Rep of Korea; Remarks: Xt = Export value of Indonesian tunas to EPD = DRCAj = dynamic RCA indicator; Rep of Korea; RCAj = changes in RCA Indonesia tunas j Wij = Export value of world tunas i to (fresh, frozen, preserved) in the Rep of Korean Rep of Korea; market. Wt = Export value of world tunas to Mathematically, the formulation above is Rep of Korea described as follows:

TABLE I Placement matrix of export competitiveness

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION as Indonesia, Australia, USA, Thailand, 3.1. Indonesia's position as exporter Philippines for fresh tuna; Indonesia, Japan, Rep of Korea is a prospective market for Singapore, Philippines, Thailand, USA, and Indonesia which was set in the 2010-2014 strategic Maldives for frozen tuna; and Japan, Thailand, plan. The number of tuna exporters to Rep of Indonesia, Philippines, USA, Viet Nam and UE-27 Korea from 1993-2012 for fresh, frozen and for preserved tuna. Frozen tuna trade is more preserved tuna was 35, 44 and 27 countries competitive than fresh and preserved tuna, with the respectively. The number of exporters each year market's tendency towards monopoly (fresh and fluctuates and generally changes, only a few preserved), while frozen tuna has begun to lead to countries almost routinely export every year, such oligopoly (hidayati, et al, 2015a).

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Indonesia exported to Rep of Korea regu- Oman, Portugal, Sri Lanka, Malta and Fiji with a larly for fresh and frozen tuna starting in 1993 and market share of 92.39% - 99.69%; frozen tuna are preserved tuna began in 2003 (hidayati, 2014). China, Indonesia, Japan, Fiji, Malta and Singapore Indonesia's ranking as an exporter of fresh and with a market share of 69.32% - 86.21%; and frozen tuna is better than preserved tuna. The main preserved tuna are Japan, Thailand, USA, China, exporters from 2008-2012 for fresh tuna were UE- EU-27, Philippines and Viet Nam, with a market 27, Spain, Indonesia, Australia, Greece, Myamar, share of 91.76% - 97.85% (hidayati, 2016).

The average export amount in 2004-2012 2012 was around 63.60% of the total world tuna was still relatively small, at 0.70% of Indonesia's trade (hidayati et al, 2015b). However, Indonesian total tuna exports to the world, but showed an tuna exports were mostly in the form of fresh and increasing trend (70.06%), and had a large role in frozen tuna, with an average market share of 1993- the composition of Rep of Korean tuna imports 2012 of 34.61% and 17.49%. The main (Table II). The Indonesian tuna market share in the competitors of the last 3 years are China (frozen Rep of Korean market fluctuated, with a positive tuna) and Spain, EU-27, Greece. In 2012, market share growth trend of 2004-2012 (0.16). Indonesia's total export value was 14.32% of total Preserved tuna is the most traded type of world exports to South Korea, and ranked third tuna product in the world. The trade volume in after China and UE-27 (hidayati, et al, 2015a).

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3.2. The Competitiveness of Indonesian Tuna With consumers' demands on the quality of Based on the average value of RCA in 1993- imported products, which are strictly implemented 2012, both in total and by product type (fresh, starting in 2004, Indonesian fresh and frozen tuna frozen, preserved), Indonesian tuna in the Rep of still have high competitiveness and preserved tuna Korean market has high high power (Table III). has no competitiveness.

3.3. State of Competitiveness of Indonesia Tuna range of -1 to +1. (Kusumastanto, 2008). 3.3.1. Trade Specialization Ratio (TSR) Movement of index numbers illustrates the status Approach of Indonesian tuna fish products in trade both The Trade Specialization Ratio (TSR) domestically and export. TSR can describe the analyzes the position of tuna fish in the framework position of a country that tends to be an exporter or of analysis of export and import of tuna fish importer of a particular commodity. products, so it is more outward looking, with a

In addition, the TSR index can also be used competitiveness, which is indicated by the value of to identify the growth rates of tuna fish products in TSR > 0, and at the stage towards maturity, except trade. Based on the analysis framework, it can be in 2006 the value of frozen tuna TSR has de- known the level of maturity of a country's export creased and at the growth stage/export expansion. products. In total Indonesia has strong compe- The value of preserved tuna TSR fluctuated, in titiveness throughout 1993-2012 and at the stage 2003-2009 the value of TSR > 0 which meant leading to maturation (FIG. II). Based on tuna competitiveness, but in 2010-2012 the compe- products, Indonesian fresh and frozen tuna in the titiveness of Indonesian preserved tuna declined Rep of Korean market has strong and established (FIG. III).

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3.3.2. Export Product Dynamics (EPD) However, according to Hidayati, et al Approach (2015a) in the 2010-2012 period the compe- Rep of Korea's high import growth in the titiveness of Indonesian tuna is more due to the 2010-2012 period (70.56%) affected Indonesia's effect of specific competitiveness, namely ex- import share (15.06%). Although there was an porting specific products to market-specific, which export growth of 48% in the period of 2010-2012, could potentially threaten the achievement of the export share which was still relatively small export targets in the event of shocks to exported compared to other exporters, so that Indonesia's products and instability the market. competitiveness in the Rep of Korean market in that period was totally weak and hampered the tuna 4. CONCLUSION trade performance by 3.40% (Hidayati , et al, Indonesia is a major exporter of fresh 2015a). and frozen tuna with an average market share of The Government sets out the Strategic Plan 1993-2012 of 34.61% and 17.49%. Trade in frozen of the Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries tuna is more competitive than fresh and preserved (Renstra) for 2010-2014 through Republic of tuna. Fresh and frozen tuna are highly competitive Indonesia Minister of Maritime Affairs and while preserved tuna is not competitive. The Fisheries Regulation Number Per. 06/MEN/2010, position of competitiveness of fresh and frozen in one direction the policy is to increase the tuna in the stage of growth into maturity, preserved competitiveness and marketing of fishery products. tuna fluctuates from the stage of growth to import substitution. In the period 2010-2012, frozen tuna Through EPD analysis (FIG IV), it can be seen that was in the rising star position, while fresh and the competitive position of Indonesian tuna exports preserved tuna are in lost opportunity. Indonesian in 2010-2012 is frozen tuna, which is in the rising frozen tuna in the Rep of Korean market is more star position, while fresh and preserved tuna have competitive than fresh and preserved tuna. lost the opportunity to compete again (lost opportunity).

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A comparative analysis at the word level. School 5. REFERENCES of Economics and Management, working

paper. ------. (2011). Strategic Plan of the Ministry of Darwanto, Dwidjono H., Jangkung HM., M Imam Maritime Affairs and Fisheries (MMAF) of Ma‘ruf., Muriani K., (2010). Analisis Daya Indonesia for 2010-2014. Saing Komoditi Pertanian Indonesia. Dalam http‖//www.kkp.go.id. Accessed July 15, Prosiding Seminar Hasil Hibah Pertanian, 2012 Fakultas Pertanian UGM 2010. 220-237p Kusumastanto, Tridoyo. (2008). Kebijakan Edwards and Schoer, (2001). The Structure and dan Strategi Peningkatan Daya Saing Produk Competitiveness of South African Trade, Perikanan Indonesia, Pusat Kajian Trade and Industrial Policy Strategy – Sumberdaya Pesisir dan Kelautan, IPB. Annual Forum, Muldersdrift ...... , (2014). Profil ekspor ikan tuna Indonesia. FAO Yearbook. (2012). Fisheries and Aquaculture Prosiding Seminar Nasional Pengembangan Statistics. www.fao.org. Accessed December Sumber Daya menuju Pembangunan 31, 2015. Pertanian Berkelanjutan dan Berwawasan Hidayati, Sri., (2016). Daya Saing Ekspor Tuna ...... , (2015b). Analysis of Determinant Indonesia. Disertasi S3 Ekonomi Pertanian Indonesian Tuna Fish Competitiveness in UGM. Japanese Market. International Journal of Agricultural Sciences (IJAS) 3 (2) December Hidayati, Sri., Dwidjono, Masyhuri, and Kamiso. 2015 : 169‐ 178 (2015a). Competitiveness Analysis of Apsari, Winanti., (2011). Analisis Permintaan Indonesia Tuna Export. International Ekspor Ikan Tuna Segar Indonesia di Pasar Journal Agricultural Sciences and Internasional, Tesis, IPB. Veterinary Medicine (IJASVM), 3(3), Asriani, Putri Suci. (2010). Analisis Integrasi Pasar August 2015 : 1‐ 13. dan Permintaan Ubikayu Indonesia di Pasar Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries Dunia, Disertasi, UGM. (MMAF) of Indonesia, (2014). Analysis of Crespo, Nuno., and Maria Paula Fontoura, (2010). basic marine and fisheries data. Center for What determinen the export performance ? statistical and information data MMAF.

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http://www.kkp.go.id. Accessed August 2, Handbook, edited by Hoekman, Mattoo, and 2015 English, The World Bank, Washington DC. Ng, Francis., (2002). Trade Indicators and Indices, Yudiarosa, Indriana., (2009). Analisis Ekspor Ikan in Development, Trade, and WTO : A Tuna Indonesia. Wacana 12 No. 1 Januari 2009.

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2nd ICSTCSD 2018 Proceeding Magelang, 16 – 17 November 2018 INITIATING SCHOOL CHANGE TOWARD SUSTAINABLE IMPROVEMENT

1 2 Uning Musthofiyah , Elfirahmi Thamrin

1 The University of Merdeka Malang, Terusan Raya Dieng Street No. 62-64, Klojen, Pisang Candi, Sukun, Jawa Timur, 65146, Indonesia, [email protected] 2 The University of Merdeka Malang, Terusan Raya Dieng Street No. 62-64, Klojen, Pisang Candi, Sukun, Jawa Timur, 65146, Indonesia, [email protected]

Abstract 19). Unfortunately, when the existing programs do The accountability of the systemic reform not meet expectancy or fall below standard, initiatives may not likely result in a way as it is policymakers tend to respond by replacing the old expected. This might be the result of improvement program with the latest one (McDonald, 2011, p. evaporation effect that occurs when the existing 18), and adding more extra supplements into the operational system does not change (Buchanan et same-old constructed policy (Naslund in Swartling, al., in Swartling, 2013). An idea of change is 2013), creating a cycle without actually making becoming prominent. There have been some real movement. empirical evidences that support the effect of Since systemic reform initiative works by school culture toward school improvement. In this shifting the focus from the improvement process study, a consolidated framework is established to the improvement outcome (Fusarelli, 2002). It extend the body of literature about school culture, dismisses the importance of the operational system school change and sustainable improvement improvement, which likely turn the system into throughout the implementation of Institutional obsolete as the time changes. If this problem is not Culture Responsive to Research. well-attended, the problems are likely not ended. Therefore, considering the sustainable improve- Keywords: Institutional Culture Responsive to ment (SI) as solution can be the way to go. It Research; School Change; School Culture; School engages a mechanism that is continuously pro- Leaders; Sustainable Improvement. pelling to move the organizational system forward and prevent it from becoming old and obsolete 1. INTRODUCTION (Swartling, 2013). The SI mechanism works on By implementing school improvement plan basis of two orders: 1) system-created improve- and evidence-based support such as standard-based ment, and 2) the improvement of system reform, local educational agencies focus on the (Poksinska et.al. in Swartling, 2013), letting the improvement of students in academics, giving system to focus on the improvement of outcome emphasis on how much students have learnt from and the improvement of system. Not only focusing what schools have already taught (Sclafani in on the input (process) but also considering the Fusarelli, 2002) and rely on assumption that the output standards. As the mechanism of SI is problem lie on students‘ performance (McDonald, continuously evolving, the factors of SI such as 2011). However there exists some problematic culture, organization, leadership, context, politics case where people are dismayed with the progress and timing, learning instruction, parents & due to insignificant change (McDonald, 2011, p community works, relationship and professional

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The Role of Government on Sustainable Development capacity of teachers (Kaplan & Owings, 2013) are more well-established sustainability system. As interacting each other (Swartling, 2013). both education and health system are related to SI prevents organization to handle the same human behavior, it is likely possible to have problems over and over despite of many efforts sustainable improvement in education as well. have been used. This creates long-term impacts According to NHS Modernization Agency, SI is a even though the program and additional resources condition that reflects continuous improvement to support the program is no longer exist or getting propelled by steady mechanism of change in the budget cut (Sleegers, Thoonen, Oort, & Peetsma, aspects of thinking, attitude, processes, system and 2013). Therefore sustainability is an important outcomes. All these integrated factors are inte- factor when conducting innovation, particularly racting each other within specific system. during planning and implementation. (Sleegers, Instead of making comprehensive replace- Thoonen, Oort, & Peetsma, 2013). In autonomous ment of the old system, it goes by providing organization, a team can make improvement even segmented changes (by appreciating small though having few dedicated members with changes) that are integrated into massive, ever- excellent attitude toward innovation regardless any lasting and continuous improvement (Swartling, difficulties that might be encountering. They are 2013). This strategy is sensible because expecting motivated by small success and are able to identify an existing organization to comprehensively and create progress (McDonald, 2011, p 12). change may be too overwhelming as resistant groups within the organization will hinder or 2. METHODS restrict the innovation (McDonald, 2011, p 12). In this paper, a consolidated framework is Therefore, we need to learn about existing school employed to establish the body of literature about culture to identify school agent, resistor and school culture, school change and sustainable passive majority in the organization for taking improvement throughout the implementation of better strategy. Institutional Culture Responsive to Research. The writers collected article journals related to Sustainable improvement using two effective 3.2 School Culture as an opening gate to techniques. First, we searched for studies published sustainable improvement from 2002 to 2018 which mostly come from Within the frame of school culture, it is possible to divide comprehensive improvement Google Scholar. To filter out the search, we use into a unified system of small changes which may some keyterms, including: Institutional culture responsive to research; school change; school be more reasonable than creating a massive culture; school leaders; sustainable improvement. change. The system enables the quality of performance. No matter how excellent the individuals Second, we conducted manual examination based within organization, if not supported by excellent on references of related studies in order to collect some articles that were missed out by database systems and performance evaluation, it will not searches. lead to improvement (Sleegers, Thoonen, Oort, & Peetsma, 2013). Therefore in order to have sustainable improvement we need to change the 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION culture of school since it gives impact on 3.1 The Role of Sustainable Improvement in sustainability (Buchanan in Swartling, 2013). School Organization In the healthcare system, the sustainable To establish the mechanism of SI and understand the performance of organization, we improvement is on the early development need to consider the values of school culture to tell (Sleegers, Thoonen, Oort, & Peetsma, 2013) where us how to redesign schools (Harris in Myers, additional times and efforts are needed to develop

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2009), to recognize resistant factors toward the teachers and administrative staff to understand direction of change (Myers, 2009), to establish what is going on in the schools. Even, these allow connection between social current demands and researchers to capture information about human schools (Manley and Hawkins in DeNicola, 2015), behaviors, facilities, technology and art that to understand how the school functions and how schools have provided (Kaplan & Owings, 2013). they should respond (Kaplan & Owings, 2013), to Values of organizational cultures should be make decision either to maintain or to make new understood very well in order to create sustainable adjustment toward new policies (Myers, 2009). improvement. First by engaging a question The information derived from the school culture whether the program currently working aligned evaluation gives important information on which with existing organizational culture and second, further strategies should be taken. whether the program goals are clear and reach out School culture provides information on all levels of society in the organization. To ensure which directions schools are heading and what this going well, leaders are needed to encourage kind of resistant that might become barriers the positive atmosphere that make the staff, teacher (Myers, 2009; Manley and Hawkins in DeNicola, and leader believe their own capacity to the 2015). We can find information to which group in success of program and how the employees react to organization is more dominant than others and the new policy is important whether they support, which group is going to accept or resist the change. resist or just ignore it. (Sleegers, Thoonen, Oort, & After the resistant factors identified, we can seek Peetsma, 2013). out solutions to reduce the resistant forces in favor of change agents (Myers, 2009). As for each 3.3 The role of school leaders toward organization, there are three types of individuals sustainable improvement that are always interacting each other, inflicting Despite of school culture, leadership plays a agreement or disagreement within organization. big role in the implementation of SI (Keller, 2007; Those three types are: 1) change agents, 2) Schein in Swartling, 2013). The high-quality resistors, and 3) passive majority. The resistors leaders that show enthusiasm and make attempts to will hinder or restrict innovative movement from propel and to motivate the change agents and newcomers that result in far from the expected reduce forces of resistant agents can create consi- goals And by letting the staff involved and derable impact on the success of new program. encourage their creative minds, it will develop Their focus on the dynamics between change and more desirable result if compared to the resistant agents will influence passive majority to conventional one (McDonald, 2011, p 12). On the take a side to which they mostly agree. When the other hand, the role of passive majority is to decide change agents grow stronger, the resistors are no which one they mostly favor, that finally create longer blocking the movement and allow it to direction toward way the organization is heading make change. Leaders contribute to the success of (Keller, 2007). improvement by getting rid of any barriers and School culture is not about how members putting priorities to be aligned with the shared agree or disagree with common rules which are goals. They make sure that the shared goals are embedded into the organizations, but how the being discussed (―Implementing and sustaining common rules become visible and represent changes‖, 2013) with all members of organization schools‘ performance through the perceptions and since some of them may not understand why beliefs of any members (Kaplan & Owings, 2013). changes are required. (―Implementing and The perceptions toward school cultures provide sustaining changes‖, 2013). measurable data that allows school leaders, school

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In order to successfully lead schools, prin- change that envision what kind of school they want cipals need to reculture the school (Leithwood in to create (vision) and lead the followers by McKinney et.al., 2015). They need to change the exemplary (modeling behavior) (Barnett & mindset of staff by initiating change of behavior, McCormick, 2004). The school leaders are not thinking and attitude and consider small change as directly implementing new policies but expecting a routine task (Swartling, 2013). Building personal both teachers and staff to have school environment interaction with teachers is a way to create strong analyzed and scrutinized before making decision of impact on the instruction and learning which which strategy of teaching and require staff subsequently creates conductive school culture that members to be included in an endeavor of promote both social and academic growth (Deal professional development. (Teddie and Reynolds and Peterson in McKinney et.al., 2015). The role in McKinney et.al., 2015). In the research of change agents is needed to support the im- conducted by Maher in 2000, the relationship provement program. Their initiatives may provide between leadership and student achievement is stronger impacts on people‘s behaviors and pave statistically significant. This is interesting that to the slow progress toward sustainability (Manning, school leaders actually bring impact on student 2009). The leadership role creates positive school outcome, even though the relationship is not direct culture that subsequently affect student achieve- and mediated by school culture as mediating factor ment. (Marzano, Waters, and McNulty in impacting the student outcome. The relationship Troutman, 2012). between leadership and culture is strongly According to Nettles & Herrington in correlated with it comes to organizational culture McKinney et.al. (2015), successful principals take and micro culture, but turns to be less obvious the lead by investing on professional development among subcultures (Swartling, 2013) programs. This is portrayed by mutual respect, mentoring and collaborative networking which are 3.4 Positive factors promoting Sustainable used by the transformative leader to motivate their Improvement (SI) followers to create better outcomes, particularly in Some factors that contribute to sustainable student achievement (Burns in McKinney et.al., improvement are organized within three types: 1) 2015). High performing school leaders could staff, 2) organization and 3) process. (Sleegers, improve student outcomes by enforcing their Thoonen, Oort, & Peetsma, 2013). The interaction innate ability to reform and encourage of better among factors propel the mechanism of SI (as seen teaching and learning practices by promotin trust on figure 1). Within the category of staff, there are in school culture and encourage community three factors working under this category, as involvement (Nystrand in McKinney et.al., 2015). follow: By setting an exemplary through actions, prin-  Engagement : Sustainable changes are not cipals are expected to be a catalyst of school made against the will of staff, instead they cultural change (Leech in McKinney et.al., 2015). should be part of staff ideas that are invited Transformational leadership help their to contribute onto the planning. They are followers to understand their moral obligation encouraged to participate and make decision toward organization and lead them by example. whether the improvement is worth a try. Their traits are important to create positive school They are appreciated and recognized as what change. They empower by uplifting, inspiring, and they contribute into. The staff are en- mobilizing their followers. That is why, trans- couraged to strive in. formational leadership can be a preferred style to  Education : To make successful innovation, implement SI. They are prominent agents of staff are ensured to obtain implementation

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support and education as it is important to 3.5 Negative Factors threatening Sustainable make sure they understand things required Improvement within the innovative project. It is better if In order to create a sustainable improve- the training is not done only at once, but ment, the school organization must be aware and should be conducted continually. Including able to detect the existence of negative factors that regular meetings among staff, online plat- may threaten the continuous efforts of improve- form serving collaboration, etc. ment in the school systems.  Leadership : Leaders‘ support gives para-  The organizational cynicism mount effect to the success of innovation. In a complicated situation, teachers may be They make sure funding are secure enough affected by organizational cynicism. This un- to implement the innovation, to give support healthy emotion leads to negative attitude toward on staff, to hire new staff, to ensure perfor- school organization. This cynicism works in three mance aligned with accountability, to dimensions: cognitive, behavioral and affective actively encourage to gain public recog- (Abraham in Karadag, et.al., 2014) as seen in nition for the success and to design a figure 2: planning for sustaining innovation in the future

Figure 2. Three dimensions of organizational cynicism, adopted from ―Organizational cynicism, school culture, and academic achievement: The study of structural equation Figure 1. modeling,‖ by E. Karadag, G. Kilicoglu & D. Yilmaz, Factors contributing to Sustainable Improvement (SI), 2014, Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice, 14, p. adopted from ―Changing classroom practices: The role 102-113. of school-wide capacity for sustainable improvement,‖ by P.J. Sleegers, E.E. Thoonen, F.J. Oort, & T.T. The organizational cynicism influences Peetsma, 2013, Journal of Educational Administration, teachers in three dimensions. In cognitive di- 52, p. 617-652. mensions, teachers have belief that the school organization has lack of integrity and subsequently Besides all these three factors, the infra- leads to negative emotional impact (affective structure is also another thing to consider. It dimension) and leads to tendency of exhibiting ensures there is no way back to old method and negative behaviors, responding to innate negative point up innovation through technologies, struc- cognitive and affective dimension (behavioral tures and environments. On top of that, policies dimension) (Abraham in Karadag, et.al., 2014). and procedures that support innovation are Examples of behavioral dimensions influenced by developed a long with educated staff, facilities and organizational cynicism can be seen from teachers‘ necessary equipment. (Sleegers, Thoonen, Oort, & complaints, work absences, high tension of work- Peetsma, 2013). place, arrogant attitudes, and turnover intentions (Goodman, & Davis in in Karadag, et.al., 2014). In most cases, the presence of organizational

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The Role of Government on Sustainable Development cynicism leads to negative impacts on organi- cynicism may likely result in the resistance of zation. It brings no intention other than harming change within organization (Stanley in Karadag, the organization and to the worse impacts, make et.al., 2014). The collaboration of teachers has the organization more vulnerable and less proven to bring significant impact on the productive. community of school, shared goals of attaining The following are some risks of organiza- achievement and the school culture (Hofman and tional cynicism: Djikstra, 2010) 1. Risky organizational norms and welfare (Robinson & Bennett in Karadag, et.al.,  The inconsistency of leadership style 2014) If teachers perceive the inconsistency of 2. Negative affects important component of leadership style, it would bring effect on the school culture i.e., school norms, beliefs, redundancy of teacher moral (Kelley, Thornton values and traditions (Karadag, Kilicoglu, & and Daugherty in McKinney et.al., 2015). The Yilmaz, 2014) inconsistency of leadership style does not secure 3. Non-professional behavior (Nair & the need of teachers to be supported and Kamalanabhan in Karadag, et.al., 2014) stimulated. (Kelley, Thornton and Daugherty in 4. Alienation, feeling isolated in the organi- McKinney et.al., 2015). Teachers expect cultural zation (Abraham in Karadag, et.al., 2014) environment to create academic growth, instead. 5. emotional burnout (Johnson & Q‘Leary- Kelly in Karadag, et.al., 2014) 3.6 Institutional Culture Responsive to 6. change resistance (Stanley et al in Karadag, Research et.al., 2014) This approach allows schools to focus on both the process and outcome, resembling the As perceptions of teachers‘ organizational characteristics of sustainable improvement. The cynicism increasing, the perception of school reason why cultivating research culture is im- culture and academic achievement decreasing. portant for school improvement is that it can be Meanwhile, the increase of teachers‘ perception on considered as systematic approach (Godfrey, 2016) school culture increase academic achievement and provide more substantial benefits rather than (Karadag, Kilicoglu, & Yilmaz, 2014). When providing enquiry as an important tool for teachers suffer organizational cynicism, this may identifying errors and making improvement based bring effect on their teaching performance as they on the identified errors in the organization are not sure with students‘ ability to achieve mi- (Collinson & Cook in Godfrey, 2016). nimum standards set by schools. As a result While teachers spend some portion of the teacher having low performance (Karadag, time for research, the academic achievement seems Kilicoglu, & Yilmaz, 2014). to be influenced by the teacher research activities Teachers‘ perception may predict their skep- and bring impacts on the teaching and learning ticism to the implementation of plans, pessimism practices. Getting involved into research, teachers toward policies & goals of schools, negative belief have a time for making reflection on their activities toward schools. As a result, they may question the and how they are interpreted in the view of leadership skill of school leaders and resist change empirical evidence, focusing on the improvement within organization (Stanley in Karadag, et.al., of system, innovation in the operational setting. 2014). The effect of organizational cynicism Without enough knowledge what is going on with makes teachers feel pessimist and may be the school and what makes the problem, teachers questioning leadership skill of school leaders. This continue to complain and say something sad to

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2nd ICSTCSD 2018 Proceeding Magelang, 16 – 17 November 2018 unresolved problems. Therefore we need data to We should take an example of high per- break it down and allow us gain information in forming schools that always innovate in their which part to improve. This lack of information operational system. Lezotte & Synder in due to lack of data on schools make teachers tend McKinney et.al (2015) mentioned that high to focus on evaluating student performance as performing school have a principal that continually individuals rather than figuring out how to improve analyze and examine the progress of students‘ the school performance (Ford, 2008). The benefits outcome. They can handle inevitable change and of generating information from the data is that create this adversity toward school development teachers should use this information to help them (Harris in Myers, 2009). They also display find better strategies, instead of using the same characteristics of positive and goal oriented school strategy over and over again. (Ford, 2008). culture (McLaughlin in DeNicola, 2015). Focusing on what students can do, rather than what children are unable to do or do not 4. CONCLUSSION know, particularly based on evaluation from All in all, being aware of the school culture testing, tend to be less efficient and less impact of is effective to help students aware their existence activities of students learning. Vice versa, talking in school organization, learn how school culture about what students can do may create high expect them to have interaction based on values efficient activities to improve student learning embedded on the school culture, and how students (Ford, 2008). It becomes the best reason why we have interaction with their surroundings (Lindsey need to change teachers‘ attitude and to reduce et.al. in Myers, 2009). Also this helps teachers to teacher cynicism. Focusing on something negative understand what is considered the most effective rather than positive, focusing on what they cannot practice for curriculum and assessment (Kaplan & do rather than what students can do. When there is Owings, 2013). Having lack of opportunity to a gap between what schools has taught and what experience supportive and conducive school really needs to be taught, there will be a culture may risk students‘ opportunity to achieve discrepancy between what students have learned excellent academic performance (Rhodes et al. in and what employers actually need. As a result, McKinney et.al., 2015). students are not ready to face tough competition in 5. REFERENCES a real world. Allensworth, E. (2017, January 18). We need to An idea of considering shifting the culture to change the way high schools are preparing improve the self-efficacy, autonomy and job students for college. Retrieved from Education satisfaction of teachers is now gaining attention Post: http://educationpost.org/we-need-to- and it is helpful to bolster the effect of policy change-the-way-high-schools-are-preparing- implementation on the school context (Tschannen- students-for-college/ Moran & Tschannen-Moran in DeNicola, 2015). Barnett, K., & McCormick, J. (2004). Leadership Among other strategies that are possible to and individual principal-teacher relationships in improve teaching and learning system, (DuFour schools. Educational Administration Quarterly, and Mattos in DeNicola, 2015; Rhodes et al. in 40(3), 406-434. doi:10.1177/0013 McKinney, Labat, & Labat, 2015) believe that 161X03261742 establishing such positive culture with collabo- DeNicola, T. C. (2015). The impact of rative actions and collective responsibility among organizational culture on high school teachers' professional learning community is the most self-efficacy, job satisfaction, and student influential one. achievement. (Doctoral Dissertation). Retrieved

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from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Manning, C. (2009). The psychology of sustainable Database. (Number 10029047). behavior. St. Paul, MN: Minnesota Pollution Ford, D. (2008). Student success the way they need Control Agency. Retrieved from it: Powerful school change. Phi Delta Kappan, https://www.pca.state.mn.us/sites/default/files/p 90(4), 281 - 284. doi:10.1177/003172170809 -ee1-01.pdf 000409 McDonald, T. R. (2011). Unsustainable: A Fusarelli, L. D. (2002). Tightly coupled policy in strategy for making public schooling more loosely coupled systems: institutional capacity productive, effective, and affordable and organizational change. Journal of (Innovations in education). Lanham, Maryland: Educational Administration, 40(6), 561-575. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. doi:10.1108/09578230210446045 McKinney, C. L., Labat, M. B., & Labat, C. A. Godfrey, D. (2016). Leadership of schools as (2015). Traits possessed by principals who research-led organisations in the English transform school culture in national blue ribbon educational environment: Cultivating a schools. Academy of Educational Leadership research-engaged school culture. Educational Journal, 19(1), 152-166. Management Administration & Leadership, Myers, K. (2009). The impact of teachers' 44(2), 301-321. doi:10.1177/17411432135082 perceptions of school culture on student 94 achievement. (Doctoral Dissertation). Retrieved Hughes, J. N. (2003). Commentary: Participatory from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses action research leads to sustainable school and Database. (UMI Number: 3355592). community improvement. School Psychology School Improvement Under ESSA. (2016, June). Review, 32(1), 38-43. Retrieved from National Education Association Implementing and sustaining changes. (2013). http://myschoolmyvoice.nea. Health Quality Ontario. Retrieved from org/wpcontent/uploads/2016/06/School_Improv http://www.hqontario.ca/Portals/0/Docu _Under_ESSA.pdf ments/qi/qi-implementing-and-sustaining- Schools must change. (n.d.). Retrieved May 7, changes-primer-en.pdf 2018, from https://us.sagepub.com/sites/ Kaplan, L. S., & Owings, W. A. (2013). Culture default/files/upm-binaries/25962_Chapte Re-boot: Reinvigorating school culture to r_1_Schools_Must_Change.pdf improve student outcomes. Thousand Oaks: Sleegers, P. J., Thoonen, E. E., Oort, F. J., & Corwin Press. Peetsma, T. T. (2013). Changing classroom Karadag, E., Kilicoglu, G., & Yilmaz, D. (2014). practices: the role of school-wide capacity for Organizational cynicism, school culture, and sustainable improvement. Journal of academic achievement: The study of structural Educational Administration, 52(5), 617-652. equation modeling. Educational Sciences: doi:10.1108/JEA-11-2013-0126 Theory & Practice, 14(1), 102-113. Swartling, D. (2013). Towards sustainable doi:10.12738/estp.2014.1.1640 improvement systems. (Doctoral Dissertations). Keller, R. (2007, March 8). Continuous improve- Retrieved from Linköping Studies in Science ment -- Sustainable improvement requires a and Technology. (Number: 1552). culture change. Retrieved from Industry Week: Troutman, L. D. (2012). The impact of principal http://www.industryweek.com/workforc leadership on school culture and student e/continuous-improvement-sustainable- achievement. (Doctoral Dissertation). Retrieved improvement-requires-culture-change from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Database. (UMI 3545656).

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2nd ICSTCSD 2018 Proceeding Magelang, 16 – 17 November 2018 COLLABORATIVE PUBLIC MANAGEMENT IN INDONESIAN NATURAL DISASTER MITIGATION

Nike Mutiara Fauziah1, Fadlurrahman2, RM Mahendradi3

1Universitas Tidar, Jl.Kapten Suparman, No.39 Magelang, 56116, Indonesia, [email protected] 2Universitas Tidar, Jl.Kapten Suparman, No.39 Magelang, 56116, Indonesia, [email protected] 3Universitas Tidar, Jl.Kapten Suparman, No.39 Magelang, 56116, Indonesia, [email protected]

Abstract territory of Indonesia as the Ring of Fire and also This Paper discusses the Collaborative Public make the Indonesia troubled to natural disasters Management as new strategy in Indonesian such as earthquakes and volcanic eruptions that Natural Disaster Mitigation. Natural Disaster lead to the basin of the Pacific Ocean. Almost all Mitigation in Indonesia has not become a priority islands in Indonesia are epicenter points of the whereas it has a big impact on development. This earthquake. study aims to analyze Collaborative Public The Meteorology, Climatology and Management can be an alternative policy for Geophysics Agency (BMKG) noted that recently disaster mitigation in Indonesia. The study uses a in 2018 there were 5000-6000 earthquakes, but review of literature research methode. Research those felt were above 5 SR as many as 366 times result showed that the government does not have a each year. The data shows the type of disaster, the mindset that mitigation becomes an investment in number of incident and risks caused by natural development so that disaster mitigation has not disasters in the last 10 years: become a priority. Collaborative Public TABLE I Management can be an alternative solution for Natural Disaster Data, 2008-2018 disaster mitigation problems in Indonesia. Type of Number of Risk Risk Risk Disaster Incident (Died and (Wound) (Evacuate) Lose) Flood 7.167 2.419 106.456 23.063.209 Keywords: Collaborative Public Management. Landslide 4.446 1.838 1.889 236.912 Abrasion 236 77 36 41.346 Disaster Management, Natural Disaster Tornado 5.581 357 2.750 167.485 Mitigation, Development Drought 932 2 0 4.014.813 Forest Fires 659 31 370 442.867 Earthquake 166 1.527 9.187 468.247 Tsunami 7 515 507 15.420 1. INTRODUCTION Eruption 66 432 2.291 979.204 Indonesia is an archipelago state that placed Total 19.260 7.198 123.456 29.429.503 Source: Data Informasi Bencana Indonesia (DIBI). of three tectonic plates namely the Euro-Asia plate http://bnpb.cloud/dibi/tabel1a. Accesses on October 5, in the North, the Indo Australia plate in the South, 2018 and the Pacific Ocean plate in the East. Countries National Disaster Management Agency affected by disasters such as floods, tornadoes and (BNPB) Data, clearly shows the number of types droughts (Center for Disaster Mitigation ITB, 2008 of natural disasters in Indonesia, the intensity of in Raharja, Wibowo, Faisal Grahadi, Riski Ningsih occurrence and the risks posed by both casualties, and Machdum, 2016). Characteristics of the

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The Role of Government on Sustainable Development housing damage and various public facilities and 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION losses caused by natural disasters that occur. 3.1 Understanding Collaborative Public Mana- The worst history was recorded in 2004, gement after the tsunami that occurred in Asia including ―Collaborative public management is a Indonesia which killed more than 120,000 people. concept that describes the process of facilitating the incident was the beginning of the commitment and operating in multiorganizational arrangements in order to remedy problems that of the international community to make efforts to cannot be solved — or solved easily — by single reduce disaster risk or disaster mitigation organizations)‖ (Mcguire 2003). (Coppola, 2006 in Namira, 2015). The need for One problem that cannot be easily resolved serious disaster mitigation considering there are by an organization is the problem of disaster disasters that cannot be avoided, but the impact can mitigation, because mitigation is no longer seen be reduced by disaster risk reduction carried out only through technical solutions, but it is needed a through disaster mitigation. multidisciplinary approach through the involve- Long before that since the late 1990s, the ment of many different parties such as the world increasingly recognized the need to community (Nagasaka, 2008 ) as social capital (for "mainstream" disaster risk reduction into deve- example, strong ties, networks, and trust) among lopment, namely by considering and paying people are considered as the main factors to attention to natural disaster risk in developing support the functioning of community resilience strategic frameworks and medium-term institu- well during disasters (Murphy, 2007; Shaw & tional structures, state and sectoral strategies and Goda, 2004, in Matsuoka et al., 2015) Similarly, policies and in project design in disaster-prone (Kettl 1996) argues that the most important countries (Benson et al., 2007 in Nurhabibi, changes in the administrative functions of the last Dharmastuti and Arida, 2016). Therefore disaster century have increased interdependence between mitigation must be a priority in development by public organizations, which have changed the work various stakeholders. Not only the government is of general administrators, who have to build responsible for disaster mitigation, but also other relationships with other agencies and parties. elements in this case the private sector, academics, When discussing Collaborative Public and civil society. For this reason Collaborative Management is closely related to how this process Public Management is needed in Indonesian can work and what capabilities are needed to be Natural Disaster Mitigation able to effectively implement this concept so that this study will discuss more about Collaborative 2. METHODS Structure and Collaborative Management Skills. This study uses Literature Review as the Both are important factors in realizing Collabo- main research method. The data used in this study rative Public Management ideas on various issues. was obtained by analyzing journals that have the Collaborative Structure in the context of same focus of study with this study in this case the Collaborative Public Management is a type of journal on Collaborative Public Management and "Interorganizational Innovation" according to Disaster Mitigation. The Literature Review process Mandell and Steelman (2003) where the first in this study uses the Snowball technique where model is a pattern of coordination that occurs when the author searches for interrelated journals from policies and procedures in two or more the previous journal in accordance with the main organizations are mutually adjusted to achieve theme of this research. goals. Interactions that occur require strong commitment from each other. For example Disas- ter Mitigation is one problem where coordination

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2nd ICSTCSD 2018 Proceeding Magelang, 16 – 17 November 2018 between organizations is needed. The second In addition Collaborative Structure is also needed model is the Temporary Task Force that needs to Collaborative Management Skill. Collaborative be formed to be able to work on a specific Public Management must be supported by the right objective that is limited and can be dissolved when human resources with the ability, knowledge, that goal is achieved. This aims to overcome information, expertise, experience, and legal limited resources. The third model is Permanent or authority to support the form of collaboration in Regular Coordination. Coordination occurs when achieving its objectives effectively and efficiently. several organizations agree to engage in limited One important criterion for determining someone activities to achieve specific goals through a who has the ability to collaborate is to find formal series. In the case of disaster mitigation in resources owned by other organizations that Indonesia, it is more appropriate to use this third collaborate. A study revealed one step to expand model considering the geographical conditions of engagement also through "Recruiting Potential Indonesia that make Indonesia troubled to natural Members" (Agranoff 2003). disasters. Strategic planning by the parties in collabo- Agranoff (2003) shows in "Study of 12 In ration is an important way to develop overall Various Policy Areas Networks" that four different collaborative goals and framework. This behavior- types of networks can be described by the scope of ral mobilization of a manager is intended to induce activities in a network. Information networks commitment in joint ventures and build support involve various stakeholders who come together from key players and those directly involved for the purpose of sharing information and (Innes and Booher 1999). Similar themes emerged exploring solutions to problems or having a series from Goldsmith and Eggers's (2004) looking at of problems. The development of networks "Governing by The Networks" which observed that involves information combined with education that some of the main capabilities in collaboration were increases the ability of organizational members to network management, Big-Picture Thinking, implement solutions to individual organizations Coaching, Mediation, Negotiation, Strategic and not at the network level. Thinking, Interpersonal Communications, and Network coverage is not only for ex- Team Building. changing information and increasing administra- In addition, the important role of collaborative capacity of members but also "carving out tive managers is to build trust in relation to programming strategies for clients (for example, fostering Collaborative Management Skills. In package funding, technology can be used) carried general, it is accepted that despite the lack of law, out elsewhere, usually by partner organizations. the partnership in this collaboration will still work The most extensive type of network known as" together because of trust (Agranoff and McGuire Action Network. ‖This combination of hierarchies 2001b). Some studies suggest that the success of and collaborative networks is also present in collaboration depends on collaborators trusting emergency management. The network or task force other organizations, even trusting each individual is operated much like a collaborative arrangement (Zaheer, McEvily, and Perrone 1998), while others described by Mandell and Steelman (2003), conclude that trust is based on positive because usually in emergency conditions it still expectations about each member's behavior in does it in the context of a command or top-down cooperation (Ferguson, Dickens , and William T. system. The Emergency Response Task Force 1999). takes the form of a coordinated hierarchy, indicating the existence of "hierarchical networks" (Moynihan 2005).

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3.2 Disaster Mitigation and Principles of collaboration in disaster mitigation. The collabo- Collaboration ration principle in question is shown in Figure 2 Disaster mitigation is a social activity; a below: management strategy that balances current actions and expenditures with potential losses from future Figure 2. hazard occurrences (Weichselgartner 2001). Collaborative Principles in Natural Disaster Mitigation according to Coppola (2006) is divided Mitigation into two types, structural mitigation and non- structural mitigation. Structural mitigation is defined as something related to construction, technical expertise, or other mechanical changes in reducing the risk of the consequences / potential Public hazards. While non-structural mitigation is defined Help as a reduction in risk from the possibility / consequences through modification of human habits or natural processes, without involving the use of Collaborative Skill structural engineering expertise. In this paper only the non-structural mitigation is explained. Non-structural mitigation Self Cooperative itself is defined by Coppola (2006), an effort to Help Help reduce the possibility / consequences of risk through changes in human habits or natural Source: Adapted by Principle Behind Bokomi System, processes, without involving the use of structural Kobe City, Jepang engineering skills. Non-structural mitigation techniques are Collaborative Skill has an important role in often used mechanisms where humans adapt to disaster mitigation, namely the ability of Big- nature. This makes non-structural mitigation a Picture Thinking, Coaching, Mediation, Negotia- small cost and quite easy to do for people who tion, Strategic Thinking, Interpersonal Communi- have minimal finance and resources. According to cations, and Team Building. This capability will Coppola, there are several types of non-structural help realize the Self Help, Cooperative Help and mitigation, namely regulatory regulations, public Public Help principles in disaster mitigation. awareness and education programs/community The principle of Self Help is the principle awareness and education programs, non-structural where a person or individual has preparation and physical/ nonstructural physical changes, environ- protection for themselves before a disaster occurs. mental controls, and behavioral modifycation. The Cooperative Help principle is the principle by To be able to realize non-structural disaster which local communities can work together to mitigation activities, collaboration from many prepare a structure and prepare needs at the local parties is needed. There are 2 (two) factors that can level before a disaster occurs, and The Third support disaster mitigation effectively. The first Principle, Public Help is a principle that em- factor is the level of community participation in the phasizes that the government provides support and community or within the organization, and the rules to strengthen the principle of collaboration in second factor is the relationship between the disaster mitigation that can support capacity and parties related to the government. This factor will ongoing contributions from all initiatives of the be realized if each party has the principles of parties collaborating in disaster mitigation.

