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Konflik-Konflik Politik Dalam Sejarah Peradaban Islam

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Konflik-Konflik Politik Dalam Sejarah Peradaban Islam KONFLIK-KONFLIK POLITIK DALAM SEJARAH PERADABAN ISLAM Konflik-konflik Politik dalam Sejarah Peradaban Islam i Sanksi Pelanggaran Pasal 72 Undang Undang Nomor 19 Tahun 2002 Tentang Hak Cipta 1. Barang siapa dengan sengaja dan tanpa hak melakukan per- buatan sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 2 ayat (1) atau Pasal 49 ayat (1) dan ayat (2) dipidana dengan pidana penjara masing-masing paling sedikit 1 (satu) bulan dan/ atau denda paling sedikit Rp 1.000.000,00 (satu juta rupiah), atau pidana penjara paling lama 7 (tujuh) tahun dan/ atau denda paling banyak Rp5.000.0000.000,00 (lima miliar rupiah). 2. Barang siapa dengan sengaja menyiarkan, memamerkan, mengedarkan, atau menjual kepada umum suatu ciptaan atau barang hasil pelanggaran hak cipta atau hak terkait sebagaima- na dimaksud pada ayat 1 (satu) dipidana dengan pidana pen- jara paling lama 5 (lima) tahun dan/ atau denda paling banyak Rp500.000.000,00 (lima ratus juta rupiah) ii Prof. Dr. H. Syamruddin Nasution, M.Ag PROF. DR. H. SYAMRUDDIN NASUTION, M.Ag KONFLIK-KONFLIK POLITIK DALAM SEJARAH PERADABAN ISLAM Asa Riau Konflik-konflik Politik dalam Sejarah Peradaban Islam iii KONFLIK-KONFLIK POLITIK DALAM SEJARAH PERADABAN ISLAM ISBN: 978-602-6302-44-1 Hak Cipta dilindungi undang-undang Cetakan Pertama, Nopember 2017 Penyusun: Prof. Dr. H. Syamruddin Nasution, M.Ag. Perwajahan/Cover: Katon Penerbit: Diterbitkan oleh: Asa Riau (CV. Asa Riau) Anggota IKAPI Jl. Kapas No 16 Rejosari, Kode Pos 28281 Pekanbaru - Riau e-mail: [email protected] Dicetak pada CV Mulia Indah Kemala Isi di luar tanggungjawab Percetakan iv Prof. Dr. H. Syamruddin Nasution, M.Ag KATA PENGANTAR Bismillahirrahmanirrahim Puji syukur disampaikan kepada Allah Subhanahu wa Ta’ala karena hanya dengan nikmat-Nya yang amat besar dan banyaklah roda perjalanan kehidupan ini dapat diputar dan dilaksanakan. Selawat dan salam disampaikan pula kepada Nabi Muhammad Sallallahu ‘Alaihi wa Sallam dengan berkat perjuangan-Nya menyampaikan risalah kerasulan membuat kehidupan ini menjadi bermakna lewat pengabdian manusia kepada Allah Subhanahu wa Ta’ala. Agama Islam pada dasarnya sangat menghargai perbedaan pendapat bahkan berbeda pendapat itu justru rahmat yang perlu disikapi dengan rasa toleransi dan lapang dada bukan sesuatu laknat yang mesti dijauhi dan dihindari. Tetapi ada suatu hal yang tidak dapat dipungkiri dalam perjalanan sejarah peradaban Islam terjadi perbedaan pendapat justru menyebabkan terjadinya konflik-konflik dalam peta perjalanan sejarah peradaban Islam tersebut yang tidak dapat diselesaikan sampai masa kini. Konflik pertama yang terjadi dalam peta perjalanan sejarah Islam adalah masalah khilafah, pengganti Rasul. Mayoritas Konflik-konflik Politik dalam Sejarah Peradaban Islam v sahabat Nabi menyatakan bahwa Rasul tidak pernah menunjuk siapapun yang akan menjadi khalifah sesudah-Nya. Tetapi orang-orang Syi’ah menyatakan bahwa Nabi telah menunjuk Ali ibn Abi Thalib menjadi khalifah atau imam sesudah- Nya. Pihak mayoritas sahabat Nabi memilih khalifah dari kalangan mereka, demikian juga pihak Syi’ah memilih imam dari kalangan mereka pula walaupun sudah ada khalifah yang diangkat menjadi pemimpin umat. Pandangan berbeda ini berujung pada terjadinya konflik antara Sunni Syi’ah di belakang hari. Konflik berikutnya yang terjadi pada masa klasik disebabkan penyalahgunaan terhadap hadits Nabi yang menyatakan bahwa pemimpin umat Islam itu harus dari kalangan kaum Quraisy. Benar memang Nabi pernah bersabda bahwa “Pemimpin itu harus dari kalangan orang Quraisy”. Dampak positif dari Hadits Nabi ini adalah orang Quraisy yang diakui keutamaan dan kemuliaannya di seluruh jazirah Arab, jika mereka diangkat menjadi pemimpin akan dapat mempersatukan orang Arab secara keseluruhan. Tetapi dampak negatifnya terjadi pelecehan terhadap orang Islam yang bukan Arab dengan menganggap remeh terhadap suku-suku lain yang sudah pernah ada di Jazirah Arab, khususnya Daulah Umaiyah, mereka memandang orang-orang Persia lebih rendah dari mereka dengan menempatkannya sebagai kelas dua baik secara politik, ekonomi maupun sosial. Dari segi politik, mereka orang-orang Persia tidak boleh ikut serta duduk dalam pemerintahan, dari segi ekonomi, orang- orang Persia harus membayar pajak jizyah seperti halnya kepada orang kafir dan dari segi sosial mereka tidak boleh vi Prof. Dr. H. Syamruddin Nasution, M.Ag menjadi imam di masjid. Hal itu semua menjadi penyebab lain dari timbulnya konflik-konflik antara orang Arab dan non-Arab khususnya di masa pemerintahan Daulah Umaiyah Suriah. Di masa Daulah Abbasiyah yang terjadi justru sebaliknya, orang-orang non-Arab seperti orang-orang Turki memperlakukan khalifah dari kalangan orang-orang Arab Quraisy yang