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Die Neufassung Des § 1A Bundesversorgungsgesetz (BVG): Streichung Von Kriegsopferrenten Für NS-Täter – Schlussbericht –

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Die Neufassung Des § 1A Bundesversorgungsgesetz (BVG): Streichung Von Kriegsopferrenten Für NS-Täter – Schlussbericht – FORSCHUNGSBERICHT 472 Die Neufassung des § 1a Bundesversorgungsgesetz (BVG): Streichung von Kriegsopferrenten für NS-Täter – Schlussbericht – November 2016 ISSN 0174-4992 Die Neufassung des § 1a Bundesversorgungsgesetz (BVG): Streichung von Kriegsopferrenten für NS-Täter - Gründe für die geringe Zahl der Streichungen trotz der Vielzahl der vom Simon Wiesenthal Center übermittelten Daten - Ein Gemeinschaftsprojekt des Bundesministeriums für Arbeit und Soziales und des Simon Wiesenthal Centers Schlussbericht September 2016 2 Die Neufassung des § 1a Bundesversorgungsgesetz (BVG): Streichung von Kriegsopferrenten für NS-Täter - Gründe für die geringe Zahl der Streichungen trotz der Vielzahl der vom Simon Wiesenthal Center übermittelten Daten - Ein Gemeinschaftsprojekt des Bundesministeriums für Arbeit und Soziales und des Simon Wiesenthal Centers Schlussbericht Autoren: Dr. Stefan Klemp (Simon Wiesenthal Center) Martin Hölzl (Simon Wiesenthal Center) Ort: Bonn im September 2016 ISBN/ISSN: Auftraggeberschaft / Inhaltliche Verantwortung Erstellt im Auftrag des Bundesministeriums für Arbeit und Soziales. Die Durchführung der Untersuchungen sowie die Schlussfolgerungen aus den Unter- suchungen sind von den Auftragnehmern in eigener wissenschaftlicher Verantwor- tung vorgenommen worden. Das Bundesministerium für Arbeit und Soziales über- nimmt insbesondere keine Gewähr für die Richtigkeit, Genauigkeit und Vollständig- keit der Untersuchungen. Copyright Alle Rechte einschließlich der fotomechanischen Wiedergabe und des auszugswei- sen Nachdrucks vorbehalten. 3 Die Neufassung des § 1 a Bundesversorgungsgesetz: Streichung von Kriegsopferrenten für NS-Täter ? Ein Gemeinschaftsprojekt des Bundesministeriums für Arbeit und Soziales und des Simon Wiesenthal Centers Schlussbericht Von Dr. Stefan Klemp und Martin Hölzl, Simon Wiesenthal Center für das Bundesministerium für Arbeit und Soziales Bonn, im September 2016 4 5 Kurzbeschreibung Der neue § 1a des Bundesversorgungsgesetzes trat im Januar 1998 in Kraft. Die Medienöf- fentlichkeit setzte große Erwartungen in die neue Regelung. Sie sollte dadurch Gerechtigkeit schaffen, dass Personen, die in der NS-Zeit gegen Grundsätze der Menschlichkeit verstoßen hatten, die Kriegsopferrente entzogen werden konnte. Im Zuge der Umsetzung der neuen Vorschrift hat das Simon Wiesenthal Center über 70.000 Namen ermittelt, bei denen eine Entziehung der Kriegsopferrente in Betracht kam. Bis heute wurden aber nur 99 Kriegsopfer- renten entzogen. Es blieb die Frage nach den Gründen für diese hohe Diskrepanz. Dieser Fra- ge sind jetzt erstmals die beiden Historiker Dr. Stefan Klemp und Martin Hölzl nachgegan- gen. Dabei haben sie auch die Entstehungsgeschichte des Gesetzes und seine praktische Um- setzung von 1998 bis 2013 erforscht. Abstract The new § 1a of the German War Victims’ Assistance Act came into force in January 1998. The public media had great expectations in the new law. It was meant to achieve justice by