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3.3 Disaster Mitigation as Development Invest- incident, the tsunami that hit the Palu was ment relatively small, namely in 1968, a 7.4 M earth- Disaster mitigation is has not been a priority. quake triggered a 10-meter tsunami with 200 In general, the community and government are not people killed, but in 2018 there were 1558 lives. ready to face major disasters. Even though disaster the surge in casualties was caused by the increase mitigation should be done as an investment in in population density of Palu, especially those development, because Indonesia is a region inhabiting vulnerable areas of liquefaction. vurnerable to natural disasters, development must This shows that disaster mitigation in Indo- be adjusted to the conditions of the threat. A dollar nesia has not been used by local governments who invested in disaster mitigation activities will be vurnarable disaster. The local government should able to reduce economic losses from 700 USD - be able to allocate a minimum of 1% of its local 4000USD. goverments funds (APBD) to be invested in After the Aceh Tsunami, disaster knowledge disaster mitigation programs, so far only 0.002% began increase but it has not yet become the of the local goverments funds have been allocated attitude, behavior and culture of people who are for disaster mitigation. Laws needed for sociali- vulnerable to the threat of natural disasters in zation, logistics management for resilient commu- Indonesia. For example, the earthquake and tsu- nities ready to face disasters. nami will definitely repeat itself in a certain time Besides that, the budget is also needed to but then after the disaster and tsunami, the buy tsunami detection device which makes it development is still done in the same location as possible to find all parts of Indonesia 6 million the building structure that has not based on disaster km2, which requires a minimum of 1000 early standards. Many housing estates are built on fault detection devices of speed and accuracy to in- areas, meaning that spatial planning has not been crease. It also requires special satellites for social integrated with data from areas that are safe from networks not to change when a disaster occurs. the threat of disaster. Therefore the principles of mitigation as an Researcer as the first Doctor of Geology investment in development are part of the stake- from the Institute Teknologi Bandung (ITB), JA holders known as the Collaborative Public Mana- Katili has shown many times since 1970 in gement theory. Indonesia that are vurnarable to earthquakes and tsunami, but at that time studies on disaster were 3.4 The Challenges of Mitigation Disaster in still limited. One of the earthquake source areas Indonesia that Katili is concerned about the Palu, Central The disaster management cycle consists of Sulawesi Province City because it is at the end of four stages, namely prevention / mitigation, pre- the fault and is located in a pull basin as well paredness, emergency response, and post-disaster (Katili 2007). The research was later ignored by rehabilitation and reconstruction. In the mitigation the Government, as evidenced by still choosing phase, actions are taken to prevent or reduce the Palu as the Capital of Central Sulawesi Province impact of disasters. The mitigation phase focuses since 1978. on long-term actions to reduce disaster risk Other studies have shown that the high (Namira 2015). According to Law Number 24 of frequency of earthquakes and tsunami that re- 2017 concerning Disaster Management, Mitigation corded the Makassar Strait including the Palu bay is a series of efforts to reduce disaster risk, both has been hit by the tsunami up to 18 times since through physical development and awareness and 1800 and is the most tsunami tragedy in Indonesia capacity building in the face of disaster threats. (Prasetya, 2001). Compared to the previous

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The problem that often occurs is the problem The establishment of the National Disaster of disaster mitigation in Indonesia, as evidenced by Management Agency (BNPB) and the Local the latest data from victims of the earthquake and Disaster Management Agency (BPBD) in order to tsunami that occurred in Central Sulawesi, 2018: increase capacity in Indonesia, evident from the Figure 3. main tasks and functions that exist in the inte- Victims of The Earthquake and Tsunami, Central grated. also handling disasters and emergencies Sulawesi starting from pra, during and after a disaster which includes prevention, preparedness, emergency 1407 2549 handling, and recovery. BNPB based on Act Number 24 of 2007 concerning Disaster Mana- gement and Presidential Regulation Number 8 of Meninggal 2008. Luka Berat In carrying out BNPB duties and functions is Mengungsi still constrained in disaster mitigation properly. In 7821 accordance with Law No. 24 of 2007 that the principles in disaster management as referred to in Article 2, namely fast and appropriate, priority, Source: Research and Development Kompas, 2018 coordination and integration, are efficient and effective, transparency and accountability, partner- The number of victims is estimated to ship, empowerment, non-discrimination and non- increase because many victims have not been proletariat . So that the active role of all parties is identified and buried by collapsed buildings and needed to be able to solve this disaster mitigation many areas have not been reached by The Rescue problem. Team. The National Disaster Management Agency The data shows that there is no effort to consists of disaster management directors and reduce disaster risk, both through physical disaster management implementers. Membership development and awareness and capacity building of the steering element consists of relevant in the face of disaster threats. So that there is a risk government officials and members of the pro- of disaster where there are many losses caused by fessional community. Whereas the membership of death, injury, illness, life threatening, loss of the implementing element consists of professionals security, displacement, damage or loss of property, and experts. Disaster mitigation can be done and disruption of community activities. effectively if the community knows its rights and In the perspective of natural disaster miti- responsibility, especially those who are vulnerable gation a change of mind is needed where more to disasters. social aspects are compared to the physical Disaster vulnerable communities have the approach. The approach must be proactive rather right to obtain social protection and security, than reactive actions. For example, some actions obtain education, training and skills in the imple- focus more on the internal structure of the mentation of disaster mitigation, obtain written community compared to external forces. Reducing information and / or verbally about disaster mitiga- vulnerability to disasters must be integrated as part tion policies, participate in the planning, operation of ongoing policies and programs. Policies and and maintenance of health service assistance programs must be constantly examined, evaluated programs. including psychosocial support, partici- and modified (Weichselgartner 2001). pating in decision making on disaster mitigation activities, especially those relating to themselves

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2nd ICSTCSD 2018 Proceeding Magelang, 16 – 17 November 2018 and their communities and conducting supervision and always apply preparedness to natural disasters in accordance with the mechanism regulated in the (Triana, Widyarto, and Sarwidi 2015). implementation of disaster mitigation. The public service is to maintain a harmoni- 3.5 Collaborative Public Management in ous social life of the community, maintain balance, Indonesian Natural Disaster Mitigation: as harmony and preservation of environmenttal Alternative Solution functions, conduct disaster mitigation activities, The collaboration needs to be done by and provide correct information to the public about investing and innovating to enable all parties, disaster mitigation. At a minimum, the public including government, private sector, academics knows and is finally aware of their rights and and the community from the community and responsibility with the participation of the public, household levels in disaster mitigation. In the private sector and academics so that disaster Collaborative Structure, the Government, both the mitigation activities can be realized including central government and local governments, has a through the implementation of spatial planning, clear chain of command structure in disaster development arrangements, infrastructure develop- mitigation and capacity building of disaster ment, building arrangements and the provision of response task forces. Deputies need to be added to education conventional and modern about disaster. the field of agency cooperation in the organiza- Disaster is an incident that threatens and tional structure of the National Disaster Mana- disrupts people's lives caused by natural and gement Agency (BNPB) and the Regional Disaster human factors, resulting in the emergence of Management National Agency (BPBD) which is casualties and property. So far, disaster mitigation tasked with collaborating with various parties to efforts have been carried out by the government to facilitate coordination in disaster mitigation. reduce risks not yet optimal. As a result, in the In addition, according to Takeda and Helms event of a disaster, people have not been able to (2006) local governments must have the capability handle it themselves. to overcome disasters, the bureaucracy must adopt This fact is because the disaster vurnarable a strategic management model that is supported by areas of society do not have the knowledge to continuous learning, adaptation to change, has a handle disasters. Earthquake and tsunami disaster long-term focus, minimizes the level of error, and risk management in which is a regulation of disas- high ability to combine information and learning. ter management efforts with emphasis on factors (Nurhabibi, Dharmastuti, and Arida 2016) of that reduce risk in a planned, coordinated, inte- course with the collaboration of various parties. grated and comprehensive manner prior to the So far, most disaster mitigation systems occurrence of the disaster, requires multi-party have been designed to only use command and involvement and community participation. control hierarchically, from top to bottom and with With greater involvement they will be able a centralized disaster response. So that it will be to increase capacity in minimizing the risk of very bureaucratic and often hampered by political natural disasters. Earthquake and tsunami risk problems. Therefore there is no involvement of the management must be carried out with an educa- community or the community which causes: (a) tional approach from various parties in an effort to lack of participation so that public awareness has overcome the disaster. Through this approach it is not emerged to make disaster mitigation a hoped that the community can simultaneously gain necessity, (b) there is no capacity building or knowledge about natural disasters, understand the community-owned Collaborative Skill resources, attitudes that will be taken in the event of a disaster and (c) there was dissatisfaction with the

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The Role of Government on Sustainable Development government's performance despite maximally the main activity of Collaborative Public using management's steps in disaster mitigation. Management in Natural Disaster Mitigation in Recognizing that limitation, Collaborative Indonesia has two perspectives: namely risk Public Management emphasizes the Bottom-Up reduction and disaster prevention activities and approach, which collaborates with the Top-Down welfare-related activities. These activities are approach, to overcome challenges and difficulties combined and carried out together. in disaster mitigation. To be effective, local Disaster prevention and risk reduction communities must be supported to analyze the activities with disaster training, first aid se- conditions of those in disaster-prone areas, minars and watching inspection of emergency understand their vulnerabilities and capacities. materials and municipal equipment and de- (Shaw 2015). signing community safety maps and activities That are opportunities that can enhance the related to reducing risk with rescue team. sustainability of Collaborative Public Management in Indonesian Natural Disaster Mitigation: Besides that, the welfare activities in question 1. Can promote and strengthen '' Disaster Mitigas are by communicating regularly with the Culture ''; 2. Improving people's perceptions of community to form a community aware of vulnerability; 3. Accommodate community initia- disaster mitigation, so that they can take tives; 4. Increasing community participation and action, when an emergency disaster occurs, empowerment through institutionalizing disaster given the needs of vulnerable groups such as mitigation; 5. focus on approaches based on parents, toddlers and disabled people. training needs; 6. Involve various parties based on In an effort to mitigate natural disasters and their needs and objectives in an effective way both humanitarian assistance, there are many interact- formal and informal; 7. Using tangible and tions between the military (TNI) and civil intangible physical, technological and economic authorities (BNPB / BPBD), local governments, assets as outputs of collaboration; 8. Promote other civil society such as the private sector and collaboration between community initiatives into non-governmental organizations (NGOs). The planning and budgeting development to ensure the National Disaster Management Agency (BNPB) sustainability of disaster mitigation programs. and the Local Disaster Management Agency Both the central government and local (BPBD) certainly have limitations in mitigating governments in addition to the community, can disasters, it is necessary to coordinate and plan also collaborate with the private sector. The private integrated disaster mitigation programs between sector should have a Corporate Social Responsi- the civilian and military parties during the bility program that focuses on disaster mitigation, emergency response, both within the corridor of especially in developing the quality and capacity of the Response Command System Emergency human resources and the use of technology to (SKTD) as well as the deployment of troops and facilitate the promotion of a culture of disaster civil military cooperation outside of the SKTD mitigation. (Nugroho, Suprapto, and Pandanwangi 2016). The impact of disasters can also disrupt the continuity of business processes, therefore by 4. CONCLUSSION investing in disaster mitigation collaboration Mitigation of natural disasters in Indonesia programs are expected to be able to minimize the should be a priority of the government in deve- risk of disasters so that they benefit each other. lopment, both central and local governments have Adapting the concept of Community-Based the Mindset that disaster mitigation is an Disaster Risk Reduction from Kobe City in Japan, investment in sustainable development. The

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2nd ICSTCSD 2018 Proceeding Magelang, 16 – 17 November 2018 concept of Collaborative Public Management in Management. London: The Johns Hopkins disaster mitigation in Indonesia can be used as an University Press. alternative solution supported by Collaborative Matsuoka, Yuki, Jonas Joerin, Rajib Shaw, and Structure and Collaborative Skills that are qualified Yukiko Takeuchi. 2015. 10 Community, through participation from government institutions, Environment and Disaster Risk Management academics, the private sector and the community. Partnership Between City Government And Collaborative Public Management in Natural Community-Based Disaster Prevention Disaster Mitigation in Indonesia can be a solution Organizations In Kobe, Japan. Emerald to disaster mitigation problems in the hope that the Group Publishing Ltd. risk of natural disasters can be reduced both http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/S2040- fatalities and damage homes and other public 7262(2012)0000010015. facilities. Besides that, the most important thing is Mcguire, Michael. 2003. ―Collaborative Public to be able to help the culture of disaster mitigation Management: Assessing What We Know in the community from Self Help, Cooperative and How We Know It.‖ Help to the Public Heple based on Collaborative Moynihan, Donald P. 2005. ―Goal‐ Based Structure and adequate Collaborative Skills. Learning and the Future of Performance Management.‖ Public Administration 5. REFERENCES Review 65(2): 203–2016. Agranoﬀ , Robert, and Michael McGuire. 1999. Namira, Siti Azizah. 2015. The Role of Non- Managing in Network Settings. Policy Government Organizations in Disaster Studies Review 16 (1 ): 18 – 41. Mitigation (Case Study of Family Care Agranoﬀ , Robert . 2003. Leveraging Networks: Education / Flickering (Peran Organisasi A Guide for Public Managers Working Non Pemerintah Dalam Mitigasi Bencana across Organizations . Washington, DC: (Studi Kasus Keluarga Peduli IBM Endowment for the Business of Pendidikan/Kerlip).‖ Jurnal Dialog Government Penanggulangan Bencana 6(1). Innes , Judith E . ,and David E .Booher. 1999. Nugroho, Sutopo Purwo, Suprapto, and Tika Consensus Building and Complex Adaptive Savitri Pandanwangi. 2016. Civil-Military Systems: A Framework for Evaluating Cooperation in Disaster Management (Case Collaborative Planning . Journal of the Study of Flood Emergency Response American Planning Association 65(4):412– Jakarta, 2013, 2014, 2015) (Kerjasama Sipil- 23. Militer Dalam Penanggulangan Bencana Alter, Catherine, and Hage Jerald. 1992. (Studi Kasus Tanggap Darurat Banjir Organizations Working Together. SAGE Jakarta, 2013, 2014, 2015).‖ Jurnal Dialog Publications Inc. Penanggulangan Bencana 7(2). Ferguson, Ronald F., Ed.; Dickens, and Ed Nurhabibi, Pratiwi, Anjarie Dharmastuti, and Vera William T. 1999. Urban Problems and Arida. 2016. " Capability of Local Community Development. Washington, DC: Governments in Building Preparedness as a Brookings Institution, Washington, DC. Risk Management Effort, Tsunami Disaster Katili, J.A. 2007. Indonesia's Earth Treasure: (Studikasus in Coastal Areas of Biography J.A. Katili (Harta Bumi Kulonprogo)" (Kapabilitas Pemerintah Indonesia : Biografi J.A. Katili). Jakarta: Daerah Dalam Membangun Kesiapsiagaan Gramedia Widiasarana Indonesia. Sebagai Upaya Penanggulangan Risiko, Kettl, Donald F. 1996. The State of Public Bencana Tsunami (Studikasus Pada Wilayah

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Pesisir Kulonprogo).‖ Jurnal Dialog Triana, Dessy, Wahyu Oktri Widyarto, and Penanggulangan Bencana 7(1). Sarwidi. 2015. "Earthquake and Tsunami Raharja, Randy, Vitria Wibowo, Faisal Grahadi Disaster Risk Management Based on Riski Ningsih, and Sari Viciawati Machdum. Education for Communities in Earthquake 2016. The Role of Local Wisdom in Disaster and Tsunami Prone Areas (Manajemen Mitigation: Community Studies in Facing Risiko Bencana Gempa Dan Tsunami Landslide Disasters in Bojongkoneng Berbasis Edukasi Bagi Masyarakat Di Village, Bogor Regency (Peran Kearifan Wilayah Rawan Gempa Dan Tsunami). Lokal Dalam Mitigasi Bencana: Studi Jurnal Dialog Penanggulangan Bencana Masyarakat Dalam Menghadapi Bencana 6(2). Longsor Di Desa Bojongkoneng, Kabupaten Weichselgartner, Juergen. 2001. ―Disaster Bogor).‖ Jurnal Dialog Penanggulangan Mitigation : The Concept of Vulnerability Bencana 7(2). Revisited.‖ 10(2). Shaw, Rajib. 2015. 10 Community, Environment Zaheer, Akbar, Bill McEvily, and Vincenzo and Disaster Risk Management Community- Perrone. 1998. ―Does Trust Matter? Based Disaster Risk Reduction Article Exploring the Effects of Interorganizational Information : Emerald Group Publishing and Interpersonal Trust on Performance.‖ Ltd. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/S2040- Organization Science Vol. 9, No. 7262(2012)0000010007.

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2nd ICSTCSD 2018 Proceeding Magelang, 16 – 17 November 2018 THE DYNAMICS OF CONFLICT IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES OF REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA ABOUT TO THE FORMULATION THE PRESIDENTIAL THERESHOLD ON ELECTION LAW OF NO.7/2017

Ridho Miqdar1, Valina Singka2

1Departement of Political Science, Universities Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia 2Departement of Political Science, Universities Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract 1. INTRODUCTION This study discusses the dynamics of political The implementation of the Presidential and processes or political conflicts that occur in the Vice Presidential elections is one of the manifesta- House of Representatives related to the tions of the democratic system17. The terms or formulation of the presidential threshold in the law conditions used in the general election of the of elections no.7/2017. In the process of President and Vice President are the presidential formulating the presidential threshold fractions in threshold. This provision regulates the require- the House of Representatives (split different) ments for political parties wishing to nominate related to this presidential threshold. Some agree candidates for President and Vice President. This with the enactment of this 20-25% presidential rule has been used in Indonesia since the 2004, threshold, and some want this presidential 2009 and 2014 presidential elections. threshold of 0% (disagreeing with the presidential However, after the issuance of the 2013 threshold). As a result of this political conflict or Constitutional Court ruling on simultaneous elec- disagreement that does not meet the agreement in tions, the issue regarding the presidential threshold the process of political negotiations, so finally the was warmly discussed again. Is the president's issue related to the presidential threshold is done threshold issue still relevant or not if applied to voting in the plenary session to determine the simultaneous elections. The Constitutional Court amount of the presidential threshold. This study through Decision Number 14 / PUU-XI/2013 ruled describes why the political conflict occurred. The that the Presidential and Vice-Presidential theory used in this research is Conflict Theory. The elections were held simultaneously at the same method used is qualitative descriptive method with time as the legislative elections. Concurrent data collection techniques through interviews and elections will only be held in the period of 2019, in document analysis. The findings of this study other words there is no separation of time in the indicate that the political conflicts that occurred in implementation of the presidential and vice the formulation of the presidential threshold is more due to pragmatic politics that are collectible. 17 For Dahl, Democracy is a political system in which So the party ideology is disregarded and no longer members look at one another as the same people in in force. terms of politics, and they are jointly sovereign, and have all the capabilities, resources, and institutions -the

institution they need in order to govern themselves. Keyword: Politict; Conflict; Presidential These definitions are listed in Robert A. Dahl's book. Threshold; Law Election. Democracy and Critics. Jakarta: Indonesian Torch Foundation. 1992. Page xxviii. 153

The Role of Government on Sustainable Development presidential elections and legislative elections in have been debated in the formulation of the law. 2019 (Constitutional Court Decision Number 14 / Among them are the presidential threshold, PUU-XI / 2013). parliamentary threshold, electoral system, alloca- Based on the decision of the Constitutional tion of seats (electoral magnitude) and vote Court regarding the concurrent elections18, then the conversion method. Among the five issues, the rules regarding general elections are made into one presidential threshold issue is the most difficult or what is referred to as the Election Law. The issue to debate. Because this issue does not meet formulation of the Act was submitted by the with agreement in the decision-making process in government in this case the Ministry of Home the plenary session. So that voting is done to find a Affairs (Kemendagri) which was then submitted to way out of the debate. the DPR for discussion in the DPR RI. In principle, There are 10 factions in the DPR RI, each of this Election Law was formed on the basis of which has views on this presidential threshold. The simplifying and harmonizing and combining factions included the PDIP faction, the Golkar electoral arrangements contained in three laws, faction, the Gerindra faction, the Democratic namely Law Number 42 of 2008 concerning faction, the PAN faction, the PKB faction, the PKS General Elections of the President and Vice faction, the PPP faction, the Nasdem faction and President, Law Number 15 Year 2011 concerning the Hanura faction. The presidential threshold was the Implementation of General Elections and Law formulated for the first time in a working report Number 8 of 2012 concerning General Elections of (working meeting) between the Election Members of the People's Legislative Assembly and Committee Special Committee and the Go- Regional Representatives Council, Regional vernment on November 30, 2016. Regarding the People's Representatives Council (Election Bill, presidential threshold, the government conveyed a 285). view of 20-25% (Brief Report on the Election Bill The dynamics of conflict19, debate and Special Committee, 30 November 2016). While the power struggle that took place in the DPR in the factions convey diverse views. discussion of the formulation of the General There are 3 factions that are congruent Election Law (Election Law) is a very important (agree) with the government's proposal. The three and interesting case phenomenon to be studied and factions are in PDIP, Golkar and Nasdem. Then, 7 examined. There are several crucial issues that other factions namely Gerindra, Democrats, PAN, PKB, PKS, PPP, and Hanura did not agree with the 18 Concurrent elections can be simply defined as an government's proposal. The seven factions want electoral system that holds several elections at one the presidential threshold to be abolished or 0%. time simultaneously. These types of elections include In the the next of discussion, there was a executive and legislative elections at various levels change in views from several factions. Among known in the country concerned, stretching from national, regional to local level elections. In European them are the PKB, PPP and Hanura factions. The Union member countries, simultaneous elections even three factions initially rejected the presidential include holding elections for the supra-national level, threshold, but later after the political dynamics namely the election of members of the European (lobbying and compromise), the three factions Parliament simultaneously with national, regional or changed their views to support the government's local elections. See in Syamsuddin Haris et al. Draft Executive Summary Position Paper Simultaneous proposal as a 20-25% threshold. Departing from National Election 2019. Jakarta: Electoral Research the changes in the views of the three factions, the Institute-LIPI. 2015. Page 4. researchers were then interested in knowing more 19 In Maswadi Rauf's view, conflict can be interpreted related details about how the dynamics of political as any conflict or difference of opinion between two conflict in the discussion of the presidential people or groups. Such conflicts can be said as oral conflicts or non-physical conflicts. threshold? What reasons have caused each faction 154

2nd ICSTCSD 2018 Proceeding Magelang, 16 – 17 November 2018 to differ so that there is a political conflict? Is it of the presidential threshold full of interest because of ideological factors or just a momentary interests, so that it ends in political conflict. pragmatic political interest? The source of political conflict as stated by Maswadi Rauf (2000: 23) is the political ruler. 2. METHODS Maswadi Rauf explained that the political ruler had The research method used in this study is a the aim to manage conflict (management of qualitative method with descriptive-analytical tech- conflict) with all the authority he had. However, niques. This method is used for several reasons. this authority is often misused. So that such First, adjusting qualitative methods is easier when authority or power often opens opportunities for dealing with multiple realities. Second, this method political authorities to realize their personal or presents directly the nature of the relationship group interests. The result is that the political ruler between researchers and respondents. Third, this no longer emphasizes his role as the manager of method is more sensitive and can adjust to a lot of conflict, but becomes the source of a conflict in sharpening mutual influence and to the patterns of this case political conflict. value faced (Moleong, 2000: 5). In the context of this case, the submission of The data needed in this study was collected presidential thresholds in the electoral law was in two ways. First, through literature studies, carried out by the government which in this case namely the search for written sources in the form was submitted by the Ministry of Home Affairs to of minutes of proceedings, books, journals, and the Indonesian House of Representatives, to be mass media coverage. Second, through in-depth later discussed in the DPR. In its proposal, the interviews with speakers, namely factions and government proposed a presidential threshold of members of the DPR-RI who were directly 20% of seats in the DPR or 25% of national involved in the discussion of the Election Law. In- legitimate votes. As a result of the proposal, depth interviews were carried out using interview various factions expressed their views regarding guidelines prepared in advance. the president's threshold value. Among them there are 3 factions that agree and agree with the 3. DISCUSSION government's proposal at 20-25%. The factions are In this discussion the author only uses PDIP, Golkar and Nasdem. The three factions view conflict theory to focus on seeing and analyzing and argue that the figure of 20-25% aims to deeply related to this case. strengthen the presidential system. And then, 7 factions agreed that the 3.1. Political Conflict in Formulating the presidential threshold at 0% or the presidential President's Threshold threshold was abolished. The factions included Conflicts in the formulation of laws are Gerindra, Democrats, PAN, PKB, PKS, PPP, and commonplace. However, it becomes a problem if Hanura (in the Minutes of the Election Bill Special the conflict is not based on the interests of the Committee Meeting). The initial view of the seven people. It would be a big problem if the conflict factions is to see that the presidential threshold at was based on personal interests and interests for 20-25% is contrary to the constitution (incititu- certain groups. Maswadi Rauf (2000: 2) argues, sional) and the logic used to strengthen presidential that conflict can be interpreted as any conflict or systems is not appropriate. difference of opinion between at least two people In the next of the discussion, there was a or groups. In this context, there are several factions change in views from several factions. Among that have different interests and views from one them are the PKB, PPP and Hanura factions. The another. So that this is what makes the formulation PKB, which initially rejected the presidential threshold, then changed their views by proposing 155

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25% of seats in the DPR and 25% of the national were nationally legitimate, and PKB proposed 25% votes. While the PPP, which initially refused the of seats in the DPR and 25% of national votes. presidential threshold, then changed its view by The debate continued until finally the proposing a 7.0% seat option in the DPR and 3.5% discussion of the presidential threshold was raised of the national votes. While Hanura, which initially at the second level meeting at the plenary meeting refused the presidential threshold, then changed its on July 20, 2017 for decision making. In the view by supporting the presidential threshold with discussion there was a lobbying process and a a figure of 20% of seats in the DPR and 25% of compromise between factions. Where before the nationally legitimate votes.. voting was done, the PKB and PPP factions So that of the 10 factions in the DPR, 4 changed their views, which initially did not agree factions that agree with the presidential threshold with the presidential threshold at 20-25%, then are 20-25%. The four factions are PDIP, Golkar, changed to support and agree with the presidential Nasdem and Hanura. Then 4 other factions namely threshold at 20-25%. Thus, after the voting was Gerindra, Democrats, PAN and PKS remained on carried out there were 6 factions which agreed with the initial view which proposed the presidential the presidential threshold at 20-25% and 4 factions threshold (Presidential Threshold) abolished. did not agree with the presidential threshold at 20- While the other two factions namely PPP proposed 25%. Here the author states in the table the 7.0% of seats in the DPR and 3.5% of the votes changes in views of the faction from the beginning to the end of the presidential threshold discussion. TABLE I Faction Views on the President's Threshold No. Fraction Early View Middle View End view Description of Views 1. PDIP 20-25% 20-25% 20-25% Still agree 2. Golkar 20-25% 20-25% 20-25% Still agree 3. Gerindra 0% 0% 0% Fixed Disagree 4. Demokrat 0% 0% 0% Fixed Disagree 5. PAN 0% 0% 0% Fixed Disagree 6. PKB 0% 25-25% 20-25% Change Agree 7. PKS 0% 0% 0% Fixed Disagree 8. PPP 0% 7%-3,5% 20-25% Change Agree 9. Nasdem 20-25% 20-25% 20-25% Still agree 10. Hanura 20-25% 20-25% 20-25% Change Agree

If you look at the table above, the factions three factions, Gerindra, PKS and Democrats who that support the President's threshold are 20-25%, rejected the presidential threshold by 20-25%, most of which are factions within the government were factions that were opposed to the go- coalition or referred to as the Great Indonesian vernment, most of which were members of the Red Coalition (KIH). As is known, the factions joined and White Coalition (KMP). For information, the in the government coalition namely PDIP, Golkar, faction that is still incorporated in the KMP is PAN, PKB, PPP, Nasdem and Hanura. However, Gerindra and PKS. The polarization of the two there is only one fraction incorporated in the KIH poles between the factions that support the that does not support the President's threshold of President's threshold of 20-25% and the faction 20-25%, namely the PAN fraction. While the other that rejects the President's threshold of 20-25% is

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2nd ICSTCSD 2018 Proceeding Magelang, 16 – 17 November 2018 still closely related to the fight between KIH and discussing the formulation of the presidential KMP in the 2014 Presidential Election. threshold. Because basically the conflict between In an interview with the media, Lumkman factions is related to differences of opinion Edy, a member of the PKB faction who was also regarding a problem related to political interests, chairman of the Special Committee for the namely the interest to gain power from each Election Bill, argued that "PKB continues to political party that is to be achieved through seduce the government from the start with various elections. So that ideological values that become arguments. But then the government stays at 20- the guidelines and guidelines in the institutions of 25%. So, because the PKB is in the line of the political parties are no longer an important government coalition, then the PKB inevitably has foundation in the formulation of a policy. Because to believe in the government ". So finally PKB it was displaced by the pragmatic interests of those agreed with the presidential threshold of 20-25% who held control in the political party. (https://news.detik.com, July 22, 2017). The conflict situation according to Paul Then, the PPP's view changed to agree with Conn in (Ramlan Surbakti, 2010: 196) is that the presidential threshold because with a conflict situations are basically differentiated into presidential threshold of 20% the government zero-sum conflict and non-zero-sum conflict. could save the election budget. Quoting Romi Surbakti (2010: 197) explains that zero-sum Romahurmuzy's explanation "We are trying so that conflict is a situation of conflict that is antagonistic there is no voting. But if there is a voting we are in in nature so that it does not allow for the a basic manner. That is our effort to offer a achievement of a compromise between the parties meeting point. (http://kabar24.bisnis.com, July 11 involved in the conflict. The characteristic of the 2017). structure of this conflict is that it does not allow for Maurice Duverger (1982: 47) suggests there cooperation, the results of the competition will be are three types of conflict. First, conflict which has enjoyed by the winner only, which is at stake no principle at all. Second, conflict arises because usually involves matters of principal and important there are differences regarding parts of a principle positions of government. but not about the principle itself. Third, conflict While the win-win conflict (non-zero-sum which departs entirely from a basic principle. conflict) is a conflict situation where the parties Syamsuddin Haris (1988: 271) analyzes that the involved in the conflict are still possible to make a first type of conflict deals with practical problems compromise or cooperation so that all parties get a that are not related to the issue of ideology. part of the conflict. The characteristics of this Disagreements born of the political interests of conflict are compromise and cooperation, the someone or a group of conflicting people seem to results of the competition will be enjoyed by both be included in this category. The second type of parties. In this context, the conflict that occurred conflict concerns differences of opinion regarding especially related to the issue of presidential a problem related to the interests of the party, or threshold can be categorized as a zero-sum the interests of the organization, or the community conflict. Due to the failure to reach a compromise / that is considered to be represented by the party. deliberation until voting is carried out. While the third type of conflict arises if the disputed issue is an ideology, such as regarding the 4. CONCLUSSION basis of the state. Seeing the dynamics of political conflicts If you look at the analysis of Syamsuddin that occur in the formulation of the presidential Haris above, it can be confirmed that the second threshold above, there are fundamental findings type of conflict is relevant to the reality of the that can answer research problems. First, it relates conflict that occurred in the DPR RI when to the dynamics of political conflict which color

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The Role of Government on Sustainable Development the formulation of the presidential threshold. Lexy J. Moleong. Metode Penelitian Kualitatif. Where each faction has their own views and argu- Bandung: PT. Remaja Rosdakarya 2000. ments that support their attitude in determining the Maswadi Rauf. Konsensus Politik ―Sebuah president's threshold. But there are also factions penjajangan Teoritis‖. Jakarta: Direktorat that change their views or are inconsistent in jendral Pendidikan Tinggi. 2000. determining attitudes that are influenced by Maurice Duverger. ―Political Parties‖. N.Y. John compromises and political lobbies between Willwy & Sons. Inc 1963 dalam Arbi Sanit, factions. Sistem Politik Indonesia: Kestabilan, Peta The second, pragmatic reasons for gaining Kekuatan Politik dan Pembangunan, power that dominate and color conflict in the Jakarta: Rajawali Press. 1982. formulation of the presidential threshold. There are Ramlan Surbakti. Memahami Ilmu Politik. jakarta: no ideological values that serve as guidelines and PT Grasindo. 2010. guidelines for the president's threshold formulation Robert A. Dahl. Demokrasi dan Para debate. Moreover, the interests that are based on Pengkritiknya. Jakarta: Yayasan Obor the interests of the people are not visible at all. The Indonesia. 1992. conflict is purely on the basis of pragmatic political Short Report on Election Bill Special Committee. interests to gain momentary power. Syamsuddin Haris dkk. Draf Ringkasan Eksekutif If such pragmatic interests dominate and Position Paper Pemilu Nasional Serentak color the process of formulating laws in the future, 2019. Jakarta: Electoral Research Institute- then this will be a bad precedent in our legislative LIPI. 2015. process. Moreover, the interests of the people are Syamsuddin Haris. Pola dan Kecenderungan negated. So that people are no longer used as Konflik Partai Masa Orde Baru. Jurnal interests in formulating laws. Analisa, CSIS, Tahun XVII, No. 5, Mei 1988. 5. REFERENCES Treatise of the Special Committee Meeting on the Constitutional Court Decision Number 14 / PUU- Draft Law on the Implementation of XI / 2013. Elections. Draft Election Law (Election Bill) Number 42 of 2008.

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SINGLE CANDIDATE IN THE LOCAL ELECTION OF MAKASSAR AT 2018

Zulqifli1, Chusnul Mar‘iyah2

1Department Political Science, University of Indonesia 2Department Political Science, University of Indonesia [email protected]

Abstract: 1. INTRODUCTION This study explains and analyzes the winning Makassar City is one of the regions that factor of empty boxes in the Pilkada of carried out Pilkada in 2018. In the implementation Makassar in 2018. If the majority of single of the Pilkada, there were a number of uniqueness candidates in some regions are incumbents, when compared to other regions carrying out the then Makassar is born from an elite Pilkada. The uniqueness is, among others, the city of Makassar is one of twelve regions which in the businessman, Munafri Arifuddin-Andi implementation of its elections are followed by a Rachmatika Dewi (Appi-Cicu). The results single candidate. However, if the other regions are showed that the Makassar election in 2018 single incumbents (incumbents), in Makassar City was won by an empty box and for the first time a single candidate emerges from the business elite, in the Indonesian elections the empty box was namely the pair Munafri Arifuddin-Andi Rachma- superior. The purpose of this study is to find tika Dewi (Appi-Cicu). The pair was carried by ten out the factor of winning empty boxes in the political parties namely Golkar Party, Nasdem Makassar election in 2018. The theoretical Party, Hanura Party, Prosperous Justice Party foundation used is elite theory and voter (PKS), National Mandate Party (PAN), United behavior. The research method used is Development Party (PPP), Indonesian Democratic qualitative by exploring and analyzing various Party of Struggle (PDI P), Hanura Party, The Gerindra Party, and PKPI and pocketed the support literature studies. His research findings show of 43 seats in the Makassar City DPRD. that the victory of the empty box that became Another fact in the implementation of the history has confirmed the direct election as a Makassar City Election in 2018 was the incumbent means of people's sovereignty. In addition, the candidate Mohammad Ramadhan Pomanto (Danny victory of empty boxes is also a major Pomanto) paired with Indira Mulyasari Pramastuti evaluation for elites and political parties. This going forward in the contestation of the Makassar situation is a warning to elites and political City Election in 2018 through an independent parties in terms of not monopolizing people's (individual) path. However, the participation of the aspirations. couple was later canceled by the Makassar City KPU due to a decision from the Makassar City Keywords : Local Election; Pilkada; Administrative Court (PTUN) which stated that Danny-Indira's partner was proven to have misused Makassar Election. authority in the Election process. Previously, the Makassar City KPU appealed to the Supreme Court, but the appeal was rejected, so the Makassar City KPU continued to implement the Makassar

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City Administrative Court's decision to disqualify attracted the attention of residents of the City of Danny-Indira's spouse. Thus, the Makassar City Makassar with the proven participation of residents Election was only followed by a single candidate, in the registration of the candidate pair. The couple namely the pair Munafri Arifuddin-Andi Rachma- was declared eligible because it was supported by tika Dewi (Appi-Cicu). 117,492 KTPs while the requirement for support Another interesting thing in the implementa- for couples of individual candidates to advance in tion of the Makassar City Election in 2018 was the the Pilkada in Makassar in 2018 was to have at result of the Pilkada, which was actually won by least 65,000 KTP support. Mekipun was not an empty box. Although, the single candidate pair supported by political parties, but in the registra- came from the political elite and the business elite tion of the pair to the KPU of Makassar City was in Makassar by being carried by ten political also delivered by various elites of political parties parties and only against empty boxes, but the pair such as Hamzah Hamid who was the Chairman of only received 264,245 votes or around 46.77%. the DPC PAN of Makassar City, Syamsudin While the empty box gets 300,795 votes or around Karlos, the DPW PAN South Sulawesi Province 53.23%. Based on the description of the back- and various other party elites. ground and the problems above, this study would Meanwhile, the pair Munafri Arifuddin- like to answer the following research questions: (1) Andi Rachmatika (Appi-Cicu) registered with the Why did the phenomenon of single candidates KPU of Makassar City on January 10, 2018 occur in the 2018 Pilkada of Makassar? (2) What accompanied by their ten supporting parties. After factors influence the victory of empty boxes in the sharing verification of support both materially and Makassar City Election in 2018? formally on January 11, 2018 the Makassar City Election Commission determined the candidates 2. METHODS for Mayor and Deputy Mayor of Makassar City in The research method used in this study is a the Makassar Election in 2018 as many as two qualitative research method type case study. The pairs of pairs, namely Dani Pomanto-Indira use of this type of case study is one of the Mulyasari (DIAmi) and spouse candidate for qualitative research strategies that includes certain Munafri Arifuddin-Andi Rachmatika (Appi-Cicu). units, gives an in-depth picture, in a real-life After the determination of the candidate context, answers the question why, in a certain pairs by the Makassar City KPU, several survey period of time, and uses multiple sources of institutions conducted an electability survey of the information. This type of research uses descriptive two candidate pairs. One of the survey institutions research type. The type of descriptive research is that conducted the survey was Celebes Research used in this study, because it can systematically Center which conducted a survey using a sample portray the condition of the selection of empty of as many as one thousand respondents in 15 sub- boxes in the Makassar City Election in 2018. districts in Makassar City. The results of the research conducted by Celebes Research Center 3. RESULT AND DISCUSSION namely the Danny Pomanti-Indira Mulyasari pair The process of the Makassar City Election were superior compared to the pair Munafri in 2018 begins with the registration stage of the Arifuddin-Andi Rachmatika, with a percentage of candidate pair. Registration of candidate pairs 71.8%. While the pair Munafri Arifuddin-Andi starts on 8-11 January 2018. The candidate pair Rachmatika obtained a percentage of 18.8%. Danny Pomanto - Indira Mulyasari Pramastuti In February 2018, the candidate pair (DIAmi) registers on the first day of registration Munafri Arifuddin-Andi Rachmatika Dewi filed a which is on January 8, 2018 accompanied by more lawsuit to the Makassar City Administrative Court than a thousand volunteers. Although carried out (PTUN). The lawsuit was addressed to the by individual channels, the couple actually Makassar City KPU to disqualify Danny Pomanto- 160

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Indira Mulyasari (DIAmi) partner. The principal After the Danny-Indira couple annulled, the claim filed by the couple was that the Dani implementation of the Makassar City Election in Pomanti-Indira Mulyasari pair had violated Article 2018 was only attended by one candidate pair, 71 paragraph 3 of Law Number 10 of 2016 namely Munafri Arifuddin-Andi Rachmatika. The concerning the Election of the Governor and single candidate phenomenon that occurred in Deputy Governor, Regent and Deputy Regent and Makassar City was not new to the regional alikota and Deputy Mayor. The essence of the elections in Indonesia. However, the results of the article states that Officials of Governors, Regents elections that were followed by single candidates and Mayors are prohibited from using authority, in Makassar City in 2018 were a new chapter in programs, and activities that benefit or harm one the history of regional elections in Indonesia. This candidate pair 6 months before the nomination of is due to the results of the regional elections, candidates until the determination of candidate instead won by an empty box. pairs. Although, the single candidate pair came In this case, the pair Munafri Arifuddin- from the political elite and the business elite in Andi Rachmatika postulated that Dani Pomanto- Makassar by being carried by ten political parties Indira Mulyasari's partner had misused his and only against empty boxes, but the pair only authority by distributing 5971 smartphones to the received 264,245 votes or around 46.77%. While Chairperson of RT / RW in Makassar City, the empty box gets 300,795 votes or around appointment of contract employees in the Ma- 53.23%. In fact, of the 15 sub-districts in Makassar kassar City environment and the use of 2x + City 13 of them were won by empty boxes, as tagline good as a tagline for the city of Makassar. described in the following table: Against the lawsuit, The Makassar City Adminis- TABLE 1 trative Court (PTUN) stated that the Dani-Indira Results of votes for Makassar City Election in 2018 pair was proven to have misused authority in the per District Election process. So that the Makassar Administra- tive Court ordered the Makassar City KPU to disqualify the Dani-Indira pair as candidates for Mayor and akil Mayor of Makassar in 2018. However, before carrying out the Makassar State Administrative Court's decision, the Makassar City KPU appealed to the Supreme Court, but the appeal was rejected, so the Makassar City KPU continued to implement the Makassar City Administrative Court's decision to disqualify Danny-Indira's spouse. Thus, the Makassar City Election was only followed by a single candidate, namely the pair Munafri Arifuddin-Andi Rachma- tika Dewi (Appi-Cicu). The disqualification of the Danny-Indira (DIAmi) couple then reaped various pros and cons in the Makassar City community. In addition to carrying out various legal efforts, supporters and sympathizers of the Danny-Indira candidate pair also held various demonstrations. Source :Data processed from infopemilu.kpu.go. id

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4. CONCLUSION Jocelyn A.J.,Evans, Voting and Voters: An Local Election in Makassar at 2018 is a new Introduction, London: SAGE history in all local election in Indonesia. Because, Publication,2004 the local election in Makassar at 2018 is the one Michels, Robert, Partai Politik : and only the local election which defeat single Kecenderungan Oligarkis dalam candidate. Why the single candidate loss than Birokrasi, Jakarta: Rajawali, 1984. empty box in local election of Makassar at 2018, Moeloeng, Lexy J. M.A, Metodologi because there are public dissatisfaction from the process of local election, specially when General Penelitian Kualitatif, (Bandung: Election of Makassar (KPU Kota Makassar) dis- PT.Remaja Rosdakarya), 2009, cualificated one of pair at local election. In other Ng.Philipus dan Nurul Aini, Sosiologi dan hand, public reaction in Makassar about of local Politik, Jakarta: PT. Raja Grafindo elite of Appi Cicu make them dissatisfaction and Persada, 2004. they want other choice. Nursal, Adman, Political Marketing,Strategi Memenangkan Pemilu. Jakarta. 5. REFERENCES Gramedia Pustaka Utama, 2004. Amal Ichlasul Amal (Ed), Teori-teori Robert Putnam dalam Mujani,Syaiful. Muslim Mutakhir Partai Politik, Yogyakarta : Demokrat, Islam, Budaya Demokrasi Tiara Wacana, 1988. dan Partisipasi Politik di Indonesia Asshiddiqie, Jimly, Kemerdekaan Berserikat, Pasca-Orde Baru, Jakarta : Gramedia, Pembubaran Partai Politik, Dan 2007. Mahkamah Konstitusi, Jakarta: Schumpeter dalam Georg Sorensen. Sekretariat Jenderal dan Kepaniteraan Demokrasi dan Demokratisasi,Proses Mahkamah Konstitusi Republik dan Prospek dalam Sebuah Dunia yang Indonesia, 2006. sedang Berkembang, Yogyakarta: Budiardjo, Miriam. Dasar- dasar Ilmu Politik, Pustaka Pelajar, 2003. Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama, 2015. Varma,SP.Teori Politik Modern, Jakarta: PT Cambell, August et.al, The American Raja Grafindo Persada,2007. Voter(USA: John Willey and Sons, Inc, 1966) Denzin, Norman K dan Yvonna S.Lincoln, Hand Book of Qualitative Research, (Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar, 2009. Hamid, Zulkifli, Pengantar Ilmu Politik Jakarta: Raja Grafindo Persada, 2009 Haris, Haris, Partai, Pemilu, dan Parlemen Era Reformasi Jakarta : Yayasan Obor, 2014. Huntington, Samuel P.dan Joan M. Nelson, Partisipasi Politik di Negara Berkembang, Jakarta: PT. Sangkala Pulsar, 1984.

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2nd ICSTCSD 2018 Proceeding Magelang, 16 – 17 November 2018 VOTE BUYING : INCUMBENT AND DEMOCRACY THREATS OF THE SIMULTANEOUS ELECTION OF PERBEKEL IN BALI

Piers Andreas Noak 1

1Political Science Department, Udayana University, PB Sudirman Denpasar, 80223, Indonesia, [email protected]

Abstract buying conditions even though it is recognized that This article describes the potential vulnerability of this condition threatens the democratic vote buying in the election process occurring at the development at the village level. Based on this lower level, namely the election of perbekel or the problem, it is proposed to activate the village official village head in Bali. The main problems website to accommodate the simultaneous election are the dominant factors influencing the pattern of of perbekel. vote buying in the election of perbekel in Bali and the understanding of the meaning among the Keywords: Potential; Vulnerability; The Election voters, candidates, and organizers related to vote of Perbekel; Simultaneous; Bali. buying and its deterrence strategies. The data collection methods are interviews, observation, 1. INTRODUCTION and documentation. The data analysis was done by The phenomenon of the election of the the Laclau and Mouffe‘s discourse theory. In this village heads is considered to be less prestige discourse theory, the voters, candidates, and compared to the election of the regent or the organizers articulate the meaning of vote buying governor. News related to the stages to the results according to the surrounding context in the form of determination of the election of the village head a discourse. The results of the study present the are largely excluded in the mass media news data that the potential of vote buying or electorate portion. There is a perception that the election of vote buying in the realm of the election of perbekel the village head is considered the responsibility in Bali is quite high. The vote buying practice is domain of the local district or city government and prone to occur on the day of the election by is seen as an administrative celebration routine intimidation and the money politic practice as a rather than a democratic party at the grassroots widely practiced mode in the local elections. The level. This is certainly an ironic phenomenon since vulnerability pattern takes the form of special the village is the main support of the Indonesian budget funding reaching the livestock groups, government system and the nearest organizer of farmer groups until the youth activity at the village the public service to the people. In fact, around level. Intimidation is an action that can no longer 70% of the population registered as the potential be observed because it has manifested in the voters in every election routine is domiciled in the development funding programs focusing on the village (Kompas, 4 December 2017). client groups. Incumbent becomes a subject always Regulations related to the election of village practicing this pattern easily, in addition to the head or perbekel are the Regulation of the Minister patron client base that he has built during his of Home Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia tenure. The electorates are permissive on the vote Number 65 of 2017 concerning the Amendments

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The Role of Government on Sustainable Development of the Regulation of the Minister of Home Affairs accommodated as the election supervisory of the Republic of Indonesia Number 112 of 2014 committee apparently does not have any authority concerning the Election of Village Heads. Article in this area. Until now the organizing phases until 30 regulates the ethics and sanctions for the the announcement of the election results is still violations of the election process of the village held by the local district or city government, in this head. Factually, the election of the village heads case the Village Community Empowerment and carried out simultaneously in each regency or city Government Agency (BPMPD) and the National tends to have the same deviation as the election of Political Unity and Community Protection Agency. the upper level public office. This is like reporting This research has a strategic value consi- the cheating practices of the village head elections, dering that the mapping study of the potential organizer neutrality, voter data manipulation, vulnerability of vote buying; especially the election conflict over election results to vote buying ahead of the village heads is still limited. This includes of the elections of the village head. In the 2017 the absence of studies from the electoral period, vote buying complaints were reported in commission, independent institutions, including the elections of Demak, Kebumen, Indragiri Hilir, the academics who map the potential vulnerability and other regions with a range of IDR 50,000- of the fraud in the election of perbekel in Bali. Rp.500,000/vote (Kompas, 2 October 2017). Besides the village currently gets a large funding This also occurs in the simultaneous source every year in the form of village fund selection of perbekel in Bali. Some complaints allocations apparently identified as new sources of about the election of perbekel in Tabanan and vote buying (Halili, 2015). This new source has the Denpasar are more related to cheating candidates potential as an instrument of reward for the including vote buying complaints ranging from officials during the elections, causing the massive IDR 100,000 - IDR 2,000,000, also including the corruption practices at the village level. This indi- complaints about alleged intervention by certain cation is the main theme of the case for the election political party officers and regional officers (Nusa of the village head in Bali (Nusa Bali 15 Novem- Bali, 15 November 2015). Vote buying is a ber 2015). practice through the lure of money as one of the The results of this research relates to the money politics (Sukmajati and Aspinal). Vote mapping of the potential vulnerability of vote buying is considered a serious threat to the demo- buying in the election of perbekel in Bali which cracy at the village level. Hiroki‘s study (2013) strategically can also be used as the guidelines for stated that the candidates in the process of electing the organizers in each district and also be useful in village heads in China tend to practice vote buying classifying votes buying lawsuit based on the when competing and this is rarely raised as a understanding of the voters, candidates, and public issue. Moreover Bowie (2008) stated that organizers. Based on the absence of technical ins- vote buying in Thailand is related to traditional tructions related to the handling of a vote buying village cultural climate. The apathy and the lawsuit released by the government, it is necessary ignorance of the people ultimately influence the to do the research in mapping the potential lack of interest of the villagers to protest the vulnerability of vote buying in the election of corruption practices, including considering vote perbekel as well as its prevention. buying as reasonable despite threatening the demo- The problem in this research is what the cracy. pattern of vote buying in the election of perbekel in However, the practice of mis-conducting the Bali is, what the dominant factors are, what integrity of election at the level of the election of understanding built up among the voters, candi- the village head is largely ignored. The handling of dates, and organizers, regarding to the vote buying the complaints regarding this violence is not is, and what the deterrence strategies are.