lemah dan tidak mampu sebagai boneka dan adegan permainan di tangan mereka. Mereka orang-orang Turkilah yang menentukan siapa yang akan diangkat dan diberhentikan sebagai khalifah dari kalangan orang Arab Quraisy tersebut. Hal inipun menjadi penyebab lain bagi timbulnya konflik-konflik dalam perjalanan sejarah peradaban Islam. Peristiwa-peristiwa yang diuraikan di atas adalah kajian- kajian yang ditulis dalam buku yang ada di hadapan pembaca saat ini, namun sangat disadari bahwa buku ini jauh dari sempurna, baik dari segi isi maupun analisanya, saran dan kritik dari para pembaca sangat diharapkan dan disambut dengan senang hati demi perbaikan selanjutnya. Salam hormat dari penulis. Wassalamu’alaikum Wr.Wb. Pekanbaru, September 2017 Penulis, Syamruddin Nasution Konflik-konflik Politik dalam Sejarah Peradaban Islam vii DAFTAR ISI KATA PENGANTAR ................................................................. v DAFTAR ISI ............................................................................ viii BAB 1 PENDAHULUAN .......................................................... 1 BAB 2 KONFLIK BANI HASYIM DENGAN BANI UMAIYAH ....................................................................... 6 A. Pendahuluan ........................................................................... 6 B. Bani Hasyim Dan Bani Umaiyah .......................................... 9 C. Konflik Berebut Khilafah .................................................... 14 D. Penutup ................................................................................. 30 BAB 3 KONFLIK POLITIK ALI IBN ABI THALIB DENGAN ‘AISYAH ................................................................. 32 A. Pendahuluan ......................................................................... 32 B. Biografi Singkat ‘Aisyah binti Abu Bakar .......................... 33 C. Konflik Politik Ali Dengan ‘Aisyah (Perang Jamal) ......... 36 D. Penutup ................................................................................. 42 viii Prof. Dr. H. Syamruddin Nasution, M.Ag BAB 4 KONFLIK POLITIK ALI IBN ABI THALIB DENGAN MUAWIYAH IBN ABI SOFYAN ....................... 44 A. Pendahuluan ......................................................................... 44 B. Pengertian Arbitrase ............................................................. 48 C. Landasan Hukum Arbitrase ............................................... 50 D. Konflik Politik Ali Dengan Muawiyah (Perang Shiffin) dan Arbitrase ........................................................................ 55 E. Muatan Politik Arbitrase ..................................................... 64 F. Penutup................................................................................... 69 BAB 5 DAMPAK KONFLIK POLITIK BAGI MUNCULNYA SEKTE-SEKTE DALAM ISLAM .............. 71 A. Pendahuluan ......................................................................... 71 B. Dampak Konflik Politik Bagi Munculnya Sekte-Sekte .... 72 C. Pandangan Politik Sunni Terhadap Khilafah ................... 73 D. Pandangan Politik Syi’ah Terhadap Khilafah .................. 76 E. Pandangan Politik Khawarij Terhadap Khilafah.............. 80 F. Penutup................................................................................... 85 BAB 6 KONFLIK POLITIK DAULAH UMAIYAH DENGAN SEKTE SYI’AH DAN BANGSA PERSIA ........ 90 A. Pendahuluan ......................................................................... 90 B. Sejarah Berdirinya Sekte Syi’ah .......................................... 92 C. Perkembangan Sekte Syi’ah ................................................ 97 D. Masalah Khilafah Dalam Sekte Syi’ah ............................ 102 E. Pembentukan Daulah Umaiyah ....................................... 107 F. Politik Yang Dijalankan Daulah Umaiyah ....................... 112 G. Konflik Politik Daulah Umaiyah Dengan Sekte Syi’ah dan Bangsa Persia .............................................................. 113 Konflik-konflik Politik dalam Sejarah Peradaban Islam ix H. Penutup ............................................................................... 120 BAB 7 KONFLIK POLITIK DAULAH ABBASIYAH DENGAN SEKTE SYI’AH .................................................. 123 A. Sejarah Berdirinya Daulah Abbasiyah ............................ 123 B. Politik Yang Dijalankan Daulah Abbasiyah .................... 126 C. Keinginan Al-Makmun Mengakhiri Konflik Dengan Sekte Syi’ah ........................................................... 131 D. Perlawanan Yang Berhasil Mendirikan Daulah............. 142 E. Penutup ................................................................................ 151 BAB 8 KONFLIK POLITIK DAULAH ABBASIYAH DENGAN BANGSA TURKI ............................................... 154 A. Pendahuluan ....................................................................... 154 B. Asal Usul Bangsa
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