cancellations of war disability benefits for those persons who violated the norms of humanity during the Third Reich. During the project, the Simon Wiesenthal Center has compiled more than 70.000 names of persons who could have lost the special pensions. Until today only 99 war pensions have been cancelled. The question was, which reasons led to this high discrep- ancy. For the first time, the two historians Dr. Stefan Klemp and Martin Hölzl examined this question. They have researched the history of the new law and its practical implementation from 1998 until 2013. 6 Inhalt Zusammenfassung 9 I. Einleitung 13 Die Neufassung des § 1a Bundesversorgungsgesetz, Hintergründe und Zielrichtung der Gesetzesnovelle, Fragestellung und Erläuterung der Vorgehensweise, Quellen, Entstehung und rechtliche Grundlagen II. Voraussetzungen für die Umsetzung des Gesetzes 35 II. 1 Medienberichte, Leistungsempfänger und frühe Entziehungen 35 a) Medienberichte 35 b) Leistungsempfänger 36 c) Frühe Entziehungen 39 II. 2 Das Gemeinschaftsprojekt des Bundesministeriums 41 und des Simon Wiesenthal Centers: Die „Überprüfung“ der Empfänger von Kriegsopferrenten Praktische und technische Voraussetzungen 41 II. 3 Grundlagerecherchen durch Bundesministerium, 42 Versorgungsämter, Zentrale Stelle Ludwigsburg und Bundesarchiv III. Die praktische Umsetzung des § 1a BVG 46 III. 1 Die Anfangsphase 46 III. 2 Recherchen des SWC, Datenübermittlung und 49 Bearbeitung des Materials durch BMAS und Zentrale Stelle III. 3 Die Auswirkungen der rechtlichen, finanziellen und 75 organisatorischen Rahmensetzung. Eine Auswertung im Staatsarchiv Ludwigsburg III. 4 Überprüfungsfälle und Urteile 79 - Überprüfungsvorgänge 82 a) Keine Entziehung 82 Polizeibataillon 310 82 7 Staatsarchiv Ludwigsburg 90 b) 2 Entziehungsfälle 95 - Urteile der Sozialgerichtsbarkeit 98 a) Erfolgreiche Klage gegen eine Entziehung 98 b) Bestandskräftige Entziehung 109 c) 3 Urteile des Bundessozialgerichts 111 IV. Ergebnisse 118 1. Zahlen – Entwicklung der Streichungen 120 2. Leistungsempfänger, Entziehungs- und Aberkennungsfälle 128 unter den 76.000 vom SWC übermittelten Namen 3. Gründe für die große Kluft zwischen der Zahl der Verdächtigen 131 und der Entziehungen 4. Finanzielle Auswirkungen 136 V. Fazit 140 VI. Quellen 143 VII. Anhang: 155 Verzeichnis der bekannt gewordenen Gerichtsurteile 155 Verzeichnis der Tabellen und Schaubilder 156 Beweislisten des Wiesenthal Centers 156 Medienberichte 159 Historische Fälle 161 Fallbeispiele, Überprüfungen, Urteile und Hintergrundinformationen 165 Abkürzungen 213 Danksagung 214 8 Zusammenfassung Im Dezember 2013 endete das Gemeinschaftsprojekt des Bundesministeriums für Arbeit und Soziales (BMAS) und des Simon Wiesenthal Centers (SWC) zur Durchführung des § 1a Bundesversorgungsgesetz (BVG). 1 In 15 Jahren Projektlaufzeit waren seit 1998 insgesamt 99 Kriegsopferrenten wegen Verstößen gegen die Grundsätze der Menschlichkeit oder Rechts- staatlichkeit in der Zeit des Nationalsozialismus entzogen oder verweigert worden. Angesichts der anfangs für möglich gehaltenen Zahl von bis zu 50.000 potenziellen NS- Tätern unter den 1998 rund 1 Million Leistungsempfängern erschien die Zahl von 99 Strei- chungen weit hinter den Schätzungen zurückzubleiben. Allein das SWC hatte Listen mit 76.000 Namen von Personen geliefert, die nach