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The study of the mapping of the potential alleged money politics cases increased each year, vulnerability of vote buying practices in the especially in the regional head elections in election of village heads in Indonesia is still low. Indonesia. Vote buying is still interpreted as an Vote buying is electorate vote buying in the realm effective tool to buy votes due to the economic of the election (Sukmajati & Aspinal, 2014). One rationality of the voters. of the relevant studies to this research is Haili‘s Through this quantitative research, Shahab study (2015). His research entitled Pola Politik stated that in every regional head election, respon- Uang dalam Pemilihan Kepala Desa (A study in dents who live in rural areas are twice bigger than Pakandangan Barat Bluto Sumenep Madura) the urban residents in providing space to vote concluded that the practice of vote buying had buying practice. The criticism to this quantitative- brought non-democratic values undermining the based research is it oversimplifies the trigger factor procedural democracy and substantive democracy. and does not see a difference in perception of the The various understandings related to vote buying discourse itself. common money politics at the society level has not Widnyani‘s research (2015) entitled Analisis found bargaining power as a barrier to the money- Dugaan Money Politics terhadap Partisipasi politics operation. By conducting a research with Pemilih (A Study of 2014 Election in Gianyar descriptive qualitative method, Haili considered Regency, Bali Province) explained the findings that money politics practice extensively increased that in the regional head elections in Bali, the the formal participation of voters, even though the money politics practice was carried out through participation was pseudo-participation because it two mechanisms, namely directly by the candidate was non-rationality, and the candidates need to pay and indirectly through a team and vote brokers. a high-cost politics to buy the voters. This pheno- The factors causing the occurrence of money menon created pseudo-democracy (the democratic politics are the motivation of appreciation and self- mechanism does not guarantee the realization of actualization need of the candidates, the motivation intrinsic democracy) and hybrid democracy (the of physiological need of the teams and vote bro- democratic mechanism mingles with non-demo- kers, and even the motivation of sense of security cratic practices). and social need of the voters. Another study related to the election at the Besides, the international study related to village level was carried out by Aspinal & Rahman vote buying was conducted by Takeuchi (2013) in (2017) with the research entitled Village head Vote Buying, Village Elections, and Authoritarian elections in Java: Money Politics and Brokerage in Rule in Rural China: A Game-Theoretic Analysis. the Remaking of Indonesia's Rural Elite. This In his study, Takeuchi saw that the vote buying qualitative study on the election of the village phenomenon in the process of the election of the heads in Central Java region stated that vote village heads was mostly carried out by three types buying only accommodated the strong capital of village elites, including political elites, eco- characteristics and networks candidates to nomic elites, and social elites. compete. These elites hold important positions such as Until now, the other studies related to the the entrepreneurs in rural industries or the leaders potential vulnerability of vote buying in Indonesia of kinship groups. The characteristics of capabi- are dominated by the regional elections practice. lities possessed by elites are the ability to provide Some of them are Shahab (2016) and specifically public goods based on the resources they have, in Bali, Widnyani (2015). Shahab (2016) in his such as political authority, economic resources, article Vote Buying dalam Pemilihan Kepala and social networks. These resources are then used Daerah (Pilkada) Kota Surabaya dan Kabupaten as the exchange material basis as the vote buying Blitar Tahun 2010 stated that the number of

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The Role of Government on Sustainable Development in gaining votes for the election of the village bourgeois democracy. This understanding was heads. developed into an image that bourgeois democracy Identical to the study mentioned before, is a wrong democracy because it eliminates the Bowie‘s research (2008) entitled Vote Buying and good and capable leaders by the ―gangsters‖ or Village Outrage in Election in Northern Thailand: middle-class elites with superior economic but lack Recent Legal Reforms in Historical Context stated of leadership skills. This understanding was spread that vote buying is a reality that has a historical by the local popular media, so that several regions flow in the past (path dependency) having an managed to the voter groups to organize them- embedded tradition, strong and difficult to dismiss. selves and their communities to reject the vote The vote buying phenomenon is an unbroken chain buying practice. in every public officer election practice. Some of The study of Sukmajati and Aspinal (2014) the factors influencing it are the colonialism noted that the cause of rampant vote buying as a experience and the material basis controlled by a money politics in Indonesia is the characteristic of few elites. Indonesian who largely vote based on economic Callahan‘s different research approaches rationality, choosing the candidates who benefit (2005) in his research entitled The Discourse of the individuals or groups. It is still rare for Indone- Vote Buying and Political Reform in Thailand sian to choose the candidates based on the track explored the potential understandings of the voters, record or their program. The economic rationality candidates, and organizers related to vote buying eventually becomes the goal of the voters that is to rejection strategies in the process of the election at accept candidates who practice the vote buying. the village level. Callahan mostly began his The voters also tend to receive all the money from presentation regarding the phenomenon of vote the candidates but the vote is according to their buying in developing countries where the people own wishes, so what happens is the maximizing choose the candidates based on economic benefit and minimizing cost of the voters. rationality. The voters choose the candidates who give In Argentina, the vote buying targets are the money or other benefits such as food, or other swing voters and indifferent voters. Vote buying in assistance. Economic rational voters will not Argentina can be realized with money or goods choose the candidates who do not provide benefits such as food, clothing, building materials, to the voters. Vote buying mapping in this research mattresses, or even alcoholic beverages. The same is based on the characteristics of the ethnicity, condition occurs in Nigeria where vote buying is religion, age, occupation, gender, organization, and also practiced to win the elections. Vote Buying income (Callahan, 2005). The potential vulne- uses the patrons or village community leaders to rability is all things that can threaten the substance buy voters‘ votes. The money used came from of the process and the results (Takeuchi, 2013). businessmen in Nigeria called the Godfathers. The The classification of the potential vulne- vote buying practice in Nigeria is accompanied by rability of this research refers to the characteristics the intimidation of the political parties, or even the of Aspinal and Rahman (2017), including the certain public officers. components of the actors, strategies, and value In his research, Callahan categorized the systems moving them. The actor running the vote understanding related to vote buying from the buying is categorized into the direct actor and the various perceptions of voters, candidates, and team of the candidates of the village head or organizers. Vote buying is a ―political disease‖ be- perbekel, including gamblers or bebotoh, and the cause it contains fraud and dishonesty. This indirect actors including the candidates of the understanding is then shifted to vote buying village head. In the strategy aspect, there are rejection strategy by identifying it as coherent with several classifications, including the intervention

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2nd ICSTCSD 2018 Proceeding Magelang, 16 – 17 November 2018 mode of voting institution (rules of the game), technique, the researcher interviewed several key giving the money and non-money (funding informants in advance at the district level, namely assistance in repairing/rehabilitating physical the agency or the institution holding the simul- buildings, etc.), and the other non-material taneous election of perbekel. Through the snow symbolic exchanges (e.g. positions). ball technique, key information obtained very The election of the village head or perbekel, important information, including some candidates normatively refers to the Regulation of the and voters who are considered to represent the Minister of the Home Affairs of the Republic of research problem. Indonesia Number 65 of 2017 concerning the Amendment of the Regulation of the Minister of 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION the Home Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia Most of the informants stated that the lack of Number 112 of 2014 concerning the Election of socialization among the people was a trigger factor the Village Heads. The review of the vote buying for their reluctance to participate in the simul- practice is regulated in Article 30 concerning taneous election of perbekel including the potential ethics and sanctions of the violations of the of the infiltration of the unilateral interests in election process of the village head‘s. money politics. Political promises of the candidates are often co-modified in the form of money 2. METHODS politics including the donations. It can be the This study used descriptive qualitative me- funding assistance for the farmer and livestock thod. The data collection method is interview, groups and youth organization or sekaa at the observation, and document techniques. The data banjar level. The allocation of funds to these analysis method was conducted by using the groups is recognized by several informants. The discourse theory proposed by Laclau and Moeffe. granting of the funding assistance is submitted In this theory, the voters, candidates, and through the proposals by each group. Nevertheless, organizers articulate the understanding of the vote whether the tendency of funding assistance is the buying towards a nodal points discourse through potential of repayment of vote buying is difficult to the concept of hegemony. In this articulation, there prove. is a power struggle in the formation of vote buying The parties that have the greatest potential to discourses in the election of perbekel in Bali. do this practice are incumbent perbekel. The The discourse theory helped to identify the searching for the cheating practices is also very dominant perception shaping the construction of relative given its very personal. Even if there is a the dominant narrative of the people regarding the funding assistance provided to the community reality, especially vote buying. It also identified groups, it is not certain that the assistance is based how the candidates, voters, and officers cons- on the aspirations of the community. tructed the discourse related to the vote buying and The vote buying practice carried out in the prevention efforts. day of simultaneous election was considered as The study was conducted in several regen- fooling the community by the majority of the cies in Bali which held simultaneous election of informants. This condition is a consequence of the perbekel during 2015-2017. In some areas, there of the political education failure at the village was a lawsuit related to the alleged vote buying level. In fact, sometimes there is no access to the case carried out by the candidates when the socialization of the local election. simultaneous election was held. The technique of The stake conditions of the most informants determining the informants was done by purposive are the principles of justice, including the track sampling to choose the informants having know- record of the candidates or perbekel, especially the ledge in accordance with the research topic. In this incumbent in executing the development budget in

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The Role of Government on Sustainable Development the village. Most assess the community partici- Political parties act as the large patrons and pation as a discourse, and substantive aspects of disburse as much money as possible in the hopes political education have not yet occurred. In this that the clients (perbekel candidates) will be able to context, it includes enabling the people to plan, bind the sympathy of the voters on the regional, supervise, and evaluate the ongoing development, legislative, governors and presidential elections. including the simultaneous election of perbekel. This condition is interpreted by the informants that When analyzed in the theory of discourse simultaneous election of perbekel is an initial analysis of Laclau and Mouffe, it is clear that the investment in binding the mass of voters, espe- understanding of vote buying is an empty signifier cially for the political parties. that cannot be sensed as a matter. Several The pros and cons are implied from the informants regarded vote buying as a form of assumption of the informants. Vote buying is sensing the informants as a matter, some formed from various understandings, namely social interpreted it as a ―forbidden‖ or even ―normal‖ reality. In each individual, the informant has an condition. There are also informants considering empty marker which is nothing but ideas and not vote buying as a ―dirty exchange‖ leading to the matter. Because it cannot be sensed, there appears ―criminal acts‖ and harms the democracy. The a lot of understanding for the existence of vote average informant did not have a clear answer of buying, which is signified. This sign will become the question about how to prevent it, but the hegemony when its understanding becomes an condition is permissive because it was considered empty marker and applies universally (Laclau, normal. 2010: 10). In this study, the informants consider For parties who get benefit, the vote buying that vote buying is a reality, and this is actually practice is maintained by institutionalizing patron dangerous for the practice of democracy at the client culture. The patron who is the elected village local level. The habitual cheating practice, head or especially incumbent will reward the client manifested in incumbent actions to the community, who had voted for him. On the other hand, the is something that is already known but is largely informants who come from village activists and ignored. especially those who lose in the simultaneous Based on the research findings, the majority election of perbekel are possibly criminalized. of informants considered that the solution to During this time the conditions of the minimize the occurrence of vote buying, one of simultaneous election of perbekel were apparently which is the activation of websites on the official separated from the monitoring of independent village portals and e-voting. The activation of this election monitoring institutions. The simultaneous website is actually part of a compromise on the election of perbekel turned out to be inseparable meeting of community control practices running from the interference of the role of political parties. with development programs; including how the Political parties in the context of the election of simultaneous election of perbekel guarantees the perbekel are trying to build a mass base at the accommodation true local participation. The solu- grassroots especially fighting over the influence of tion offered by most informants is to display the the mass of voters for themselves even though they contents related to the candidate's personal data, a are not given a space. This is acknowledged by list of visions, missions and programs, wealth several informants that the vote buying practice is reports, to the leadership qualification history that considered to harm the simultaneous election can be accessed, especially by the concerned practice. As a democratic process, the simul- public. This content is always updated as long as taneous election of perbekel should run in a the implementation of the simultaneous election of healthy and democratic manner. In certain perbekel is held. Candidate's personal data includes situations, political parties actually make it worse. a list of origins, track records of family, education,

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2nd ICSTCSD 2018 Proceeding Magelang, 16 – 17 November 2018 organizational and work experience, and the 4. CONCLUSSION leadership in their respective communal levels. The potential of vote buying vulnerability in The list of the visions, missions, and pro- the election process occurring at the lower level, grams is the main content, because perbekel is the namely the election of perbekel or the official important steering position to village development. village head in Bali is still high. The study is a very The visions, missions, and programs of each important to be done to get an overview of the candidate are important, including their measurable dominant factors influencing the pattern of vote operational definitions. This is certainly expected buying in the election of perbekel in Bali as well as so that the villagers can measure the indicators of the understanding among the voters, candidates, the achievement of each vision and mission as well and organizers related to the vote buying and as the programs offered by the candidates whether idealization of deterrence strategies. the candidate in will keep the promises or vice This research, using interviews, observation, versa. and documentation in data collection methods and The other important content is the list of Laclau and Mouffe‘s discourse theory as the data assets and the candidate's leadership qualifications. analysis, gives the results that the candidates and This is to avoid fraudulent practices of corruption, organizers articulate the understanding of vote collusion and nepotism, including the guarantee for buying towards nodal points discourse through the the running leadership practices to uphold the concept of hegemony. Vote buying by the candi- aspects of accountability, transparency, justice, and dates in the election of perbekel in Bali is professionalism. vulnerable to occur on the day the election by These contents are integrated in the official intimidating and practicing money politics such as village portal specifically displayed before and the widely practiced mode in the local election. during the simultaneous election of perbekel. To The vulnerability patterns or factors take the form ensure the visits and accessibility, intense sociali- of special budget funding for the cattleman and zation needs to be done by approaching the agricultural groups to youth activities at the village community both in paruman meetings of the level, including intimidation at the polling stations communities in the traditional villages and posting The dominant factor of the incumbent the pamphlets in the village. perbekel is still an important subject and has As for the e-voting context, the design is not always been easy to play this pattern, in addition to merely a sector system carried out only at the time the client patron base he has built during his of the simultaneous election of perbekel, but tenure. Based on these problems, there is an idea of contains integrated system displaying the candi- the informants to implement village website date‘s personal data, a list of visions, missions, and activations to accommodate the interests of programs, and leadership qualification history that simultaneous election of perbekel as well as the can be accessed by the public for during the application of e-voting. E-voting is still difficult to simultaneous election of perbekel. The integrated eliminate the potential of buying votes, but at least implementation of e-voting will certainly gu- it can reduce some of its potential vulnerabilities. arantee the principle of fairness in the election E-voting is not just a sector system running process at the grassroots level, namely the village, only on the date of the simultaneous election of in addition to educate the people that so far only perbekel, but contains integrated system displaying the strong capital and network candidates who the candidate's personal data, a list of visions, competed. missions, and programs, to leadership qualification history that can be accessed by the public during of the simultaneous election of perbekel.

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The integrated implementation of e-voting Shahab. A. 2016. Vote Buying dalam Pemilihan will certainly guarantee the principle of fairness in Kepala Daerah (Pilkada) Kota Surabaya dan the election process at the grassroots level, in Kabupaten Blitar Tahun 2010. Jurnal addition to educate the people that so far only the Jejaring Administrasi Publik. Th II. Nomor strong capital and network candidates who 8, Juli-Desember 2012. Unair : Surabaya competed. Sukmajati, Mada & Aspinal, Edward E. 2014. The authors thank for those who supported Politik Uang di Indonesia. Polgov : the writing of this article, to the Rector of Udayana Yogyakarta University and the Head of LP3M Udayana Takeuchi. Hiroki. 2013. Vote Buying, Village University who gave us the opportunity to carry Elections, and Authoritarian Rule in Rural out this research. The authors also thank the China: A Game-Theoretic Analysis. Journal research informants. of East Asian Studies; Cambridge Vol. 13, Iss. 1, Jan-Apr 2013. 5. REFERENCES Widnyani. 2015. Analisis Dugaan Money Politics Aspinal, Edward E & Rahman, Noor. 2017. terhadap Partisipasi Pemilih (Studi Village head elections in Java: Money Penelitian Pemilihan Umum Tahun 2014 Di Politics and Brokerage in The Remaking of Kabupaten Gianyar Provinsi Bali). Gianyar: Indonesia's Rural Elite. Journal of Southeast KPUD Kabupaten Gianyar Asian Studies, 48 (1), February 2017. Bowie, Catherin A. 2008. Vote Buying and Village Newspaper : Outrage in an Election in Northern Kompas, 2 Oktober 2017 Thailand: Recent Legal Reforms in Kompas, 4 Desember 2017 Historical Context. The Journal of Asian Nusa Bali, 15 November 2015 Studies; Ann Arbor Vol. 67, Iss. 2, (May 2008) Callahan, A. William. 2005. The Discourse of Vote Buying and Political Reform in Thailand. Pacific Affairs; Vancouver Vol. 78, Iss. 1, Spring 2005. Haili, SP. 2015. Pola Politik Uang dalam Pemilihan Kepala Desa (Studi di Pakandangan Barat Bluto Sumenep Madura). Jurnal Ilmu Administrasi Publik UNY: Yogyakarta Moleong, Lexy J. 2007. Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif: Bandung : Rosdakarya. Nurcholish, Hanif. 2013. Administrasi Pemerintahan Desa. Jakarta : Universitas Terbuka. Peraturan Menteri Dalam Negeri Republik Indonesia Nomor 65 Tahun 2017 tentang Perubahan atas Permendagri Nomor 112 Tahun 2014 tentang Pemilihan Kepala Desa

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PARENTAL PERSPECTIVE ON THE DETERMINANTS OF SECONDARY SCHOOL ENROLMENT IN INDONESIA: A CASE STUDY IN TEMBANG ISLAND, BANGGAI REGENCY, CENTRAL SULAWESI

Loiza Susilo1

1Institute of Education, University College London [email protected]

Abstract 1. INTRODUCTION The issue of school enrolment has become a Education is an investment. This is the heavily researched area, especially after the premise on which human capital theory (HCT) declaration of the MDGs in 2000 for the universal believes that completing school is a crucial stra- primary education. Though it had significantly tegy for development. Thus, the underlying improved the global primary school enrolment rationale for the importance of keeping children rate in 2015, it has a lack of improvement on the and youth at school. It is associated with the secondary school enrolment rate. Particularly in premise in which a more educated society will Indonesia, the transition rate from primary school have higher economic and societal growth, which to lower secondary have been lagging for the past lead to various global initiatives in increasing decade. An in-depth field study in Tembang island school enrolment. on the transition rate to secondary school from The Millennium Development Goals parents' perspective was investigated in this paper (MDGs) officially started in 2000 and to be through semi-structured interviews and short achieved by 2015. In education, the MDGs set out demographic surveys. Generally, this study found to achieve Universal Primary Education (UPE), the three central themes of the secondary school where all girls and boys complete primary school enrolment in Tembang island from the perception (United Nations, 2015). A wide range of inter- of parents, such as costs-related issues, parental ventions were implemented, from removing perception on children's abilities and school fees to increasing the supply of schools in characteristics, and other external factors. These rural areas. themes are the main components of the analysis The post-2015 results shows that the and policy recommendation in this paper. Future worldwide efforts were successful in increasing research and policy recommendation are the primary school enrolment rate. On average, discussed to boost secondary school enrolment in more than 91% children within primary school areas with similar characteristics. cohort globally were at least enrolled in primary school compared to the 83% in 2000 (United Keywords: Secondary School; Enrolment Rate; Nations, 2015). An improvement that narrowed Parental Perspective; Low-Income-Country; the gap to as low as 5% on primary school Rural Education. enrolment rate between the developed and developing countries became a noticeable effect from the MDGs.

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Despite the success of UPE, the secondary teriorating to 83% when the cohort reached sixth school enrolment fell behind. The earliest data grade. Amongst such cohort, only 81% graduated from UNESCO Institute for Statistics (2018) on from the primary in 2007/2008, and only 66% of global secondary school enrolment rate in 1998 the cohort continued to lower secondary school. showed that almost half (46%) of the world's There are two sides of the common deter- secondary school cohort was out-of-school, where minants of enrolment rate; the supply of school 80% of them in Sub-Saharan Africa were out-of- infrastructures and the demand of education. In school. While globally, only 66% of adolescents the supply side, a study investigated parents with in the age group were enrolled. This reflected a children in primary school and the graduates by slow growth of secondary school enrolment at Suryadarma, Suryahadi, and Sumarto (2006) in 11% since 2000. Indonesia found that only 4% of parents claimed For the case of Indonesia, the country has distance to school deterred school enrolment for successfully achieved UPE before the MDGs their children. declaration (Suryadarma & Jones, 2013). The Moreover, the difference between urban early achievement of UPE in 1983, was the result and rural households are also significantly im- of a presidential mandate between 1975 and 1987 pacted enrolment. While discounting all charac- to build more than 10,000 primary schools all over teristics, children from rural households have less the region (Bjork, 2005). The goal was to provide chance of enrolling than the urban residents at least one primary school building in each (Sugiharti, 2017). Especially for rural households, village. It resulted in an imbalance number of Prasetyia (2018) suggested that the supply of available school buildings in the country. school facilities drove more secondary school Currently, there are over 72,200 primary school participation compared to the demand side. He infrastructures, where there are only less than continued that the more public school facilities are 35,000 of lower secondary and 23,336 of upper available in a district, the higher the enrolment secondary buildings available (Indonesian rate. Statistical Bureau, 2017). On the demand side, there are two major The availability of school infrastructures determinant clusters of school enrolment rate. impacted the enrolment rate at both levels. The Firstly, household characteristics play an essential most significant primary school enrolment growth role in determining school continuation in was most prominent after the decree, which Indonesia. Generally, an assessment of education increased from 73.4% to more than 97%. Despite inequality from 2005 to 2012 using the logit the success in nearly achieving UPE, only 66% of model by Sugiharti (2017) found more educated primary school children who were enrolled in parents increased children's probability to enrol. 1988/1989 completed primary school in 1993/ Additionally, children with 9-years school edu- 1994 (Suharti, 2013). cated fathers have 5% more probability to enrol in Despite the progress, Indonesia has yet to secondary school, while mothers‘ level of educa- improve the transition rate to secondary schools tion was indifferent (Suryadarma, Suryahadi, and (Suharti, 2013). Aside from the availability of Sumarto, 2006). secondary school infrastructure, it also caused by In income-related influences, household the failure to retain primary students in school. welfare is still one of the most robust determinant. The Centre for Education Data and Statistics from Suryadarma, Suryahadi, and Sumarto (2006) the MoEC by Suharti (2013) found that from the concluded that 71% of parents in their study cited total enrolled primary school cohort in 2002/2003, the costs of schooling to be the main reason for only 90% finished the fourth grade, while de- dropping out of school, despite the free 9-year

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2nd ICSTCSD 2018 Proceeding Magelang, 16 – 17 November 2018 basic education programme facilitated by the collected data from an area with Tembang Island government. Therefore, the higher household characteristics, this is a methodological gap for income, the higher chance of enrolment. The studies within the topic in rural Indonesia. claim was also supported by Sugiharti (2017) who suggested a higher enrolment probability for 2. METHODOLOGY households that were categorised as non-poor. A mixed-method study was conducted that This is due to Parents were often required to pay draws upon its primary data from a fieldwork an additional hidden and indirect fees, such as for research through semi-structured interviews and building maintenance, school uniforms, and short demographic surveys. Short surveys were teaching-learning equipment, as well as cope with intended to record parents‘ demographic data, the loss of the foregone earnings from child labour such as the identity of the parent and the child, for the family (Omari, et al., 1983). parental level of education, number of children in Secondly, Sugiharti (2017) found that boys a household, and average monthly income per are less likely to enrol in secondary school level. capita. The fieldwork interviews were conducted This implies that there is a trade-off between child in the island of Tembang on the north-east of labour opportunities and schooling, because the Pagimana Sub-District in Central Sulawesi of opportunity costs are higher for boys than girls in Indonesia from May 28 to June 12 2018. Indonesia. Further, the effect of the number of Sample size of seventeen respondents was children within a household was found to then gathered from the fieldwork. Interviewees affecting enrolment significantly unfavourable, were divided into three groups, where each group whereby the more children within a school age in consisted of five to six parents with specific a rural household, the lower enrolment probability criteria. Respondents were obtained through for each child (Takahashi, 2011). This result referrals from previous interviewees within each implies an implicit resources competition among group, as well as from the local primary school siblings within a household. teachers and principal. This study used a criterion It is obvious that the area of school sampling. To help these three categories of enrolment rate is a popular topic in the research parents, they were coded as INSCH, OUTSCH, field. However, most previous researches focus and PRIMGRAD. only from the economically-related perspective The basic assumption of education as a while discounting the ethnographic view of the future investment, where a return from years of issue. This implies that there is a limited per- schooling is presented by lifetime earnings po- spective towards ethnographic research, thus tential was considered in the interview. As well gaining a more in-depth understanding of the issue as, a more open-ended characteristics of school from such perspective is needed. This is where enrolment based on the children characteristics, current research able to provide a deeper under- motivation, and other external factors were also standing of what is happening in the field. investigated. The openness of the study design is Additionally, a majority of studies in Indo- reflected in the primary research questions. The nesia that investigated the determinants of school interview questions were structured to investigate enrolment were primarily used a secondary data the following research questions: analysis from Podes (Village Potential) dataset, What influence parents‘ decision on en- IFLS (Indonesian Family Life Survey), and rolling or not enrolling their children to secondary Susenas, Sakernas (National Labor Force Survey). school in Tembang Island, Central Sulawesi? No primary data collection studies were found in How do parents perceive the return to neither urban or rural areas, especially those who secondary school in Tembang Island?

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How does parental perception on the rate of between parents and I have been built since I return to secondary school affect their decision on taught some of their children in elementary enrolling their children to secondary school in school. Moreover, to ensure the dependability of Tembang Island? this study, I have clearly presented a step-by-step I interviewed all of the participants with the data collection and analysis method in this help of a local translator who were one of the chapter. Thus, ensuring that this study can be primary school teacher of the island. The process transferred and replicated in a similar context to of each interview began with a verbal introduction gain similar results. that explains the aim of the study in a mixture between the Bajo tribal language and Bahasa 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Indonesia. Each participant was given a chance to 3.1. General Findings ask questions before completing the consent form The review of the interview transcript that has been translated to Bahasa Indonesia. aimed to seek any significant findings related to Once each participant completed the form, the issue of this study to answer the main research interview took place. As the result of the inter- questions of the following: view, seventeen audio recording were collected. What influence parents' decision on en- After the interview, participants were asked to fill rolling their children in secondary school in up a short demographic survey before ending the Tembang Island, Central Sulawesi? process. The time taken for each data collection How do parents perceive the return to process ranged between fifteen to thirty minutes. secondary school in Tembang Island? Once all of the targeted participants from all How does parental perception on the rate of sample categories were gathered, the interview return to secondary school affect their decision on recordings were transcribed into writings in the enrolling their children in secondary school in original language before being translated into Tembang Island? English by the researcher. Subsequently, I upload- To begin analysing the data gathered from ed all of the English-translated transcripts and the the fieldwork, I coded the data according to the short demographic surveys to the Atlas ti software related themes. These codes were merged into for qualitative data analysis and coded all of the sub-themes and finally produced three major documents to create themes of results. The coding themes and its sub-themes as presented in figure I. processing strategy was based on Seldana (2013). The quotations from respondents will As expected, there were no ethical issue support to highlight the findings from each theme. emerged during the interviews. All parties vo- As the respondents were divided into three luntarily participated, which not only include groups, INSCH, OUTSCH, and PRIMGRAD, the parents as participants, but this study was also results will be compared and contrasted within supported by the local stakeholders. My and between these three groups. The general familiarity with the respondents in this study due findings from the seventeen interviews conducted to my past working experience on the island with parents in this study are as the following enabled me to improve the credibility of gaining details: the actual responses from the interviewed parents, Using the regional minimum monthly thus reducing the sensitivity and social acceptance poverty line of 293 thousand Rupiah (USD20) per bias. capita, only 23.5% of parents across the three Though that there is no exact way to eli- groups earn more than the regional minimum minate bias in this study, the credibility of the data income, where almost half of them earn less than should reflect parents‘ experience as the trusts

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USD 10 or just below 150 thousand Rupiah/ There were slightly more parents with capita/month. female children than the male who was The majority of parents, 76% of mothers interviewed in this study with a ratio of 59:41 and 82% of fathers, are primary school graduates. more girls than boys.

Parent’s Understanding on The Benefits from Completing Secondary School

Affordability of the Indirect Costs Economic-Related

Accommodation Availability

High Opportunity costs, Prefer to Work

Child's degree of willingness to pursue secondary school Parents' Perception on Child's Abilities & Characteristics

Child's Degree of Intelligence

Parent's Perception on The The on Perception Parent's Enrolment in Tembang Island Tembang in Enrolment Determinant of Secondary School School Secondary of Determinant Sudden Illness/Death of a parent External Factors Unexpected Child's Pregancy/Marriage

Figure I. Coding Thematic Analysis on Results of Parental Perception on the Determinants of Secondary School Enrolment in Tembang Island, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia.

3.2. Economic-Related Factors study found that despite the geographical This theme will present data related to seclusion and poor living conditions, a majority of parent‘s understanding on the return from parents in Tembang Island who were interviewed investing in secondary education and cost-related understood the benefits of schooling for their affordability. It is worth noting that the availa- child's future. Also, their view on the degree of bility of accommodation was added as a factor benefits of enrolling and completing secondary because there is no secondary school facility in school is profoundly affecting their decision to Tembang Island. Hence parents need to spend enrol their children in secondary school. Parti- extra costs to secure accommodation for their cularly, a respondent showed a deeper under- children in the nearest sub-district of Pagimana or standing of the human capital by explicitly Boalemo. mentioned the significance of obtaining a On the case of parent‘s understanding on the schooling certificate in relation to future return from investing in secondary education, this employment:

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It's essential to have a secondary school costs of daily needs, rent, and separation from certificate these days. Even to be the village family. The initial costs of enrolment in this study or school administrator, you can't be a are defined as any costs related to the beginning of primary school graduate. I don't want AAA to enrolment process that include costs for the be like me who could only do some hard application forms, uniforms, school necessities, labour or go fishing to make a living. If he at and costs related to relocating to accommodation least got upper secondary school certificate, near schools. Whereas the costs of daily living are he would find jobs more accessible. (005- any costs incurred during the years of schooling, AAA/AM-INSCH, 2 June 2018) this includes child‘s daily stipend, commuting costs, daily meals, and other schooling needs. The finding implies that some individuals, The answers were categorised into two including parents and employers, see education as groups: the perceived affordable group and the a means to an end, where the goal is to obtain a perceived unaffordable group. Results shows credential to legitimise their investment decision, more than half of the respondents perceived the which suggested that the ‗investors‘ will indirect costs of secondary education as eventually expect some rewards in return from affordable. However, parents‘ claims on the their investment in education. There were no affordability were ranged from ―very confident‖ gender differences on parents' understanding of to ―it will be a struggle but are determine to work the benefit of the secondary education from pa- on it‖. The first example came from two single rents who supported their children‘s school mothers whose husband passed away and enrolment. struggles but determined to support her daughter On the other hand, the fieldwork study also secondary education: found some contrasting perspective on the return of investing in secondary education from a mother I‘m struggling to provide her (JS) to be very who refused to send her son to secondary school honest. Since her father passed away last because she believes that enrolling children in year, I‘ve been trying my best to support secondary school will bring no advantages for the her. I sell snacks, cakes, noodles, you name child's future. The contrast in parents‘ attitude it. I sell everything that can earn me money towards schooling implies that children with pa- so that I can support her education. I want rents who have a more positive attitude towards her to be a nurse so that she can take care schooling are more likely to enrol their children in of the people in this village and take care of school compared to those who view education to me too. (008-JS/MM-INSCH, 4 June 2018) be less advantageous. This finding supported a previous study in Though that the respondent is struggling to rural China that concluded the higher parents‘ support the indirect costs of schooling due to the expectation on the child‘s education level, the loss of the primary source of income of the more years that children in a household attending household, they seem to be very persistent to keep school (Zhao & Glewwe, 2010). Further analysis their daughters in school because they have high of the influence of household characteristics on hope for the daughters‘ future. This show that the parental perspective on the benefits of these parents strongly believe that supporting the enrolling in secondary school is needed in order to education of their children is mean to have a better establish a clearer picture of causality. quality of life, not only for the child but also for Next, The indirect costs in this study the family and society. Next, the second example include the initial enrolment and application costs, came from a mother who was very confident

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2nd ICSTCSD 2018 Proceeding Magelang, 16 – 17 November 2018 about affording the indirect costs of her daughter's The endowment recipients will receive 750,000 secondary school: Rupiah (USD52) annually, discounting the area of residence. I‘m not too worried about money because she The effectiveness and efficiency of this (NEP) really likes to go to school. Money is programme were criticised by OECD (2016) in her father‘s job, so I hope everything will be their OECD Indonesia Economic Surveys due to okay (in the future) so that we can keep the poorly timed implementation of the cash supporting her education (013-NEP/IM- transfer. Recipients will only receive the fund INSCH, 6 June 2018) after a few months of the initial enrolment timeframe. This means that parents are still Besides supporting her child‘s eagerness to required to cover the initial enrolment costs before pursue secondary school, I examined her house- actually receiving the fund and based on the hold‘s characteristics to understand the confidence interviews in this study, the initial enrolment costs of NEP mother's claim further. I discovered that play a crucial role on parents' decision-making her household is among the 23.5% of the process. household who earns above the Banggai Re- One may argue that another weakness of gency‘s minimum poverty line. In contrasts, the the programme overly generalised the nominal following examples highlight parents who are value of the amount given with a lack of financially struggling to fulfil the household‘s consideration on the real value of a due to daily needs and perceived the indirect costs of different rates of inflation within Indonesia. The schooling to be unaffordable. poorly timed delivery of the cash transfer and the lack of context-related value adjustment on the It (the costs) affects a lot. Since we only amount of cash transfer, combined with the low make less than 100 thousand Rupiah per household income in the rural area would week, how can we afford the costs of living? negatively affect the parents' decision on enrolling Even though there are no monthly tuition their children to secondary school. This argument fee, the costs of living are too expensive is supported by OECD (2016) that suggested (003-AAL/YR-PRIMGRAD, 1 June 2018) reform in the programme administration, and implementation is needed to ensure higher There is indeed a government intervention enrolment and attendance rate in secondary to alleviate some of the indirect costs of school, especially in rural areas. schooling, but it has yet to boost enrolment rate. Third, the effect of the available accommo- The government programme of Kartu Indonesia dation in the mainland of Sulawesi with regard to Pintar/KIP (Smart Indonesia Card) provide a the enrolment probability for children from conditional cash transfer scheme that targets fami- Tembang Island was also investigated. The lies who are prone to fall or live under the national nearest schools are located in either Pagimana or poverty line, orphan children, and children with Boalemo sub-districts with a commuting time disabilities to cover some of the indirect costs, ranged from one to three hours‘ journey by a such as school necessities, daily stipends, and small fishing boat, along with a less thirty minutes commuting costs (Ministry of Education and by foot. The general accommodation-related fin- Culture, 2016). dings show that almost 64% of parents have some To receive the endowment fund, students sort of accommodation arrangement near the must be officially enrolled in an educational schools in sub-districts, despite enrolment status. institution and aged between 6 to 21 years old.

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However, 36% of the parents claimed that more likely compelled to work in households one of the most significant problems of school living under poverty (Bhalotra, 2007). enrolment is caused by the absence of available The conditional cash transfer scheme has accommodation near the school. Among those been suggested in order to reduce the opportunity parents, 60% of them refrained from supporting costs of school enrolment by awarding low- their children enrolment in secondary school due income parents a lump sum of money in exchange to the safety concern due to lack of adult super- of school attendance (Gitter & Barham, 2009). vision and the high costs of accommodation in the This scheme might be applicable in the context of nearest sub-districts. rural Indonesia, such as Tembang Island. Howe- Despite such variable might not be one of ver, currently, there has yet to be a specific cash the most crucial determinant of secondary school transfer scheme to tackle child labour problem and enrolment, it concludes that the presence of improve school enrolment rate. The current accommodation still has an influence on scheme of KIP only provide an endowment, and enrolment rate in areas similar to Tembang Island. the funds are allocated only to those who are Parents might consciously aware of certain risks already enrolled in school. Consequently, it attached to the separation from families and narrowly aimed to prevent students from dropping detaching their children to a new environment out. However, this programme has a lack of with lack of adults' supervision. impact on the out-of-school children who com- This finding is supported by Pitt, pelled to work with their family due to poverty. Rosenzweig, and Gibbons (1993) who found a Such intervention help to prevent child small to no impact on secondary school enrolment labour by reducing the opportunity costs in by increasing the supply of school. However, it is households under poverty, which it might improve worth noting a study in China found that though boys‘ enrolment rate in this case. Therefore, while the small significance to the general enrolment boys appear to work on account of poverty rate, girls are less likely to enrol in school when compulsions, the evidence for girls is ambiguous. there is no schooling facility near the household This article ﬁnds support for the assumption that (Li & Liu, 2014). This is due to the risks are poverty compels boys to work. This suggests that higher for girls to go to school in an unfamiliar cash transfers offered to households supplying community, as girls are more prone to harassment. child labour will be effective in reducing child This suggests that through increasing supply of labour amongst boys. school will increase enrolment in girls. Fourth, this study also found that from two- 3.3. Parental Perception on Child's Abilities & out-of-five parents who refused to send their male Characteristics children to secondary school claimed that the This study found that child‘s individual opportunity costs of them leaving home and going characteristics are impacting parents‘ decision on to school is higher than the perceived benefits of school enrolment in Tembang island. Child‘s abi- secondary schooling. They mentioned that they lities and characteristics measured in this study need their boys to earn a living and to work to include: the degree of the child‘s willingness to feed the whole family. However, the field research enrol in secondary school and parental perception did not find any evidence on the effect of on child‘s level of intelligence and diligence. It opportunity costs-related in girls, which is in line found that 64% of children participated in this with a study that analysed rural Pakistan's house- study according to parents‘ testimony were eager hold survey which found that male children are to enrol in secondary school. Amongst those who were eager to pursue secondary school, only half

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2nd ICSTCSD 2018 Proceeding Magelang, 16 – 17 November 2018 of them are actually currently enrolled in creasing secondary school enrolment rate is the secondary school, while the others were either goal. The detaching children away from the main never enrolled in or dropped out from secondary discussion in numerous studies have been heavily school. Children eagerness was found impactful to criticised by Adlerson (2013) in her various successfully skewed parents‘ decision to enrol publications. She urged the importance to start on them in school: including children in the discussion and breaking He (AAA) really wanted to go to the myths and the oppression of children on their secondary school. At first, I was hesitant incapability and the lack of relevancy on the adult on whether I could afford it or not but world. The lack of previous studies will help to when he saw me leaning toward not fill up the gap and provide new evidence on the supporting him to enrol in secondary topic of determinants of school enrolment in low- school, he ran to the pier and cried. income countries. Seeing him cried like that, it broke my Additionally, a majority of children who are heart, so the next day I took him to currently pursuing secondary school are perceived Pagimana and enroled him to school as ‗smart‘ by their parents. The finding suggests (005-AAA/AM-INSCH, 2 June 2018) that parents' view on their child's intelligence play a role during parents‘ decision-making process on In contrast, the study found that all out-of- school enrolment. One may argue that the smarter school children were perceived to have a lack of parent thinks their child is, parents will project schooling motivation by their parents. The two more confidence in supporting their child's edu- most common themes were because child's refusal cation due to the lower risk of defaulting on to be separated from their families and child parents‘ investment in education. Takahashi labour. The contradictory statements above (2011) concluded a similar result and found that illustrate that children's motivation in pursuing students with the higher national test for six school have a significant impact on parents' deci- graders score (EBTANAS) have a greater chance sion-making process. One may argue that in this to pursue secondary school compared with study, the child should also be recognised as an students who scored lower on the test. However, a agent who has the capacity to influence their own child's level of intelligence has shown to have a will and act towards it, which in this case was to lack of impact in the out-of-school group. bargain over schooling enrolment decision. Most The results from parents‘ interview on the household models on enrolment decision making perceived degree of child‘s intelligence concluded often failed to recognise children's agency despite that though it has an influence on their school the fact that various evidence has shown that enrolment decision, the magnitude of the effect is children do act to achieve their preferable results. non-crucial, such that the smarter parents Findings by Orkin (2011) in Ethiopia supported perceived their children are, the higher the the view and argued that children have a power to probability of the child to enrolled in secondary skew the power balance in a household on the school only for the in-school group. Nonetheless, decision in households. the effect of child‘s level of intelligence showed The shift on the power distribution by even to have lack of influence in the out-of-school out the decision burden to all household members children, where though 40% of children in out-of- with an aim to maximise household utility and school group were perceived to be smart by their give each member of a household the agency, parents, parents did not enrol them in school. especially children, to decide and act towards the preferable outcomes, which for this study, in-

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3.4. External Factors circumstances, especially for girls. Particularly on Factors such as sudden death or illness of a the relationship between child marriage and parent and child pregnancy and marriage were pregnancy to school enrolment, Salvi (2016) grouped together as a theme because these factors believes that teenage pregnancy and marriage happened in the respondents‘ life unpredictably would hinder young people to pursue personal within a short period of time. Most households in success as it will interrupt education and training the island rely upon a single stream of income, activities and most girls will never continue with where men go out fishing. The illegal dynamite their education due to their responsibilities for fishing technique is a common practice among childbearing. As the link between child pregnancy some fishermen in the island. Though the fishing and marriage and school enrolment has become method poses a tremendous threat to those who one of the most researched topics in the area of practice it, it is still widely practised due to the education and childhood studies, the findings in profitability. Compared to traditional fishing, such this part of the thematic analysis will add to the method generates up to ten times more income. current literature by providing a more explicit link Most deaths happened due to illegal fishing between the issue and school enrolment in a accidents involving homemade fish bombs. fishing community. The gender difference is apparent, where boys are compelled to work to take over 4. CONCLUSION AND POLICY RE- responsibilities of a breadwinner. It is related to COMMENDATION the previous explanation regarding the difference The problem with the school enrolment rate in magnitude of the opportunity costs between has become the global community‘s focus since boys and girls in families with poverty, whereby 2000 after the declaration of the MDGs, especially the costs of enrolling boys to school in households at primary level. Though it had significantly who are struggling with poverty is significantly improved the global primary school enrolment higher than girls. In this case, the death and the rate in 2015, it has lack of improvement on sudden health problem of the main source of secondary school enrolment rate. In Indonesia, income seemed to be a multiplier of such effect on this was caused by the access to secondary school school enrolment for boys, where boys are less in rural areas and the failure to prevent primary likely than girls in school after the loss of a parent. school students from dropping out prior to In the case of child marriage, the loss of the completion. breadwinner in a household became the multiplier Specifically, Tembang island has lack of of extreme poverty that forced a mother to marry access to the secondary school facility. As a re- her teenage daughter. This seems to be a typical sult, only a small number of children transitioned event in rural areas of low-income countries. For to secondary school. No previous research was example, in rural Lesotho Mturi (2003) found that found investigating this issue on the island and the rate of male enrolment in secondary school this is the gap of understanding that this research was significantly higher in the case of child aims to investigate. marriage females. This is due to that most married The thematic analysis of the results girls forbade to pursue schooling and were told to generated three central themes for determinants of focus on domestic works and childbearing. The school enrolment in Tembang island. Firstly, the case for Lesotho is in line with the findings of this economic-related theme covered the determinants study. of enrolment. The results showed that a majority These results highlighted the fragility of of parents in Tembang island have a certain level dropping out-of-school due to unexpected of understanding of the concept of the rate of

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2nd ICSTCSD 2018 Proceeding Magelang, 16 – 17 November 2018 return from secondary schooling. Moreover, the parental risk-taking behaviour with scare re- probability of secondary school enrolment de- sources. In a secluded and poor area like Tembang pends on the attitude of parents toward education, Island where the access to secondary is restrained where positive attitude would increase enrolment due to distance and costs, enrolling children in in secondary school. school poses as a highly risky decision. As the Secondly, findings suggested that house- majority of households in the island live hold welfare significantly influence parents' confi- extremely below the regional poverty line, these dence on enrolment, whereby more confident parents would require to choose between meet parents enrol their children to school. Third, their daily needs or gamble their limited resources despite the apparent influence of accommodation and enrol their children to secondary school while availability in the mainland, this variable was not hoping that their children will have a brighter found to be a crucial determinant of school employment probability. enrolment. For the costs-related recommendation, a Subsequently, some respondents also management reform of the current KIP pro- claimed that the opportunity costs of their male gramme and the implementation of a conditional children leaving home and going to school are cash transfer scheme are recommended to provide higher than the perceived benefits of secondary an endowment for parents to reduce the indirect schooling, especially for households with Ill or costs and the opportunity costs of school deceased fathers. However, the field research did enrolment. These financial assistance programmes not find any evidence on the effect of opportunity would favour parents' school enrolment risk costs related to girls and school enrolment. assessment towards schooling. Consequently, pa- Next, a discussion made about children‘s rents would no longer perceive that enrolling their agency in deciding their school enrolment status. I children in school to be a gamble on their limited argued that a child should also be recognised as an resources. agent who has the capacity to influence their own Future research should consider investi- will and act towards it, which in this case was to gating further on what motivates children in bargain over schooling enrolment decision. Strong secluded and poor rural areas to go to school. criticisms by Adlerson (2013) were discussed in Hence, a more comprehensive and integrative the topic of the inclusion of a child view in the intervention to increase children‘s motivation on adult discussion. enrolling despite their poor living situation, Furthermore, the interview results found combined with conditional financial incentive that almost all of the children pursuing secondary schemes for parents to alleviate some of the school were perceived to have a tremendous aca- indirect and opportunity costs are needed to demic ability by their parents, which suggests that further boost secondary school enrolment in areas child‘s intelligence increases parents‘ confidence with similar characteristics. to bear the risks of supporting their child‘s secondary school enrolment. Lastly, the fieldwork 5. REFERENCES uncovered that child marriage and pregnancy in Adlerson, P. (2013). Childhoods real and girls affected enrolment rate negatively. In this Imagined, Volume 1: An Introduction to case, child marriage is not the only determinant of Critical Realism and Childhood Studies. being out-of-school for girls, but it was a Routledge. New York. substantial factor in a female-headed household. Ahiakpor, F., & Swaray, R. (2015). Parental One of the most significant implication in expectations and school enrolment this study was an in-depth understanding of decisions: Evidence from rural Ghana.

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in Pakistan. PIDE Working Papers, (84), 1– prdAhXNT8AKHeDdCf0Q8gEwF3oECAk 24. QBw Robeyns, I. (2005). The Capability Approach: A UNCSGN. (2017). Identification of Islands and theoritical survey. Journal of Human Standardization of Their Names by Development, 6(1), 93-113. Indonesia. 11th United Nations Conference Saldaña, J. (2013). The coding manual for on the Standardization of Geographical qualitative researchers. Los Angeles. SAGE Names, E/CONF.105/115/CRP.115. New Salvi, F. (2016). In the Making: Constructing In- York. School Pregnancy in Mozambique. Gender UNESCO Institute for Statistics. (2018). Lower and Education. 30(4), 494-512. Secondary education Gross enrolment ratio Schultz, T. W. (1961). Investment in Human GPI. Retrieved June 10, 2018, from Capital: The role of education and of http://data.un.org/Data.aspx?q=gpi&d=UN research. New York: The Free Press. ESCO&f=series%3aGER_2_GPI Sen, A. (1995). Inequality Re-examined. Oxford: UNESCO Institute for Statistics. (2018). Net Oxford University Press. enrolment rate. Secondary education. Snell, M. (2015). Cost-benefit analysis: A Retrieved June 10, 2018, from practical Guide. London: Thomas Telford http://data.un.org/Data.aspx?d=UNESCO& Sugiharti, L. (2017). Education Performance and f=series%3ANER_23 the Determinants of Secondary School UNICEF. 2015. Education Policy and Data Enrolment in Indonesia. Global Journal of Centre: Indonesia. Florence: UNICEF Business and Social Science Review. 5(3), Global Database. 33–42. United nations. (2010). Where Do We Stand? We Suharti, S. (2013). Trends in education in Can End Poverty, (September 2010), 1. Indonesia. Education in Indonesia, 15-52. Retrieved from Suryadarma, D., & Jones, G. W. (2013). http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/pdf/M Education in Indonesia. ISEAS Publishing. DG_FS_2_EN.pdf Suryadarma, D., Suryahadi, A., & Sumarto, S. United nations. (2015). Millennium Development (2006). Causes of Low Secondary School Goals : Progress Chart. 2015 MDG Report. Enrollment. Retrieved from Takahashi, K. (2011). Determinants of Indonesian http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/2015_ rural secondary school enrolment: Gender, MDG_Report/pdf/MDG 2015 PC final.pdf neighbourhood and school characteristics. United Nations. (2015). The Millennium Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies, Development Goals Report 2015. MDG 47(3), 395–413. Report. https://doi.org/accessed 26 July https://doi.org/10.1080/00074918.2011.619 2015 053 Waldman, M. (2016). The Dual Avenues of Tembang Island, Banggai. (4 August 2018). Labour Market Signaling. Labour Google Maps. Google. Retrieved from Economics, 120-134. https://www.google.co.uk/maps/place/Pulau World Bank. (2017). Pupil-teacher ratio in +Tembang,+Samma+Jatem,+Pagimana,+B primary and secondary education anggai+Regency,+Central+Sulawesi,+Indo (headcount basis). Retrieved from The nesia/data=!4m2!3m1!1s0x2d86c2c506844 World Bank: 2d1:0x71164eeca325d329?sa=X&ved=2ah https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.PR UKEwjn__6U- M.ENRL.TC.ZS

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World Bank. (2018). Povertu and Equity Data Zhao Meng, M., & Glewwe Paul, P. (2010). What Portal. Retrieved from The World Bank: determines basic school attainment in http://povertydata.worldbank.org/poverty/c developing countries? Evidence from rural ountry/IDN China. Economics of Education Review, Yokozeki, Y. (1996). The Causes , Processes and 29(3), 451–460. Consequences of Student Drop-out from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econedurev.2009.1 Junior Secondary School (JSS) in Ghana : 0.008 the case of Komenda-Edina-Eguafo-Abrem (K.E.E.A.) district.

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The Role of Government on Sustainable Development YOGYAKARTA’S TRAFFIC LIGHTS INTERSECTION STREET DANCER: DANCE COMMODIFICATION AS A LIFE SURVIVAL STRATEGY IN THE MIDDLE OF POVERTY LINE

Seiren Ikhtiara1, Fadlurrahman2, Nike Mutiara Fauziah3

1Ilmu Komunikasi, Universitas Widya Mataram, D.I. Yogyakarta, Indonesia, [email protected] 2Ilmu Administrasi Negara, Universitas Tidar, Magelang, Indonesia, [email protected] 3Ilmu Administrasi Negara, Universitas Tidar, Magelang, Indonesia, [email protected]

Abstract 1. INTRODUCTION Traffic lights intersection has become an economic At the Kaliurang‘s traffic lights realm for a group of people who can be classified intersections, we can find an unique phenomenon as poor society. One of the socio-economic when the traffic lights up red. There are some phenomena that can be found at traffic lights people who perform dances such as traditional intersection, especially Kaliurang street‘s traffic dances on the zebra cross right in front of the lights intersection KM 5.5 Sleman, Yogyakarta, drivers. One of the dancers is Ibu Sri (43 years namely street dancers phenomenon, one of them is old). She danced using various attributes such as Ibu Sri. This phenomenon illustrates the existence real traditional dancers. Although what she did of the efforts of street dancers to continue their was not normal for a woman her age, but she did existence in the middle of poverty line. This study not hesitate to show a modest face when in- aims to analyzing dance commodification and teracting directly with the drivers. identify the strategy of Ibu Sri to survive with her Traffic lights intersections is an economy job as a street dancer. This research uses place for some people who are categorized as the qualitative method with narative approach. The poor (Hendrawati, 2008). Various kinds of buskers results of this research are : First, Living in and beggars are often found with various kinds of poverty requires Ibu Sri to create a strategy for their activities to get money, including at the survival; second, the main strategy that applied by Kaliurang‘s traffic lights intersentions. Kaliurang‘s Sri is to convert dance commodities into something traffic lights intersentions is an economy place for that can be traded; third, even though Ibu Sri has Ibu Sri with activity and her role as street dancer. tried hard become a street dancer, hes efforts have Like a real proffessional dancer, she performed the not yet created prosperity for her family. dance performance under the hot sun simultaneously or alternately with other dancers and was Keywords: Street Dancer; Life Survival Strategy; shown to the drivers. Her performance did not last Commodification; Traditional Dance; Poverty. long, just around 30 seconds. The uniqueness of street dancers phenomenon attract the driver‘s attention, especially on their appearance and purpose. If observed closely,

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2nd ICSTCSD 2018 Proceeding Magelang, 16 – 17 November 2018 the activity of street dancers are basically to get limited human resource capacity, both from formal money. But, those street dancers were more and non-formal education channels (Supriatna, improved and creative by packing dances re- 1997: 90). sembling traditional dances. In other words, there Poor people in rural or urban areas do not is more effort to get what they want. have permanent jobs. Generally their profession is Generally, traditional dances are performed farm laborers, small traders, fishermen, small on special occasions, such as traditional event, artisans, laborers, street vendors, hawkers, sca- welcoming event, or celebration event. But this vengers, homeless people and beggars. They be- time, traditional dance was used by Ibu Sri to get long to the residual group, namely groups of money from driver without special event. What people who have not been touched by various Ibu Sri did, raises the question for me. Why does government policies that are specifically con- Ibu Sri want to dance on the streets in front of the centrated and difficult to touch because of the low drivers? Remembering she is a woman and a quality of resources so that they do not use the housewife. What she did might be a strategy for facilities, including factors of production (Kadji, survival in the middle of poverty line. But, how 2013: 2). If there is no serious treatment of these does she use traditional dance as a survival stra- poor groups, it can cause sustainable problems for tegy? cultural and structural poverty. Therefore the Based on the reality of that phenomenon, the government must create poverty reduction strate- purpose of this study is to identify Ibu Sri‘s stra- gies that cannot be separated from economic tegy for survival in the middle of poverty line by recovery policies and are directly concentrated in analyzing dance commodification to get feedback poor communities, because the impact of poverty from the drivers at Kaliurang street‘s traffic lights can spread to every aspect, for example creating intersection KM 5.5 Sleman, Yogyakarta. frustration, alienation and despair, slowing eco- Poverty is a condition of underprivileged to nomic growth and community vibration (Fernando meet daily needs. The concept of poverty is related dan Benjamin, 2011). to the estimated level of needs and income. "These Mass poverty (macro) experienced by needs are limited to basic needs or minimum basic people in a country, especially developing needs that must be met through income, so as to countries, has historically been caused by the enable someone to live properly. If the income backwardness and economy of the country itself level cannot reach the minimum requirement, then after World War II (Hardiman and Midgley, in that individual or family can be said to be poor. Kuncoro 1997: 131). According to Kuncoro (1997: This means that a minimum level of income is 131), poverty of a country is due to self-de- needed, so that the individual or family can obtain pendence on the subsystem agricultural sector, a their basic needs "(Santosa, 2005: 2). traditional production method that is often Poverty has many meanings, but still in one accompanied by apathy towards the environment. context which is underprivileged condition. Based on the economic paradigm, poverty is Levitan (in Suyanto, 2001) said that poverty is a caused by 3 factors: first, the inequality of lack of goods and services needed to achieve a ownership patterns of resources that lead to decent standard of living. Poverty is a very limited inequality in income distribution. The poor have condition and occurs not at the will of the person only limited resources and low quality. Second, concerned. Characteristics of the poor society are the difference in the quality of human resources. low education level, low work productivity, low Low quality of human resources means low pro- income, weak health and nutrition, low welfare, ductivity, which results in low wages. The low and show powerlessness. Poverty can be caused by quality of human resources is due to low educa-

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The Role of Government on Sustainable Development ytion, disadvantaged fate, discrimination, and imperfection, and lack of capital which causes low hereditary (cultural) factors. Third, due to productivity. Low productivity produces the low differences in access in capital (Sharp, et. al. In income they receive. Low income will have Kuncoro 1997: 131). implications for low savings and investment. Low In addition, there are three forms of poverty investment returns will have implications for and their causes, namely natural poverty, cultural backwardness and so on. poverty and structural poverty (Sumudiningrat, Commodification is a process to change 1998: 67). Natural poverty is poverty caused by something of value into something or product that natural factors such as disability, illness, old age, can be marketed (Mosco, 2009: 131). Marx in natural disasters, persistent poverty, and critical or Mosco (2009: 131-132) explained that the depth of inadequate natural resources. Cultural poverty is commodities is not only limited to rigid social poverty caused by the culture adopted by a relations and hides the value of struggle, but also community. More specifically, the culture refers to describes a meaning of life and the strength lifestyles and habits that they think are sufficient. possessed in the form of producers and consumers. This community group is difficult to be invited to Commodification can be understood as a participate in development, reluctant to try to production that is made to be exchanged in the improve their quality of life. It involves culture of market, which means it is produced and then laziness, wastefulness, undisciplined, difficult to resold. As a result of the economy based on the change thoughts. Structural poverty is poverty spirit of creating profits, commodification arises in caused by man-made factors, such as unfair various sectors of life (Setiawan, 2011: 51). policies, uneven distribution of assets, corruption Commodification is carried out with the main goal and collusion and the world economic order that so that something, whether in the form of goods or tends to benefit certain communities. services, can be traded on the market (Sutrisno et Various kinds of poverty problems lead to al., 2009: 271 in Setiawati, 2013: 15). the theory, namely the theory of the vicious cycle Survival is seen as an income in the form of of poverty which includes six elements, including: money or sources of life so that one can continue backwardness, lack of capital, low investment, low to exist. A combination of social and economic savings, low income and low productivity activities, including all efforts prepared to deal (Kuncoro, 1997: 132) with important situations and survive in difficult conditions (Suhartini, 2008). Snel and Staring in Setia (2005: 6) said that survival strategies are a series of actions chosen by individuals and households who are socio-economically poor. Through this strategy, one can try to increase income through the use of other resources or reduce spending through reducing the quantity and quality of goods / services. The way a person makes a strategy is influenced by the position of the individual in the structure of society, the belief system and social networks chosen, including Figure 1. The theory of the vicious cycle of poverty expertise in mobilizing existing resources, skill According to Nurkse (in Kuncoro, 1997: levels, asset ownership, type of work, gender 132) the theory of the vicious cycle of poverty status and personal motivation (Hidayah, 2009: 3). includes the existence of "backwardness, market

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2. METHODS KM 5.5 Sleman, Yogyakarta. Her role as an The method used in this research is qualita- amateur dancer on the streets has been carried out tive method. "Qualitative is a method for exploring for two years and has become her daily work. Ibu and understanding the meaning in detail and Sri is not a native of Yogyakarta, but she is a complete originating from phenomena or derived resident of Malang, East Java Province which is from social problems" (Creswell, 2012: 63). These her hometown. She has lived in Yogyakarta for six details can only be obtained by interacting directly years. with the informant and asking them to tell the Ibu Sri is the hope and head of family. As story without being disturbed or hindered by the head of family, it means that she has an allegation of researcher. While the approach used obligation to fulfill the economic need of her is a narrative study approach. Narrative studies family since divorced with her husband several focus on narrated stories and descriptions of a years ago. She does not have a permanent job, the series of events related to individual experiences. job she has received from other people is not "Starting with the experience expressed in the routine. If there is a halal job, she will do it stories conveyed by individuals, narrative study between her activities as a street dancer. In the procedure examines these individuals by trying to midst of critical economic conditions, Ibu Sri must collect data through their stories, reporting on be able to survive even though she does not have a individual experiences, and chronological arrange- permanent job. ments for the meaning of the experience" Ibu Sri does not have many other choices in (Creswell, 2014: 96). Data collection is done by finding work because the education she received interview and observation techniques. Interviews was only limited to elementary school, and this has are conducted face to face and openly, where implications for the difficulty to improving family subjects know that they are being interviewed and economy. Therefore, the solution that she took was know the intent and purpose of the interview. to work as a street dancer, even though she While the data analysis technique uses interactive realized that it would not be enough to improve the models of Miles and Huberman. welfare of her family. The research location is at the Kaliurang Playing role as a street dancer is her own street‘s traffic lights intersection KM 5.5 Sleman, choice because dancing on the streets does not Yogyakarta. The reason for determining the loca- require large capital. Only with traditional dancer- tion of the study is based on consideration of the style clothes and electric musical instruments that phenomenon of dance performances in places that he always carried while working, small events can are less "common" or not in general place. be held to entertain the drivers at the traffic lights The determination of the subject is done by intersection so she can get feedback from the considering: (1) the existence of a subject that is drivers for her effort. Luckily as a child she often often located at that location that has been attended traditional dance training in her village, observed by the researcher during the initial so she had little skills to perform. observation; (2) gender, the research subject is a Traffic lights intersection is a meaningful woman and a housewife. place for people like Ibu Sri. Ibu Sri was able to conjure up that place to be a work place for herself 3. RESULT AND DISCUSSION when she did not have a permanent job. Dancing 3.1 Ibu Sri’s profile as a traffic lights inter- on the streets has become her daily activity and sections street dancer even her main job. Economic factor is of course Ibu Sri Astuti is one of several street dancers the biggest driver of why he wants to dance in the at the Kaliurang street‘s traffic lights intersection hot sun and in the presence of drivers. If it wasn't

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The Role of Government on Sustainable Development for economic difficulties, maybe Ibu Sri had never of poverty if the income she earns as a street been at the traffic lights intersection every day to dancer has never been sufficient to fulfill her dance to meet the needs of herself and her family needs. children. The money obtained by Ibu Sri is not so 3.2 Dance Commodification and Ibu Sri’s much, only around Rp. 40,000 - Rp. 80,000 every Strategy for survival day. Cukup atau tidaknya pendapatan tersebut, In an effort to maintain its survival, without beliau terima dengan ikhlas. Enough or not the realizing it, she has made a process of changing money that she got, she accepted sincerely. values that can be traded through her efforts as a According to residents who live around the street dancer. In other words, she commodified the Kaliurang street‘s traffic lights intersection, Ibu dance so that it produced reciprocity from the Sri‘s activity did not disturb other people or audience The process of changing the value of a causing traffic problems. On the contrary, her commodity (dance) behind Ibu Sri's efforts is very presence provides little entertainment for drivers. possible. The commodity traded by Ibu Sri, Referring to the concept of poverty, Ibu Sri although in the form of entertainment, in the real can be categorized as a poor. This is based on the sense is a form of commodification. Commodifi- type of work as a street dancer, money earned, and cation requires skills from individuals or groups level of education. In the process of fulfilling basic that change the value of a commodity to be traded. needs, Ibu Sri admitted that it was very difficult to This is to increase the value of the traded goods. achieve prosperity. The price of basic needs For example, to change an object (commodity) continues to increase, but the income is uncertain. into something valuable and can be traded, then So that her family needs are not fulfilled. Ibu Sri must have skill or ability. In this case Ibu However, she must continue to live her life and Sri has the capital of traditional dancing skills that playing role as a street dancer. she had learned as a child. But the dance used by Ibu Sri said, during her lifetime she had only Ibu Sri on the streets is not purely a traditional educated as far as the elementary school. The low dance. She only adopted a mixture of traditional level of education that she achieved impacted on dance movements and modified them in such a the difficulty of finding a permanent job and her way even without meaning. savings. The work that she did was erratic. Besides Knowledge of traditional dance movements being a street dancer, sometimes she also accepted is her capital as a street dancer and add value to jobs that match her abilites from other people, such commodities. Through her effort, Ibu Sri managed as laundry. There is a correlation between educa- to get feedback (money) from the audience. Not to tion level, job and savings which made her catego- give meaning to the dance that performed, rized as poor. audience did not know the meaning of the dance Poverty experienced by Ibu Sri, then that performed by Ibu Sri. However, the move- experienced also by her two children who did not ments used by Ibu Sri created the assumption of a have education. This can be explained by the traditional dance that is usually performed by theory of the vicious cycle of poverty in which the professionals on a real stage. low income that Ms. Sri obtained was due to The commodification of micro-dances that backwardness, market imperfection and lack of performed by Ibu Sri can be said to be successful. capital. So that productivity is low, then the In this case the effort that she did has its own income received is also low or uncertain. As a selling value compared to other homeless people result there is no savings and investment. Thus, it or beggars who just wait and ask for money has an impact on backwardness and sustainability without any efforts or change tradable commo-

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2nd ICSTCSD 2018 Proceeding Magelang, 16 – 17 November 2018 dities. Although the concept of commodification is Edisi Ketiga (terjemahan). Yogyakarta: called having a relationship with capitalism in Pustaka Pelajar. manipulating objects to seek personal gain, but Fernando, S dan Earle, B. (2011). Lingking what Ibu Sri did is not a capitalist activity because Poverty Reduction and Economic Recovery: it did not harm other people or dance artists in Supporting Community Responses to seeking profits. She only used and collaborated Austerity in Ontario (hlm. 31-44). Diakses traditional dance as an effort to maintain her life in dari http://e-resources.pnri.go.id/. the middle of the poverty line. Hendrawati, L. D. (2008). Identifikasi Masalah Living in the middle of the poverty line dan Kendala Penanganan Pengemis dan narrowed Ibu Sri's hopes to improve the welfare of Gelandangan di Surabaya. Surabaya: her family. The various limitations that she has Airlangga Press. have an impact on the difficulty to be free from the Hidayah, Nur. (2008). Strategi Bertahan Hidup shackles of poverty. Even so, the poverty that she Pedagang Asongan di Stasiun Lempuyangan experienced eventually led to intentions and Yogyakarta dan Balapan Solo. Dimensia, 2, strategy to stay afloat amid the difficulties of the 32-38. Diakses dari economy. Playing role as a street dancer is an https://journal.uny.ac.id/. illustration that there is an effort to maintain her Kadji, Yulianto. (2013). Kemiskinan dan Konsep life. Although her job is not make sense to women Teoritisnya. Diakses dari her age, but in reality it turns out to be a form of http://repository.ung.ac.id/. strategy to maintain existence that is manifested in Kuncoro, Mudrad. (1997). Ekonomi systematic unity. Pembangunan, Teori, Masalah dan Kebijakan. Cetakan I, Unit Penerbitan dan 4. CONCLUSION Percetakan Akademi Manajemen. Based on the results of the study, it can be Yogyakarta: YKPN. concluded that what Ibu Sri was done as street Mosco, Vincent. (2009). The Political Economy of dancer is a form of effort to maintain her survival. Communication. Edisi 2, Sage Publication In the midst of the economic crisis, Ibu Sri used Santosa, Edi. (2005). Berbagai Urusan traditional dancing skills that she learned to Kemiskinan. Dialogue, JIAKP, 2, 3, 868- support her profession as a street dancer. Ibu Sri's 883. Diakses dari survival strategy by becoming a street dancer http://ejournal.undip.ac.id/. shows that she does not have a permanent job to Setia, Resmi. (2005). Gali Tutup Lubang Itu Biasa: support her family's economy. Ibu Sri's survival Strategi Burung Menanggulangi Persoalan strategy by becoming a street dancer shows that dari Waktu ke Waktu. Bandung: Yayasan she does not have a permanent job to support her Akatiga. family's economy Setiawan, I. K. (2011). Pemanfaatan Pusaka Budaya Pura Tirta Empul Sebagai Daya 5. REFERENCES Tarik Wisata di Bali. Diakses dari Creswell. (2012). Research Design Pendekatan http://konservasiborobudur.org/. Kualitatif, Kuantitatif dan Mixed, Edisi Setiawati, Eni. (2013). Komodifikasi Ritual Ketiga (terjemahan) (hlm. 63). Yogyakarta: Sedekah Laut Komunitas Nelayan Pantai Pustaka Pelajar. Gesing Padukuhan Bolang, Girikarto, Creswell. (2014). Penelitian Kualitatif dan Desain Panggang, Gunung Kidul. Skripsi: UIN Riset: Memilih di antara lima pendekatan, Yogyakarta.

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Sugiyono. (2010). Memahami Penelitian Kualitatif. Bandung: Alfabeta. Sugiyono. (2014). Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif, Kualitatif dan R & D. Bandung: ALFABETA. Suhartini, Tina. (2008). Strategi Bertahan Hidup Anak Jalanan. Diakses dari http://repository.ipb.ac.id/. Sumodiningrat, Gunawan. (1998). Membangun Perekonomian Rakyat. Pustaka Pelajar: Yogyakarta. Supriatna, T. (1997). Birokrasi Pemberdayaan dan Pengentasan Kemiskinan. Humaniora Utama: Bandung. Suyanto, Bagong. (2001). Kemiskinan dan Pemberdayaan Masyarakat Miskin. No. 4. Diakses dari http://journal.unair.ac.id/

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2nd ICSTCSD 2018 Proceeding Magelang, 16 – 17 November 2018 ROLE OF ACTORS IN ACTOR NETWORK STAGE OF TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN SEMARANG CITY

Tri Yuniningsih1, Nina Widowati2

1Public Administration Department, FISIP-UNDIP,Prof. Soedarto, SH Street. Tembalang, Semarang. Central Java, Indonesia 2Public Administration Department, FISIP-UNDIP,Prof. Soedarto, SH Street. Tembalang, Semarang. Central Java, Indonesia Email: [email protected]

Abstract Speaker, Betrayal, and Irreversibility. The re- This research is important because the tourism commendations submitted were delegating the sector is the mainstay of each region to explore authority of the promotion field to BP2KS, which Regional Original Income. This study aims to means that in the organizational structure Disbud- describe and analyze actors involved in tourism par there needs to be a study on the elimination of development in the city of Semarang in terms of the promotion field. The Ministry of Culture and the aspects of the actor network stage. The Tourism synergizes more with the actors involved, problem faced is the less optimal cooperation and by facilitating workshop to maintain the vision of partnership between the actors involved. Data is the parties involved. The Culture and Tourism collected through: interview, observation and Office provides convenience in accessing activities literature. Determination of informants is using related to promotion. Snowball technique with key informants Head of Semarang Tourism and Culture Office. Data Keywords: Actor Network; Development; Tourism. analysis by means of: data condensation, data verification and conclusion drawing. Validate data 1. INTRODUCTION using source triangulation. From the research can National tourism performance is still not be known: (1) the actor network formed in the optimal in general result from the problems of the development of tourism in the city of Semarang management tourism system itself (Sunario in based on Semarang City Regulation No. 3 of 2010 Nugroho, 2016:220), as for these problems concerning tourism. (2) The actors involved are include: four categories, namely: Primary Actors, which are a. The constraints readiness of the regions repressed by the Culture and Tourism Office of attractions, namely the limited support as Semarang City. Secondary actors, is represented follows: by the Regional Development Planning Agency.  Leasehold land transport, sea and air, and Tertiary actors are represented by community other supporting; groups, academics, business, and mass media.  General facilities; Quaternary actors are represented by the Semarang  Structuring and tourist attraction diversify; City DPRD. The role of actors in tourism  Conditions of safety and comfort. development is reflected in nine stages which b. Tourism Investment from domestic or foreign include: Punctualization, Translation, Problemati- sources is still not optimal because of the zation, Interessment, Enrollment, Inscription,

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conditions and security, as well as the invest- program/activity executions on target development ment climate has not been conducive. partnership with businessmen tourism and other c. Information technology was instrumental in the regional Governments in order to increase tourist development, promotion and marketing of visitation in Semarang City, there are several tourism objectives, development of e-business obstacles faced, such as: (1) the limited number of and e-marketing. It is still constrained because media materials and promotion of tourism of of infrastructure, policy until mastery of Semarang City and (2) lack of coordination with technology. tourism trade association, in particular the bureaus- d. National tourism sector not yet supported tourist travel agency. Then from the RPJMD of qualified human resources in sufficient quanti- Semarang City during the period 2016-2021 noted ties to support the development of tourism that strategic issued that must be overcome in the destinations, ranging from the level of mana- Affairs of tourism are: gerial and planners, to the its frontliner. a. There is no optimal effort of development and e. The partnership between the Government and management of the object and tourist attraction private sector has not been optimal entwined. b. There is no optimal development of tourist As a follow-up to Act of tourism No. 10 in destinations 2009, and in the framework of the implementation c. There is no optimal participation of the private of tourism activities and to improve the compe- and the public in tourism development. titiveness of Semarang city which is based on the In accordance with the policy directions cultural values of the nation and local wisdom tourism of Semarang City (contained in RPJMD of society done in a systematic, well-planned, in- Semarang City 2016-2021), namely the improve- tegrated, sustainable, and responsible with ment of tourism management as follows: providing protection against religious values, a a. Tourism Marketing Development Program with culture of living in society, sustainability and performance indicators percentage of increase environmental quality, as well as of national in tourist visitation, importance, Semarang City Government then b. Development program of tourist destinations made a Regional Regulation known as Perda on with performance indicators number of Tourism numbers 3 in 2010. It is as the basis of attractions that are managed well, Government regulation of Semarang city in c. Tourism industry development program with carrying out policies on Tourism. performance indicators number of tourism Problems of the tourism development can be ventures that has a list of Business Tourism seen from the evaluation of the Department of (TDUP.). culture and tourism of Strategy Planning known as For more details can be seen in the table 1 below: Renstra from 2011 to 2015 that is implemented in 2016 where implemented at the time of the

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TABLE 1 The Visitation Amount in Semarang City 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Foreingners 392.895 372.463 388.143 419.584 421.191 Domestics 21.838.351 25.240.021 29.430.609 29.852.095 33.030.843 TOTAL 22.231.246 25.612.484 29.818.752 30.271.679 33.452.034 Source: Data from Cultural and Tourism Agencies of Semarang City 2016 Based on the table above it can be noted rising about 9.5%. The ups and downs of the that the number of visitors can indeed increase number of visitors at the top make an indication of annually, but when viewed from a percentage of the weakness in tourism development in the number of visitors turned out to be Semarang City. In addition it does not achieve the experiencing fluctuations. When viewed on expected acceptance of the target into another foreigners from 2011 to 2012 there was a problem faced by the Cultural and Tourism decreased about 5.2%, later in from 2012 to 2013 Department of Semarang City such as the showing an increase about 4%, from 2013 to 2014 instability in target achievement of acceptance and there was an increased about 7.5% and in from realization within at least 3 (three) years (Profile 2014 to 2015 increased about 0.4%. For domestics DPKAD 2016), it became a trigger to continue in can be known that from 2011 to to 2012 was tourism development in various ways both inside rising about 13.48%, from 2012 to 2013 was and outside the country so that the original receipt rising about 14.24%, from 2013 to 2014 was of an income target areas can be achieved. For rising about 1.5% and from 2014 to 2015 was more details can be seen in the following table 2:

TABLE 2 The Outcome Realization of Tourism Area in Semarang City 2013 2014 2015 Target 104.730.906.000 104.484.420.000 103.340.009.000 Realisasi 102.785.108.993 110.491.080.293 90.091.994.483 Source: Data from Cultural and Tourism Agencies of Semarang City 2016

optimal. Problems in tourism development, With regard to the issue of partnerships and especially in terms of partnerships and cooperation actors involved in tourism collaboration with stakeholders can be seen from development in Semarang City, and with reference the evaluation of Culture and Tourism Department to the ACT No. 10 in 2009 about the Tourism as well as Strategy Planning known as Renstra Chapter IX, Chapter X, Chapter XI and which was from 2011 to 2015 that is implemented in 2016, as later followed up with Regional Regulation of follows: Semarang City No. 3 in 2010 about tourism, "At the time of program/activity execution on Chapter X, Chapter XI and Chapter XII can be target development of partnerships with aware that the issue of cooperation and tourism businessmen and other local government in order to increase tourist coordination as well as partnership actors visitation in Semarang City there are involved is set up clearly. But in reality it is not

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obstacles faced, as follows: (1) the limited or groups. In any process of public policy there number of media materials and promotion of are actors who play the roles of each of the policy tourism in Semarang City and (2) lack of making process to evaluation process policy. coordination with the tourism trade Policy actors is a person or a group of people association, in particular the bureaus-tourist travel agency." involved in this stage of proposals, selection, assessment, and selection of policy alternatives Furthermore, in relation to the tourism that have a relationship of interdependence development of partnerships program-targeted between actors policy formulation (Suwitri, 2011: 25% with an indication of the performance 240 ). occupancy average hotel in 3 (three) at least last It further stated that the policy actors is a year only reached 5.7%. (RPJMD, 2016), growth person or group of people, as individuals or of the number of principals of tourism also did not institution official (derived from government experience an increase where average during 3 organizations), not official (from outside (three) last year remained at 10% level. government organizations), which is involved in Some previous research has ever done is the policy process. Policy actors include from: (1) Victoria m. Waligo, Jackie Clarke, Government, private, and community, and third Rebecca Hawkin (2001), Implementing among the actors appear quango, namely in the Sustainable Tourism: Multi Stakeholder form of individual actors or organizations outside Involvement Management (MSIM) Framework, the Government but government-funded as well as Tourism Managemant. (2) Albert N. Kimbu and cluster i.e. actors in the form of individual or Michael Z. Ngoasong (2013) Centralized organizations outside of the Government who are Decentralization of Tourism Development: A not government funded. Public policy actors are Netrwork Perspective, Annals of Tourism often referred to as stakeholders. Cooperation is Research. (3) Carl Crafton & Anne Permalof between public organizations with actors or (2005), the focus of their research is about public stakeholders in the Organization incurring some policy processes and networking, where the kind of hybrid cluster and quano. Savas (in findings of their research is on the role of mass Suwitri, 2011) mentions the relationship of public media is very dominant in the political decision- organizations with private as public-private making process, but the content is news that is partnerships. UN ESCAP (in Yuniningsih, 2018) important. (4) Bach & Niklasson (2012), the focus examines the concept of governance and the of their research is the Principal and Agency actors involved (government, military and civil Theory, where the research findings is delegated society) in decision making and implementation, to the policy agent should be done with the both from formal or informal structures. mechanisms of accountability and transparency. Good governance was created when the (5) Tri Yuniningsih (2018), whole process of actors actively involved in Analysis of the network of actors is policy since the creation of up to implementation implemneted in the tourism development of and evaluation of policies. Howlett and M. Semarang City. Several theories which are used, Ramesh (in Yuniningsih, 2018:56) suggested that among others, with reference to the opinion of the actor's policy is a policy subsystem within the Howlett and Ramesh, is a policy network (network network policy between the Organization of the policy) is a relationship formed by a coalition international system, the Organization of the between Government, community actors including society and Organization of the state. Actor policy private ( Yuniningsih,2018:47). Every policy of consists of: 1) elected officials namely the the actors involved in it, they can refer individuals Executive, Legislative, and judicial branches, 2)

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2nd ICSTCSD 2018 Proceeding Magelang, 16 – 17 November 2018 appointed officials or political officials by the because in the absence of policy actors will not be elected political officials to take position into able to run effectively and efficiently. By having bureaucracy, 3) interest group, 4) research an actor then be known what role in a policy later. organization 5) mass media. These actors In this research will only be examined about the interacting to give approval nor disapproval both role of Government actors, the public and the of (pro) and (cons) against a policy. These private network actor stages. Based on the interactions form a coalition. Often the news background of the issue above, this research is media into the device triggers (trigger device) is very important to execute. from strong to weak relationships between actors. This opinion expressed Cobb and Elder (in Tri 2. RESEARCH METHOD Yuniningsih, 2018:56-57). Cobb and Elder argued This research is descriptive research that the Government's policy consists of actors categorized i.e. writing that contains descriptions and public group who know and interested in of an object as it is a certain time, to expose in public affairs and opinion leaders, and the media detail a series of data obtained through observa- which became the trigger for the weakness of tion and interviews that have been done Yudiono strong public pressure against the Government so (into Gantina 2014:41 Pambudi Ning). The that a public affairs (issues) into policy outputs. approach used is a qualitative approach. The The role of mass media is very important in researches focuses on the role of actors in the evokes concern, provoking actions, weaken the network stage actors, and take the research locus opposition, showed the strength of commitment in Semarang City. Primary data obtained from the and support. In any process of public policy there informants specified in Snowball, namely The are actors who play the roles of each policy Head of Cultural and Tourism Department, which making process to policy evaluation process. subsequently rolled into informants were Referring to the opinion of Viney (in Suwitri, appointed to retrieved data sufficiency. While 2011), actors or stakeholders can be divided into secondary data obtained from libraries, electronic 4 categories, namely a) primer: an actor with a media, and Internet, as well as journals. Data high influence and have high interest rates, to collection is done with the interview, observation recruit actors category is by way of a partner; b) and librarianship. Data analysis was performed by secondary: actors with influence high but low means of condensation of data, data verification, interest rates, to recruit actors this category by and the conclusion of the data. To validate data is means of consult; c) second secondary or tertiary), using triangulation sources. The observed pheno- that actor with low influence high importance, menon is the identification of the actors and their however, to recruit the actor categories this way roles in the network of actor stage of tourism inform; d) actor third secondary or kwarter, i.e., development in Semarang City. actors with influence and interests are low, to recruit actors this category by means of control. In 3. RESULT AND DISCUSSION his book, Anderson (in 1979; Lester and Stewart, 3.1. Actor Identification on a Networking in 2000:2) stated that the actors involved have Stage of Tourism Development in their own roles – in a policy which includes: Semarang City Legislative, Executive, Judiciary, Administrative Howlett and M. Ramesh (Tri Yuniningsih, Agencies, interest groups and citizens. 2018:56) suggested that the actor's policy (policy Based on many expert opinions above can actors) consists of: 1) elected officials including: be known that actors in the policy are those who Executive, Legislative, and Judicial, 2) Appointed are directly involved in a policy implementation, Official or political officials appointed by officials

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The Role of Government on Sustainable Development elected to take a role in the political bureaucracy, has the role of the oversight function is only 3) interest group, 4) research organization, and 5) owned by Regional Parliament (DPRD) as mass media. Then Viney (in Suwitri, 2011) (Elected Official). Because Parliament has the categorizing actors based on the level of influence functions include: legislation, oversight, and and importance into four (4) groups: primary budget. Thus along with Regional Parliament actor, secondary actor, tertiary actor, and kwarter is a kwarter actor on the stage of this network. actor. Then from the results it can be known that: in tourism development in Semarang City these 3.2. The Actor Role on Networking Stage of actors involved with a view of the actor network Tourism Development Actor in stages are as follows. Semarang City a. Primary Actor Actor-Network-Theory or often abbreviated The primary actors have an important role in as ANT that was conceived by Latour and Callon this policy implementation. The actor has a (in Yuniningsih, 2018), actually (until now) have strategic role and authority that high anyway. evolved very far and growing. Network is a The primary actors in question, namely: symptom or a date or connected. The starting Cultural and Tourism Department of Semarang point of approach between the actors is started City. It is an actor (Elected official) who from an environment actor associated with the becomes a manisfestasi role of Government is other actors. In order to maintain its existence, an responsible for about tourism. actor needs resources. The actor is then strained b. Secondary Actor relations with other actors and then created a The secondary actor has a role as the agent network of actors that communicate with each who made a referral or consultation by leading other. The pattern of interactions between actors actor. Bappeda's role (Elected official) has about issues was formed based on the level of its right as a secondary actor in the tourism continuity. Rules governing the behaviour of the development in Semarang City. The role of actors and the distribution of resources are within this consulting agency in Bappeda looks at the the network. Every actor has a different per- involvement of tourism development planning ception of itself in the issue. Network policy in order to draw up continue to synergize with implementation actors in the tourism development the strategic plan of Semarang City regional. in Semarang City tried to show how differences c. Tertiary Actor contained in the network simultaneously act as a Tertiary actors play a role in providing whole. The various actors will be connected in information, ideas, and to the main actors. The one network called network actors. As one involvement of trade (business), community, Government Affairs efforts, the tourism develop- academia and the media are able to play a role ment is one of the policies is very complex as an actor of this tertiary. The concept of because it requires a cross-cutting efforts. How tourism development is surely also based upon these actors are connected with each other will be this tertiary actor perspective, so that the explained through stages in the network of the tourism development is able to synergize with following actors: all parties. 1. Punctualization d. Kwarter Actor Punctualization is the process of treating the The importance of supervision in a policy heterogeneous network as an individual actor implementation, as any maintaining appro- to reduce the network complexity. Actor priate implementation efforts of the corridor in network of the tourism development in Sema- the achievement goals expected. Actor who rang City is composed of actors who are group

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(institutions/agencies/NGOs). Each agency/ actors are aligned, then the actors define the agencies/NGOs oriented interest has the same interests of other actors who consistently duties and the same function in tourism deve- against its own interests. At this stage, the lopment network. actors will look for an agreement on the 2. Translation problem definition, how to solve problems, Translation stage is the stage of alignment of how to implement them, as well as the place diverse interests set of actors with an interest and time to carry out such activities. At this of major actors with the aim of mobilizing stage the main actor plays an extremely do- support. Translation begins by determining the minant. principal problem, determine the respective 5. Enrollment interests of actors both lead actor or supporting This stage is called the stage where an agree- actor, as well as determining the role of actors ment is happen. The supporting actors will in the implementation of policy development. receive the interest assigned to them by the Then, after each actor has to know the interests main actors. At this stage it would seem a and roles between actors then adjusted the network that no longer takes the interests of desires of the supporting actors with the wishes each other, however, is a network that has the of the lead actor. same problem one with other agreements. At 3. Problematization this stage is usually an activity plan already After each actor harmonize authority each set. Each of the interests of each actor already other togetehr with the actor desire, then actors considered when they made a plan of activities, will be entering the phase of defining the both those activities in the form of activity in authority of other actors that are consistent the short term as well as the activities that with the authority of the actors themselves. require a very long time. Tourism and Cultural Different authority will produce a different Department as the main coordinator in tourism perception-as well as the different roles of a development has a task forces have the problem. The necessity of understanding the authority in controlling the coordination that interests of fellow actors in the network will goes later. Usually, each actor will customize further ease in conducting joint efforts in something given mandates without forgetting tourism development. This step is judged the limits authorities of the respective actors. successful if there is a moment of obligatory 6. Inscription passage point (OPP) that is the moment where As for the inscription was stage create the actors were satisfied with their interests artifacts/symbols/evidence/agreement that will that are attributed by the lead actor. guarantee the interests of each actors either 4. Interessment writing or oral agreements only. In a series of This stage is a stage where the main actors will policy implementation activities development convince supporting actors to receive problem process of tourism usually stage of inscription definiton, how to solve, how to carry out, the is not found. Agreement or the artifact in place would be unsettled, and the set time to question in this case is the existence of achieve development goals tourism. Every guarantees for the protection of particular good actor, leading actor or supporting actor interests. But this is not found in a network of getting rights and obligations in the policy tourism actor development in Semarang City. implementation of tourism development as Culture and Tourism Department, Tourism well as other agreements offered. After each Promotion Agency of Semarang City (BP2KS) actor's interests with the interests of the main as well as activists of the Tour also in carrying

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out their duties never made a written agree- bility is still there. This step will appear when ment or not or in the form of a symbol to there is a thing that is meant not as happening protect certain interests. Every authority is on the field. It is often encountered by actors of protected by government actors and the State. tourism development in Semarang City. There 7. Skepaker/ delegate Representative are several factors that cause this is likely to At this stage, the first thing that must be occur. First, is the factor that comes from understood is the difference the lead actor, network member. The actors are in the network supporting actor or a special spokesman will be connected to each other through appointed by the lead actor. In this stage also communication, information, trust and other agreed when and where and at what level these resources. These relationships will be disrupted actors can be a spokesman. The main actors in if one of their basic element or touch is not the development of policy implementation of agreed by a certain actor. In the process of tourism in Semarang City is Culture and tourism development in Semarang City, the Tourism Department, and its supporting actors disruption that would be seen because certain are actors who've been mentioned before actors do not provide enough information participating in the Affairs of the development about the particular issue to be processed on of tourism in Semarang City, including BP2KS the next, heartily solving problems that and Tourism Activists. A special spokesperson stopped at certain stage, etc. Doing so will referred to in this stage is the spokesman while cause disruption to the network that will make at some stage or stages, a certain actor holding the actors in the network would find a solution the dominant role of the main actors so that the so that the network can be running back and actor pointing as a spokesperson at the time it resume its performance. At the moment, the is needed. actor will return to a certain stage where alter- 8. Betrayal native possibilities still exist to continue to the Betrayal stage is the State in which the actors network activities. do not comply with an agreement which can be seen from the participation of their repre- 4. CONCLUSION sentatives in tourism development of actor Cooperation and partnership between the network in Semarang City. This condition can actors involved are woven not optimal, given the be seen from their performance on the field. still many actors who still runs its own, yet the How these actors can resolve the problem in existence of coordination and communication accordance with the agreed upon will certainly between actors optimally, there is still mistrust show on point and stages where circumstances among the actors, and overlapping auth. From the occurred does not correspond to the expected findings of these research results can be presented condition, meaning that the problem popped up recommendations that can be used as input for the in the matter. However, problems arise at the Government of Semarang City in taking policy i.e. moment this is a problem on the actors invol- doing strengthening against BP2KS and increased ved. When the problem of the actors appears, synergy between actors, as well as fostering mutu- then it will give rise to new problems that have al trust between the actors involved in tourism an impact on the development efforts of the development in Semarang City. tourist activities. 5. REFERENCES 9. Irreversibilitiy Anderson, James E, 2006, Public Policy Making: This stage is the next level which allows going An Introduction, Boston: Houghton Muffin back to the point where the alternative possi- Company.

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Albert N. Kimbu Michael Z, Ngoasong, 2013, Publik : Konsep dan Aplikasinya di Centralized Decentralization of Tourism Indonesia.Gava Media : Yogyakarta. Development : A Network Perspective, Suwitri, Sri, 2011, Jejaring Kebijakan Dalam Annals of Tourism Research, vol. 10, 235 – Perumusan Kebijakan Publik: Suatu Kajian 259. Perumusan Kebijakan Penanggulangan Chui, Hua Lie et al., 2012, Improving Tourism Banjir dan Rob Pemerintah Kota Policy Implementation : The use of Hybrid Semarang, MCDM Model, Tourism Management, BadanPenerbitUniversitasDiponegoro, (33), 413-426. Semarang. Dang Wang, John Ap, 2013, Faktor Affecting Tri Yuniningsih, 2018, Analisis Jaringan Aktor Tourism Policy Implementation : dalam Implementasi Kebijakan Pariwisata Conceptual Framework and Case Study in kota Semarang,Desertasi, PRODAP FISIP China. Journal of Tourism Management, –UNDIP, Semarang. (36), 221-233. Victoria M. Waligo, Jackie Clarke, Rebecca Howlett,Michel,dan Ramesh.(1995).Studying Hawkin, 2012, Implementing Sustainable Public Policy: Policy Cycles and Policy Tourism: Multi Stakeholder Involvement Subsytem.Oxford: University Press. Framework, Tourism Management, 30 1- Meitisa Vansa Simanjuntak ,2015, Analisis 12. Jaringan Aktor dalam Perlindungan Anak di Undang-undang No.10 Tahun 2009 tentang Kota Semarang, Tesis, MIA FISIP-UNDIP, Kepariwisataan Semarang Perda Kota Semarang No.9 Tahun 2010 tentang Purwanto,Erwan Agus dan Dyah Ratih Kepariwisataan Sulistyani,2012.Implementasi Kebijakan

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The Role of Government on Sustainable Development PKK AND SHADOWS "POST-REFORMATION" STATE IBUISM (DYNAMICS OF THE ROLE OF PKK ORGANIZATIONS IN RAKSA JIWA VILLAGE, OGAN KOMERING ULU DISTRICT)

Amaliatulwalidain1, Novia Kencana2

1Faculty of Government and Cultural Sciences of Indo Global Mandiri University Jln. Jenderal Sudirman. No.629, Km 4.5. Postal Code 30129 Palembang, Indonesian Email: [email protected] 2Faculty of Government and Cultural Sciences of Indo Global Mandiri University Jln. Jenderal Sudirman. No.629, Km 4.5. Postal Code 30129 Palembang, Indonesian Email: [email protected]

Abstract reduction, presents data and draw conclusions from Departing from changes in the political system the data. from the New Order Regime to the Reform Regime, this study will then broadly discuss how Keywords: State Ibuism; Political Development; these political changes also affected the conditions PKK Village Raksa Jiwa Organization. of PKK Organizations in the village of Raksa Jiwa, Semidang Aji Regency, South Sumatra province. 1. INTRODUCTION This study is important, because so far studies on When the New Order government regime the relationship between PKK organizations in came to power in 1965, development (develop- political change in Indonesia have been mostly ment) and progress (progress) were new keywords carried out in villages on Java, rather than in South in national political development by directly Sumatra, even specifically, none at all. This involving citizens (Gerke, 1992). The New Order research highlights two important things, namely: government so stressed the importance of "deve- First, knowing the form of changes in the cultural lopment" as social engineering which also became values of PKK Organizations in the countryside the supporting force of the working of the regime's under the conditions of the Reformation. Second, political system in order to create conditions of what is the role and position of the PKK modernization which were considered as the basic organization after political changes from the New ideals of the country to realize the life of a Order to the Reformation. The methodology in this prosperous Indonesian society. In its realization, study uses a descriptive-qualitative approach. The the New Order mobilized all levels of society such theories and approaches used in explaining this as the military, technocrats, and the masses to fight study use the theory of state Ibuism, and political on the main goal of successful development. In development. Data obtained through observation, addition, the support of international finance and interviews and documentation, are divided into two bureaucratization, is fully responsible for the deve- types of data, namely primary data from interviews lopment process and the successful implementation in-depth interviews, while secondary data is of the New Order development policy known as obtained from literature and relevant documents, "Repelita" (Evers, 1987). then analyzes data with the process of data

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The term Repelita or (Five-Year Deve- and village government 20and its population. The lopment Plan) is an implementation of develop- country's strong emphasis on the term 'mutual ment policy introduced by emphasizing the cooperation' constitutes political programs defined centrality of the state in achieving the future of a as the traditional values of the Indonesian people at modern, prosperous and prosperous country. In that time (Gerke, 1992). Repelita, the state directly controls national On the other hand, citizen involvement as a economic planning and administration (Suryakusu- volunteer in the success of political development ma, 2011). For the sake of fluency, the condition of The New Order Regime was carried out massively national stability and social order of the state is and structurally, besides being carried out through always maintained in a stable position through the ideological doctrine, various organizations were attachment of emotional voluntary relations established to regulate and supervise citizens to between the state and citizens to foster citizens' remain in the determined political corridor. One of moral responsibility to 'selflessness' to take part in them is to establish various community organiza- the success of the Order's political development tions, including women's organizations such as the New. (Suryakusuma, 2011). Through Repelita, the PKK as a women's organization that was delibe- stages of development development are monitored rately established to integrate women into moral by top-down planning implemented by the central responsibility as citizens to support the political government by formulating all technical guidelines development of the New Order. in PKK organiza- for each local (regional) government in Indonesia, tions or abbreviated (Pembinaan Kesejahteraan especially through Law No. 5 of 1974. Government Keluarga), women are segregated, in development is designed in a centrally connected government policies and practices that are full of feminine system by the chain of command, where at each values reflected in the "ten PKK21 programs". level of the lower government, it is directly res- Through the nuclear family22, the ten PKK ponsible for the higher government. (Sutiyo &

Maharjan, 2017). 20 The presence of Law No. 5 of 1974 con- Through the implementation of Law No.5 of 1979 concerning Village Government a new political struc- cerning the Principles of Regional Government was ture was formed to replace the old political structure, directly influenced by the development policies of because the old political structure, considered not to be the New Order regime's political system which relevant to support the direction of the New Order's political development policies that were state centric: deliberately designed the regional government autocratic, top down, centralistic, hierarchical and system as "satellite" with the aim of maintaining sectoral, the presence of a new political structure is national integration and minimizing, eliminating also a way of mobilizing resources and opening up a movements - movement that will threaten the new space for centralized and centralized definition and distribution of allocative power, the severity of the security and stability of the country. In order to new structure lasts for several decades in the Order's ensure the creation of political stability as a administration Just in power. (Amaliatulwalidain, condition for the implementation of economic 2018a) 21 development, the Soeharto government then deve- The ten PKK programs include: 1). Understanding and Practicing Pancasila 2). Mutual Cooperation 3). Food loped relations between the central and regional 4). Clothing 5). Housing and Housekeeping 6). Edu- government structures in an efficient and controlled cation and Skills 7). Health 8). Development of manner. The term "mutual cooperation" was intro- Cooperative Life 9). Environmental Sustainability 10). duced and was used to underline cooperation bet- Healthy Planning. (TP PKK Center, 2015) 22 The family is the last target in shaping people's life ween the central government, regional government records based on the New Order's political values. The New Order government has strong reasons to focus on the existence of families, because the family is a means to support the formation of society and the

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The Role of Government on Sustainable Development programs were implemented as ideal family mediator between the state and village women. The welfare norms created by the New Order Regime PKK was designed with the task of helping village known as the ideology of "State Ibuism" (Surya- women to fulfill their obligations in the community kusuma, 2011) by providing information, guidelines and training. The ideology of state Ibuism, is a theoretical Direct relations between PKK groups and institu- concept raised by Julia Suryakusuma as a gender tionalized countries that are institutionalized by ideology that is rigidly rigid and very restrictive, law. PKK units were established by all villages, controlling the role of women by creating hie- villages and cities as part of the LKMD (Village rarchical arrangements containing "entertaining Community Resilience Institution) which is the household" elements that lead to domestication in main mediator between the state and the villagers the Indonesian context which is full of elements (Gerke, 1992). politics, ideology, and culture. In understanding The direction of the PKK program is from "Ibuisme", women must serve their husbands, the center with a hierarchical structure in the chain children, families, communities and countries. of command that starts from the president's wife to Through "state Ibuisme" worship on the "religious" the wife of the village head Both the president's nature and traditional roles of women and as wife and the wife of the village leader, led other developers of community norms and values. The women to 'donate' their time in activities designed construction of the "State Ibuism" model is in line to meet national development goals (Jakimow, with the "priyayisasi" model with the use and 2017). The positions in the PKK organizational transformation of traditional Javanese values structure were not based on interests, education, (Jawanisasi) which are also applied in the state and abilities of women, but rather reflected the bureaucracy for the sake of development and position of their husbands, and the active involve- "modernization" in Indonesia (Suryakusuma, ment of a woman as a "husband's accomplice" to 2011). support her husband's career. Gerke (1992), so that The PKK is loaded with the ideology of in public life, then women are seen solely as "State Ibuism" and is based on government "followers of the husband". Direct involvement of directives stating that development begins within women in the PKK, in the end, not only succeeded the family through the role of women in the in building emotional attachments as good citizens, household (Jakimow, 2017) then hierarchically but also as desired by the state, namely also acting then the PKK Organization as a Government as mothers and wives who have full moral Partner is introduced to women in the countryside responsibility to maintain the continuity of family on behalf of " increasing the role of women in welfare as a benchmark in the success of develop- development ‖(Suryakusuma, 2011) through the ment (Blackburn, 1999). full financial support provided by the government. In May 1998, a change in the New Order's The role of the PKK in the life of the Indonesian authoritarian political regime to the Reformation people is very important, because it is the main took place, Soeharto's ouster from the Indonesian political stage for three decades was inevitable, due

to the New Order regime's power system that could integrity of the country in three ways. First, as an economic unit, the place for reproduction. Second, as a not stem the deepening economic crisis, the threat "biosocial" unit, where the biological relationship of increasingly rioting overshadowing, the political between mother and father gets the construction and revolution and the demands of 'total reform' so social meaning. Third, the family as a place for the formation of ideological units, namely the system of loudly voiced vocally by the student movement to values, beliefs, religion, traditions, social, cultural and reorganize the power system (Hadiz, 2003), in the conservatism instilled since childhood (Suryakusuma, end the Reformation emerged as an answer to the 2011)

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2nd ICSTCSD 2018 Proceeding Magelang, 16 – 17 November 2018 political turmoil that occurred. The 1998 reforms out in the field and literature reference studies as were not only seen as a momentum for the rise of a secondary data (supporting) to complete the study more democratic political system, but also as a year in this study. This research, trying to identify, of revival of the role and political participation of describe trends from the data obtained. The data is Indonesian women in state administration with the then analyzed through parsing and drafting and emergence of new discourses related to more egali- then making research conclusions. tarian government programs based on practical gender interests (practical gender interest) and 3. RESULT AND DISCUSSION strategic gender interest as a process to diminish 3.1. PKK Enter the Village: Construction of the implementation of cultural values "state Ibuism in Rural Countries in South ibuism" perpetuated through PKK organizations Sumatra during the New Order (Biaonpohen, 2000). It is common practice that the New Order Then this study then wants to examine and political regime has dominated the macro structure understand whether the effect of changes in the of power in Indonesia, one of which is by PKK changes in the political system in Indonesia, continually doctrining the cultural ideology of the also influences the change in conventional gender role of women as 'state ibuism' which aims to form ideology "State Ibuism" through the PKK from the a normative attitude of women's acceptance and New Order Regime to the Reform Regime which is volunteerism in accordance with the nature of considered more democratic in shaping under- women. "State Ibuism" has a very large role as a standing and values new for women, especially in mediator between the macro structure of power and rural areas, to strengthen the strengthening of the micro-practices of interpersonal relations, in the quality of democracy especially in democratic dominance of political structures (Hefner, 2007). governance at the grassroots level (village Ideology The state ibuism embodied in the PKK governance), which is based on the interests and intentionally aimed at women at the village level needs of women. focused greater attention on modernization 'lifestyles' especially the Family Welfare Program, 2. RESEARCH METHODS which was designed to expand middle-class house- This study uses a qualitative-descriptive holds to poor rural environments across the country research method that aims to describe a situation (Jones , 2010) by introducing the concept of family that is temporarily running when the research takes welfare, instructions on family relations, education place and examine the causes of these symptoms for children, and household governance to help (Sevilla, 1991) especially in explaining the Indonesia reach a "fair and prosperous" society Shadows of "Post-Reformation" State Ibuism in based on the Pancasila (Sproat, 2015). PKK Organizations in the Village Raksa Jiwa, Along with the implementation of the policy Ogan Komering Ulu Regency, which is one of the of Law No. 5 of 1979 concerning village PKK organizations in rural areas in South Sumatra. governance in Indonesia. The emergence of the The selection of the location of this study is in Law is the realization of the development of the South Sumatra, due to the lack of research and village community so that the village community publications regarding the existence and develop- can enjoy the results of development and can carry ment of PKK organizations in various regions of out their responsibilities as citizens (Suryakusuma, Sumatra. The data in this study include primary 2011). The presence of PKK and the ten PKK data (primary) in the form of in-depth and open programs in all villages in Indonesia is considered interviews (open ended interviews) with infor- very significant to reach 66,437 PKK in all villages mants, besides that, observations were also carried in Indonesia, this shows the fact that the presence

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The Role of Government on Sustainable Development of PKK is very important in a large framework Post-Reformation, there were several Indonesia's national development, including the changes from the PKK, one of which was a change presence of K PKK ‘in villages in Sumatra, in the first name of the PKK organization which especially in the village of Raksa Jiwa, PKK was no longer abbreviated as "Family Welfare organizations in the village of Raksa Jiwa, came Development", but changed its name to "Family together with the operation of Law No.5 of 1979 Welfare Empowerment". In the results of the PKK concerning village governance in Indonesia. VII Organizational Work Meeting in 2010 on PKK Referring to the implementation of Law institutions, PKK organizations in the reform era No.5. In 1979 regarding village governance in emphasized its position as a women's movement South Sumatra, in the institutional perspective also which was not only institutionally considered as an gave birth to other institutions, such as LKMD and "institution", but also fundamentally an institution Karang Taruna, while in the context of rural deve- that organized women's needs and interests lopment in South Sumatra, uniforming village accordingly with aspirations coming directly from governance in response to Law No. 5 of 1979 was women Many parties consider the change in name not only caused segregation of village women in from the PKK to be done, because after the Raksa Jiwa in the mainstream programs of New Reformation, the PKK was no longer a strategic Order development, but also led to the abolition of and oppressive organization. The PKK has always the traditional Marga government system in South drawn criticism as an organization that perpetuates Sumatra. (Amaliatulwalidain, 2018b). patriarchal ideology and fosters the nation's ibuism In the beginning of the entry of 'PKK' in the (Soetjipto, Ani, 2013) village of Raksa Jiwa in 1981 the PKK became an Then in the 2015 PKI VIII National Work organization that embraced all village women, Meeting in Jakarta, although the PKK Movement especially in skills activities, even sewing skills later declared it as a community movement that became an 'improved' field of economic grew from below, with the principle of development for women in the village of Raksa participatory work. Through this PKK Movement, Jiwa at that time. In addition to sewing, one of the the active participation of all levels of society in PKK activities promoted at that time was raising development is also raised and improved, so that it livestock, raising livestock activities aimed only at is expected to be more equitable and quality in fulfilling animal nutritional needs for each family carrying out the burden and responsibility of in the village, livestock activities were also development, as well as enjoying the results of considered easier because the villagers were skilled development itself, with missions still referring to at it. The progress of the PKK in the village of the ten programs PKK work guidelines which Raksa Jiwa at that time was indeed inseparable include increasing family character formation from the role of the village head who directly through appreciation, practice of Pancasila, mutual supported the progress of the village PKK by cooperation and gender equality and justice; supporting several PKK programs (interview with Improve family education and economy through Ms. Mutiah, SAg. 48, July 7, 2018). various skills and cooperative development efforts; Increasing Family Resilience through the ful- 3.2. The dynamics of the PKK in the Village of fillment of food, clothing and housing that is Raksa Jiwa in the Shadows of "Post- livable; Improving family health, environmental Reformation" State Ibuism sustainability and healthy planning (TP PKK Center, 2015).