Ansicht des SWC gegen Grundsätze der Menschlichkeit verstoßen hatten. Einem hohen Arbeitsaufwand in 15 Jahren Projektlaufzeit stehen nur 99 Entziehungen bzw. Versagungen bei Neuanträgen gegenüber. Deshalb war die Erforschung der Gründe für diese Diskrepanz ein gemeinsames Interesse der beiden an dem Projekt beteiligten Institutionen. Um dieser Frage nachzugehen, hat Dr. Stefan Klemp ein Forschungsprojekt zur Auswertung der Arbeiten bei der Umsetzung des § 1a BVG beantragt, das vom Bundesministerium am 10. März 2015 in Auftrag gegeben wurde. Als wissenschaftlicher Mitarbeiter wurde Martin Hölzl gewonnen. Das Projekt begann am 1. Juni 2015. Es endete am 30. Juni 2016. Zur Datenerhebung haben die Forscher unter anderem einen Fragebogen entwickelt, der den zuständigen Länderministerien zur Beantwortung übermittelt wurde. Die Historiker wollten herausfinden, wie viele Streichungen es in welchen Bundesländern gegeben hat und was die Grundlagen für getroffene Entscheidungen waren. Bei den Recherchen haben die Forscher aufgrund der gewonnenen Ergebnisse regionale Schwerpunkte gesetzt. Zu Beginn der Arbei- ten ging es zunächst darum, die Fülle an Material zu sichten und eine Auswahl zu treffen. Da sich nicht alle mit der Leitfrage verbundenen weiteren Fragen mit Hilfe der Länderantwor- ten klären ließen, haben die Autoren auch bei anderen Institutionen recherchiert und Anfragen gestellt. Im Rahmen dieser Forschungsarbeiten gewährte das Bundesministerium Einsicht in die projektbezogenen Aktenordner der Jahre 2012 und 2013. Um die praktische Umsetzung durch beteiligte Stellen nachzuvollziehen, wurden bei der Zentralen Stelle in Ludwigsburg 1 Das Bundesministerium für Arbeit und Soziales hatte in den vergangenen Jahren diverse Bezeichnungen. Wenn nicht anders ausgeführt, ist mit „BMAS“ oder „Bundesministerium“ das zum jeweiligen Zeitpunkt für die Soziale Entschädigung zuständige Bundesministerium gemeint. 9 Stichproben aus 60 Aktenordnern mit Anfragen der Versorgungsämter zu über 20.000 Leis- tungsempfängern sowie die Generalakten der Jahre 1998 – 2000 ausgewertet. Die Überprüfungsarbeit der lokalen Versorgungsämter wurde im Staatsarchiv Ludwigsburg am Beispiel von Fallakten der Behörden von Heidelberg und Heilbronn analysiert. Staatsan- waltschaftliche Ermittlungsakten wurden hinsichtlich der Anfragen von Versorgungsämtern ausgewertet. Das Thüringische Staatsarchiv Meiningen gewährte Einsicht in zwei Versor- gungsakten von Leistungsempfängern, die aufgrund ihrer NS-Vergangenheit überprüft wur- den. Darunter befand sich ein Angehöriger eines Polizeibataillons, der in den Namenlisten enthalten war, welche das SWC dem Bundesministerium für Arbeit und Soziales geliefert hatte. Die beiden Historiker haben auch die Klagen gegen Leistungsentzug in die Untersuchung einbezogen und drei Urteile des Bundessozialgerichts gegen deutsche Leistungsempfänger sowie fünf Urteile unterer Instanzen ausgewertet. Vorgestellt werden konkrete Beispiele von Überprüfungen mit unterschiedlichem Ausgang. Das bedeutet, diese Studie enthält sowohl Entziehungsfälle als auch Überprüfungen ohne Leistungsentzug. Dabei spielte naturgemäß die Frage eine Rolle, welche Materialien das SWC zur Verfügung gestellt hat und was die Grundlage dieser Informationen war. Die Forscher
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