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TABLE 1 Changes in the Format of PKK Organizations from the New Order Period to the Reformation No the new order Reformation

"Coaching ” "Empowerment" 1. Regulation (Minister of Home Affairs Regulation (Results of the Decision of Regulation, through Wire Mail). Ni. SS. 3/6/12 the National Working Meeting on PKK dated December 27, 1972 VII, 30 July 2010 and National Working Meeting on PKK VIII, 14 September 2015 2. Top Down Bottom UP 3. Mobilization Partisapatoris 4. Organizational Movement Source: processed from various sources

Regarding the changes in the format and issues can be seen in the Reformation institutional model of the PKK after the participatory development model, which is Reformation, in fact the values of 'state ibuism' adjusted to 17 work plan five years PKK (2015- are still closely attached to the PKK, the absence 2020), including the following: of a gender perspective in elaborating women's

TABLE 2 No 2015-2020 PKK FIVE YEAR WORK PLAN 1. Increasing the development of attitudes and behavior through the role of the family in prevention and abuse and drug trafficking 2. Actively participating in the National Anti-Sexual Child Crime Movement (GN-AKSA) 3. Advocating Child and Adolescent Parenting in an effort to build family-based character. 4. Capacity building and driving force of PKK and cadres for achieving PKK movements. 5. Family Skills Development Enhancing Family Economy 6. Improved understanding of 12 years of Basic Education 7. Striving for Family Food Resilience by optimizing the use of the yard (HEART PKK). 8. Develop regional motifs in an effort to increase I Love Indonesian Production. 9. Socializing the House to Live Worthy of Life for the family 10. Support the Mental Revolution Program in the health sector for Poor Families to actively participate in the membership of the Social Security Organizing Body (BPJS) as a Recipient of Benefit Assistance (PBI) 11. Support the government in Fostering PHBS in the Household and Accelerating Nutrition Improvement through the First Thousand Day Life Program (1000 HPK)) 12. Support Government Programs in reducing Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR), Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) and Toddler (AKABA) and "Polio Eradication" and Family Planning programs. 13. Improve Information and Education Communication (IEC) through a family approach in controlling infectious diseases and non-communicable diseases 14. Coordinate, integrate and synergy in cross-working activities (PMT-AS, BKB-PAUD, Mental

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Health and Drug Disorders, Population Administration and planting a million trees) 15. Improve the ability of Posyandu Cadres in implementing the Posyandu Information System (SIP) 16. Advocacy for integrating 10 PKK Principal programs in Village RPJM, Village RKP and Village APB through Village Funds and other funding sources in the village 17. Provides gender disaggregated data in the TP PKK Data System. Source: (TP PKK Center, 2015)

Of the 17 points of the five-year PKK work interesting). (2). SMS and SBS are special pro- plan for 2015 to 2020, the PKK remains a grams to eliminate the habit of people living in women's organization that is part of national rivers to not defecate and use small water into ri- development that is aligned with the dynamics of vers by recommending establishing and making Reformation development, it can be said that the public toilets in every village and village. The PKK's cultural features have not changed much. SMS and SBS program was initiated directly by Little change was only seen from several new the Ogan Komering District PKK Driving Team programs from the PKK's five-year work plan with the health office, as a step towards a healthy which was derived from the ten PKK programs. community life movement launched by the There were no significant other gender issues in government. the PKK's five-year work plan, such as the issue of domestic violence, the issue of polygamy, the 4. CONCLUSION issue of migrant workers or the issue of early In the end the PKK was difficult to release marriage for underage children which was the label from the stigma of 'state ibuism', even actually the content of important issues that also though there had been institutional changes to the participated accompanying various aggregations PKK institutions in Reformation due to the change of interests from women in the Reformation era. of the Government Regime. Still, the PKK is a PKK programs continue to be herded in domestic state-formed women's movement that finds it areas which still keep their breath from 'state difficult to escape the autonomy of power politics ideology'. It was also very clearly seen from the if the hierarchical structure of PKK leaders is still way to realize the PKK's five-year work plan, held by the wives of leaders and government coordination was carried out in command hierar- officials. With this unchanged paradigm, it will chies, starting with the direction and dissemina- certainly be difficult for PKK organizations to tion of these programs by the Central PKK transform their efforts to foster self-awareness for Driving Team to the village PKK Driving Team. women in Indonesia, especially for women in Especially in the village of Raksa Jiwa, the rural areas to be able to integrate their interests direction and outreach of PKK programs as a into pro-gender state development policies. realization of the PKK's five-year work plan (2015-2020) was socialized by the District PKK 5. REFERENCES Driving Team on July 10, 2018, by introducing Amaliatulwalidain. (2018a). Influence of Kiti‘s several PKK-specific programs besides the Kinship Family System In The Formation program- PKK general programs that are tailored Process Of Political Instruments In The to the context and conditions of the area of the Village Of Segara Kembang, Ogan PKK Driving Team concerned. Among them are Komering Ulu Regency, South Sumatera. (1). Kampung Manis program (alternative to In Asian Association for Public planting sugar cane in a house), Kampung Warna- Administration Annual Conference (AAPA warni (coloring the village paths becomes 2018) (p. 321).

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https://doi.org/doi:10.2991/aapa-18.2018.30 272 Amaliatulwalidain. (2018b). REPOSISI Hefner, R. W. (Ed.). (2007). Politik KULTURAL ORGANISASI PKK DARI Multikulturalisme Menggugat Realitas MASA ORDE BARU KE REFORMASI DI Kebangsaan. Yogyakarta: Impulse- DESA RAKSA JIWA KABUPATEN OGAN Kanisius. KOMERING ULU. (R. Chandra, Ed.). Jakimow, T. (2017). Beyond ‗ State Ibuism ‘: Palembang, Indonesia: Jagad Riset Empowerment Effects in State-led Indonesia. Development in Indonesia, 00(April 2016), Biaonpohen, C. (2000). Women‘s Political Call‖ 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1111/dech.12374 Dalam Indonesia Woman The Journey Jones, C. (2010). Better women: The cultural Continues. (M. O.-G. ; C. Bianpohen, Ed.). politics of gendered expertise in Indonesia. The Australian National University American Anthropologist, 112(2), 270–282. Research School Of Pasific And Asian https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1548- Studies. 1433.2010.01225.x Blackburn, S. (1999). Women and citizenship in Soetjipto, Ani, S. A. (2013). Suara Dari Desa Indonesia. Australian Journal of Political Menuju Revitalisasi PKK. Jakarta, Science, 34(2), 189–204. Indonesia: Marjin Kiri. https://doi.org/10.1080/10361149950362 Sproat, L. P. (2015). Nurturing transitions : Evers, H.-D. (1987). The bureaucratization of Housewife organizations in ( colonial ) Southeast Asia. Comparative Studies in Indonesia , 1900-1972. Purdue University. Society and History. Retrieved from Gerke, S. (1992). Indonesian National https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/open_acces_dise Development Ideologv and the Role of rtation/5690 Women. Indonesia Circle. School of Suryakusuma, J. (2011). Ibuisme Negara Oriental & African Studies. Newsletter, Konstruksi Sosial Keperempuanan Orde 21(59–60), 45–56. Baru. Jakarta, Indonesia: Komunitas https://doi.org/10.1080/0306284920872979 Bambu. 1 Sutiyo, & Maharjan, K. L. (2017). Hadiz, V. (2003). Reorganizing political power in Decentralization and Rural Development in Indonesia : A reconsideration of so-called ‘ Indonesia. Singapore: Springer Nature democratic transitions ‘ Reorganizing Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981- political power in Indonesia : a 10-3208-0 reconsideration of so-called ‗ democratic TP PKK Pusat. (2015). Rumusan Hasil Rakernas transitions .‘ The Pacific Review, Vol. 16 VIII PKK. Jakarta, Indonesia: TP PKK No(October), 37–41. Pusat. https://doi.org/10.1080/0951274032000132

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The Role of Government on Sustainable Development EMPLOYEE PARTICIPATION AND ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE IN THE PUBLIC UNIVERSITIES IN MALAYSIA: AN ANALYSIS

Badariah Ab Rahman1, Dzurizah Ibrahim2, Rosazman Husin3, Harifah Mohd Noor4

1Ethnography and Development Research Unit, Faculty of Humanities, Arts & Heritage Universiti Malaysia Sabah 2Ethnography and Development Research Unit, Faculty of Humanities, Arts & Heritage Universiti Malaysia Sabah 3Ethnography and Development Research Unit, Faculty of Humanities, Arts & Heritage Universiti Malaysia Sabah 4Ethnography and Development Research Unit, Faculty of Humanities, Arts & Heritage Universiti Malaysia Sabah Email : [email protected]

Abstract have some influence to the organisational culture Employee Participation (EP) has the capacity to of public universities in Malaysia. enhance the quality of decision making by broadening inputs, promotes commitment to the Keywords: Employee Participation; Public outcome of the decision making process, improves Universities; Decision Making; Effectiveness. motivation, cooperation and communication in the workplace. EP also may reduce workloads of 1. INTRODUCTION supervisors, encourage skill development in the The issue of Employee Participation (EP) in workforce, and can contribute to improved decision making has attracted the interest of the employment relations in general. For that matter, management scholars, industrial relations re- the issue of EP in decision making has been searchers and managers in organisations (Heller et researched extensively particularly in promoting al., 1998; Markey et al., 2001; Arrigo and Casale, partnership between employer-employee 2010) particularly in promoting partnership relationship. EP has been widely practiced in the between employer-employee work relationships. private sectors; however there is a broad gap on The literatures of EP has been discussing on the importance of EP in public universities in the two forms of EP (i) direct participation, and (ii) Malaysia. Therefore the objective of this research indirect participation (Heller et al., (1998). is to explore the Academic JCC practice and the Salamon (1998) exerted that direct participation influence of these practices to the organisational allows workgroups/individual employee to involve culture of the public universities in Malaysia. The in the management initiatives program such as methodology applied was qualitative case study QCC, TQM, ISO, 5s, KAIZEN and many other approach using in-depth interview techniques as schemes. Cabrera et al. (2002) argues that direct the primary method of collecting data in three participation involve the workers themselves. public universities in Malaysia. The findings While indirect participation on the other hand indicates that the Academic JCCs practices do affects the mass of employee via workers representatives such as Work Council (WC) and

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JCC. The direct and indirect form of EP is as shown in Figure 1.

Fig 1. Direct and Indirect Participation Form of EP Source : Salamon (1998); Cabrera et al., (2002); Ab Rahman et al. (2015)

Based on Figure 1 above, the central focus successful consultation. Secondly, according to of this study is to investigate the JCC particularly Gollan and Lewin (2013), the JCC has lost some of the Academic JCC practice and the influence of its significant due to their traditional way in these practices to the organisational culture. managing their activities. Thirdly, it was reported by Kouginnou (2013) that the WC in Europe has  Research Problem: Why EP is important in legal standing on the Information and Consultation the context of organisational culture in public via EU Directive 2002. Additionally Kouginnou universities in Malaysia? (2013) also reported that the EU Directive 2002 The debates on JCC practices were ex- were extended to the UK in 2008 in providing a tensively for the private sector in Malaysia general framework of minimum requirement for (Parasuraman & Jones, 2005; Koiker, 2010). The the rights for information and consultation of central focus of their research were mainly employees via employee representatives. Both of concentrating on the operational aspect of JCC. this privilege was not extended in Malaysia. While the link between the JCC and organisational culture were often taken for granted (Cameron &  Indirect Participation mechanism abroad Quinn, 2005); therefore the knowledge about the Indirect participation such as WC and JCC in relationship were absent in the present literature in the developed countries such as in the UK, Western the context of this study. Europe, the US and Australia are highly supported. In this regard, there are several issues that This is due to JCC is the most preferred indirect were unclear in relations to the link between the participation mechanism of workers representation Academic JCC and the organisational culture. (Heller et al., 1998). WC, which is a similar Firstly, Strauss (1998) argued that direct participa- structure as JCC can be found in the Netherlands is tion and indirect participation should complement the most effective form of worker representation in each other in which act as the determinant for a the European Union (EU) following EU Directive

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2002 for Information and Consultation (Markey, have influence to the organisational decision 2010; Goodijk, 2010). While in the UK, JCC has making process were left undebated. Parasuraman recently boosted by the introduction of further legal (2007) studied EP in three private sector and found regulation via Information and Consultation of that the socio-cultural perspectives of the multi- Employees (ICE) (Kounginnou, 2013). Taking cultural society of Malaysia has some influence to these into considerations, the JCC and WC abroad the effectiveness of the HCC in private sector. are embedded into the organisational culture. Koiker et al. (2010) found that the Malaysian culture has an important influence in the sense that  JCC in Malaysia: A Review employees often dare not speak up in the Dutch In the Malaysian context, the government is firms in Malaysia. Ab Rahman et al. (2015) the largest employer and were heavily non- concluded that the adaptation of the JCC from the unionised; thus union presence were forbidden in British administration system has some influence to the public sector; this includes the public univer- the JCC practices in public universities in Malay- sities. Therefore, as an alternative workers repre- sia. Additionally, the study conducted by Ab sentatives were established (Ab Rahman et al. Rahman et al. (2015) revealed that the issues often 2015). The directive to establish the JCC were brought up the Academic JCC were usually trivial contained in the Service Circular No. 2 Year 1992 issues such as food in the canteen, sports activities respectively. The purpose of the JCCs was to create and fund raising activities. Subject related to a harmonious working relations in organisation. As policy, rules and procedures are not for the Aca- such it can be concluded that the JCC particularly demic JCCs to deal with. In this regard, due to the the Academic JCC is not new due to it has been limitation faced by the Academic JCCs, their established in the public universities in accordance capacity to influence the organisational culture with the Service Circular. The purpose of the decision making process can be argued. Therefore, Academic JCCs was to provide an avenue for the it is critical to understand the management support, academics to voice their concern on work and work attitude and intention toward the Academic JCC related matters. and vice-versa. Malaysia has twenty (20) public universities The above discussion, it can be concluded in which is under the jurisdiction of Ministry of that the debates on organisational culture and JCCs Education and heavily non-unionised (Ab Rahman were less emphasised. Therefore this study clearly et al. 2015). This issue has become important in the projected that the Academic JCCs in public context of this study due to most of the highly level universities in Malaysia is taken for granted issues. decision making affects the livelihood of the Therefore, this study is an opportunity to under- academics (Strauss, 1998; Ab Rahman et al. stand the Academic JCC practices in three public (2015). The academics should be better represented universities in Malaysia. because of their capability in producing productive, skilful and talented workforce; therefore the  Theoretical and Concept of JCC academics are important for nation building. The definition of JCC as provided by However, the Academic JCCs were still managed Marchington (1992) is essential in this study. in a traditional manner (Gollan & Lewin, 2013) According to him JCC is a mechanism for mana- because their roles and functions are limited to gers and employees to meet on a regular basis in welfare issues only. There has been study carried order to exchange view, to utilise members‘ out on JCC in Malaysia, however the scope and knowledge and expertise, and to deal with common focus were confined to the operational aspect of interest which are not the subject of Collective JCC; therefore, the question whether the JCC can Bargaining. As such, this suggest that JCC is a

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2nd ICSTCSD 2018 Proceeding Magelang, 16 – 17 November 2018 positive platform that bridges the managers and there are several definition given by other scholars members via employee representatives for in regards to JCC is as shown in Table 1. information and consultation purposes. However,

TABLE 1 Theoretical Debates on JCC Scholars Debates Ramsay (1990) Cycle of control theory argues that JCCs can be used to undermine the power of union Marchington (1992) Both managers and employees values JCCs as a meaningful form of involvement and participation Hyman & Mason (1995) JCCs either can be management dominated forums or act as mechanism for enabling employee representatives to influence aspects of organisational decision making Beardwell & Holden (2001) JCCs merely as a ―rubber stamping bodies‖ for management initiative which focus on issues like ‗tea, toilet, and trivial‘ Marchington (1994) JCCs can play an important and different roles in organisation affecting different outcomes depending on the organisational culture needs

Based on Table 1 the theoretical debates as ways depending on the desire of the management above suggests that JCC can be defined in and the JCCs. accordance with the need of a particular organi- As such in discussing as provided above, the sation in which union and JCC are present. In this models of JCC in organisation can be summarised situation, the JCC can be managed in several many in Table 2 below.

TABLE 2 Models of JCC in Organisation Model 1 (Radical) Model 2 (Pluralist) Model 3 (Unitary) Management: Management: Management: Less Powerful Balanced Power Powerful JCC: JCC: JCC: Powerful Balanced Power Les Powerful Conflicting with the management Allowing employees to participate Rubber stamp bodies that endorsed most of the time (Ramsay, 1983; in decision making process via management initiatives Marchington, 1992; Hyman & employee representatives (Marchington, 1992; Hyman & Mason, 1995; Parasuraman, 2006; Marchington, 1992; Hyman & Mason, 1995; Parasuraman, Arrigo & Casale, 2010) Mason, 1995; Parasuraman, 2006; Berdwell & Holden, 2001: 2006; Arrigo & Casale, 2010) Arrigo & Casale, 2010)

 Models of Consultation find the answers to the research questions. The In this study, the Models of Consultation models were provided in Figure 2 below: popularised by Marchington (1992) were used to

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Fig. 2. Models of Consultation Source: MArchington, 1992

 The objectives of the study d. To evaluate the Academic JCC consultation The focus of this study are to explore on the practices and the influence to the practice of EP with special emphasis on Academic organisational culture of public universities JCCs in public universities in Malaysia. Therefore, in Malaysia these following objectives are essential in order to understand the nature of the Academic JCCs in 2. METHODOLOGY public universities in Malaysia. The methodology applied was qualitative a. To identify the strong Academic JCC leader- multiple case study design primarily using in-depth ship and the influence to the organisational interview techniques. Other techniques applied culture of public universities in Malaysia was secondary data obtained from secondary data b. To examine the Academic JCC co-operation and observations. The participants consists of the and the influence to the organisational President and Vice President were interviewed culture of public universities in Malaysia from three public universities in Malaysia. The c. To investigate the Academic JCC attitude interviews were compiled in the thematic manner, and the influence to the organisational trangulated and transcripted into verbatim data. culture of public universities in Malaysia For ethical considerations, the name of the public universities will not be mentioned (Yin, 2003).

Informants Informant UPP UPK UBS President 1 1 1 Honorary Secretary 1 1 1 TOTAL 2 2 2

Case Studies Profiling Profilimg UPP UPK UBS Year of establishment 1 1 1 Academic JCC establishment 1 1 1 Members 2 2 2

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Category of the university APEX Location West Coast Northern Region East Malaysia

3. RESULT AND DISCUSSION In the section, the question raised here is A total of six (6) informant were inter- identifying the strong point of the leadership of viewed. In this section, the findings are each of the President of UPP, UPK, and UBS presented. respectively. 3.1. Strong Academic JCC Leadership The President of the Academic JCCs influenced the organisational culture of responded as follows; UPP and UPK, but not in UBS President, Academic JCC of ―I am a Criminologist by qualification. As the President, my other specialities UPP, 5 May 2016 includes knowing the law. I am very well-versed with the power of the Board and the Senate. I am also aware the power of the Academic JCC. I have been re-elected as the President for three consecutive years‖

President, Academic JCC of My field of expertise is law. I know the power of the Board, the Senate. Knowing UPK, 8 June 2016 the law is to my advantage because I know how to deal with the management‖

President, Academic JCC of ―I am an educationist by qualification. Am the current President and as the UBS, 30 July 2016 President, I have big responsibilities to protect the members‖

Based on the above feedback, this suggests background particularly the employment law in that strong Academic JCC leadership influenced order to be at par with the management. the organisational culture. For example, in UPP and UPK the President has some law background 3.2. Academic JCC co-operation influenced the and this has influenced the management to be organisational culture of UPP and UPK, mindful of their knowledge on the law. However, but not in UBS since the Academic JCC leadership in UBS is weak The researchers wanting to know the extent due to the limited knowledge on the law; therefore the Academic JCC influenced the organisationcal they are unable to influence the organisational culture of UPP, UPK and UBS respectively. culture respectively. Therefore it is essential for the The President of the Academic JCCs elected leadership to be equip with some law responded that;

President, Academic JCC of Whenever the VC calls me, it means he wants my opinion as the President, UPP, 8 September 2016 before making decisions. In this regards, our co-operation is highly needed‖

President, Academic JCC of ―I have good relationship with the VC. I don‘t have to make appointment to see UPK, 8 June 2016 him. I strongly feel that the VC and the management need our co-operation‖

President, Academic JCC of ―the VC and management are good to me. However, in the capacity as the UBS, 30 July 2016 President, there is problems. In this sense, the VC has never called me to discuss on issues of academics at large. The management do not need our co- operations‖

This suggest that the Academic JCC co-operation culture of UPP and UPK. However in UBS, there in UPP and UPK influenced the organisational is no co-operation between the Academic JCCs and

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The Role of Government on Sustainable Development management and does not influence the management to see the Academic JCCs always be organisational culture. Therefore, in order to be at alongside with the management all the time. par with the management, is essential for the 3.3. Academic JCC attitude influenced the Academic JCCs to be in the mode of co-operation organisational culture of UPP and UPK, with the management. It is important the but not in UBS

Honorary ―the VC always chair the meeting. The meeting is important to us because it Secretary, UPP, 10 September help solve operational and strategic issues in UPP‖ 2016

Honorary ―whatever the decision made by the management, theviews of AJCC will be Secretary, UPK, 10 June 2016 taken into consideration‖

Honorary ―all issues pertaining welfare of the academic and the strategic importance Secretary, UBS, 2 August issues of UBS is controlled by the 2016 management; therefore the management does not need to listen to our opinion or views on both aspect‖

This suggest that Academic JCC attitude Academic JCC displayed that the role of the influenced the organisational culture of UPP and Academic JCC was not important. As such the UPK. In UPP the management is willing to spare Academic JCCs must possessed the correct attitude sufficient amount of time to listen to the concern of in facing the management in order to gain the the academics. The attitude of the Academic JCC necessary trust. in UPK, were displayed through management 3.4. Academic JCCs consultation practices willingness to listen to the academic welfare influenced the organisational culture of concern. In contrast, UBS the attitude of the UPP and UPK, but not in UBS

President, UPP, 10 September ―We discuss welfares and strategic importance of the universities. As the 2016 President, I regards all issues are important‖

Honorary ―the meeting is the best platform for us to raise the welfare issues Secretary, UPK, 10 June 2016 Of the academic because. Important issues such as investment plan for instant is for the management to deal with‖

Honorary ―it is difficult for us to move, since the management is not looking at us. In Secretary, UBS, 2 August meetings, the chairman‘s role is being delegated to the junior officers. The 2016 meeting became an informal gathering instead, no concrete answer given to our concern, just a waste of time

This suggest that the capability of the not been able to position themselves; thus no Academic JCC consultation practice influenced the consultation is needed on both welfare and strategic organisational culture depends on the strong issues. In this case, the moment the management leadership of the Academic JCC, In UPP this has has gained trust towards the Academic JCC, resulted the go for balanced power. In UPK the consultation will take place effectively. Academic JCC is only focusing on welfare issues The findings establish the form of the Aca- of the members only and this has influenced the demic JCC in UPP was adjunct to the organi- organisational culture; however both have different sational culture due to their ability to exert some objectives. While in UBS, the Academic JCC has influence on operational and strategic issues of

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UPP; therefore being accepted as part of the It is important that the management and the organisational culture. The form of the Academic Academic JCCs to collaborate in a partnership in JCC in UPK was competing with the organi- achieving the desired result of the universities. sational culture in which the Academic JCC only focus on welfare issues; strategic importance is in 4. CONCLUSION the hand of the management; therefore not fully The findings leads to the loose partnership accepted as the organisational culture. The form of arrangement made between the Academic JCCs- the Academic JCC in UBS was marginal to the management and vice versa. This result warrants organisational culture, because both operational some amendments toward the current policy with and strategic importance issues were in the hand of regards to the role and function of the Academic the management; no influence to the organisational JCCs because it is important for the two parties to culture. work in partnership instead of being treated as separate entities in organisations with conflicting 3.5. An Analysis: Does it Matter in the Case of objectives. This research has established that the Public Universities in Malaysia? desire to move forward is being felt; but at the The challenges faced by the public same time still concerned with who is the authority universities in the era of globalisation in relation to (power). As long as this power game is the case, changes in the world economic, political and this research argues that the management will technological advancement have impacted the way continue to make final decisions; thus will preserve work and work method to be done. The changes its supremacy as the single authority in public implies that the public universities can no longer universities in Malaysia. work alone; therefore the commitment from the academics via Academic JCC is essential to go 5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT through this challenges. It is timely that the This research was financially supported by Academic JCCs to be part of the organizational University Malaysia Sabah under the Research culture of the public universities respectively. This Grant Scheme UMS (SGPUMS: Project Code: is necessary because academics are a group of SBK0218-SS-2015) under the title of Organi- intellectual individuals that profess in their field of zational Culture and Employee Participation: study, therefore the Academic JCCs should not be Comparative Studies on the Effectiveness of Joint treated as same as the other JCCs in public univer- Consultative Committees (JCC) in Malaysian sities. The Academic JCCs are able to assist Public Universities. universities in making better quality of decision making through effective consultation process. In 6. REFERENCES this case, effective consultation practices displays Ab Rahman, B., Ibrahim, D., & Hussin, R. (2015). respect and appreciation towards the management Re-conceptualizing joint consultative willingness to listen to the ideas of the Academic committees in public higher education JCC. In the long terms, the trust, commitment and sectors in Malaysia. IJAEDU-International loyalty prevails; thus able to create a harmonious E-Journal of Advances in Education, 1(3), employment relations in the public universities 224-233. environment. In a dynamics of managing public Arrigo, G & Casale, G. (2010) A comparative universities, academic freedom should be overview of terms and notions on employee encouraged, therefore academics that works in a participation:Labour administration and happy environment, definitely willing to work an inspection program LAB/ADMIN. Working extra mile for the sake of their beloved universities. Document Number 8, International Labour

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Organization-Geneva, February Koiker, L, Goodijk, R. Parasuraman, B. & Beardwell, I., & L. Holden (2001). Human Mustapha, N, (2013). The study on resource management: a contemporary employee participation and involvement approach, 3rd edition. London, Pitman (EPI) in a Dutch subsidiary in Malaysia. Publishing. Paper presented at the 10th European Cameron, K. S., & Quinn, R. E. Conference of the International Lobour and (2005). Diagnosing and changing Employment Relations Association organizational culture: Based on the (ILERA), 20-22 June 2013, Amsterdam. competing values framework. John Wiley & Kougiannou, K. (2013). Effective joint Sons. consultative committee: an exploration on Cabrera, E.L., Ortega, J., & Cabrera, A. (2002). the role of trust and justice. An exploration of factors that influence Marchington, M. (1992). Managing the team:a employee participation in Europe. guide to successful employee involvement. Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Spain in Oxford, Blackwell Business. view Markey, R. (2001). Global patterns of http://airenecon.ysyd.edu.au/parasuraman.pd participation:model of employee f participation in a changing global Congress of employers in the public sector and environment:diversity and interaction. R. civil servants, 2010 Markey., P. Gollan., A. Hodgkinson., Goodijk, R. (2010). Social partnership in Europe: Chouragui and U. Veersma. Aldershot, some reflection. University of Groningen, Ashgate. The Netherlands. Paper presented on 29 July Parasuraman, B., & Jones M.L. (2006). Joint 2010 at the Regional Conference on consultative committees in the Malaysian Partnership Between Industry & postal industry. University of Wollongon, Community, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah. Australia. Gollan, P. and Lewin, D. (2013). Employee Service Circular No 2, 1979 and No 7, 1989 representation in non-union firms: An Salomon, M. (1998). Industrial relations theory overview. Journal of Industrial Relations, and practice (3rd ed). Prentice Hall, Vol. 52, No. S. 1. Wiley Periodical Inc. Hertfordshire. Heller, F., usic, G., Strauss, G and Wilpert, B., Strauss, G. (1998). An overview of organization (1998). Organizationsal Participation: Myth participation:myth and reality. E. Pusic., G. and Reality. New Yorj, Oxford University Strauss & B. Wilpert. New York, Oxford Press. University Press. Hyman, J., & R. Mason. (1995) Managing Yin, R. (2003). Case study research: Design and employee involvement and participation. methods (3rd ed). Sage Publication, United London, Sage Publication. Kingdom.

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2nd ICSTCSD 2018 Proceeding Magelang, 16 – 17 November 2018 EVALUASI DAMPAK PERUBAHAN STATUS DESA MENJADI KELURAHAN DI KELURAHAN MUNGSENG KECAMATAN TEMANGGUNG KABUPATEN TEMANGGUNG (PADA BIDANG PEMERINTAHAN)

Muhamad Chamdhani1, Catur Wulandari 2

1Jurusan Ilmu Administrasi Negara, FISIPOL UNTIDAR, Magelang Jalan Kapten Suparman No. 39 Magelang Kode Pos 56116 Telp. (0293) 364113 e-mail: [email protected] 2Jurusan Ilmu Administrasi Negara, FISIPOL UNTIDAR, Magelang Jalan Kapten Suparman No. 39 Magelang Kode Pos 56116 Telp. (0293) 364113

Abstrak before-after yang menggunakan pengukuran Perubahan masyarakat pedesaan menuju kondisi sebelum program dilaksanakan dengan masyarakat perkotaan karena modernisasi membandingkan kondisi sesudah program atau mensyaratkan perubahan bentuk pemerintah. kebijakan dilaksanakan, dengan sasaran dampak Sebagaimana esensi pemerintah sebagai pemberi pada sasaran kebijakan. Kemudian hasil pelayanan kepada masyarakat, maka pemerintah perbandingan sebelum dan sesudah kebijakan harus menyesuaikan dengan perubahan- dilaksanakan akan menunjukkan sejauhmana perubahan tersebut. Salah satu bentuk perubahan tingkat perubahan pada kelompok sasaran. Hasil tersebut adalah Perubahan status desa menjadi menunjukkan dari fokus penelitian diatas dapat kelurahan di Kelurahan Mungseng Kecamatan disimpulkan bahwa masyarakat lebih memilih Temanggung Kabupaten Temanggung melalui pemerintahan Kelurahan Mungseng daripada Perda Temanggung Nomor 13 tahun 2004. sewaktu masih berbentuk Desa Mungseng. Dari Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Kelurahan kedua bentuk pemerintahan ini memang terdapat Mungseng Kecamatan Temanggung Kabupaten kelebihan dan kekurangan yang ditimbulkan Temanggung dengan menggunakan metode akibat perubahan status tersebut namun faktor penelitian deskriptif kualitatif. Penelitian ini juga kelebihan yang lebih mendominasi sehingga bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi dampak dengan adanya perubahan status ini masyarakat perubahan status desa menjadi kelurahan di merasa terbantu dan diuntungkan. Hal ini Kelurahan Mungseng Kecamatan Temanggung diperkuat dengan perolehan prestasi peringkat 1 Kabupaten Temanggung dengan mengevaluasi Evaluasi Kelurahan tingkat Kabupaten sebarapa besar manfaat dan dampak yang Temanggung tahun 2014 dan prestasi lainnya ditimbulkan sebelum dan sesudah perubahan ini sebagai salah satu bukti keberhasilan dilakukan, yang difokuskan pada bidang pemerintahan Kelurahan Mungseng setelah 10 pemerintahan berdasarkan Kemendagri Nomor 81 tahun perubahan status dari Desa menjadi tahun 2015 tentang Evaluasi Perkembangan Desa Kelurahan. dan Kelurahan. Dengan menggunakan Teori evaluasi dampak kebijakan menurut (Finsterbusch Keywords: Evaluasi; Desa; Kelurahan. & Montz 1980) dengan metode Single program

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1. PENDAHULUAN Mungseng merupakan satu di antara desa- Otonomi daerah adalah hak, wewenang dan desa yang berada di wilayah administrasi Keca- kewajiban daerah otonom untuk mengatur dan matan Temanggung Kabupaten Temanggung mengurus sendiri urusan pemerintahan dan kepen- dengan luas wilayah 105.955 Ha yang berada di tingan masyarakat setempat dalam sistem Negara ketinggian 540 mdpl dengan jarak 1,5 Km dari Kesatuan Republik Indonesia guna mempercepat pusat ibu kota kabupaten dan 2,5 Km dari ibu kota terwujudnya kesejahteraan masyarakat melalui kecamatan. Mungseng terbagi atas 19 Rukun peningkatan pelayanan, pemberdayaan dan peran Tetangga (RT) dan 4 Rukun Warga (RW) yaitu serta masyarakat serta peningkatan daya saing RW I (Lingk. Kemantenan Sari, RW III (Lingk. yang ada di daerah dengan memperhatikan prinsip Argodewi) RW. II Lingk. Banyukembar dan RW. demokrasi, pemerataan, keadilan dan kekhasan IV (Lingk. Daleman Asri). Jumlah penduduk suatu daerah dalam sistem Negara Kesatuan Re- Kelurahan Mungseng sampai akhir bulan Juni publik Indonesia. 2017 sejumlah 3.306 jiwa, yang terdiri dari 1.651 Penyelenggaraan asas otonomi daerah tidak jiwa laki-laki dan 1.655 jiwa perempuan. lepas dari peranan desa dan kelurahan sebagai Desa Mungseng sebagai satu di antara desa tingkatan pemerintahan paling bawah dalam yang pada tahun 2004 mendapatkan tawaran dari tatanan otonomi daerah di Indonesia. Seiring Pemda Temanggung untuk beralih statusnya dari dengan perubahan masyarakat perdesaan yang desa menjadi kelurahan, hal ini karena semakin cenderung berubah menjadi masyarakat perkotaan meningkatnya jumlah penduduk, semakin dekat- karena adanya proses modernisasi, diperlukan nya jarak dengan pusat kota/ kegiatan pemerintah- perubahan bentuk pemerintahan yang melayaninya an dan pusat-pusat pembangunan serta memper- dengan kata lain sebuah desa dapat membentuk lancar pelaksanaan tugas-tugas pemerintahan ataupun berubah statusnya menjadi kelurahan. untuk pelayanan terhadap masyarakat sehingga Perubahan status desa menjadi kelurahan dapat harus diikuti percepatan pembangunan sarana dan dilihat sebagai suatu bentuk perubahan atau prasarana jalan dan fasilitas umum lainnya. Karena pengembangan organisasi yang menyesuaikan saat masih pemerintah desa pembangunan infra- dengan perubahan masyarakat yang dilayaninya. struktur sebagian besar bersumber dari swadaya Sebagaimana dipahami bahwa esensi pemerintah masyarakat dan pendapatan desa, sehingga perce- adalah pelayanan kepada masyarakat. patan pembangunan dirasa masih sangat kurang. Didalam Pasal 9 Perda Temanggung No. 15 Oleh karenanya Pemda Temanggung Tahun 2009 tentang pembentukan, penghapusan mengeluarkan Perda No. 13 Tahun 2004 tentang dan penggabungan desa serta perubahan desa pembentukan 15 (lima belas) kelurahan di Keca- menjadi kelurahan menyatakan bahwa ―Perubahan matan Temanggung, Parakan, Ngadirejo dan status desa menjadi kelurahan bertujuan untuk Kranggan. Kecamatan Temanggung terdapat 11 meningkatkan pelayanan kepada masyarakat, me- (sebelas) desa yang berubah statusnya menjadi laksanakan fungsi pemerintahan dan pemberda- kelurahan dari 15 (lima belas) desa yang ada di 4 yaan masyarakat dalam rangka mempercepat (empat) kecamatan seperti perda diatas. Keca- terwujudnya kesejahteraan masyarakat‖ merujuk matan Temanggung menduduki peringkat teratas pada pasal diatas maka dipadang perlu untuk karena secara administratif dan wilayah berada di membentuk kelurahan baru dengan kata lain ibu kota Kabupaten Temanggung. merubah status desa menjadi kelurahan, dan salah Selain Perda di atas, perubahan status desa satu desa yang berubah statusnya menjadi kelu- menjadi kelurahan ini semata-mata bukan hanya rahan adalah Desa Mungseng. berasal dari penawaran pemerintah daerah saja. Akan tetapi juga harus ada dukungan dari semua

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2nd ICSTCSD 2018 Proceeding Magelang, 16 – 17 November 2018 unsur baik pemerintah desa besama BPD dan deskriptif berupa kata-kata tertulis atau lisan dari masyarakat yang mekanismenya di atur dalam orang-orang dan perilaku yang diamati. undang-undang. Walaupun dalam tahapannya pasti Dalam penelitian ini menggunakan metode ada pro/konta yang harus di lalui, akan tetapi pada evaluasi dampak kebijakan Finsterbusch & Montz akhirnya masyarakat bersama-sama BPD dan (1980) bahwa untuk melakukan evaluasi terhadap pemerintah desa sepakat untuk merubah status program yang telah di implementasikan salah Desa Mungseng menjadi Kelurahan Mungseng satunya menggunakan metode evaluasi program pada tanggal 8 Juni 2004 dan perubahan secara single program before-after sebagai jenis evaluasi efektif mulai berlaku pada 1 Januari 2005. yang menggunakan pengukuran kondisi sebelum Dengan adanya perubahan status dari desa program dilaksanakan dengan membandingkan menjadi kelurahan ini pasti menimbulkan banyak kondisi sesudah program atau kebijakan perubahan baru dan perbedaan secara kinerjanya. dilaksanakan, dengan sasaran dampak pada Selain itu mesti ada dampak perubahan yang sasaran kebijakan. Kemudian hasil perbandingan terjadi didalamnya, seperti pada focus penelitian sebelum dan sesudah kebijakan dilaksanakan akan ini yang meliputi perubahan di bidang menunjukkan sejauhmana tingkat perubahan pada pemerintahan. Oleh karenanya diperlukan evaluasi kelompok sasaran. dampak perubahan status Desa Mungseng menjadi Mengacu pada Permendagri No. 81 Tahun Kelurahan Mungseng yang bertujuan untuk 2015 tentang Evaluasi Perkembangan Desa Dan mengidentifikasi dampak perubahan status desa Kelurahan terdapat 3 aspek yaitu: Bidang menjadi kelurahan pada bidang pemerintahan, Pemerintahan, Bidang Kewilayahan dan Bidang sebelum dan sesudah perubahan ini dilakukan. Kemasyarakatan dengan masing-masing aspeknya

terdiri dari beberapa sub-aspek. 1. METODE PENELITIAN Namun demikian dalam penelitian ini penu- Menurut Bogdan dan Taylor (1975:5) lis hanya focus pada Aspek Pemerintahan dengan sebagaimana yang dikutip oleh oleh Lexy J. rincian sebagai berikut: Moleong (2015:4) bahwa penelitian kualitatif adalah prosedur penelitian yang menghasilkan data

TABEL 1 Fokus Kajian Penelitian After/ Setelah menjadi Aspek Before/ Saat menjadi Desa Kelurahan

Bidang Pemerintahan 1. Pemerintahan/ 1. Pemerintahan/ Kelembagaan 1. Pemerintahan Kelembagaan dan dan Organisasi Pemerintah 2. Kinerja Organisasi Pemerintah Kelurahan 3. Inisiatif dan Kreatifitas dalam Desa 2. Kinerja pemberdayaan masyarakat 2. Kinerja 3. Budaya dan Adat Masyarakat 4. E-Government 3. Budaya dan Adat Kelurahan 5. Pelestarian adat dan budaya Masyarakat Desa Informan d. Mantan pengurus BPD Mungseng a. Mantan Kepala Desa Mungseng e. Pengurus LPMK Mungseng b. Mantan Kaur Pemerintahan Desa Mungseng f. Tokoh Masyarakat c. Kepala Keurahan Mungseng

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Lokasi Penelitian memiliki otonomi karena hanya melaksanakan Kelurahan Mungseng Kecamatan Temanggung kebijakan pemerintah daerah melalui pemberian Kabupaten Temanggung sebagian kewenangan dari kecamatan (Ismail, 2003:81). 2. HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN Berikut perbedaan desa dan kelurahan Desa sebagai wilayah otonom yang berhak berdasarkan karakteristiknya: mengatur rumah tangganya sendiri yang dikenal dengan otonomi asli sedangkan kelurahan tidak TABEL 2 Perbedaan desa dan kelurahan No Karakteristik Desa Kelurahan 1 Pengertian Desa dan desa adat atau yang disebut Wilayah kerja lurah sebagai perangkat dengan nama lain, selanjutnya disebut daerah kabupaten/ kota dalam wilayah desa, adalah kesatuan masyarakat kerja kecamatan. hukum yang memiliki batas wilayah yang berwenang untuk mengatur dan mengurus urusan pemerintahan, kepentingan masyarakat setempat berdasarkan prakarsa masyarakat, hak asal usul, dan/ atau hak tradisional yang diakui dan dihormati dalam system pemerintahan Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia.

2 Kewenangan a.) Urusan pemerintahan yang sudah Menyelenggarakan urusan pemerintah- ada berdasarkan hak asal-usul an, pembangunan dan kemasyara- desa. katan. Serta melaksanakan sebagian b.) Urusan pemerintahan yang urusan menjadi kewenangan pemerintahan yang dilimpahkan oleh kabupaten/kota yang diserahkan Bupati. pengaturannya kepada desa. c.) Tugas pembantuan dari Pemerintah, Pemerintah Provinsi, dan Pemerintah Kabupaten/Kota. d.) Urusan pemerintahan lainnya yang oleh peraturan perundang- undangan diserahkan kepada desa. 3 Susunan a) Pemerintah Desa terdiri dari a) Lurah Organisasi dan Kepala Desa dan Perangkat Desa. b) Perangkat Kelurahan yang terdiri Tata Kerja b) Perangkat Desa yang terdiri dari dari: Sekretariat; Sie Sekretaris Desa dan Perangkat Pemerintahan; Sie Perekonomian Desa lainnya. dan Pembangunan; Kesejahteraan c) Perangkat Desa lainnya terdiri Rakyat; Sie Pemberdayaan

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atas. Masyarakat, dan Kelompok sekretariat desa; pelaksana teknis Jabatan Fungsional Tertentu. lapangan; unsur kewilayahan. c) Uraian tugas masing-masing unsur d) Jumlah Perangkat Desa disesuai- organisasi Kelurahan diatur kan dengan kebutuhan dan kon- dengan Peraturan Bupati. disi social budaya masyarakat setempat. e) Susunan organisasi dan tata kerja pemerintahan desa ditetapkan dengan peraturan desa. 4 Aset & Kekayaan Bahwa pengelolaan kekayaan desa itu a) Seluruh kekayaan dan sumber pen- dikelola oleh kepala desa dan perang- dapatan milik Pemerintah diserah- katnya melalui peraturan desa. kan kepada dan menjadi milik Pemerintah Daerah. b) Kekayaan dan sumber pendapatan dikelola oleh Kelurahan dengan memperhatikan kepentingan Peme- rintah Daerah dan masyarakat setempat. 5 Keuangan a) Pendapatan asli desa (usaha; hasil a) APBD Kab/ Kota yang aset; swadaya/ partisipasi; gotong dialokasikan sebagaimana royong; dll). perangkat daerah lainnya. b) Alokasi APBN. b) Bantuan pemerintah, Pemprov, c) Bagian dari hasil pajak daerah/ Pemkab/ kota dan bantuan pihak retribusi daerah. ketiga. d) Alokasi dana desa yang merupa- c) Sumber-sumber lain yang sah dan kan bagian dari dana perimbangan tidak mengikat. yang diterima Kab/ Kota. (PP No. 73 Th. 2005) e) Bantuan keuangan dari APBD Provinsi dan APBD Kab/ Kota. f) Hibah dan sumbangan yang tidak mengikat dari pihak ketiga. (Pasal 72 Ayat 1 UU No. 6 Th. 2014 6 Lembaga a) BPD a) LPMK Kemasyarakatan b) LKMD b) RW c) Dukuh c) RT d) RW e) RT 7 Pengangkatan Pilkades (Pemilihan kepala desa) Ditunjuk oleh Bupati/Walikota Pemimpin 8 Sifat Masyarakat Agraris, budaya dan adat serta kehi- Non Agraris, Individualis dan dupan gotong royong masih cukup Moderen ketal Sumber: Diolah peneliti dari berbagai sumber UU, Permen dan Perda

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2.1. Pemerintahan/ Kelembagaan dan Organi- h. Kadus RW II : Muhan Arowi sasi Pemerintah Desa/ Kelurahan i. Kadus RW III : Rahardijanto Peranan organisasi pemerintahan dalam hal j. Kadus RW IV : Muhadi Yunus ini pemerintah desa dan kelurahan sangat penting Sedangkan sekarang setelah berubah men- guna menunjang pelaksanaan proses administrasi jadi kelurahan dipimpin oleh lurah dan dibantu dan percepatan pelayanan kepada masyarakat. oleh beberapa staf/ perangkat kelurahan yang diisi Secara organisasi dan kelembagaan perbedaan oleh PNS serta diangkat oleh sekretaris daerah atas antara pemerintah desa dan kelurahan terdapat usul camat. Di Kelurahan Mungseng terdapat 7 pada beberapa hal pokok, salah satunya pada personil yang mengacu pada Perda Temanggung waktu pemerintah masih berbentuk desa dipimpin No. 60 Th. 2016 tentang Kedudukan, susunan dan oleh seorang kepala desa dengan dibantu perang- tata kerja OPD Kabupaten Temanggung dengan katnya/ kepala urusan (Kaur). Dari hasil penelitian formasi sebagai berikut: yang dilakukan menunjukkan bahwa saat menjadi a. Lurah : Suparmin, S.Sos; pemerintah desa terdapat 12 perangkat desa, b. Seklur : Wigati; kemudian dalam perjalanannya terakhir sebelum c. Seksi Pemerintahan, Ketentraman dan Keter- proses perubahan status dari desa menjadi tiban Umum : Tony Susanto, Sumardi; kelurahan terdapat 10 personil yang terdiri dari: d. Seksi Pembangunan dan Pemberdayaan Ma- a. Kepala Desa : Sri Dono YS syarakat : Siti Latifah, Ahmad Mashuri, b. Sekretaris Desa : Sukarno Mujiyono. c. Kaur Pemerintahan : Ahmad Mashuri Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya d. Kaur Umum : Suwahono perbedaan pada sub aspek Pemerintahan/ e. Kaur Keuangan : Siti Latifah Kelembagaan dan Organisasi Pemerintah Desa/ f. Kaur Pembangunan : Surasa Kelurahan yang dapat dilihat sebagai berikut: g. Kadus RW I : Mujiono

TABEL 3 Perbedaan Pemerintahan/ Kelembagaan dan OrganisasiPemerintah Desa Kelurahan

Nama Before After Pemimpin Kepala Desa Lurah Staf Kepala Urusan/ Kaur Sfat Kelurahan/ PNS Kades, Sekretaris Desa/ Carik, Kaur Lurah; Sekretariat; Seksi Pemerintah- pemerintahan, Kaur umum, Kaur an, Ketentraman dan Ketertiban Struktur Organisasi keuangan, Kaur pembangunan dan Umum (2 orang); dan Seksi Pem- dibantu 4 orang Kadus dimasing- bangunan dan Pemberdayaan Masya- masing RW rakat (3 orang) Seorang lurah diangkat dan diber- hentikan oleh bupati melalui camat, karena kelurahan merupakan bagian Pergantian Pemimpin Pemilihan Kepala Desa (Pilkades) daripada satuan kerja organisasi perangkat daerah Kabupaten Temanggung. Status Kepegawaian Pegawai Desa/ Pegawai Daerah Pegawai Negeri Sipil (PNS) LPMK (Lembaga Pemberdayaan Lembaga Mitra BPD (Badan Perwakilan Desa) Masyarakat Perkotaan)

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Tabel 3 di atas menunjukkan perbedaan dalam hal atau tahun 2008 disesuaikan dengan berakhirnya Pemerintahan/ Kelembagaan dan Organisasi pada masa jabatan kepala desa yang desanya menjadi waktu desa dan sekarang setelah kelurahan. Hal ini kelurahan. senada dengan pendapat Kansil (2002:56) dalam 2.2. Kinerja Desa/Kelurahan (Buhari, 2017:715) bahwa kelurahan sebagai suatu Pada aspek kinerja pemerintahan, masya- wilayah yang ditempati oleh sejumlah penduduk rakat merasa lebih senang dengan sistim kelurahan, yang mempunyai organisasi pemerintahan terendah dimana para pegawainnya diisi oleh seorang PNS langsung di bawah camat dan tidak punya hak dan perekrutan pegawai dilakukan oleh pemerintah menyelenggarakan rumah tanggannya. degan mekanisme mengikuti seleksi negara. Dalam penyelenggaraan pemerintahan, ke Sedangkan dulu sewaktu desa dilakukan seleksi depannya tidak menutup kemungkinan staf peme- secara mandiri. Kemudian yang paling berbeda rintah Kelurahan Mungseng belum tentu diisi adalah system pelayanan, pada waktu desa para warga Mungseng sendiri, bisa jadi warga diluar perangkat desa menjadi acuan pokok kegiatan Mungseng yang memang sudah memenuhi syarat administrasi baik dari masyarakat ke-pemerintah ataupun memang ditugaskan disana. Namun demi- desa maupun sebaliknya, saat itu peran ketua RT kian sampai dengan saat ini memang sebagaian dan RW terlebih dalam hal administrasi tidak besar staf yang ada di Kelurahan Mungseng adalah terlalu berfungsi. Hal lain yang berbeda pada putra desa/ penduduk asli Mungseng. proses pelayanan sewaktu desa dan kelurahan, Selain itu adanya perubahan status dari desa pada waktu desa pelayanan administrasi dapat menjadi kelurahan juga berdampak dengan peru- dilakukan secara dadakan/ sewaktu-waktu dan bahan status kepegawaian, hal ini merupakan salah dilayani dirumah sekretaris desa/ kepala desa satu konsekuensi yang harus diterima masyarakat. karena mereka masih warga Mungseng dan Namun demikian pemerintah Desa Mungseng pada memang tidak setiap hari pergi ke kantor desa. waktu mensosialisasikan akan perubahan status Tetapi setelah menjadi kelurahan proses pelayanan menjadi kelurahan telah disampaikan pula dam- harus administratif dan sesuai jam kerja yang pak-dampak yang akan diterima, satu di antaranya ditetapkan pemerintah. Disinilah kelebihan dan mengenai status kepegawaian, perubahan pe- kelemahan pelayanan sewaktu desa dan kelurahan. rangkat dari kaur-kaur atau pegawai daerah di Setelah berubah status menjadi kelurahan Desa Mungseng yang lama-kelamaan juga berubah dan pada masa-masa transisi perubahan, para staf status menjadi PNS. Akan tetapi tidak serta merta kelurahan juga menyadari akan penyesuaian setelah perubahan desa menjadi kelurahan diikut peralihan masyarakat desa menjadi kelurahan ini, perubahan status pegawai daerah menjadi PNS, terkadang ada masyarakat meminta pendapat/ tetapi melalui tahapan dan mekanisme peraturan konsultasi di rumah staf kelurahan. Namun demi- yang ada. kian sejauh ini masih dilayani asalkan tidak ber- Pasal 18 Perda Temanggung No. 13 Tahun kaitan dengan proses administrasi/ surat menyurat. 2004 menyatakan bahwa kepala desa dan Hal ini sesuai dengan pendapat Ranjabar (2015: perangkat desa dari desa-desa yang di tetapkan 108) mengenai factor pendorong perubahan dalam menjadi kelurahan yang berusia 18 tahun sampai hal ini karakter masyarakat dimana setiap dengan 56 tahun yang memenuhi persyaratan dapat kelompok masyarakat berbeda karakter sehingga diangkat menjadi pegawai tidak tetap, sedang yang berbeda pula sikap menanggapi suatu masalah berusia 56 tahun keatas dapat diangkat sebagai sosial. tenaga kontrak dan atau kepadanya diberikan Setelah mejadi kelurahan peran ketua RT bengkok kehormatan sampai dengan tahun 2007 juga lebih aktif untuk menyalurkan informasi dari

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The Role of Government on Sustainable Development kelurahan ke-masyarakat serta sebaliknya. RT dan Pada waktu akan berubah menjadi kelurahan ada RW juga menjadi ujung pemerintahan paling kehawatiran masyarakat yang takut setelah bawah dan bisa dikatakan pelayanannya tidak berubah menjadi kelurahan nanti budaya tradisi itu mengenal waktu tergantung permasalahan yang hilang (khususnya di Rw. I, II dan IV). Namun hal ada di masyarakat. Oleh karenanya saat ini RT dan itu bisa diredam setelah pemerintah Desa RW menerima dana kelembagaan berupa honor Mungseng pada waktu itu memberikan pemaham- dan fasilitas untuk bisa menebus eks-tanah beng- an kepada masyarakat melalui berbagai pende- kok dengan harga di bawah standar untuk menun- katan, dan memang benar sekarang setelah lebih jang semangat kinerja dalam membantu pemerin- dari 10 tahun menjadi kelurahan ternyata faktor tahan kelurahan. budaya dan tradisi masyarakat tidak berubah. Selain itu secara aspek kinerja pada waktu Menurut Ranjabar (2015:113) bahwa adat desa dan kelurahan, masyarakat memilih kelurah- istiadat dan kebiasaan sebagai pola perilaku bagi an. Karena dalam pemerintahan kelurahan segala anggota mansyarakat di dalam memenuhi segala sesuatunnya lebih tertata serta lebih jelas alurnya. kebutuhan pokonya. Adat istiadat bersumber dari Pelayanan menjadi lebih efektif, efisien dan tepat nilai tradisional yang telah didarah dagingkan. sasaran kepada masyarakat sehingga kebijakan- Oleh karenanya adat dan tradisi masyarakat Desa kebijakan yang dikeluarkan pemerintah dapat Mungseng seperti gotong royong, nyadran, bersih dirasakan. Sebagai contoh dalam pengurusan KTP, desa, silaturahim idul fitri bahkan sampai budaya pada waktu desa semua di serahkan kepada masih berjalan seperti bisa sampai saat ini. perangkat desa, terkadang masyarakat juga bolak- Perhatian pemerintah juga semakin baik balik untuk melengkapi berkas serta jeda waktu akan pelestarian budaya, salah satunya dengan pengerjaan yang lumayan lama. Tetapi berbeda adanya dukungan dan alokasi anggaran untuk dengan saat ini setelah menjadi kelurahan, ketua kegiatan kesenian itu sendiri. Jadi setelah adanya RT bisa memberikan pemahaman dan pemberita- perubahan, faktor budaya dan tradisi yang semula huan awal kepada warganya tentang apa saja yang sempat di hawatirkan akan berubah nyatanya harus disiapkan sebelum maju ke kelurahan, masih berjalan dan bisa dikatakan semakin baik. sehingga pelayanan saat ini dirasa lebih tersistem, terarah dan administratif. 3. SIMPULAN Secara kinerja, Kelurahan Mungseng di- Dari hasil evaluasi dampak perubahan status anggap telah berhasil menjalankan roda pemerin- desa menjadi kelurahan di Kelurahan Mungseng tahan kelurahan. Atas kerja keras dan dukungan Kecamatan Temanggung Kabupaten Temanggung dari semua komponen yang ada, setelah lebih dari pada bidang pemerintahan, masyarakat lebih 10 tahun menjadi kelurahan menyandang berbagai memilih sistim kelurahan ketimbang sewaktu desa prestasi satu diantaranya laporan BPK dengan karena dampak yang dirasakan lebih efektif dan predikat WTP dan pada tahun 2014 Kelurahan efisien setelah menjadi kelurahan. Hal ini Mungseng mendapatkkan penghargaan juara 1 diperjelas atas prestasi Kelurahan Mungseng Evaluasi Kelurahan tingkat Kabupaten mendapatkan juara 1 Evaluasi Kelurahan Tingkat Temanggung. Kabupaten Temangung tahun 2014. Secara pelayanan masyarakat juga memilih 2.3. Budaya dan Adat Masyarakat Desa/ Ke- saat ini setelah menjadi kelurahan baik kepega- lurahan waian maupun sistem. Karena sistem khususnya Desa Mungseng merupakan daerah pinggir- pelayanan sudah tertata mulai dari tingkat RT, RW an kota/ batas kota dengan daerah penyangga sampai dengan Kelurahan dengan alur yang jelas, disekitarnya. Adat tradisi seperti muludan, nyadran hanya saja perbedaan dengan dulu sewaktu desa dan kegotongroyongan juga masih sangat baik.

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2nd ICSTCSD 2018 Proceeding Magelang, 16 – 17 November 2018 adalah tidak adanya pelayanan administrasi secara Desa Menjadi Kelurahan Di Kabupaten dadakan diluar jam kantor (dirumah/ malam hari). Bandung. Governance. 2:22-49. Faktor lain adalah budaya dan tradisi yang pernah Masbullah., Yuniarti, Ratna. 2017. Analisis menjadi ketakutan masyarakat akan lunturnya Dampak Sosial Dan Pelayanan Publik setelah nanti berubah menjadi kelurahan, pada Terhadap Perubahan Status Desa Menjadi kenyataannya saat ini setelah menjadi kelurahan Kelurahan (Studi Kasus Kelurahan Kelayu budaya dan tradisi masih berjalan dengan lancar Utara Kecamatan Selong Kabupaten bahkan pemerintah ikut memberikan dukungan Lombok Timur). Journal Ilmiah Rinjani. dengan adanya alokasi anggaran maupun perhatian 5:1-10. khusus. Moleong, L.J. 2015. Metodologi Penelitian Dengan demikian berdasarkan hasil peneli- Kualitatif Edisi Revisi. Bandung: Remaja tian yang difokuskan pada Bidang Pemerintahan, Rosdakarya. Kelurahan Mungseng telah berhasil dalam penye- Nugroho, D Riant. 2004. Kebijakan Publik lenggaraan pemerintahan berbentuk kelurahan, Formulasi, Implementasi dan Evaluasi. karena setelah adanya perubahan status desa Jakarta: Gramedia. Mungseng menjadi Kelurahan Mungseng ini Ranjabar, Jacobus. 2015. Perubahan Sosial dampak positif yang diterima masyarakat lebih Teori-teori dan Proses Perubahan Sosial besar dan sifatnya lebih baik serta lebih tepat serta Teori Pembangunan. Bandung: sasaran dan bermanfaat. Alfabeta. Ramli, Musta‘in. 2013. Evaluasi Peraturan 4. DAFTAR PUSTAKA Daerah Kabupaten Pamekasan Nomor Allali, Abdul Rohman., Subarjo. 2013. 13/2006 Tentang Sistem Penyelenggaraan Analisis Perubahan Status Desa Wates Pendidikan. DIA, Jurnal Administrasi Menjadi KelurahanWates Menurut Peraturan Publik. 1:159-172. Daerah Nomor 16 Tahun 2008 Di Rathomi, Viki., Budi, Asmara., dkk. 2014. Kabupaten Kulonprogo. Jurnal Citizenship. Kedudukan Kepala Desa Dan Kepala 1:81-94. Kelurahan Berdasarkan Undang-Undang Buharai. 2017. Evaluasi Perubahan Status Nomor 32 Tahun 2004 Tentang Desa Menjadi Kelurahan di Kelurahan Pemerintahan Daerah. Artikel Ilmiah Hasil Bukit Biru Kecamatan Tenggarong Penelitian Mahasiswa 2014. 1:8. Kabupaten Kutai Kartanegara. Jurnal Ilmu Simamora, Hanaya C. 2012. Dinamika Proses Pemerintahan. 2:747-760. Perumusan Kebijakan Perubahan Status Haryanto. 2012. Dampak Perubahan Status Desa Menjadi Kelurahan (Studi Kasus di Desa Menjadi Kelurahan Terhadap Desa Pakkat Hauagong Kecamatan Pakkat Pelayanan Publik di Kelurahan Paringin Kabupaten Humbang Hasundutan). Jurnal Kota Kabupaten Balangan. Jurnal Ilmu Kebijakan dan Administrasi Publik. 2:13-26. Politik dan Pemerintahan Lokal. 2:137-147. Simangunsong, Fernandes. 2014. Kajian Ismail. 2013. Analisis Kemungkinan Akademik Keberadaan Pemerintahan Perubahan Status Desa Menjadi Kelurahan Kelurahan Yang Dimungkinkan Untuk Dalam Rangka Meningkatkan Kualitas Kembali Menjadi Desa Di Kabupaten Pelayanan Kepada Masyarakat Di Tanjung Jabung Timur Provinsi Jambi. Kecamatan Namorambe Kabupaten Deli Jurnal Ilmu Politik dan Komunikasi. IV:97- Serdang. Perspektif. 1:75-87. 114. Kurniasih, Dewi. 2011. Perubahan Status Wibawa, Samudra. 2012. Mengelola Negara

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Panduan Untuk Bupati, Gubernur dan Status Desa Menjadi Kelurahan. Presiden. Yogyakarta: Gava Media. Peraturan Bupati Temanggung Nomor 60 Widjaya, HAW. 2002. Otonomi Daerah dan Tahun 2016 tentang Kedudukan, Susunan Daerah Otonom. Jakarta: PT Raja Garafindo dan Tata Kerja Organisasi Perangkat Persada Daerah Kabupaten Temanggung. Website http://mungseng- temanggung.temanggungkab.go.id/index.php/first Diakses pada 27/04/2018 15:40 http://ppid.temanggungkab.go.id/ Diakses pada 20/06/2018 12:05 Undang-Undang dan Perturan Undang-Undang Nomor 6 Tahun 2014 tentang Desa Undang-Undang Nomor 23 Tahun 2014 tentang Pemerintahan Daerah Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 73 Tahun 2005 tentang Kelurahan Peraturan Menteri Dalam Negeri Nomor 28 Tahun 2006 tentang Pembentukan, Penghapusan, Penggabungan Desa dan Perubahan Status Desa Menjadi Kelurahan. Peraturan Menteri Dalam Negeri Nomor 81 Tahun 2015 tentang Evalasi Perkembangan Desa dan Kelurahan. Peraturan Daerah Kabupaten Temanggung Nomor 13 Tahun 2004 tentang Pembentukan (Lima belas) Kelurahan di Kecamatan Temanggung, Parakan, Ngadirejo dan Kranggan. Peraturan Daerah Kabupaten Temanggung Nomor 15 Tahun 2007 tentang Lembaga Kemasyarakatan di Kelurahan. Peraturan Daerah Kabupaten Temanggung Nomor 15 Tahun 2009 tentang Pembentukan, Penghapusan dan Penggabungan Desa Serta Perubahan

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PENGEMBANGAN SOCIAL CAPITAL DALAM MENUMBUHKAN INDUSTRI KREATIF (STUDI KASUS KERAJINAN BAHAN IMITASI DI KELURAHAN SARIREJO KECAMATAN SEMARANG TIMUR)

Budi Puspo Priyadi1, Retno Sunu Astuti2

1Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia, [email protected] 2Diponegoro University, Semarang Indonesia, [email protected]

Abstrak bridging social capital; dan linking social capital. Kegiatan industri kreatif di masyarakat perkotaan Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini perlu dikembangkan karena dapat menyerap adalah metode kualitatif dengan melakukan tenaga kerja dan menghasilkan keuntungan wawancara mendalam, Focus Group Discusion ekonomi. Salah satu kampung di Kota Semarang dan life history dengan para pengrajin. Hasil sejak tahun 1960-an telah tumbuh suatu kegiatan penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dalam komunitas ekonomi, yakni usaha pembuatan tas dari bahan ada benih-benih bonding social capital yang dapat imitasi yang hingga kini masih tetap eksis dioptimalkan untuk memajukan kegiatan usaha meskipun masih sebagai kegiatan dalam unit produktif yang sudah ada, seperti mengajarkan rumah tangga. Mereka bekerja sendiri-sendiri, ketrampilan menjahit dan segala seluk beluknya menerima pesanan dari pedagang besar, menengah bagi pekerja baru (kenèk), membagi pesanan dan kecil tanpa diwadahi oleh suatu paguyuban kepada unit keluarga sekitar, dan meminjam sehingga dalam hal harga dan kualitas tidak sama, komponen bahan baku (nempil). Dalam hal bahkan secara tidak langsung terjadi persaingan bridging social capital interaksi yang muncul satu sama lain. Kondisi tersebut perlu dibenahi masih bersifat individual, seperti dengan pedagang meskipun dengan sistem yang sudah berjalan, dan pembeli tetapi belum dengan kelompok mereka dapat hidup layak. Jika dulunya mereka pedagang. Dalam hal linking social capital sudah terpaksa bekerja sebagai pengrajin/penjahit tas ada lembaga pemerintah dan perguruan tinggi dengan tingkat pendidikan yang minim, sekarang yang memberikan bantuan teknis kepada para justru dapat menyekolahkan anaknya hingga ke pengrajin tetapi tidak berkelanjutan. perguruan tinggi. Melihat potensi yang dimiliki oleh masyarakat tersebut perlu diidentifikasi Keywords: Social Capital; Empowerment; apakah ada modal sosial pada komunitas dapat Creative Industries. dipakai sebagai penyatu kegiatan industri kreatif bahan imitasi. Jika mereka dapat disatukan maka 1. PENDAHULUAN akan terjadi peningkatan skala ekonomi yang Potensi industri kreatif di Indonesia sifatnya komunal sehingga terjadi sinergitas antar berkembang pesat. Tahun 2015 tumbuh sebesar unit-unit keluarga. Dalam memetakan potensi 5,7% dengan nilai tambah sebesar Rp 641,8 trilyun modal sosial yang dimiliki oleh masyarakat, atau 7% dari PDB. Dari aspek tenaga kerja mampu peneliti mengidentifikasi berdasarkan teori jenis menyerap sebanyak 11,8 juta tenaga kerja atau modal sosial antara lain: bonding social capital; 10,7% dari angkatan kerja nasional dengan jumlah usaha mencapai 5,4 juta unit atau 9,7% dari

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The Role of Government on Sustainable Development keseluruhan unit usaha. Aktivitas eksport sebesar manfaat bagi tumbuhnya potensi industri kreatif di 118 trilyun atau 5,7 % dari keseluruhan eksport kabupaten Semarang. Dalam teori modal sosial Nasional (Naili, 2018: 9-10). Namun dalam kurangnya keterkaitan antar lembaga menunjukan keberlanjutan usaha di bidang industri kreatif lemahnya linking social capital. mengalami hambatan, salah satunya adalah keter- Arifin (2013) dalam penelitiannya pada sediaan sumberdaya budaya. Sumberdaya budaya industri kreatif rambut palsu di Purbalingga merupakan modal sosial yang dapat dikembangkan menyimpulkan perlunya mengembangkan modal untuk mendorong tumbuh kembangnya industri sosial dengan membangun kerjasama antar perajin kreatif. dan juga dengan pihak lain dalam pengadaan Pemanfaatan modal sosial yang tepat bagi bahan baku, pembentukan kelompok atau pagu- pengembangan industri kreatif mempunyai dam- yuban untuk mengatasi lemahnya jaringan usaha pak positif bagi kehidupan sosial, peningkatan dan minimnya jaringan pemasaran serta pola pe- ekonomi dan citra suatu wilayah. Industri kreatif masaran yang masih individual. Dengan demikian yang menghasilkan barang atau jasa yang eksklusif membangun linking social capital sebagai salah dapat mendorong orang untuk mengetahui, menda- satu tipe modal sosial adalah strategi penting tangi, melihat, bahkan memiliki jika hasil industri dalam industri kreatif. kreatif tersebut dapat diperdagangkan. Dengan Usaha industri rumah tangga memiliki ke- kata lain, keberadaan industri kreatif secara tidak unggulan dalam hal kemampuannya menyerap langsung dapat menjadi obyek dan daya tarik tenaga kerja yang tingkat pendidikannya terbatas. wisata (destinasi wisata) yang dapat mendorong Seperti halnya kegiatan usaha pembuatan tas dari orang untuk mengunjungi keberadaan sentra in- bahan imitasi yang tumbuh di salah satu kampung dustri kreatif tersebut. di Kelurahan Sarirejo Kecamatan Semarang Temuan penelitian yang diungkapkan oleh Timur. Sejak tahun 1960-an, salah satu kampung Fitriawati (2010) bahwa modal sosial berperan di Kelurahan Sarirejo, yakni Kampung Leduwi sangat penting dalam strategi industri kreatif. terdapat usaha pembuatan aneka tas dari bahan Kepercayaan mempunyai peran penting dalam imitasi/plastik. Pada masa itu, beberapa orang dari proses produksi, norma atau aturan dalam kampung tersebut mengerjakan pesanan tas dari penentuan harga bahan baku dan harga barang salah seorang pedagang bahan imitasi yang mem- serta dalam kesepakatan kerja. Linking social punyai toko di kawasan Pekojan. capital mempunyai peran penting dalam jalinan Melihat potensi usaha pembuatan tas dari usaha untuk pemasaran hasil industri kreatif. bahan imitasi yang ada di Kampung Leduwi peme- Penelitian tersebut menegaskan bahwa modal so- rintah Kota Semarang berniat mengembangkan sial mempunyai peran sebagai strategi dalam potensi tersebut. Niat itu kemudian dituangkan pengembangan industri kreatif khususnya bagi melalui Surat Keputusan Walikota Semarang pengrajin. No531/978 Tahun 2017 Tentang Penetapan Sentra Sejalan dengan penelitian yang dilakukan Industri Di Kota Semarang. Kelurahan Sarirejo oleh Nurchayati dkk (2016) tentang potensi Kecamatan Semarang Timur yang diwakili oleh pengembangan industri kreatif sebagai penggerak Kampung Leduwi dalam Surat Keputusan tersebut wisata di Kabupaten Semarang menemukan bah- ditetapkan sebagai sentra Industri Kulit/Imitasi. wa kurangnya linkage antara industri kreatif Sejak dicanangkan sebagai kampung tema- dengan sektor pariwisata berdampak tidak ber- tik, para pengrajin tas mulai membenahi usaha kembangnya industri kreatif secara maksimal. Ada mereka agar bisa berkembang menjadi lebih maju. kecenderungan masing-masing sektor bekerja Dalam hal ini Dinas Perindustrian dan Perdagang- sendiri sehingga tidak terjadi sinergi yang ber- an juga aktif memberikan penyuluhan serta bantu-

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2nd ICSTCSD 2018 Proceeding Magelang, 16 – 17 November 2018 an, baik dalam bentuk pelatihan maupun alat kerja. (shared value) yang mengikat anggota kelompok Komunitas pengrajin tas diajak studi banding pergi untuk membuat kemungkinan aksi bersama dapat ke sentra industri kulit Manding Bantul Yogya- dilakukan secara efisien dan efektif. Secara umum, karta agar mengenal lebih luas perkembangan menurut Putnam (1993) modal sosial memiliki dunia industri rumah tangga. Pernah juga Kam- ukuran-ukuran yang nyata, yaitu kepercayaan, pung Leduwi dikunjungi pelancong dari kota lain norma-norma dan jaringan. sehingga dengan cara seperti itu para pengrajin Modal sosial dalam pandangan Woolcock lebih giat membenahi usahanya. Pihak kecamatan (1998) dibagi dalam 3 tipe, yaitu bonding social yang dalam hal ini dilakukan sendiri oleh Bapak capital, bridging social capital, dan linking social Camat beberapa kali memberikan arahan agar para capital. Bonding social capital ditunjukan melalui pengrajin mau meningkatkan skala usahanya nilai, kultur, persepsi dan tradisi atau adat istiadat melalui koperasi. (custom). Bonding social capital menjelaskan Problem yang dihadapi oleh pengrajin ada- hubungan dan interaksi antar masyarakat dalam lah sulitnya mencari tenaga kerja sehingga kapa- komunitas yang sama dan bersifat homogen. sitas produksi terbatas dan jika ada banyak pesan- Bonding social capital akan berjalan baik dan an mereka kesulitas memenuhi. Dalam satu tahun berkualitas jika antar individu tunggal memiliki ada juga masa-masa sepi pesanan, yaitu saat mulai kemampuan yang baik dalam berinterkasi dan masuk sekolah dan pesanan berlimpah saat menje- berkomunikasi dengan individu lainnya dalam lang hari Lebaran. Saat sepi pesanan mereka tidak rangka tercapainya tujuan yang diinginkan ber- berani membuat produk sebagai stock karena itu sama. artinya ―uang macet‖ yang beresiko. Merekapun Bridging social capital dimaknai sebagai belum memisahkan uang usaha dengan uang untuk institusi dan mekanisme yang berlaku dalam keperluan rumah tangga sehingga susah melacak- institusi. Bridging social capital merupakan ikatan nya, terlebih sistem pembukuannya juga belum sosial yang timbul sebagai reaksi atas berbagai rapi. Manajemen mereka sederhana, yang penting macam karakteristik kelompok yang berbeda. ada uang untuk belanja dan ada sisanya. Dalam hal Bridging social capital tersebut bisa muncul kare- ini perlu pelatihan pembukuan sederhana untuk na adanya berbagai kelemahan sehingga seorang merapikan tata kelola usaha mereka. anggota ataupun kelompok dalam sistem sosial Untuk meningkatkan kegiatan ekonomi di memutuskan untuk menjalin interaksi dengan kampung tematik tersebut perlu dilihat berdasar- kelompok lainnya untuk mencapai tujuan bersama. kan kerangka modal sosial. Kegiatan ekonomi Linking social capital bisa berupa hubungan yang sudah ada perlu ditingkatkan tidak hanya atau jaringan sosial yang dikarakteristikkan berada dalam skala rumah tangga tetapi menjadi dengan adanya hubungan di antara beberapa level kegiatan komunal. Dalam hal ini aspek modal pada kekuatan sosial maupun status sosial yang sosial menjadi penting, Modal sosial (Social Capi- ada dalam masyarakat. Keberadaan linking social tal) adalah kemampuan masyarakat untuk bekerja- capital dalam prakteknya dapat dilihat dari adanya sama, demi mencapai tujuan-tujuan bersama, di hubungan antara kelompok masyarakat dan dalam berbagai kelompok dan organisasi LSM/NGO dengan pemerintah selaku pengambil (Coleman,1999). Cohen dan Prusak (2001) selan- kebijakan. jutnya mengembangkan teori modal sosial dan Berdasarkan pengertian tentang modal sosial merumuskannya sebagai setiap hubungan yang di atas dalam kaitannya dengan penelitian ini dapat terjadi dan diikat oleh suatu kepercayaan (trust), disimpulkan bahwa konsep modal sosial (social kesaling-pengertian (mutual understanding), dan capital) pada dasarnya berakar dari hubungan dan kepercayaan akan pentingnya nilai-nilai bersama jaringan antara individu dan kelompok antar sis-

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The Role of Government on Sustainable Development tem sosial yang berperan sebagai alat terwujudnya sosialistik. Hal itulah yang perlu dicermati lebih pengembangan industri kreatif. lanjut karena di beberapa komunitas yang mem- Industri kreatif diartikan sebagai industri punyai kegiatan usaha perekonomian dapat disatu- yang memanfaatkan kreativitas, ketrampilan serta kan dalam wadah koperasi yang kemudian dapat bakat individu yang melekat pada seseorang. berkembang dan maju secara bersama. Pemanfaatan industri kreatif bertujuan untuk menciptakan kesejahteraan serta lapangan pekerja- 2. METODE an dengan menghasilkan dan mengeksploitasi daya Penelitian ini merupakan jenis penelitian kreasi dan daya cipta individu baik secara individu deskriptif, yakni dengan menggunakan pendekatan maupun kelompok. kualitatif dalam melakukan identifikasi modal Di Indonesia kebijakan yang mengatur In- sosial yang dimiliki komunitas industri kreatif di dustri kreatif dituangkan dalam Instruksi Presiden Kelurahan Sarirejo Kecamatan Semarang Timur. RI Nomor 6 Tahun 2009 Tentang Pengembangan Metode yang digunakan antara lain wawancara Industri Kreatif yang dalam pelaksanaannya mendalam, life history, observasi dan dokumen- dituangkan dalam buku Pengembangan Industri tasi. Penelitian ini berupaya melihat potensi modal Kreatif Menuju Visi Ekonomi Kreatif 2025. Ke- sosial yang dapat dimanfaatkan untuk pengem- bijakan ini ditujukan untuk mengembangkan per- bangan industri kreatif meliputi tiga tipe, yaitu ekonomian rakyat yang bertumpu pada kreativitas, bonding social capital, bridging social capital, ketrampilan, dan bakat individu untuk mencipta- dan linking social capital. Bonding social capital, kan daya kreasi dan daya cipta individu yang mencakup nilai-nilai lokal masyarakat yang telah bernilai ekonomis dan berpengaruh pada kesejah- melekat pada jiwa masing-masing orang. Bridging teraan masyarakat Indonesia. Salah satu industri social capital, mencakup interaksi masyarakat kreatif di Indonesia yang perlu dikembangkan dalam dan antar komunitas sedangkan linking adalah kerajinan (Craft). Industri kreatif akan social capital mencakup interaksi komunitas menjadi potensi apabila didukung oleh modal dengan stakeholder dan NGO. Keseluruhan modal sosial yang dimiliki masyarakat lokal di mana sosial tersebut diharapkan dapat membantu industri kreatif tersebut ada dan bertumbuh. masyarakat dalam mewujudkan pertumbuhan in- Industri kreatif yang ada di Kelurahan Sarirejo dustri kreatif yang pada akhirnya menjadi bagian Kecamatan Semarang Timur adalah Kerajinan dari tujuan wisata Kota Semarang. Kulit/imitasi. Subjek penelitian ini adalah individu dan Modal sosial dapat dilihat dari beberapa hal, atau kelompok yang diharapkan oleh peneliti antara lain dalam konteks kegiatan ekonomi. Mo- dapat menceritakan apa yang diketahui tentang dal sosial dalam konteks ekonomi berupaya meli- permasalahan penelitian. Dalam sebuah penelitian hat relasi antara potensi kekuatan sosial seperti kualitatif subjek penelitian atau narasumber kepercayaan, norma dan jaringan sosial dalam disebut informan. Informan adalah orang yang suatu masyarakat yang dapat diberdayakan dapat dimanfaatkan untuk memberikan informasi meningkatkan kegiatan perekonomian. Komunitas mengenai situasi dan kondisi latar penelitian yang sudah mempunyai kegiatan ekonomi pro- sehingga informan haruslah seseorang yang duktif seperti usaha kerajinan pembuatan tas dari mengetahui dan paham tentang persoalan peneli- bahan imitasi untuk maju dan berkembang ber- tian. Informasi yang ingin didapat dalam peneliti- sama. Dalam hal ini perlu dilihat bagaimana an ini dimulai dari para tokoh masyarakat dan karakter yang berbeda antara kegiatan ekonomi perintis dan pelaku usaha kreatif kerajinan kulit yang cenderung individualistik, berupaya dikawin- dan imitasi di kelurahan Sarirejo Kecamatan kan dengan karakter modal sosial yang cenderung Semarang Timur, dilanjutkan dengan pemerintah

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2nd ICSTCSD 2018 Proceeding Magelang, 16 – 17 November 2018 selaku otoritas pembina industri kreatif dalam hal mendapatkan pesanan dari pembeli grosiran. ini Dinas Perindustrian dan lembaga lain yang Penjahit juragan ini kemudian akan membagi pe- terkait. kerjaan kepada penjahit lainnya untuk membantu Penelitian ini akan menggunakan teknik mengerjakan pesanan. Hal itu juga salah satu purposive sampling di mana peneliti telah menen- indikator adanya bonding social capital. Penjahit tukan tempat atau informan yang dituju. Dalam juragan akan mengutip keuntungan yang wajar, penelitian ini adalah tokoh masyarakat dan pelaku sekitar Rp 500,- sampai Rp 3.000,- dari setiap usaha industri kreatif kerajinan kulit dan imitasi produk. Menurut penjahit juragan yang sering yang tersebar di 8 RW dan 50 RT di kelurahan mendapatkan pesanan dari pembeli grosiran hal Sarirejo Kecamatan Semarang Timur. Dari mereka itu semacam ―dum-dum rejeki‖, membagi rejeki diharapkan dapat mengidentifikasi modal sosial ke sesama penjahit. Penjahit juragan juga yang dimiliki masyarakat sehingga peneliti bisa mempunyai tenaga kerja yang satu sama lain membuat suatu analisis tentang pengembangan memiliki rasa saling percaya. Hal itu kemudian modal sosial untuk meningkatkan tumbuh kem- menjadi pola hubungan yang saling menguntung- bangnya industri kreatif. kan sehingga jika penjahit juragan banyak pesanan dapat menyelesaikan dengan baik. Pola kemitraan 3. HASIL DAN DISKUSI seperti itu tumbuh melalui proses yang panjang. Berdasarkan penelitian yang sudah kami Penjahit yang sudah senior biasanya dapat melihat lakukan dapat diidentifikasi sebagai berikut. kemampuan tenaga kerja yang sudah sering ikut Bonding social capital tumbuh karena adanya mengerjakan produk. Tenaga kerja penjahit karakter demografis yang sama, seperti tingkat sekarang ini tidak hanya terbatas di lingkungan pendidikan dan ekonomi. Dari segi pendidikan Kampung Leduwi tetapi dari luar kampung. mereka pada umumnya hanya sampai tingkat Biasanya adalah kaum wanita yang sebelumnya sekolah dasar dan menengah. Pada umumnya pernah bekerja sebagai penjahit di pabrik garment, keluarga mereka adalah pekerja serabutan se- yang keluar karena terbentur dengan tugas hingga dari segi kemampuan ekonomi sangat mengurus rumah tangga. Dengan menjadi penjahit terbatas. Kesulitan ekonomi pada tahun 1950-an bahan tas imitasi mereka merasa lebih luwes da- saat tumbuhnya kegiatan pembuatan tas dari lam membagi waktu, antara mengurus rumah bahan imitasi membuat mereka kemudian mene- tangga dan bekerja karena bisa dikerjakan di kuni pekerjaan tersebut. Mereka dengan sukarela rumah. berbagi ilmu dan ketrampilan sehingga dengan Bridging social capital yang muncul di cepat warga Kampung Leduwi banyak yang Kampung Leduwi adalah relasi antara pedagang berprofesi sebagai pejahit tas bahan imitasi. Ke- grosiran dengan penjahit/pengrajin tas bahan trampilan itu menyebar dari satu keluarga ke imitasi. Posisi penjahit yang setiap hari waktunya keluarga yang lain, pengrajin-pengrajin yang ber- habis untuk membuat tas menjadikan posisinya tahan ada kecenderungan orang tuanya juga berhenti hanya sebagai produsen dan itupun ter- penjahit. bagi menjadi produsen skala kecil dan besar. Itu Meskipun proses belajar menjadi penjahit menjadi faktor kelemahan yang kemudian ditutupi tas bahan imitasi relatif mudah tetapi dalam proses oleh hadirnya pedagang grosiran. Bridging social selanjutnya tergantung bakat dan karakter sese- capital terbentuk ketika terjalin hubungan yang orang. Beberapa di antaranya mempunyai bakat baik antara pedagang grosiran dengan penjahit menjahit yang bagus sehingga produk yang diha- yang sudah mapan. Prosesnya berjalan lama silkan rapi dan kemudian dapat meningkat status- karena dalam hal itu terjalin hubungan bisnis yang nya sebagai penjahit juragan, yakni yang sering rutin di mana satu sama lain saling melihat kredi-

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The Role of Government on Sustainable Development bilitasnya. Si penjahit haruslah mampu memenuhi karena kegiatan pembuatan tas dari bahan imitasi pesanan sesuai dengan kualitas dan harga yang sudah berlangsung sejak lama dan volume pe- disepakati, demikian pula si pemesan, yakni peda- sanannya terus meningkat. Dia hanya lulusan SMP gang grosiran harus bonafide dalam hal pembayar- tetapi dengan usaha itu dapat menyekolahkan an pesanan. Proses tumbuhnya relasi antara pem- anak-anaknya ke perguruan tinggi dan akan naik beli grosiran dengan penjahit juga tidak mudah. haji. Sering terjadi ketidaksesuaian, baik dalam hal Linking socal capital dapat menjadi tolok kualitas maupun keterlambatan pelunasan. Hal ukur maju dan tidaknya suatu kegiatan ekonomi seperti itu akan menyulitkan penjahit juragan ka- produktif. Keterlibatan para stake holder seperti rena dia harus membayar ongkos kerja kepada instansi pemerintah, swasta dan LSM belum berja- penjahit-penjahit yang ada di bawah koordinasi- lan maksimal. Pemerintah dalam hal ini Dinas nya. Tetapi jika sudah ada kecocokan maka hu- Perindustrian dan Perdagangan sering memberi- bungan antara penjahit juragan dengan pedagang kan penyuluhan dan pelatihan kepada para penja- grosiran akan bertahan lama dan saling mengun- hit/pengrajin. Beberapa penjahit juga diikutserta- tungkan. kan dalam kegiatan pameran hasil industri kerajin- Kehadiran pedagang grosiran mempunyai an. Pihak universitas juga sering menerjunkan efek dalam meningkatkan volume produksi para mahasiswa dalam kegiatan KKN di Kampung penjahit sehingga hal itu juga berdampak positif Leduwi untuk memberikan penyuluhan atau bagi kegiatan industri bahan imitasi di Kampung pelatihan tetapi itu tidak membekas di penjahit Leduwi. Tetapi jika dilihat dari percepatan akumu- karena sifatnya tidak berkelanjutan. Pihak swasta lasi keuntungannya hal ini dirasa timpang karena hingga kini belum ada yang terlibat dalam upaya si pedagang grosiran lebih mampu melipatganda- meningkatkan kegiatan industri kreatif bahan imi- kan kapitalnya. Percepatan kapitalisasi pada peda- tasi di Kampung Leduwi, demikian pula LSM. gang juga disebabkan karena dia bisa mengambil produk dari beberapa penjahit meskipun hal itu 4. KESIMPULAN juga terjadi di penjahit juragan. Dari sisi penjahit Berdasarkan uraian di atas maka dapat juragan sebetulnya menyadari posisi dirinya yang disimpulkan bahwa komponen-komponen modal tertahan sebagai produsen. Mereka hanya menga- sosial di Kampung Leduwi belum sepenuhnya takan ―rejekiné déwé-déwé‖, masing-masing muncul meskipun sebagai kegiatan usaha sudah mempunyai rejeki yang sesuai dengan kondisinya. mampu meningkatkan taraf hidup rumah tangga. Dari pandangan seperti itu akhirnya jarang ada Hal itu dapat dilihat dari anak-anak para pengrajin penjahit yang sudah maju kemudian beralih yang sukses dapat sekolah hingga ke pendidikan menjadi pedagang grosiran. Hanya ada satu kasus tinggi. Tetapi jika dikaitkan dengan persoalan bekas penjahit yang kemudian beralih profesi pemberdayaan industri kreatif maka perlu dikaji menjadi pedagang bahan baku di Kampung lebih dalam atas potensi-potensi yang kelak dapat Leduwi. Dia tidak lagi menjahit tetapi khusus dikembangkan sebagai basis modal sosial. menyediakan bahan baku dengan pola ambil bahan dulu kemudian pelunasannya setelah 5. DAFTAR PUSTAKA produk yang dipesan dilunasi oleh pembeli. Pola Arifin, Agus, (2013) Analisis Sumber Daya dan seperti itu juga tidak muncul begitu saja tetapi Modal Sosial Pada Industri Kreatif melalui proses panjang di mana di penjual bahan Kerajinan Rambut Di Desa Karangbanjar mengenal dengan baik penjahit yang ngebon ba- Purbalingga, han baku dengannya. Akumulasi kapital dari si jp.feb.unsoed.ac.id/index.php/sca1/article/vi penjual bahan baku juga dapat berkembang pesat ewFile/263/268, download 19 Maret 2018.

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The Role of Government on Sustainable Development MODEL PENGELOLAAN OBYEK WISATA TAMAN KYAI LANGGENG DI KOTA MAGELANG

Sri Mulyani1 , Wahyu Prabowo2

1Ilmu Administrasi Negara, Universitas Tidar, Magelang, Indonesia 2Ilmu Hukum, Universitas Tidar, Magelang, Indonesia

Abstrak sektor lain seperti bergeraknya perekonomian Obyek Wisata Taman Kyai Langgeng mempunyai rakyat yaitu transportasi, hotel, industri kreatif, potensi untuk dikembangkan menjadi wisata kuliner dan sebagainya. Keadaan demikian mena- unggulan di Kota Magelang dan Jawa Tengah rik untuk dilakukan kajian dalam upaya pengem- pada umumnya. Namun pengembangan obyek bangan daerah pariwisata mengingat di Kota wisata ini mengalami banyak kendala dalam Magelang terdapat beberapa obyek wisata yang mewujudkan tujuan kebijakan penelolaan obyek perlu mendapat perhatian baik dari pemerintah wisata Taman Kyai Langgeng. Penelitian ini daerah maupun masyarakat agar memiliki daya merupakan penelitian deskriptif analitis untuk tarik untuk selalu dikunjungi wisatawan. menggali dan melakukan analisis terhadap aspek Salah satu obyek wisata yang ada di Kota pendukung dan penghambat dalam pelaksanaan Magelang adalah Taman Wisata Kyai Langgeng. kebijakan pengelolaan obyek wisata Taman Kyai Obyek wisata ini menjadi obyek wisata andalan Langgeng sehingga akan dapat diberikan yang diharapkan mampu memberikan kontribusi rekomendasi kebijakan pengelolaan Obyek Wisata terhadap pendapatan daerah. Hasil penelitian yang Taman Kyai Langgeng (TKL). Data diperoleh telah dilakukan oleh peneliti menunjukkan aspek dengan melakukan depth interview terhadap penghambat pengelolaan obyek wisata Taman pemerintah daerah, pengunjung TKL, pengurus Kyai Langgeng adalah organisasi pengelola obyek TKL, pedagang kaki lima dan masyarakat sekitar wisata tidak memiliki kewenangan penuh dalam obyek wisata TKL.Hasil penelitian yaitu melakukan pengelolaan obyek wisata. Hal ini pemerintah daerah sangat terlibat dalam dikarenakan pengelola obyek wisata Taman Kyai pengelolaan TKL sehingga tidak ada inovasi Langgeng merupakan Badan Usaha Milik Daerah dalam pengelolaannya. Direkomendasikan bahwa (BUMD) berupa Perusahaan Daerah sehingga se- pengelolaan TKL memerlukan keterlibat swasta gala hal yang akan diputuskan oleh pengelola ha- dan pemberian kewenangan yang besar pada rus mendapat persetujuan Kepala Daerah. pengelolaa dalam mengembangkan obyek wisata Perekrutan pegawai tidak dapat dilakukan TKL di Kota Magelang. oleh pengelola secara mutlak berdasarkan kompetensi karena adanya keterikatan antara pengelola Kata kunci: Pengelolaan; Model; Obyek Wisata. dengan Pemerintah Daerah. Hal ini mengakibat- kan rendahnya kompetensi pegawai dan meng- 1. PENDAHULUAN hambat pengembangan obyek wisata Taman Kyai Sektor pariwisata merupakan salah satu Langgeng. Hasil observasi pada penelitian terda- sektor andalan yang potensial untuk meningkatkan hulu menunjukkan bahwa penunjukkan pimpinan ekonomi daerah. Pengembangan sektor pariwisata pengelola obyek wisata menjadi kewenangan akan memberikan dampak pada pengembangan Kepala Daerah sesuai dengan Peraturan Daerah

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2nd ICSTCSD 2018 Proceeding Magelang, 16 – 17 November 2018

Kota Magelang Nomor 13 Tahun 2009 tentang berbagai disiplin ilmu. Dari sudut manajemen, Perusahaan Daerah Obyek Wisata Taman Kyai proses kebijakan dapat dipandang sebagai rang- Langgeng. Di samping permasalahan dalam kaian kegiatan yang meliputi paling tidak tiga pengelolaan obyek wisata Taman Kyai Langgeng kelompok utama yaitu (1) pembuatan kebijakan, masih ditemui beberapa hal yang menjadi ke- (2) (pengendalian) pelaksanaan kebijakan dan (3) unggulan dari obyek wisata ini dan memiliki po- pertanggung jawaban termasuk evaluasi kinerja tensi untuk dikembangkan dalam rangka pengem- kebijakan yang disebut dengan akuntabilitas ki- bangan obyek wisata Taman Kyai Langgeng. Ke- nerja kebijakan (Mustopadijaya, 2002). Sedang unggulan yang pertama adalah masih menjadi ob- menurut Budi Winarno (2002) istilah kebijakan yek wisata pilihan karena letaknya berada pada atau policy menunjuk pada perilaku seorang jalur pariwisata. Sehubungan dengan itu maka (misalnya seorang pejabat, suatu kelompok mau- diperlukan inovasi dalam pengembangan obyek pun suatu lembaga pemerintah) atau sejumlah wisata baik secara fisik dalam bentuk penyediaan aktor dalam suatu bidang kegiatan tertentu. sarana prasarana wisata maupun dalam pengelo- Dengan demikian kebijakan publik dalam suatu laannya. bidang kehidupan akan menimbulkan reaksi be- Keunggulan lain yaitu dukungan dana yang rantai dalam masyarakat serta akan mempunyai diberikan oleh pemerintah daerah sebagai stimu- pengaruh atau dampak tertentu terhadap perkem- lan dalam pengelolaan obyek wisata Taman Kyai bangan bidang kehidupan sesuai dengan substansi Langgeng sebesar 6 milyar rupiah per 5 tahun yang ditangani (sektoral, regional, institusional). masa kepemimpinan kepala daerah. Pemberian Berhasil atau gagalnya suatu kebijakan ter- dukungan dana ini diharapkan membantu penge- gantung pada beberapa kondisi yaitu (a) ketepatan lola dalam melakukan pemeliharaan dan perbaik- kebijakan itu sendiri, (b) konsistensi dan efektivi- an fasilitas obyek wisata Taman Kyai Langgeng. tas pelaksanaannya dan (c) terjadi tidaknya per- Dana ini cukup meringankan beban keuangan kembangan diluar perkiraan (Mustopadijaya, pengelola obyek wisata walaupun pengelola ob- 2002). Ketepatan kebijakan seharusnya sudah di- yek wisata mempunyai kewajiban pajak dan pem- capai pada tahapan formulasi kebijakan karena bagian deviden kepada pemerintah daerah. Pajak pada tahap ini telah dibuat rancangan atas sebuah yang menjadi kewajiban pengelola meliputi pajak kebijakan. Sedangkan konsistensi dan efektivitas tontonan sebesar 10% dari keuntungan, pajak par- pelaksanaan sangat tergantung pada kerjasama kir sebesar 25% dari pendapatan dan deviden antar pelaksana kebijakan dan kemampuannya sebesar 55 % dari keuntungan. Rumusan masalah dalam menyelesaikan segala kendala yang mung- adalah Model Pengelolaan yang bagaimana agar kin terjadi sehingga tercapai tujuan yang telah dapat mengembangkan obyek wisata Taman Kyai ditetapkan. Oleh karena kebijakan publik dibuat Langgeng di Kota Magelang menjadi obyek oleh pemerintah untuk mencapai tujuan tertentu di wisata unggulan? Keunggulan dari penelitian ini masyarakat maka penyusunannya melibatkan adalah memberikan masukkan kepada pengambil banyak aktor dan melalui tahapan-tahapan kebijakan berupa rekomendasi dalam pegelolaan tertentu. Keterlibatan aktor-aktor dalam perumus- obyek wisata Taman Kyai Langgeng dalam rang- an kebijakan menjadi ciri khusus dari kebijakan ka meningkatkan Pendapatan Asli Daerah. Hasil publik. Aktor yang terlibat dalam perumusan akhirya adalah rekomendasi terhadap model kebijakan adalah kelompok penekan dan kelom- pengelolaan obyek wisata Taman Kyai Langgeng pok kepentingan yang merasakan dampak dari di Kota Magelang. kebijakan baik secara langsung maupun secara Kebijakan publik merupakan fenomena tidak langsung. Proses kebijakan publik memang yang kompleks dan dinamis yang dapat dikaji dari memiliki kerentanan untuk masuknya kepentingan

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The Role of Government on Sustainable Development politis dari kelompok tertentu. Sehubungan publik mencakup aspek-aspek umum organisasi dengan hal tersebut dibutuhkan pejabat-pejabat dan merupakan gabungan dari fungsi manajemen publik yang memiliki kredibilitas dan intergritas seperti planning, organizing, dan controlling serta tinggi dalam menjalankan peranannya dan berpe- sumberdaya manusia, keuangan, phisik, informasi rilaku sebagai manajer publik dalam pengambilan dan politik. Wilson (dalam Keban, 2008) meletak- keputusan publik. Andrews (dalam Winarno B., kan prinsip dasar administrasi publik yang mewar- 2002) mengemukakan bahwa sosial trust, kelom- nai manajemen publik yaitu pok informal, keterlibatan masyarakat dalam  Pemerintah sebagai setting utama organiasi. menyelesaikan persoalan publik dan kehidupan  Fungsi eksekutif sebagai fokus utama organisasi amat berpengaruh terhadap keberhasil-  Pencarian prinsip-prinsip dan teknik mana- an kinerja layanan publik. Kebijakan yang baik jemen yang lebih efektif sebagai kunci adalah kebijakan yang dilaksanakan menurut pengembangan kompetensi administrasi keputusan yang telah ditetapkan oleh pengambil  Metode perbandingan sebagai suatu metode kebijakan dan tercapai tujuan dari kebijakan studi dan pengembangan bidang adminis- tersebut. trasi publik. Di samping kebijakan yang tepat di dalam Pendapat Wilson ini sangat mempengaruhi menyelesaikan persoalan publik maka perlu diper- upaya pengembangan manajemen publik bahkan timbangkan pula manajemen publik dalam menge- pengembangan paradigmanya juga mengikuti per- lola kepentingan publik. Manajemen publik meru- kembangan paradigma administrasi publik. Agar pakan suatu spesialisasi yang relatif baru tetapi sebuah negara memiliki manajemen publik yang berakar dari pendekatan normatif. Menurut Peter baik maka dibutuhkan ―global public management dan Pierrce (2003) elemen-elemen dasar yang reform‖ (Donald Kettl dalam Denhardt, 2003). membedakan manajemen publik dan manajemen Pertanyaan yang perlu dijawab dalam merefor- privat adalah kepentingan publik berbeda dengan masi manajemen publik tersebut meliputi dapat- kepentingan privat, pejabat publik dipilih oleh kah pemerintah menyederhanakan layanan, dapat- penguasa sehingga lebih bertanggung jawab pada kah pemerintah menggunakan market-style incen- nilai-nilai demokratik dibandingkan kepentingan tive untuk menghilangkan patologi birokrasi, da- kelompok dan konstitusi menuntut perlakuan yang patkah pemerintah menggunakan mekanisme pa- sama terhadap semua orang. Hal ini semakin nam- sar untuk memberikan warga negara pilihan pak bila diterapkan dalam organisasi publik dan layanan lebih banyak, dapatkah pemerintah mem- organisasi swasta sehingga digunakan pendekatan buat program yang lebih resposif, dapatkah peme- yang berbeda dalam mempelajari manajemen rintah mendesentralisasi responsibilitas agar publik dan manajemen swasta. Berbicara menge- pelaksana program mendapat insentif lebih besar nai manajemen publik maka tidak akan terlepas dalam memberikan layanan publik, dapatkah dari kajian manajemen yang diterapkan pada or- pemerintah memperbaiki kapasitasnya untuk me- ganisasi publik. Tujuan pembentukan organisasi rancang kebijakan dan apakah pemerintah fokus publik yaitu untuk memenuhi kebutuhan dan pada outputs dan outcomes dibandingkan proses melindungi kepentingan publik karenanya kinerja atau struktur. organisasi dikatakan berhasil apabila dapat mewu- Menurut Christopher Hood (dalam Syafri, judkan tujuan tersebut. 2012) pada awalnya doktrin NPM meliputi profe- Menurut Keban manajemen publik meref- sionalisme manajemen, indikator kinerja, kontrol leksikan tekanan-tekanan antara orientasi ratio- pada output, perhatian pada unit-unit di sektor nal-instrumental pada satu pihak dan orientasi publik, kompetisi, penerapan manajemen swasta politik di pihak lain. Oleh karenanya manajemen dan penghematan sumberdaya. Pada perkembang-

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2nd ICSTCSD 2018 Proceeding Magelang, 16 – 17 November 2018 annya NPM mengalami perubahan orientasi yaitu khalayak masyarakat ramai yang memiliki keane- mengutamakan nilai efisiensi dalam mengukur ki- ka ragaman kepentingan dan tujuan. Oleh karena nerja, perampingan organisasi dan delegasi oto- itu institusi pelayanan publik dapat dilakukan oleh ritas pada unit yang lebih kecil, kinerja optimal pemerintah maupun non-pemerintah. Jika peme- dengan bantuan ilmu dan teknologi serta pemerintah merupakan organisasi birokrasi dalam nuhan kebutuhan pelayanan publik. pelayanan publik, maka organisasi birokrasi pemerintahan merupakan organisasi terdepan yang 2. METODE PENELITIAN berhubungan dengan pelayanan publik. Dalam hal Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan institusi pemerintah memberikan pelayanan, maka kualitatif karena mempunyai tujuan memahami yang terpenting adalah bagaimana memberikan masalah sosial secara holistik dan mendalam atas bantuan dan kemudahan kepada masyarakat dalam fenomena yang terjadi dalam pengelolaan obyek rangka memenuhi kebutuhan dan kepentingannya. wisata TKL. Sebagaimana pendapat Sugiyono Suatu pelayanan bermutu yang diberikan kepada (2009) bahwa metode penelitian kualitatif meng- masyarakat menuntut adanya upaya dari seluruh gunakan paradigma interpretatif dan konstruktif pegawai, dan bukan hanya dari petugas di ―Front yang memandang realitas sosial sebagai sesuatu Office‖. Konsep pelayanan masyarakat yang dila- yang utuh (holistik), kompleks, dinamis dan pe- kukan oleh Instansi Pemerintah harus dilakukan nuh makna. Peneliti hanya akan menguraikan dan oleh seluruh pegawai karena, tugas apa saja yang manganalisis obyek yang diteliti tanpa melakukan dilakukan oleh setiap pegawai mengandung unsur intervensi atas fenomena yang diamati dan data pelayanan yang pada gilirannya akan mempengar- yang dikumpulkan adalah berupa kata-kata, gam- uhi mutu pelayanan jasa produk dari instansi bar dan bukan angka-angka. Laporan penelitian dimana pegawai tersebut bekerja yang diterima akan berisi kutipan-kutipan data untuk memberi oleh masyarakat. gambaran penyajian laporan tersebut. Data berasal Pembahasan mengenai pengelolaan obyek dari naskah wawancara, catatan lapangan, foto, wisata Taman Kyai Langgeng di Kota Magelang videotape, dokumen pribadi atau dokemen resmi berkaitan dengan aspek-aspek yang ditetapkan lainnya (Moleong, 2007). sebagai obyek pengamatan peneliti yaitu: Peneliti melakukan penelitian deskriptif a. Perencanaan Program. kualitatif yaitu melakukan pengamatan secara Berdasarkan Peraturan Daerah Nomor 13 mendalam dengan membangun mekanisme inte- Tahun 2009 tentang Perusahaan Daerah Obyek raksional antara peneliti dengan informan. Sesuai Wisata Taman Kyai Langgeng pasal 2 disebutkan dengan esensi penelitian kualitatif maka penelitian bahwa status TKL adalah Perusahaan Daerah ini berusaha mengungkapkan suatu masalah atau Obyek Wisata TKL yang merupakan badan hu- peristiwa sebagaimana adanya untuk mengungkap kum dan berhak melaksanakan usaha berdasarkan fakta (fact finding). peraturan daerah ini. Mencermati peraturan daerah ini maka pengelola obyek wisata TKL dalam 3. HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN melakukan perencanaan program harus berkoordi- Substansi pelayanan publik selalu dikaitkan nasi dengan pemerintah daerah. Hal ini menjadi dengan suatu kegiatan yang dilakukan oleh sese- pembatas terhadap ruang gerak pengelola dalam orang atau kelompok orang atau instansi tertentu merancang dan melaksanakan program sebab untuk memberikan bantuan dan kemudahan ke- sebuah kondisi yang mendasar bahwa pemerintah pada masyarakat dalam rangka mencapai tujuan daerah menjalankan fungsi sebagai mensejahtera- tertentu. Pelayanan publik ini menjadi semakin kan rakyat dan perusahaan daerah bertujuan untuk penting karena senantiasa berhubungan dengan

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The Role of Government on Sustainable Development mengembangkan usahanya dengan menerapkan Pertanggung jawaban keuangan obyek wisata prinsip manajemen publik. TKL sesuai dengan statusnya sebagai perusahaan Kesulitan yang muncul dan dialami oleh daerah maka penggunaan anggaran dipertanggung pengelola obyek wisata TKL adalah keterlibatan jawabkan kepada pemerintah daerah melalui Ba- pihak pemerintah daerah seringkali menjadikan dan Pengawas. Tugas Badan Pengawas sesuai pelaksanaan program menjadi tidak maksimal. dengan peraturan daerah adalah mengawasi ke- Pemerintah daerah seharusnya menerapkan mana- giatan operasional, memberikan saran kepada jemen sektor publik dalam pengelolaan obyek kepala daerah dan menerima laporan rugi laba wisata TKL yaitu melakukan desentralisasi penge- perusahaan. Namun tugas ini tidak optimal karena lolaan demi tercapainya efisiensi, efektivitas dan pengawas menjalankan tugas apabila terdapat peningkatan kinerja perusahaan pengelola obyek permasalahan yang memerlukan pertimbangan ba- wisata. Penerapan desentralisasi pengelolaan ini dan pengawas. akan memperluas program karena kebijakan c. Sikap dan kemampuan pelaksana pengelola akan mempertimbangkan kemampuan Kemampuan pelaksana tidak akan terlepas perusahaan dan kebutuhan masyarakat tanpa cam- dari prosedur rekrutmen pegawai yang dilakukan pur tangan pemerintah yang seringkali bersifat oleh pengelola obyek wisata. Pada awal pengelo- politis. laan obyek wisata ini pemerintah daerah menye- b. Pembiayaan rahkan rekrutmen pegawai pada pengelola obyek Pembiayaan dalam pengembangan obyek wi- wisata sehingga rekrutmen tidak berdasarkan sata mendasarkan pada peraturan daerah Nomor prinsip-prinsip kepegawaian secara profesional. 13 Tahun 2009 tentang Perusahaan Daerah Obyek Warga masyarakat sekitar obyek wisata TKL Wisata Taman Kyai Langgeng pasal 5 yaitu pe- dapat menjadi pegawai tanpa ada batasan pendi- nambahan modal ditetapkan dengan peraturan dikan, pengalaman pekerjaan, usia dan persyarat- daerah Kota Magelang. Pemerintah pada awal an lainnya sehingga kebanyakan pegawai mem- berdirinya obyek wisata TKL menyediakan dana punyai kemampuan yang tidak memadai. Namun sebesar Rp. 808.294.217,- yang digunakan untuk demikian dengan berjalannya waktu maka persya- membangun infrastruktur obyek wisata. Pada ratan teknis menjadi syarat bagi seseorang untuk perkembangan selanjutnya pemerintah menyedia- dapat diterima sebagai pegawai. kan anggaran Rp. 3 milyard dalam kurun waktu 5 Beberapa pegawai dengan tingkat pendidikan tahun. Jumlah ini tidak mencukupi bagi penyedia- dan kompetensi yang rendah memiliki respon dan an sarana dan prasarana obyek wisata sedang disiplin yang kurang terhadap tugas pekerjaan. kerjasama dengan pihak ke tiga harus menda- Pengunjung obyek wisata mengeluhkan pegawai patkan persetujuan pemerintah daerah sebagai- yang tidak berada di tempat wahana permainan mana tercantum dalam pasal 14 peraturan daerah sehingga pengunjung tidak dapat menikmati wa- tersebut. Pengelola obyek wisata mengupayakan hana tersebut. Kondisi ini merugikan dan menge- dana yang dibutuhkan bagi pembangunan dan cewakan pengunjung karena harga tiket masuk pemeliharaan infrastruktur obyek wisata dengan sebesar Rp. 25.000,- yang dibayar pengunjung ter- melakukan kerjasama dengan pihak swasta yang masuk 10 tiket menaiki wahana yang ada di obyek berminat untu membangun wahana di dalam area wisata. Sesuai dengan konsep New Public Mana- obyek wisata. Namun minat investor tidak terlalu gement bahwa manajemen sektor publik harus besar mengingat kurangnya jumlah pengunjung menerapkan prinsip manajemen swasta yaitu obyek wisata sehingga pembangunan dan memberikan layanan yang terbaik pada pengun- pengembangan obyek wisata TKL nampak jung. Pengelola harus mengukur kinerja pegawai berjalan lamban.

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2nd ICSTCSD 2018 Proceeding Magelang, 16 – 17 November 2018 dalam rangka meningkatkan efisiensi dan efek- Pengunjung obyek wisata TKL sangat varia- tivitas pencapaian tujuan perusahaan, tif yaitu masyarakat mengunjungi obyek wisata Pengembangan obyek wisata berkaitan pula TKL tidak hanya berrekreasi tetapi masyarakat dengan permasalahan pengadaan dan perbaikan memanfaatkan lingkungan yang indah dan sejuk wahana permainan sehingga masih banyak dite- untuk kepentingan edukasi, family gathering, dan mui wahana yang rusak di lokasi obyek wisata. kepentingan lainnya. Sehubungan dengan itu ma- Pemandangan ini sangat mengganggu Kenya- ka pengelola harus responsif terhadap berbagai manan dan keindahan di dalam obyek wisata oleh kepentingan tersebut dan memberikan fasilitas karenanya diperlukan ketepatan, kecepatan dan agar segala kebutuhan pengunjung dapat terpe- kemampuan pengelola dalam menyelesaikan nuhi. masalah tersebut. Pengelola menyebutkan bahwa Hasil penelitian berkaitan dengan penyediaan penyelesaian masalah terkendala oleh dana dan sarana prasarana secara umum di lokasi obyek keterikatan dengan pemerintah daerah dalam wisata TKL ini 25% pengunjung menyatakan mengambil keputusan. Anggaran yang disediakan standar kualitasnya sangat baik, 60% menyatakan oleh pemerintah daerah tidak mencukupi sedang cukup berkualitas 12% menyatakan kurang ber- pengelola tidak diijinkan menaikkan harga tiket kualitas dan 3 % menyatakan tidak berkualitas. sebagai sumber dana utama untuk menunjang bia- Standar kualitas ini ditinjau dari kekuatan, ke- ya pembelian dan pemeliharaan wahana bermain amanan dan kenyamanan ketika dimanfaatkan. dan kebersihan lingkungan obyek wisata. Sebagian besar pengunjung menyatakan cukup d. Kondisi ekonomi berkualitas karena wahana permainan yang digu- Kondisi ekonomi masyarakat sebagai pihak nakan dalam kondisi cukupnn baik, sarana jalan yang menerima manfaat dari kebijakan pengelola didalam lokasi nyaman untuk dilewati dan ling- obyek wisata sangat menentukan berkembang kungan yang tertata rapi, bersih dan asri. tidaknya obyek wisata TKL. Pemerintah daerah Secara umum, sarana yang ada sudah cukup sebagai penentu kebijakan pengembangan obyek baik. Meskipun demikian, masih dipelukan per- wisata memiliki tanggung jawab untuk menjadi- baikan guna mendukung peningkatan kunjungan kan obyek wisata TKL sebagai tempat untuk me- wisata. Beberapa pihak yang menyampaikan ma- lestarikan alam, tempat hiburan dan rekreasi sih perlunya perbaikan adalah pedagang karena masyarakat sehingga kebijakan pemerintah daerah pedagang mengetahui secara pasti perkembangan harus diselaraskan dengan kondisi ekonomi ma- sarana dan prasarana. syarakat pengunjung obyek wiisata TKL. f. Komunikasi Obyek wisata TKL merupakan tempat Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia No 10 wisata yang masih bertaraf regional sehingga Tahun 2009 Tentang Kepariwisataan menyebut- masyarakat yang berkunjung ke obyek wisata ini kan bahwa pariwisata adalah berbagai macam sebagian besar adalah masyarakat Jawa Tengah kegiatan wisata dan didukung berbagai fasilitas khususnya masyarakat Kota Magelang dan seki- serta layanan yang disediakan oleh masyarakat, tarnya. Mencermati kondisi masyarakat dengan pengusaha, pemerintah, dan Pemerintah Daerah. tingkat sosial ekonomi menengah ke bawah ini Sedang daya tarik wisata adalah segala sesuatu maka pengelola tidak dapat merencanakan pe- yang memiliki keunikan, keindahan, dan nilai ngembangan obyek wisata agar menjadi obyek yang berupa keanekaragaman kekayaan alam, bu- wisata bertaraf nasional. daya, dan hasil buatan manusia yang menjadi sasaran atau tujuan kunjungan wisatawan. Menda- e. Variasi pengunjung sarkan hal tersebut maka pemerintah daerah Kota Magelang melalui Perusahaan Daerah Taman

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Kyai Langgeng berusaha memberikan pelayanan- memiliki pengalaman di perusahaan sehingga an yang sebaik-baknya kepada masyarakat di mampu memimpin dan mengelola obyek wisata dalam memenuhi kebutuhannya untuk melaksana- TKL. Namun demikian dengan kewenangan yang kan kegiatan wisata. Keberhasilan pemberian pe- dimiliki untuk mengangkat staf yang membantu layanan pada masyarakat ini tergantung pada ke- kegiatan operasional perusahaan harus didasarkan berhasilan komunikasi antar pihak-pihak yang ter- pada profesionalitas pegawai. libat dalam pengelolaan obyek wisata TKL. Efek- Berdasarkan hasil penelitian di atas maka tivitas komunikasi antara pengelola obyek wisata pengelolaan obyek wisata TKL diharapkan mam- TKL, badan pengawas, pemerintah daerah dan pu meningkatkan angka kunjungan wisatawan dan masyarakat harus selalu dijaga agar harmonis dan menaikkan peringkat obyek wisata TKL menjadi tidak menimbulkan konflik. Hasil penelitian bah- bertaraf nasional. Hal ini akan terkait dengan wa pengelola melakukan koordinasi dengan badan tingkat kepuasan masyarakat yang menjadikan pengawas sebagai pihak yang mengawasi kegiatan obyek wisata TKL menjadi rujukan tempat ma- operasional perusahaan daerah. Komunikasi syarakat meluangkan waktunya untuk berwisata. dengan masyarakat yang berada di sekitar obyek wisata memiliki dinamika yang tinggi karena ke- 4. KESIMPULAN pentingan masyarakat berbeda dengan kepenting- Hasil penelitian memberikan kesimpulan: an pengelola obyek wisata TKL. Masyarakat men- a. Model pengelolaan yang dilaksanakan saat jadikan obyek wisata sebagai sumber ekonomi ini adalah pengelola obyek wisata TKL me- sehingga menghendaki setiap tempat dapat digu- rupakan perusahaan daerah yang kegiatan nakan untuk berjualan dan melakukan kegiatan operasional dalam mengelola obyek wisata ekonomi lainnya tanpa mempertimbangkan aspek menjadi kewenangan pemerintah daerah. keamanan, kenyamanan dan keindahan. Namun Perusahaan memiliki kewenangan mengen- demikian selalu diusahakan untuk mengakomo- dalikan semua kegiatan operasional perusa- dasi kepentingan masyarakat sekitar obyek wisata haan atas persetujuan pemerintah daerah. dengan melakukan komunikasi dengan pendekat- b. Model pengelolaan yang direkomendasikan an win win solution apabila terjadi konflik antara berdasarkan kajian hasil penelitian ialah pengelola dan masyarakat. pemerintah menerapkan prinsip manajemen g. Rekrutmen Pejabat pelaksana. publik baru (New Public Management) Mendasarkan pada peraturan daerah yang bahwa pemerintah melakukan desentrali- mengatur pengelolaan obyek wisata maka rekrut- sasi, dan berorientasi pasar agar pengelola- men pejabat pelaksana menjadi tanggung jawab annya dapat maksimal sehingga pengem- Walikota Magelang. Sebagaimana tercantum pa- bangannya juga akan maksimal. da Peraturan Daerah Nomor 13 tahun 2009 tentang Perusahaan Daerah Obyek Wisata Taman Kyai Langgeng pasal 8 bahwa direksi diangkat 5. DAFTAR PUSTAKA oleh Walikota Magelang. Dengan demikian Bungin, Burhan, 2003, Analisis Data Penelitian pengangkatan direksi menjadi hak dan kewenang- Kualitatif, PT. Raja Grafindo Persada, an Walikota Magelang dengan persyaratan yang Jakarta telah ditetapkan dalam peraturan daerah tersebut Bryant, C. & White, L., 1987. Manajemen yaitu mempunyai pendidikan minimal S1, mem- Pembangunan Untuk Negara Berkembang. punyai pengalaman kerja minimal 5 tahun, dan ti- Jakarta: LP3ES. dak terikat hubungan keluarg dengan Walikota. DeLeon, P. & Gallagher, B.K., 2011. A Hasil penelitian bahwa direksi obyek wisata TKL Contemporary Reading of Advice and

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Consent. Policy studies journal, 32 (S1), Simth, K.B & Larimer, C.W., 2009. The Public pp.27-39. Policy Theory Primer. Boulder: Westview DeLeon, P. & Varda, D.M., 2009. Toward a Press. Theory of Collaborative Policy Networks: Stokey & Zeckhauser, 1978. A Primer For Policy Identifying Structural Tendencies. The Analysis. New York: W.W. Norton & Policy Studies Journal, 37(1), pp.59-74. Company, Inc. Dryzek, J.S., 2006. Policy Analysis as Critique. In Wilson, R., 2006. Policy Analisis as Advice. In M. Moran, M. Rein & R.E. Goodin, eds. Moran, M., Rein, M. & Goodin, R.E. The The Oxford Handbook of Public Policy. Oxford Handbook of Public Policy. Oxford: Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp.190- Oxford University Press. pp.152-68. 206. Winship, C., 2006. Policy Analysis as Puzzle Dunn, W.N., 1999. Pengantar analisis kebijakan Solving. In M. Moran & M.R. Robert E publik. Yogyakarta: UGM Press. Goodin, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Jones, Charles.O, 1984, An Introduction to the Public Policy. Oxford: Oxford University Study of Public Policy Third Edition, Press. pp.109-23. Wadsworth, Inc., CA., USA Winarno, Budi, 2002, Teori da Proses Kebijakan Miles, Huberman dan Saldana, 2014, Qualitative Publik, Penerbit Media Pressindo, Data Analysis : A Methods Sourcebook, Yogyakarta Sage Publication Inc., USA Peraturan Daeah Kota Magelang Nomor 13 Tahun Moleong, Lexi, 2007, Metodologi Penelitian 2009 tentang Perusahaan Daerah Obyek Kualitatif, PT. Remaja Rosdakarya, Wisata Tanan Kyai Langgeng, 2016 Bandung Peraturan Walikota Magelang Nomor 42 Tahun Sugiyono, 2009, Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif, 2014 tentang Susunan Organisasi dan Tata Kualitatif dan R&D, Penerbit Alfabeta, Kerja Perusahaan Daerah Obyek Wisata Bandung Taman Kyai Langgeng.

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The Role of Government on Sustainable Development GOVERNMENT POLICY IN WASTE MANAGEMENT THROUGH 3R (REDUCE, REUSE, RECYCLE) IN MAGELANG CITY

Eny Boedi Orbawati1, Sri Dayati2

1Ilmu Administrasi Negara, Universitas Tidar, Magelang, Indonesia 2Ilmu Administrasi Negara, Universitas Tidar, Magelang, Indonesia Email: [email protected]

Abstrak the participation of society and the Division of the Rate of population growth followed by the pace of roles of each stakeholder garbage processing unit. economic growth and changing consumption patterns in urban areas will have an impact on Keywords: Public Policy, Garbage Volume, increasing the amount of garbage generated. Garbage Management Magelang City population increases also result in increasing the volume of waste. The volume of 1. INTRODUCTION waste produced in Magelang Cityis huge i.e. Rate of population growth followed by the 139.39 M3 (in 2014) increased to 160.58 m³ (in pace of economic growth and changing con- 2015) and the amount of waste carried of 136.75 sumption patterns in urban areas will have an M³ equivalent 85.16% and the population served impact on increasing the amount of garbage by waste network amounted to 96%. Public policy generated. In addition, changes in consumption is what is selected by the Government whether it is patterns contribute to cause the kind of garbage implemented or not, that may be set out in that is increasingly diverse. The increasing pur- legislation and followed up with programs and chasing power of society against various types of Government action. This research aimed to staples and the results of the technology as well as identify, analyze, discover and recommend things increasing economic growth supporting activity related to policy management of garbage in areas also contribute greatly to the quantity and Magelang City. The method in this research is quality of waste produced. descriptive qualitative. This research was carried Garbage also became a problem in Mage- out in the Department of the Environment and the lang City, Magelang City population increases Cleanliness of Magelang City. Data collection was lead to the increase of the volume of waste. An done through observation and interviews to a area of Magelang Cityis only 18.12 km2 with a number of key informants. Data were analyzed population of 121. 673 (BPS, 2017) and tend to with descriptive qualitative analysis techniques. experience increased annually causing an increase The results of this research show that the in the amount of waste collection. The volume of regulation is used in waste management can be waste produced in Magelang City is huge i.e. applied. Magelang City waste management 139.39 M (in 2014) increased to 160.58 m³ (year problems can be solved by making the regulation 2015) and the amount of waste carried of 136.75 in the form of policy and program management of M³ equivalent 85.16% and the population served garbage with the support of all parties including by waste network amounted to 96%(DLH, 2017).

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TABLE 1 The Projection of the Total Population of Magelang City until 2020 Years 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 119647 120158 120165 120952 121923 121673 121992 122243 122532 Source: BPS, 2017 Reduce of the waste volume disposed to vernment of Magelang City is needto look for landfill has been done by way of waste mana- alternative waste management that can be relied gement starts from the source system with System upon to take waste management policy. 3R (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle). But the reality in the field is the volume of waste generated and dis- 2. RESEARCJ METHOD posed of is still high. The limitation of the Garbage The methods are used in this research is Dump in accommodating trash has exceeded capa- qualitative descriptive. Data collection is done by city. In the side because of limited land, Magelang survey, interview and documentation. The subject City has no Garbage Dump in Magelang City of this research is the Department of the location so that it is in the Magelang Regency. environment, Balitbang, Provincial Development While the Garbage Dump in Magelang City which Planning Agency abbreviated as Bappeda, the is located in the area of Banyu Urip around Mage- Community Manager of Garbage Bank, commu- lang District is already not be developed because nity garbage and Free-range organic. The object in in documents of RT/RW, these locations have this research is secondary data and policy docu- been designated as green areas. ments and the management of waste management Bases on issue of garbage management has in Magelang City. Qualitative data analysis is done become an important issue in major cities in- through interactive model with the validity of the cluding in Magelang City, then the Government analysis methodology focuses on the triangulation, needs to provide garbage management facility by with rolling according to needs also use techniques using new technology so that it can reduce the gar- of the validity of other bage heap that can cause environmental problems. To improve the Organization of garbage ma- 3. RESULT AND DISCUSSION nagement are integrated and comprehensive in 3.1. The Regulation of the Garbage Magelang City needed a policy and management Management waste management. Thomas R. Dye which says The regulation has a very important role in that public policy generally contains the notion of performing an action activity. Regulation as the "whatever the government choose to do or not to guidanceor legal basis is used in regulating the do. This means that public policy is what is problem of garbage that exists in a community. selected by the Government to do or not. The legal basis used by the Government of Mage- While James A. Anderson says that public lang City waste management is related to the policy is a "policy set by the agencies and govern- Constitution of Indonesia No. 18 in 2008 about mental authorities". Similar with Laswell and waste management, Ministry of Internal Affair No. Kaplan, David Easton in Subarsono (2005:2) de- 33 in 2010 and Regional Regulation of Magelang fines public policy as "assignment of values to the City No 10 in 2013 about waste management. society", since each policy contains a set of values In the Regional Regulation No. 10 in 2013 in it. are explained that local governments in charge of With regard to the problem the garbage waste management are invited, in order to management in Magelang City, then the go-

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The Role of Government on Sustainable Development guarantee a good and insightful environment. The Even the local Government will provide task of local governments include as follows: incentives to individuals as well as institutions or  Increasing environmentally awareness and business entity that performs best in innovation enhance public awareness in waste mana- waste management and/or reporting of violations gement; against of this prohibition.  Conducting research and technology deve- The Regulation of Magelang City No. 10 in lopment and reduction of waste handling; 2013 about garbage management who set about  Facilitating, develop and implement garbage at the moment already applied in the reduction efforts, handling, and utilization community although not fully enforceable. Things of waste; that still need to be improved relates to roles and  Implementing waste management as well as the community in addressing the problems of facilitating waste management facilities and waste management and the appropriate application infrastructure; of a waste technology.  Facilitating and developing over the benefits generated from waste management; 3.2. Bureaucracy Structure of a Garbage  Facilitating the application of specific tech- Management nologies that are locally grown in the local Government agencies related to waste ma- community to address and reduce a garbage; nagement, both the central level as well as areas, and as follows:  Conducting coordination unit of the device  The Ministry of Environment (MOE) Work area, the community, and the business  The Ministry of Public Works so that there is alignment in waste mana-  Implementing Engineering Department gement. (UNIT)  Office Janitorial and Landscaping (DKP) According to the task of the regional go-  Department of The Environment (DLH vernment in Magelang City of waste management Garbage management in Magelang City is that are contained in the Change, then waste handled by the Department of the Environment management is not just a duty and responsibility of (DLH). It is a combination between The Unit the local Government itself but also become the Work of Device Area of Office Environment and duties and responsibilities of the community. This Cleanliness Department of Spatial Planning and is confirmed in article 61 which States that the PJU Landscaper in accordance with Regional public can play a role in dealing with the problem Regulations of Magelang City No. 3 in 2016 on of waste management organized by the local the establishment and composition of the regional government. Role of the community in the form of device. DLH is Technical Service areas with the waste management include as follows: scope of responsibilities of the Environmental  Taking care of environmental awareness Affairs, most public works Affairs and Spatial  Active in reduction activities, collecting, development as well as garbage management sorting, transporting, and processing a system, structuring parks and PJU, and educates garbage public housing Affairs and The Area of the  Giving a suggestion, advice, complaint, con- Settlements. sideration, and opinions in an attempt to Garbage management function in De- increase in waste management in this partment of the Environment implemented by the region. garbage management and handling, which has 2 sections, namely Waste Management Section and

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Garbage Handling Section. As for the trash at the for Civil Servant and 130 people to the Non-po- landfill are managed specifically by Unit for Final wered civil servants, with details of the amount as Landfill (TPSA). Total human resources of gar- follows: bage handle in Magelang City totaled 61 people

TABLE 2 The Amount of Garbage Management Staff (Non-Civil Servant) Fields Total Garbage Handling Management 48 UPTD TPSA 13 Total 61 Source : DLH 2017 TABEL 3 The Amount of Garbage Management Staff (Non-Civil Servant) Fields Employees Freelance Staffs Contract Garbage Management 13 115 TPST Operator 0 2 Waste Management Landfills 0 7 The Management and Maintanance of 0 6 Public Dumpsites Giriloyo Total 13 130 Sumber : DLH 2017

3.3. Stakeholder’s Involvement sumption are wasteful waste into the trash, so Government's role in the integrated garbage saving the effort of reducing waste at the source management is indeed very important, but the can be more effective. involvement of all stakeholders in integrated In the role of handling garbage in residential garbage management will make things become level, the involvement of the community in Mage- more effective and efficient. Other stakeholders lang City directly can be seen in its participation are very important in the garbage management is following the program the Bank trash and Free- the community, because the community that range, organic, either as a customer or sysop. produces garbage. So if the community wants to Outside of the program, there has been no signi- work in garbage management, then the go- ficant role of garbage management around the vernment will be providing the best service. For it community. At the level of neighborhoods, the is necessary garbage management arrangements in community pays a levy on waste in managing each particular: Sorting waste at the source, about the village with funds ranging from IDR.10, 000 to society behavior from the habit of disposing of IDR.15, 000/ month, where funds are not only trash mixed in already disaggregated, motivate the purely for garbage management, but also for ope- community in getting used to sort trash on the rational security and other public facilities. At the source, increase the role of the community in level of Final Landfill, Magelang City has yet to formulating the concept of regulation in the apply the standard rate garbage disposal. garbage field in waste management with the In Magelang City, garbage management system is broken. Changing patterns of con- involves several parties/places directly such as

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The Role of Government on Sustainable Development temporary shelter (TPS)/Transfer Agent (TD), (LANDFILL). Based on existing data and survey place of processing, while the Organic Integrated in the field, the flow of garbage treatment in Ma- Waste processing (TPST), and place the Bank end gelang City is presented in Figure 1.

Figure 1. The Flow of Waste Management in Magelang City

3.4. Garbage Service of the existing regulations. This concept will be Garbage services provided by the go- able to take place with good and sustainable, if vernment to the public, aims to serve the garbage there is an economic benefit for the perpetrators. generated inhabitants, which indirectly undertook The existence of the garbage bank in Magelang to maintain public health and create environmental City is trying to apply concepts and strategies. The cleanliness. Zoning services waste taking into economic value of residential garbage especially account the population density, function area, the inorganic will be divided by the population and City's development plan (RTRW) and the topo- deposited to the garbage bank to value economi- graphy of the area, being the reference imple- cally. Each Member involved will have a record of mentation in increased coverage of service. the balance upon delivery of the garbage. As for a. Garbage Bank the data of garbage bank in Magelang City, along Magelang City continues to strive to apply with the resulting turnover presented in table 4. the concept of 3R (Reduce, Reuse and Recycle) . waste processing in accordance with the mandate

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TABLE 4 The Total Garbage Manage at Garbage Bank Data Total Turnover Garbage Manage (Rp/month) (kg/month) North Magelang 15 2.875.000 2454.00 Central Magelang 21 4.508.000 2743.00 South Magelang 19 6.352.200 3237.00 School 8 3.600.000 2400.00 New Garbage Bank 9 - 1380.11 Jumlah 72 12214.11

According on these data of garbage bank in gement of the unit compost through Organic Free- Magelang City able to cultivate and reducing range. In organic area, compost product produced waste that goes to landfill of 12.214 tons/month or is used as a medium for planting several kinds of 146.56 tones/ year. crops such as tomatoes, chilies, mustard etc. The b. Organic Area rest of utilization of media existing planting One of the garbage processing easy and compost, marketed to the local community. Sales cheap as well as its benefits for the community of plants and compost are into infusion of organic feels enough is the conversion of organic waste free-range group to be more sustainable. As for the into compost. With enough land and bio-starter, distribution of organic free-range in Magelang community-generated organic waste can be turned City presented in table 5. Considering the vast into compost. Business composting for experien- territory and its effectiveness, generally located in ced constraints associated with marketing because level of organic free-range around Community of the quality and quantity of the manufacturers Group level so ideally there are one organic free- that are not yet stable and guarantee. Therefore, range. Magelang City has the innovation in the mana-

TABLE 5 The Amount of Organic Area and Community Around Sub-District Amount of Organic Free-range Environment Organic Area Population (inhabitants) Magelang Utara 16 12304 Magelang Tengah 20 12060 Magelang Se-atan 21 12160 Jumlah 57 36544

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TABLE 6 The Amount Estimation of Organic Waste Managed in Organic Area Garbage per Garbage Population Garbage capita managed in (inhabitants) managed in (kg/person/day) organic waste organic (kg/person/day) waste (kg/month) Community Without 0.304 0.019 Organic Area Community With 0.285 36544 20830,08 Organic Area

Organic free-range amounted to 57 can Suggestion: cultivate the organic waste of 20.83 ton/month or a. The Government need to make programes that around 249.9 tons/year involve communityin a waste management b. Inviting the private sector through its CSR 4. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION program to participate in waste management Conclusions: c. Increasing the institutional capacity and human a. Magelang City as a smart environmental field resources in the management and development particularly related waste managementthrough of environmental programs 3R (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle), still found plenty d. Enhancing the role of the Organization in the of problems. The problem of waste is handled area of waste management tool relative small only 1.3% of all waste matter e. Waste processing technology Development addressed. This problem occurs because the needs to continue to be excavated and city was only able to lift 85.04% of garbage developed generated by this city. b. Regulation used in garbage management in 5. REFERENCES Magelang City is Act No. 18 in 2008, Act No. A. G Subarsono, 2005. Analisis Kebijakan Publik 12 in 2008, Government Regulation No. 81 in Konsep, Teori dan Aplikasi. Yogyakarta : 2012 and Regional Regulation of Magelang Pustaka Pelajar. City No. 10 in 2013. Magelang City waste Anderson, James E. 2006. Public Policy Making, management Problems can be solved by Sixth Edition, Boston : Houghton Mifflin issueing regulation in the form of policy and Company. garbage management program with the support Cresswell, John, W, 2009, Reseach Design : of all parties including the participation of Qialitative, Quantitative, and Mixed society and the Division of the roles of each Methods Approaches. California : SAGE stakeholder waste processing units. Publications. Inc. c. In Magelang City, garbage management Dye, Thomas R. 1992. Understanding Public involves several parties/places directly such as Policy. New Jersey: Englewood. Cliffs. temporary shelter (TPS)/Transfer Agency (TD), Edwards, George C, 1980, Implementing Public Garbage Place of Processing Integrated(TPST), Policy. Washington DC: Congresional Organic Waste Processing, Garbage Bank, and Quarterly Press. (LANDFILL). Badan Penelitian Dan Pengembangan Pemerintah Kota Magelang, 2017, Studi Kelayakan Pengelolaan Persampahan Kota Magelang.

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Undang-Undang Nomor 18 Tahun 2008 tentang bagiannya mengatur mengenai Paradigma Pengelolaan Sampah (Lembaran Negara Baru Da-lam Pengelolaan Sampah. Republik Indonesia Tahun 2008 Nomor 69, Peraturan Pemerintah No. 81 Tahun 2012 tentang Tambahan Lembaran Negara Republik Pengelolaan Sampah Rumah Tangga dan Indonesia Nomor 4851);. Undang-Undang Sampah Sejenis Sampah Rumah Tangga. No 28 Tahun 2008 tentang Pengelolaan Peraturan Daerah Kota Magelang Nomor 10 Sampah. Tahun 2013 tentang Pengelolaan Sampah. Undang-Undang Nomor 12 Tahun 2008 tentang Pemerintah Daerah yang salah satu

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The Role of Government on Sustainable Development KAJIAN YURIDIS VONIS ULTRA PETITA TERHADAP PRINSIP KEBEBASAN HAKIM PADA PUTUSAN PIDANA NOMOR 1537/PID.B/2016/PN.JKT UTR DALAM KASUS PENODAAN AGAMA

Tri Agus Gunawan1, Arnanda Yusliwidaka2

1Progran Studi Hukum, Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik, Universitas Tidar Email : [email protected] 2Progran Studi Hukum, Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik, Universitas Tidar Email: [email protected]

Abstrak mengetahui penyimpangan apa saja yang ada pada Konstitusi kita pada pasal 24 ayat (1) dijelaskan putusan nomor 1537/Pid.B/2016/PN.Jkt Utr dan ―Kekuasaan kehakiman merupakan kekuasaan melihat sejauh mana kewenangan atau kemerde- yang merdeka untuk menyelenggarakan peradilan kaan hakim untuk memutus suatu perkara pidana guna menegakkan hukum dan keadilan‖. Kekuasa- dengan analisisnya mengacu pada beberapa regu- an yang merdeka ini bukan hanya pada tataran ke- lasi yang terkait dengan penelitian ini dan teori- lembagaan peradilan melainkan merdeka pada ha- teori hukum pidana. Sebab dalam pembuatan pu- kim dalam memutus suatu perkara. Artinya hakim tusan ini ada beberapa ketentuan dari HUHAP harus merdeka dari intervensi pihak-pihak luar dan yang dikesampingkan oleh hakim dengan berpe- seharusnya mengadili suatu perkara hanya berda- doman pada yurisprudensi dan kebiasaan yang sarkan fakta yang terbukti di pengadilan dan ber- selama ini berjalan. Penelitian ini bersifat normatif dasarkan hukum. Dari awal berjalannya kasus dengan metode yang digunakan adalah melalui pendoaan agama dengan melibatkan tersangka studi literatur-literatur kepustakaan dan peraturan Basuki Tjahaja Purnama alias Ahok, penuh dengan perundang-undangan. Tujuan jangka panjang dari nuansa intervensi dari orang-orang yang meng- penelitian ini adalah dalam bentuk publikasi jurnal inginkan terdakwa dinyatakan bersalah dan dihu- nasional terakreditasi tentang eksaminasi putusan kum. Padahal asas praduga tidak bersalah menjadi pidana untuk memberikan pengayakan khazanah pedoman bahwa siapapun tetap dianggap tidak keilmuan khususnya pada keilmuan hukum pidana bersalah sebelum ada putusan yang berkekuatan mengenai putusan-putusan yang pembuatannya hukum tetap membuktian seseorang itu bersalah. dirasakan tidak sesuai aturan yang ada. Besar Sehingga menimbulkan pertanyaan apakah putus- harapan penelitian ini dapat dijadikan referensi an yang dibuat oleh hakim dalam kasus ini sudah agar ke depan tidak ditemukan lagi putusan-putus- mengedepankan sisi kemerdekaan dari intervensi an yang jauh dari rasa keadilan. tersebut dan mengedepankan keadilan dengan ber- . pedoman pada peratudan perundang-undangan Kata Kunci : Kajian Yuridis; Ultra Petita; Prinsip yang berlaku. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk Kebebasan Hakim; Putusan Pidana.

1. PENDAHULUAN regulasi yang digunakan adalah Undang-undang Aturan untuk mengatur kebutuhan penegak- Nomor 8 Tahun 1981 Tentang Hukum Acara an hukum pidana dalam lingkup peradilan, Pidana atau sering disebut dengan Kitab Undang-

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2nd ICSTCSD 2018 Proceeding Magelang, 16 – 17 November 2018 undang Hukum Acara Pidana (KUHAP) dimana Musyawarah yang dilakukan jelas dalam seluruh aturan persidangan diatur pada undang- rangka membuat suatu putusan pidana dengan undang tersebut. Terhadap kewenangan seorang memperhatikan surat dakwaan dan sesuatu yang hakim dalam memutus suatu perkara pidana juga terbukti dalam pemeriksaan sidang. Disini ada 1 diatur dalam undang-undang ini selain ada kegiatan yang harus dilakukan hakim yang bersifat undang-undang lain yang memberikan indepen- komulatif. densi hakim dalam memutus yaitu Undang-undang Seperti diketahui bersama bahwa kasus yang Nomor 48 Tahun 2009 tentang kekuasaan menjerat terdakwa Basuki Tjahaja Purnama alias kehakiman. Ahok didakwa dengan 2 pasal dalam dakwaan Dengan melihat kedua undang-undang ini, akternatif yaitu pasal 156 huruf a dan pasal 156 penulis memiliki sebuah analisis yang sedikit KUHP. Dalam tuntutannya Jaksa Penuntut Umum mengganjal ketika melihat putusan pidana dengan menuntut terdakwa dengan pasal 156 KUHP nomor 1537/Pid.B/2016/PN.Jkt Utr dengan terdak- karena jaksa tidak melihat adanya unsur niat seca- wa Ir. Basuki Tjahaja Purnama alias Ahok. Hakim ra sengaja untuk melakukan pendoaan agama memang memiliki independensi dan penilian sebagaimana unsur yang terdapat dalam pasal 156 tersendiri dalam memutus suatu perkara dengan huruf a. Sehingga jaksa penuntut umum hanya me- menggali suatu bentuk keadilan. Namun seharus- nuntut terdakwa dengan tuntutan pidan penjara 1 nya keadilan yang diciptakan haruslah melindungi tahun dengan masa percobaan dua tahun. Namun pihak-pihak yang terlibat diantaranya keadilan putusan yang dikeluarkan hakim memutus terdak- bagi victim (korban) pastinya, state (Negara) seba- wa dengan pasal 156 a dan dikenai hukuman pen- gai organisasi tertinggi yang melindungi masyara- jara selama 2 tahun. Terhadap putusan ini peneliti kat, serta yang tidak kalah pentingnya juga keadil- menyebutnya dengan putusan Ultra Petita, namun an bagi daader (terdakwa). Belum lagi ketika bukanlah Ultra Petita dalam pengertian harfiah putusan yang dibuat berpotensi adanya aturan yang dalam hukum perdata. Ultra Petita lebih identik dikesampingkan oleh majelis hakim. dengan kasus-kasus perdata dan beberapa terdapat Dalam putusan ini peneliti melihat hakim juga pada putusan-putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi, mengesampingkan beberapa aturan yang ada dimana Hakim memutus melebihi apa yang didalam KUHAP. Apabila melihat pasal 3 KUHAP minta oleh Penggugat. Dalam kasus pidana Ultra dijelaskan bahwa: Petita bisa dipahami sebagai penjatuhan putusan ―Peradilan dilakukan menurut cara yang atas perkara yang tidak dituntut atau meluluskan diatur dalam undang-undang ini‖. lebih dari pada yang diminta. Artinya bahwa berjalannya peradilan pidana Perdebatan yang terjadi adalah ketika kita dari mulai penyelidikan hingga pelaksanaan ekse- melihat pasal 5 ayat (1) Undang-undang Nomor 48 kusi pun harus dilaksanakan berdasarkan aturan Tahun 2009 Tentang Kekuasaan Kehakiman dije- KUHAP. laskan: Dalam hal hakim memutus suatu perkara Hakim dan hakim konstitusi wajib menggali, pidana sebenarnya ada aturan yang seharusnya mengikuti, dan memahami nilai-nilai hukum menjadi pedoman hakim yaitu dalam pasal 182 dan rasa keadilan yang hidup dalam ayat (4) dijelaskan bahwa: masyarakat. ―Musyawarah tersebut pada ayat (3) harus Sejak awal kasus ini muncul hingga proses didasarkan atas surat dakwaan dan segala persidangan gelombang masyarakat untuk menunt- sesuatu yang terbukti dalam pemeriksaan di ut terdakwa Basuki Tjahaja Purnama alias Ahok sidang‖. sangatlah luar biasa. Apabila mengacu pada pasal 5 ayat (1) Undang-undanga Kekuasaan Kehakiman

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The Role of Government on Sustainable Development di atas, muncul pertanyaan besar apakah dijatuh- a. Bahan primer, yaitu putusan pidana Nomor kannya hukuman 2 tahun kepada terdakwa tidak 1537/Pid.B/2016/PN.Jkt Utr. terlepas dari tekanan masyarakat dengan didasar- b. Bahan sekunder, yaitu bahan yang dapat kan pada rasa keadilan yang hidup dalam masya- memberikan penjelasan mengenai bahan pri- rakat. Hal ini yang akan peneliti telusuri lebih mer, seperti buku-buku kepustakaan, karya lanjut pada pertimbangan putusan tersebut. Lalu tulis ilmiah para ahli hukum berkualifikasi keadilan bagi terdakwa sendiri apakah tidak diper- tinggi, hasil penelitian, jurnal, buku-buku, hatikan ketika jaksa sendiri tidak mampu mem- dokumen-dokumen terkait, jawaban atas buktikan terdakwa terpenuhi pasal 156 huruf a pertanyaan yang dijawab oleh narasumber dalam persidangan. Fakta-fakta persidangan yang yang berhubungan dengan penelitian ini. dibuktikan oleh Jaksa Penuntut Umum dan segala c. Bahan tersier, yakni bahan yang menunjang pembelaan dari Penasihat Hukum seharusnya bahan hukum primer dan sekunder untuk menjadi pertimbangan dalam hakim membuat membantu peniliti dalam melakukan kajian putusan sebagaimana diatur pula dalam KUHAP. terhadap penelitian ini.

2. METODE PENELITIAN 3. PEMBAHASAN Penelitian yang dilakukan dalam penulisan 3.1. Bentuk Penyimpangan dalam Pembuatan ini menggunakan metode penelitian hukum norma- Putusan Pidana Nomor tif atau penelitian hukum kepustakaan. Berdasar- 1537/PID.B/2016/PN.JKT UTR kan pengertian dari penelitian hukum normatif Suatu putusan pengadilan juga hanya se- adalah suatu prosedur penelitian ilmiah untuk me- orang hakim lah yang dapat memutuskannya seba- nemukan kebenaran berdasarkan logika keilmuan gaimana yang tertulis dalam 1 angka 8 KUHAP hukum dari sisi normatifnya. Logika keilmuan menyebutkan: yang ada dalam penelitian hukum normatif di- ―Hakim adalah pejabat peradilan negara bangun berdasarkan disiplin ilmiah dan cara-cara yang diberikan wewenang oleh undang- ilmu hukum normatif, yaitu ilmu hukum yang undang untuk mengadili‖. objeknya hukum itu sendiri.23 Menurut Lilik Mulyadi putusan hakim itu Metode penelitian ini dilakukan dengan cara merupakan putusan yang diucapkan oleh hakim meneliti bahan pustaka yang dikumpulkan oleh pe- karena jabatannya dalam persidangan perkara pi- neliti. Pengumpulan bahan pustaka dilakukan dana yang terbuka untuk umum setelah melakukan dengan seksama dan melalui pencarian yang sesuai proses dan prosedural hukum acara pidana pada dengan tema yang dibahas oleh peneliti. Setelah umumnya berisikan amar pemidanaan atau bebas bahan pustaka terkumpul peneliti melakukan ka- atau pelepasan dari segala tuntutan hukum dibuat jian terhadap bahan pustaka tersebut secara kom- dalam bentuk tertulis dengan tujuan penyelesaian prehensif, sehingga metode ini menghasilkan suatu perkaranya.24 penelitian yang objektif dan berkualitas. Setiap putusan hakim harus mempertim- Berdasarkan jenis metode penilitian di atas, bangkan segala aspek yang bersifat yuridis, filo- bahan penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian sofis, dan sosiologi, Aspek yuridis merupakan as- ini adalah bahan kepustakaan yang terdiri dari pek yang pertama dan utama dengan berpatokan bahan primer, sekunder, dan tersier. Bahan-bahan kepada undang-undang yang berlaku. Mengenai tersebut terdiri atas: aspek filosofis, merupakan aspek yang berintikan pada kebenaran dan keadilan, sedangkan aspek

23 Johnny Ibrahim, (2006), Teori dan Penelitian Hukum Normatif. Malang: Bayumedia, hlm 7 24 Lilik Mulyadi, Op.Cit, hlm. 131

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2nd ICSTCSD 2018 Proceeding Magelang, 16 – 17 November 2018 sosiologis, mempertimbangkan tata nilai budaya Ultra Petita meskipun maksud Ultra Petita disini yang hidup dalam masyarakat.25 Dalam doktrin bukanlah Ultra Petita selayaknya dalam hukum hukum pidana juga dikenal adanya suatu asas yang perdata. melekat dalam setiap putusan pengadilan yaitu Fungsi surat dakwaan dalam sidang penga- asas ―Res Judicata Pro Veritate Habetur‖ yang dilan merupakan landasan dan titik tolak pemerik- artinya ―putusan hakim harus dianggap benar‖. saan terdakwa. Berdasarkan rumusan surat dakwa- Asas ini muncul disebabkan dalam setiap putusan an dibuktikan kesalahan terdakwa. Pemeriksaan pengadilan terdapat irah-irah di bagian atas tertulis sidang tidak boleh menyimpang dari apa yang ―Demi Keadilan Berdasarkan Ketuhanan Yang dirumuskan dalam surat dakwaan.27 Dalam surat Maha Esa‖. dakwaan yang disusun secara alternative, memiliki Pro kontra yang muncul adalah apakah tepat ciri antara satu pasal dalam dakwaan dengan pasal pasal 156a KUHP dijatuhkan kepada Ahok seba- dalam dakwaan yang lain tersirat perkataan ―atau‖ gaimana termuat dalam putusan pidana Nomor yang memberi pilihan kepada hakim untuk mene- 1537/Pid.B/2016/PN.Jkt Utr yang diputuskan oleh rapkan salah satu di antara pasal-pasal dalam dak- Pengadilan Negeri Jakarta Utara. Putusan tersebut waan yang diajukan. oleh para ahli hukum disebut sebagai putusan Dalam KUHAP sendiri memang tidak ada Ultra Petita dalam hukum pidana. Teori tentang keharusan seorang hakim dalam memutus suatu Ultra Petita lebih sering muncul dalam hukum perkara pidana berdasarkan dari tuntutan Jaksa perdata. Ultra petita dalam hukum formil mengan- Penuntut Umum. Namun rujukan utamanya adalah dung pengertian penjatuhan putusan atas perkara didasarkan dari Dakwaan dan segala sesuatu yang yang tidak dituntut atau meluluskan lebih dari terbukti dalam pemeriksaan di sidang sebagaimana pada yang diminta.26 isi pasal 184 ayat (4) KUHAP. Sehingga potensi Menjawab pertanyaan pada rumusan masa- ultra petita yang muncul dalam putusan pidana lah pertama, penulis mencoba menjabarkan terle- sangat mungkin terjadi. Namun tidak dapat dibe- bih dahulu dakwaan yang dikenakan kepada Ahok narkan juga bahwa putusan ultra petita itu sela- dan menggali pertimbangan hukum majelis hakim manya betul. Oleh karena itu peneliti akan melihat dalam putusan pidana Nomor 1537/Pid.B/2016/ apakah putusan ultra petita yang muncul dalam PN.Jkt Utr. Sejak semula jaksa penuntut umum putusan Pidana Nomor 1537/Pid.B/2016/PN.Jkt mendakwa Ahok dengan dakwaan alternative yaitu Utr tersebut dapat serta merta menjawab asas ―Res pertama didakwa dengan pasal 156a KUHP atau Judicata Pro Veritate Habetur‖ yang artinya ―pu- dakwaan kedua pasal 156 KUHP. Dalam tuntutan- tusan hakim harus dianggap benar‖. nya Jaksa Penuntut Umum menuntut Ahok dengan Peneliti mencoba menganalisis putusan pasal 156 KUHP dengan tuntutan hukuman penja- Pidana Nomor 1537/Pid.B/2016/PN.Jkt Utr dan ra satu tahun penjara dengan masa percobaan dua menemukan beberapa kelemahan dalam pertim- tahun. Namun dalam pertimbangan hukum dan bangan hakim. Tentunta hasil analisis ini dapat amar putusan yang dijatuhkan oleh majelis hakim digunakan sebagai bahan eksaminasi putusan da- bahwa Ahok terbukti secara sah dan meyakinkan lam ranah akademik. Kelemahan yang Pertama melakukan tindak pidana penodaan agama seba- adalah kami memiliki penilaian berbeda terkait gaimana diatur dalam pasal 156a KUHP. Putusan analisis pasal 156a KUHP. Isi dari pasal 156 yang seperti ini penulis menilai dengan putusan KUHP adalah: Dipidana dengan pidana penjara selama-

25 Achmad Rifai, (2011), Penemuan Hukum Oleh lumanya lima tahun barang siapa dengan Hakim Dalam Perspektif Hukum Progresif, Jakarta: Sinar Grafika, hlm. 126-127 26 I.P.M. Ranuhandoko, Op.Cit, hlm 522 27 M. Yahya Harahap, Op.Cit, hlm 378

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sengaja di muka umum mengeluarkan Khusus mengenai pasal 156a KUHP ini, perasaan atau melakukan perbuatan: peneliti langsung menuju pada pasal 4 Penetapan a. yang pada pokoknya bcrsifat permusuhan, Presiden Republik Indonesia Nomor 1/PNPS Ta- penyalahgunaan atau penodaan terhadap hun 1965 beserta penjelasannya. Isi dari pasal 4 ini suatu agama yang dianut di Indonesia; adalah: b. dengan maksud agar supaya orang tidak Pasal 4 menganut agama apa pun juga, yang Pada Kitab Undang-undang Hukum Pidana bersendikan Ketuhanan Yang Maha Esa. diadakan pasal baru yang berbunyi sebagai Perdebatan yang selalu muncul baik di ling- berikut: kungan akademisi maupun praktisi adalah pasal "Pasal 156a 156a tersebut apakah bersifat alternatf atau kah Dipidana dengan pidana penjara selama-lamanya komulatif sehingga harus dibuktikan secara kese- lima tahun barangsiapa dengan sengaja di muka luruhan unsur-unsurnya? Perdebatan ini muncul umum mengeluarkan perasaan atau melakukan dikarenakan diantara huruf a dan huruf b tersebut perbuatan: tidak ada phrasa dan / atau sehingga tidak diketa- a. yang pada pokoknya bersifat permusuhan, hui maksudnya apakah komulatif atau alternative. penyalah-gunaan atau penodaan terhadap Banyak yang menilai pasal 156a tersebut adalah suatu agama yang dianut di Indonesia; bersifat alternative antara perbuatan huruf a dan b. dengan maksud agar supaya orang tidak huruf b. Namun menurut analisi kami letak alter- menganut agama apapun juga, yang natifnya adalah bukanlah dari perbuatan a dan bersendikan ke-Tuhanan Yang Maha Esa." perbuatan b. Apabila kita cermati bersama letak alternatifnya adalah dalam phrasa dengan sengaja Analisis kami bahwa huruf a dan huruf b itu di muka umum mengeluarkan perasaan atau bersifat komulatif adalah melihat dari penjelasan melakukan perbuatan. Letak alternative perbuat- pasal 4 tersebut yaitu disebutkan: annya adalah dalam mengeluarkan perasaan atau Pasal 4 melakukan perbuatan. Huruf a dan huruf b adalah Maksud ketentuan ini telah cukup bersifat komulatif artinya komulatif dalam hal dijelaskan dalam penjelasan umum diatas. mengeluarkan perasaan atau komulatif dalam hal Cara mengeluarkan persamaan atau melakukan perbuatan. melakukan perbuatan dapat dilakukan Analisis kami mengenai letak komulatif dari dengan lisan, tulisan ataupun perbuatan huruf a dan huruf b tersebut kami menganalisi dari lain. Huruf a, tindak pidana yang dimak- Penetapan Presiden Republik Indonesia Nomor sudkan disini, ialah yang semata-mata 1/PNPS Tahun 1965 Tentang Pencegahan Penya- (pada pokoknya) ditujukan kepada niat lahgunaan Dan/Atau Penodaan Agama. Perlu untuk memusuhi atau menghina. Dengan diketahui bahwa asal mula adanya pasal 156a demikian, maka, uraian-uraian tertulis dalam KUHP adalah dengan dikeluarkannya Pene- maupun lisan yang dilakukan secara tapan Presiden Republik Indonesia Nomor 1/PNPS obyektif, zakelijk dan ilmiah mengenai Tahun 1965 Tentang Pencegahan Penyalahgunaan sesuatu agama yang disertai dengan Dan/Atau Penodaan Agama oleh Presiden usaha untuk menghindari adanya kata- Soekarno. Berdasarkan Undang-Undang Nomor 5 kata atau susunan kata-kata yang bersifat Tahun 1969, yang berlaku sejak tanggal 5 Juli permusuhan atau penghinaan, bukanlah 1969, Penetapan Presiden Nomor 1/PNPS Tahun tinak pidana menurut pasal ini. Huruf b, 1965 ini dinyatakan sebagai undang-undang. Orang yang melakukan tindak pidana tersebut disini, disamping mengganggu

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ketentraman orang beragama, pada agama juga berdampak pada ajara untuk tidak me- dasarnya menghianati sila pertama dari meluk agama yang bersendikan Ke-Tuhanan Yang Negara secara total, dan oleh karenanya Maha Esa. adalah pada tempatnya, bahwa perbuat- Kelemahan dalam pertimbangan hukum pa- annya itu dipidana sepantasnya. da putusan Pidana Nomor 1537/Pid.B/2016/ Letak komulatif dari huruf a dan huruf b PN.Jkt Utr tersebut, majelis hakim hanya mem- menurut analisis kami adalah dalam penjelasan buktikan unsur pasal 156a KUHP tersebut hanya pasal 4 tersebut terdapat klausul Orang yang mela- huruf a saja. Selain itu majelis hakim juga tidak kukan tindak pidana tersebut disini, disamping menjelaskan dasar mengapa majelis hakim menilai mengganggu ketentraman orang beragama, pada pasal 156a KUHP bersifat alternative sehingga dasarnya menghianati sila pertama. Disini dije- hanya membuktikan unsur huruf a saja sebagai- laskan bahwa ada keterkaitan antar huruf a dan mana termuat dalam pertimbangan hakim pada huruf b dimana pasal 156a KUHP ini selain bertu- halaman 593.28 juan menggangu ketentraman beragama juga pada Kelemahan yang Kedua adalah pasal 156a dasarnya menghianati sila pertama. Sehingga se- KUHP kurang tepat dikenakan kepada perbuatan lain seorang terdakwa mengeluarkan perasaan atau yang dilakukan oleh terdakwa Ahok. Analisis ini melakukan perbuatan yang bersifat permusuhan, mungkin bisa menjawab beberapa masalah terkait penyalah-gunaan atau penodaan terhadap suatu penerapan pasal 156a KUHP. Selama ini para agama, tujuan terdakwa tersebut juga dengan aparat penegak hukum terlalu mudah mendefi- maksud agar supaya orang tidak menganut agama nisikan tindak pidana penodaan agama dan lang- apapun juga, yang bersendikan ke-Tuhanan Yang sung dikenakan pasal 156a KUHP. Perlu dipahami Maha Esa. sekali lagi bahwa adanya pasal 156a KUHP tidak Selain itu dalam penjelasana pasal 4 tersebut terlepas dari adanya Penetapan Presiden Republik terdapat amanat Maksud ketentuan ini telah cukup Indonesia Nomor 1/PNPS Tahun 1965 Tentang dijelaskan dalam penjelasan umum diatas. Apabila melihat isi dari ketentuan umum dalam angka 4 28 Pada putusan Pidana Nomor 1537/Pid.B/2016/PN.Jkt disebutkan: Utr halaman 593 dalam pertimbangan hukum majelis Berhubung dengan maksud memupuk keten- hakim dituliskan: teraman beragama inilah, maka Penetapan ―Menimbang bahwa Terdakwa telah didakwa oleh Presiden ini pertama-tama mencegah agar Penuntut Umum dengan dakwaan yang berbentuk alternatif, sehingga Pengadilan dengan memperhatikan jangan sampai terjadi penyelewengan- fakta-fakta hukum di atas memilih langsung dakwaan penyelewengan dari ajaran-ajaran agama alternative Pertama sebagaimana diatur dalam Pasal 156 yang dianggap sebagai ajaran-ajaran pokok a huruf a KUHP yang rumusannya adalah sebagai oleh para ulama dari agama yang ber- berikut: ―Dipidana dengan pidana penjara selamalamanya lima tahun barang siapa dengan sengaja sangkutan (pasal 1-3); dan kedua kalinya di muka umum mengeluarkan perasaan atau melakukan aturan ini melindungi ketenteraman ber- perbuatan yang pada pokoknya bersifat permusuhan, agama tersebut dari penodaan/peng-hinaan penyalah-gunaan atau penodaan terhadap suatu agama yang dianut di Indonesia‖; serta dari ajaran-ajaran untuk tidak meme- ―Menimbang, bahwa dari rumusan tersebut, maka Pasal luk agama yang bersendikan Ke-Tuhanan 156a huruf a KUHP unsur-unsurnya adalah sebagai Yang Maha Esa/(Pasal 4). berikut : Pada ketentuan umum angka 4 ini jelas sifat 1. Barang siapa; 2. Dengan sengaja; komulatif muncul, bahwa selain seseorang terdak- 3. Dimuka umum mengeluarkan perasaan atau wa telah mengeluarkan perasaan atau melakukan melakukan perbuatan yang pada pokoknya bersifat perbuatan yang dianggap menyelewengkan ajaran permusuhan, penyalah-gunaan atau penodaan terhadap suatu agama yang dianut di Indonesia‖;

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Pencegahan Penyalahgunaan Dan/Atau Penodaan berlaku lagi bagi segenap bangsa Indonesia Agama. Apabila kita akan menerapkan pasal 156a telah menyatakan, bahwa Piagam Jakarta KUHP kepada seorang terdakwa, seharusnya unsur tertanggal 22 Juni 1945 menjiwai dan meru- filosofis yang ada dalam Penetapan Presiden Re- pakan suatu rangkaian kesatuan dengan publik Indonesia Nomor 1/PNPS Tahun 1965 juga konstitusi tersebut. harus dilihat secara utuh. Menurut Undang-undang Dasar 1945 Negara Penetapan Presiden Republik Indonesia No- kita berdasarkan : mor 1/PNPS Tahun 1965 ini terdiri dari 5 pasal 1. Ketuhanan Yang Maha Esa; dan perbuatan yang dilarang dalam peraturan ini 2. Kemanusiaan yang adil dan beradab; adalah sebagaimana yang termuat dalam pasal 1. 3. Persatuan Indonesia; Pasal 2 sampai dengan Pasal 3, tidak berkaitan 4. Kerakyatan; dengan substansi, melainkan lebih pada akibat hu- 5. Keadilan Sosial. kum apabila Pasal 1 dilanggar. Bunyi pasal 1 yaitu Sebagai dasar pertama, Ke-Tuhanan Yang disebutkan: Maha Esa bukan saja meletakkan dasar ―Setiap orang dilarang dengan moral diatas Negara dan Pemerintah, tetapi sengaja di muka umum menceritakan, juga memastikan adanya kesatuan Nasional menganjurkan atau mengusahakan du- yang berasas keagamaan. Pengakuan sila kungan umum, untuk melakukan penaf- pertama (Ke-Tuhanan Yang Maha Esa) tidak siran tentang sesuatu agama yang dianut dapat dipisah-pisahkan dengan Agama, kare- di Indonesia atau melakukan kegiatan- na adalah salah satu tiang pokok daripada kegiatan keagamaan yang menyerupai perikehidupan manusia dan bagi bangsa kegiatan-kegiatan keagamaan dari agama Indonesia adalah juga sebagai sendi perike- itu, penafsiran dan kegiatan mana hidupan Negara dan unsur mutlak dalam menyimpang dari pokok-pokok ajaran usaha nation-building. agama itu.‖. 2. Telah teryata, bahwa pada akhir-akhir ini Barulah dalam pasal 4 yang didalamnya hampir diseluruh Indonesia tidak sedikit terdapat penyisispan pasal 156a ke dalam KUHP. timbul aliran-aliran atau Organisasi-organi- Pasal 4 ini sendiri sebetulnya guna melindungi dan sasi kebatinan/kepercayaan masyarakat yang sekaligus mewujudkan tujuan dilarangnya perbuat- bertentangan dengan ajaran-ajaran dan an sebagaimana diatur dalam pasal 1. hukum Agama. Diantara ajaran-ajaran/ per- Apabila kita melihat penjelasan pada pasal 4 buatan-perbuatan pada pemeluk aliran-aliran kembali bahwa Maksud ketentuan ini telah cukup tersebut sudah banyak yang telah menimbul- dijelaskan dalam penjelasan umum diatas. Artinya kan hal-hal yang melanggar hukum, memecah apabila aparat penegak hukum ingin menerapkan persatuan Nasional dan menodai Agama. pasal 156 KUHP kepada seorang tersangka, aparat Dari kenyataan teranglah, bahwa aliran- penegak hukum harus memperhatikan juga filosofi aliran atau Organisasi-organisasi kebatinan/ yang muncul dalam pasal 4 Penetapan Presiden kepercayaan masyarakat yang menyalah- Republik Indonesia Nomor 1/PNPS Tahun 1965 gunakan dan/atau mempergunakan Agama dan juga penjelasan umumnya. Isi dari penjelasan sebagai pokok, pada akhir-akhir ini bertam- umum yang dimaksud dalam penjelasan pasal 4 bah banyak dan telah berkembang kearah adalah: yang sangat membahayakan Agama-agama I. UMUM yang ada. 1. Dekrit Presiden tanggal 5 Juli 1959 yang 3. Untuk mencegah berlarut-larutnya hal-hal menetapkan Undang-Undang Dasar 1945 tersebut diatas yang dapat membahayakan

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persatuan Bangsa dan Negara, maka dalam pemeluk aliran-aliran tersebut sudah banyak yang rangka kewaspadaan Nasional dan dalam telah menimbulkan hal-hal yang melanggar Demokrasi Terpimpin dianggap perlu dike- hukum, memecah persatuan Nasional dan menodai luarkan Penetapan Presiden sebagai realisasi Agama. Dari kenyataan teranglah, bahwa aliran- Dekrit Presiden tanggal 5 Juli 1959 yang aliran atau Organisasi-organisasi kebatinan/ke- merupakan salah satu jalan untuk menyalur- percayaan masyarakat yang menyalah-gunakan kan ketata negaraan dan keagamaan, agar dan/atau mempergunakan Agama sebagai pokok, oleh segenap rakyat diseluruh wilayah Indo- pada akhir-akhir ini bertambah banyak dan telah nesia ini dapat dinikmati ketenteraman ber- berkembang kearah yang sangat membahayakan agama dan jaminan untuk menunaikan Agama-agama yang ada.30 Pada angka 4 sekali ibadah menurut Agamanya masing-masing. lagi yang dilarang dalam peraturan ini sekaligus 4. Berhubung dengan maksud memupuk ketente- dalam pasal 156a KUHP adalah agar jangan raman beragama inilah, maka Penetapan sampai terjadi penyelewengan-penyelewengan da- Presiden ini pertama-tama mencegah agar ri ajaranajaran agama yang dianggap sebagai jangan sampai terjadi penyelewengan-penye- ajaran-ajaran pokok oleh para ulama dari agama lewengan dari ajaran-ajaran agama yang yang bersangkutan (pasal 1-3); dan kedua kalinya dianggap sebagai ajaran-ajaran pokok oleh aturan ini melindungi ketenteraman beragama para ulama dari agama yang bersangkutan tersebut dari penodaan/penghinaan serta dari (pasal 1-3); dan kedua kalinya aturan ini ajaran-ajaran untuk tidak memeluk agama yang melindungi ketenteraman beragama tersebut bersendikan Ke-Tuhanan Yang Maha Esa.31 dari penodaan/penghinaan serta dari ajaran- Menurut analisis kami sebenarnya yang ajaran untuk tidak memeluk agama yang dilarang dalam pasal 156a KUHP ini adalah ketika bersendikan Ke-Tuhanan Yang Maha Esa/ seseorang menyalahgunakan ajaran agama dan (Pasal 4). mengajak untuk tidak memeluk agama yang 5. Adapun penyelewengan-penyelewengan ke- bersendikan Ke-Tuhanan Yang Maha Esa. Dari agamaan yang nyatanyata merupakan sini menurut hemat peneliti, pasal ini tidak tepat pelanggaran pidana dirasa tidak perlu diatur dikenakan kepada Ahok sebab apa yang dikatakan lagi dalam peraturan ini, oleh karena telah ahok tidak bermaksud atau berniat untuk menya- cukup diaturnya dalam berbagai-bagai atur- lahgunakan ajaran agama dan terutama tidak an pidana yang telah ada. Dengan Penetapan memiliki niat mengajak untuk tidak memeluk Presiden ini tidaklah sekali-kali dimaksudkan agama agama yang bersendikan Ke-Tuhanan Yang hendak mengganggu gugat hak hidup Agama- Maha Esa. gama yang sudah diakui oleh Pemerintah Kelemahan Ketiga dari putusan Ahok ada- sebelum Penetapan Presiden ini diundang- lah selain pasal 156a tidak tepat disangkakan kan.29 kepadanya, prosedur penanganan perkara terhadap Apabila kita mencermati bersama penjelasan pasal 156a KUHP ini juga tidak dijalankan selu- umum di atas, dapat kita temukan bahwa filosofi ruhnya. Pasal 2 dan pasal 3 Penetapan Presiden keluarnya aturan ini dikarenakan banyaknya Republik Indonesia Nomor 1/PNPS Tahun 1965 aliran-aliran atau Organisasiorganisasi keba- terkait langsung pada pasal 1, dimana apabila sese- tinan/kepercayaan masyarakat yang bertentangan orang melanggar pasal 1 maka ada mekanisme di dengan ajaran-ajaran dan hukum Agama. Dian- tara ajaran-ajaran/perbuatan-perbuatan pada 30 Penjelasan Umum Penetapan Presiden Republik Indonesia Nomor 1/PNPS Tahun 1965 angka 2 29 Penjelasan Umum Penetapan Presiden Republik 31 Penjelasan Umum Penetapan Presiden Republik Indonesia Nomor 1/PNPS Tahun 1965 Indonesia Nomor 1/PNPS Tahun 1965 angka 4

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The Role of Government on Sustainable Development luar hukum pidana yang harus dilalui terlebih kasus ahok ini apabila memang dikenakan pasal dahulu. Isi dari pasal dan pasal 3 tersebut adalah: 156a KUHP, seharusnya prosedur seperti pasal 2 Pasal 2 dan pasal 3 di atas harus dilalui terlebih dahulu. (1) Barang siapa melanggar ketentuan tersebut Namun yang terjadi pertimbangan majelis hakim dalam pasal 1 diberi perintah dan peringatan melihat dari sisi yang lain, sehingga nampaknya keras untuk menghentikan perbuatannya itu hukum pidana bisa digunakan dalam segala hal. di dalam suatu keputusan bersama Menteri Agama, Menteri/Jaksa Agung dan Menteri 3.2. Batasan Independensi Hakim dalam Me- Dalam Negeri. mutus Suatu Perkara Pidana (2) Apabila pelanggaran tersebut dalam ayat (1) Hakim adalah sebuah profesi yang terhor- dilakukan oleh Organisasi atau sesuatu mat, dijamin oleh Negara melalui konstitusi dan aliran kepercayaan, maka Presiden Republik memiliki peran penuh dalam memutuskan suatu Indonesia dapat membubarkan Organisasi itu perkara yang diperiksa kepadanya. Sebagaimana dan menyatakan Organisasi atau aliran yang dijelaskan Lilik Mulyadi bahwa putusan tersebut sebagai Organisasi/ aliran terlarang, hakim itu merupakan putusan yang diucapkan oleh satu dan lain setelah Presiden mendapat hakim karena jabatannya dalam proses persidang- pertimbangan dari Menteri Agama, an perkara pidana yang terbuka untuk umum, Menteri/Jaksa Agung dan Menteri Dalam setelah melakukan proses dan prosedural hukum Negeri. acara pidana pada umumnya berisikan amar pemidanaan atau bebas atau pelepasan dari segala Pasal 3 tuntutan hukum dibuat dalam bentuk tertulis Apabila, setelah dilakukan tindakan oleh Menteri dengan tujuan penyelesaian perkaranya.32 Agama bersama-sama Menteri/Jaksa Agung dan Pada tingkat pengadilan, putusan terhadap Menteri Dalam Negeri atau oleh Presiden Re- suatu perkara menjadi kewenangan hakim dalam publik Indonesia menurut ketentuan dalam pasal 2 memutus secara adil. Sebagaimana dijelaskan pada terhadap orang, Organisasi atau aliran keperca- pasal 1 angka 8 dan angka 9 yaitu: yaan, mereka masih terus melanggar ketentuan 8. Hakim adalah pejabat peradilan negara dalam pasal 1, maka orang, penganut, anggota yang diberi wewenang oleh undang- dan/atau anggota Pengurus Organisasi yang undang untuk mengadili. bersangkutan dari aliran itu dipidana dengan 9. Mengadili adalah serangkaian tindakan pidana penjara selama-lamanya lima tahun. hakim untuk menerima, memeriksa dan memutus perkara pidana berdasarkan Melihat isi dari pasal 2 di atas jelas bahwa asas bebas, jujur, dan tidak memihak di ada mekanisme sanksi di luar sanksi pidana yang sidang pengadilan dalam hal dan menurut harus dilalui terlebih dahulu yaitu sanksi teguran cara yang diatur dalam undang-undang keras bagi perseorangan atau sanksi pembubaran ini. bagi organisasi atau sesuatu aliran kepercayaan. Adanya asas ―Res Judicata Pro Veritate Barulah pada pasal 3 dituliskan apabila sanksi Habetur‖ atau yang sering diartikan ―putusan ha- administratif telah diberikan namun mereka masih kim harus dianggap benar‖ dapat dimaknai positif terus melanggar ketentuan dalam pasal 1, barulah dan negatif. Secara positif memberikan jaminan sanksi pidana diberikan kepadanya. Disini sebe- yang kuat terhadap seorang hakim untuk menemu- narnya menjelaskan bahwa pada hakikatnya hu- kan keadilan dan kebenaran yang sebenar-benar- kum pidana digunakan sebagai ultimum remidium atau sebagai upaya yang paling terakhir. Pada 32 Lilik Mulyadi, Op.Cit, hlm 131

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2nd ICSTCSD 2018 Proceeding Magelang, 16 – 17 November 2018 nya. Namun menjadi negatif ketika apapun pertim- pasal yang dikenakan oleh hakim tersebut juga bangan seorang hakim atau ada motif lain yang didakwakan oleh Jaksa Penuntut Umum. Hal ini melatarbelakangi terbitnya suatu putusan pengadil- sebagaimana dijelaskan dalam pasal 182 ayat (3) an, apapun yang terjadi putusan tersebut harus dan ayat (4) yaitu : dikatakan benar, kecuali terbantahkan oleh lemba- (3) Sesudah itu hakim mengadakan musyawarah ga peradilan di atasnya (Pengadilan Tinggi atau terakhir untuk mengambil keputusan dan Mahkamah Agung). apabila perlu musyawarah itu diadakan Berpotensi negatif sebab Undang-undang setelah terdakwa, saksi, penasihat hukum, sendiri memberikan jaminan yang kuat terhadap penuntut umum dan hadirin meninggalkan seorang hakim memiliki suatu kebebasan dalam ruangan sidang. menemukan fakta hukum. Sebagaimana kita keta- (4) Musyawarah tersebut pada ayat (3) harus hui dalam hukum acara pidana, seorang hakim didasarkan atas surat dakwaan dan segala bersifat aktif. Disamping itu dalam pasal 5 ayat (1) sesuatu yang terbukti dalam pemeriksaan di Undang-undang Nomor 48 Tahun 2009 Tentang sidang. Kekuasaan Kehakiman dijelaskan: Meskipun pasal yang dikenakan hakim telah Hakim dan hakim konstitusi wajib menggali, didakwakan oleh Jaksa Penuntut Umum namun mengikuti, dan memahami nilai-nilai hukum tidak berhenti hanya di dalam dakwaan saja dan rasa keadilan yang hidup dalam melainkan hal-hal yang terbukti dalam peme- masyarakat. riksaan di sidang. Pihak yang berkewajiban Dalam pasal 183 KUHAP juga dijelaskan: membuktikan kesalahan terdakwa dalam persi- Hakim tidak boleh menjatuhkan pidana dangan adalah Jaksa Penuntut Umum. Hal ini kepada seorang kecuali apabila dengan sebagaimana diatur dalam KUHAP pada pasal 1 sekurang-kurangnya dua alat bukti yang sah angka 6, angka 7, pasal 14 dan pasal 66. ia memperoleh keyakinan bahwa suatu Meskipun hakim memiliki independensi dan tindak pidana benar-benar terjadi dan wajib menggali, mengikuti, dan memahami nilai- bahwa terdakwalah yang bersalah melaku- nilai hukum dan rasa keadilan yang hidup dalam kannya. masyarakat sebagaimana amanat undang-undang, Dari kedua aturan di atas jelas bahwa se- namun demi terjaganya wibawa seorang hakim orang hakim memiliki indepedensi yang tinggi dan terciptanya suatu putusan yang berkeadilan dalam menemukan fakta hukum sekaligus membagi seluruh pihak, peneliti merasa ada batasan buat putusan paling tidak berdasarkan dua alat atau rambu-rambu yang jelas dalam seorang hakim bukti yang sah dan adanya keyakinan bahwa ter- membuat suatu putusan atau membuktikan kesa- dakwalah yang bersalah melakukannya. Hal se- lahan seorang terdakwa. Hal ini diperlukan agar perti ini lah yang membuat adanya putusan Ultra tidak muncul putusan ultra petita yang meskipun Petita dalam hukum pidana sebagaimana yang tidak dilarang dalam KUHAP, namun tidak me- terjadi dalam putusan Pidana Nomor 1537/Pid.B/ nutup kemungkinan terjadi kekhilafan hakim da- 2016/PN.Jkt Utr dengan terpidana Ahok. Sekali lam menerapkan hukum atau menggali fakta lagi kami tegaskan Ultra Petita disini bukanlah hukum. Ultra Petita dalam pengertian yang sebenarnya Belum lagi apabila ada faktor-faktor lain selayaknya dalam hukum acara perdata namun yang sedikit banyak mempengaruhi indepedensi hanya sebagai Bahasa kiasan. seorang hakim dalam memutus bersalah seorang Dalam KUHAP sendiri memang tidak ada terdakwa. Sejak awal kasus ahok ini muncul, aturan yang melarang seorang hakim mengeluar- gelombang masyarakat yang menginginkan ahok kan putusan ultra petita dengan catatan selama untuk masuk penjara terus terjadi. Bahkan setiap

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The Role of Government on Sustainable Development persidangan masa yang menginginkan ahok untuk yang sesuai dengan paksaan publik yang dipenjara tidak henti-hentinya mengawal persi- bersangkutan. dangan. Secara tidak langsung tekanan masyarakat 3. Pengaruh pihak. Pengaruh pihak dapat ber- yang seperti ini sedikit banyak mempengaruhi sumber dan hubungan primordial tertentu, independensi hakim dalam memutus perkara. maupun karena komersialisasi perkara. Ditambah fakta yang terjadi di persidangan bahwa Perkara menjadi komoditas perniagaan, Hakim menjatuhkan putusan terhadap pasal yang yang membayar lebih banyak akan dime- tidak dituntut oleh Jaksa Penuntut Umum yang nangkan.34 mana menurut hemat penulis pengenaan pasal 156a KUHP kepada Ahok tidak tepat sebagaimana 4. SIMPULAN analisis dalam rumusan masalah pertama. Melihat dan menilai kasus penodaan agama Menurut Oemar Seno Adji :‖Suatu penga- yang melibatkan terdakwa Ir. Basuki Tjahaja dilan yang bebas dan tidak dipengaruhi merupakan Purnama alias Ahok harus menggunakan analisis syarat yang indispensable bagi negara hukum. yang jernih yang tidak terjebak pemikiran apakah Bebas berarti tidak ada campur tangan atau turun kasus tersebut merupakan murni tindak pidana tangan dari kekuasaan eksekutif dan legislatif ataukah ada unsur politisasi di dalamnya. Pada dalam menjalankan fungsi judiciary.33 Pendapat putusan pidana 1537/Pid.B/2016/PN.Jkt Utr ini sebetulnya sejalan dengan isi dari pasal 1 anga dengan terdakwa Ahok, peneliti menemukan bebe- 1 Undang-undang Nomor 48 Tahun 2009 tentang rapa hal yang janggal terutama dalam penerapan Kekuasaan Kehakiman yang berbunyi: pasal 156 a KUHP. Menurut analisis peneliti, pasal ―Kekuasaan Kehakiman adalah kekuasaan tersebut kurang tepat diterapkan kepada Ahok atas negara yang merdeka untuk menyelenggara- perbuatan yang dilakukannya. Analisis penulis kan peradilan guna menegakkan hukum dan menilai pasal 156a KUHP adalah suatu pasal yang keadilan berdasarkan Pancasila dan sifatnya Komulatif antara poin a dan poin b. Letak Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik alternativenya adalah pada bentuk perbuatannya di Indonesia Tahun 1945, demi terselenggara- muka umum mengeluarkan perasaan atau melaku- nya Negara Hukum Republik Indonesia‖. kan perbuatan. Analisis kami mengenai letak Sejalan dengan pendapat diatas Bagir komulatif dari huruf a dan huruf b tersebut dari Manan juga berpendapat, bahwa majelis hakim Penetapan Presiden Republik Indonesia Nomor dipandang menjadi tidak netral atau berpihak 1/PNPS Tahun 1965 Tentang Pencegahan Penya- karena beberapa hal, antara lain : lahgunaan Dan/Atau Penodaan Agama sebagai 1. Pengaruh kekuasaan dimana majelis hakim dasar munculnya aturan pasal 156 a di dalam tidak berdaya menghadapi kehendak peme- KUHP. Sehingga perlu diteliti kembali apakah gang kekuasaan yang lebih tinggi, baik dari yang dilakukan Ahk tersebut memnuhi unsur pasal lingkungan kekuasaan kehakiman sendiri, 156 a KUHP dalam hal selain melakukan peno- maupun dari luar (misalnya dari gubernur, daan agama, dia juga melakukan hal agar supaya bupati, menteri dan lain-lain); orang tidak beragama yang bersendikan ke-Tuhan- 2. Pengaruh publik. Tekanan publik yang ber- an Yang Maha Esa. lebihan dapat menimbulkan rasa takut atau Dalam hal independensi hakim dalam me- cemas kepada majelis hakim yang ber- mutus perkara merupakan hal yang sangat diperlu- sangkutan sehingga memberikan keputusan kan sebagaimana amanat Undang-undang Nomor 48 Tahun 2009 Tentang Kekuasaan Kehakiman.

33 Oemar Seno Adji, (1987), Peradilan Bebas Negara 34 Bagir Manan, (2004), Sistem Peradilan Berwibawa Hukum, Jakarta: Erlangga, hlm 46 (Suatu Pencarian), Jakarta: FH-UI Press, hlm 20-12

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Namun independensi hakim juga perlu dikawal E. Fernando M. Manulang, (2007), Menggapai agar tidak melampaui batas. Pasal 5 dan pasal 10 Hukum Berkeadilan. Jakarta: Buku Kompas; Undang-undang Kekuasaan Kehakiman memberi- Johnny Ibrahim, (2006), Teori dan Penelitian kan tempat bagi Hakim untuk mencari keadilan Hukum Normatif. Malang: Bayumedia; dengan seadil-adilnya.Mengukur keyakinan hakim Leden Marpaung, (2005), Asas-Teori-Praktik sebagaimana isi dari pasal 183 KUHAP ini lah Hukum Pidana. Jakarta; Sinar Grafika; yang sulit apakah benar-benar obyektif atau tidak. Lili Rasjidi, (2007), Pengantar Filsafat Hukum, Meskipun hakim memiliki independensi dan wajib Bandung : Mandar Maju menggali, mengikuti, dan memahami nilai-nilai Lilik Mulyadi, (2010), Seraut Wajah Putusan hukum dan rasa keadilan yang hidup dalam Hakim Dalam Hukum Acara Pidan masyarakat sebagaimana amanat undang-undang, Indonesia: Perspektif Teoritis, Praktik, namun demi terjaganya wibawa seorang hakim Teknik Membuat, dan Permaslahannya. dan terciptanya suatu putusan yang berkeadilan Bandung: Citra Aditya Bakti; bagi seluruh pihak, peneliti merasa ada batasan M. Yahya Harahap, (2004), Pembahasan atau rambu-rambu yang jelas dalam seorang hakim Permasalahan dan Penerapan KUHAP : membuat suatu putusan atau membuktikan kesa- Penyidikan dan Penuntutan (Edisi Kedua). lahan seorang terdakwa. Hal ini diperlukan agar Jakarta: Sinar Grafika; tidak muncul putusan ultra petita yang meskipun M Yahya Harahap, (2008), Hukum Acara Perdata tidak dilarang dalam KUHAP, namun tidak menu- tentang Gugatan, Persidangan, Penyitaan, tup kemungkinan terjadi kekhilafan hakim dalam Pembuktian, dan Putusan Pengadilan. menerapkan hukum atau menggali fakta hukum. Jakarta; Sinar Grafika; Belum lagi apabila ada faktor-faktor lain di luar Muladi dan Barda Nawawi Arief, (2005), Teori- hukum seperti desakan masyarakat atau kepenting- Teori dan Kebijakan Pidana. Bandung; an golongan tertentu yang sedikit banyak mem- Alumni; pengaruhi indepedensi seorang hakim dalam Muladi. (2002), Lembaga Pidana Bersyarat. memutus bersalah seorang terdakwa. Bandung; Alumni; Mulyatno, (1982), Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana, Jakarta :Bina Aksara; 5. DAFTAR PUSTAKA Oemar Seno Adji, (1987), Peradilan Bebas Achmad Rifai, (2011), Penemuan Hukum Oleh Negara Hukum, Jakarta: Erlangga; Hakim Dalam Perspektif Hukum Progresif, Rusli Muhammad, (2007), Hukum Acara Pidana Jakarta: Sinar Grafika; Kontemporer. Bandung: PT.Citra Aditya A. Sutomo, (1990), Pedoman Dasar Pembuatan Bakti; Surat Dakwaan dan Suplemen. Jakarta: Ranuhandoko, I.P.M, (2000), Terminologi Hukum, Pradnya Paramita; Jakarta: Sinar Grafika; Andi Hamzah, (2008), Hukum Acara Pidana Suhrawardi K. Lubis, (2002), Etika Profesi Hakim, Indonesia Edisi Kedua. Jakarta: Sinar Jakarta: Sinar Grafika Grafika; Bagir Manan, (2004), Sistem Peradilan Perundang-undangan: Berwibawa (Suatu Pencarian), Jakarta: FH- Undang-undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia UI Press 1945; Djisman Samosir, (1992), Fungsi Pidana Penjara Undang-undang Nomor 8 Tahun 1981 Tentang Dalam Sistem Pemidanaan di Indonesia. Hukum Acara Pidana; Bandung: Bina Cipta;

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Undang-undang Nomor 48 Tahun 2009 Tentang Penetapan Presiden Republik Indonesia Nomor Kekuasaan Kehakiman; 1/PNPS Tahun 1965

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