DOCSLIB.ORG

Aftermath: Accounting for the Holocaust in the Czech Republic

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Aftermath: Accounting for the Holocaust in the Czech Republic Aftermath: Accounting for the Holocaust in the Czech Republic Krista Hegburg Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERISTY 2013 © 2013 Krista Hegburg All rights reserved Abstract Aftermath: Accounting for the Holocaust in the Czech Republic Krista Hegburg Reparations are often theorized in the vein of juridical accountability: victims of historical injustices call states to account for their suffering; states, in a gesture that marks a restoration of the rule of law, acknowledge and repair these wrongs via financial compensation. But as reparations projects intersect with a consolidation of liberalism that, in the postsocialist Czech Republic, increasingly hinges on a politics of recognition, reparations concomitantly interpellate minority subjects as such, instantiating their precarious inclusion into the body po litic in a way that vexes the both the historical justice and contemporary recognition reparatory projects seek. This dissertation analyzes claims made by Czech Romani Holocaust survivors in reparations programs, the social work apparatus through which they pursued their claims, and the often contradictory demands of the complex legal structures that have governed eligibility for reparations since the immediate aftermath of the war, and argues for an ethnographic examination of the forms of discrepant reciprocity and commensuration that underpin, and often foreclose, attempts to account for the Holocaust in contemporary Europe. Table of Contents Acknowledgments ii Introduction 1 Chapter 1 18 Recognitions Chapter 2 74 The Veracious Voice: Gypsiology, Historiography, and the Unknown Holocaust Chapter 3 121 Reparations Politics, Czech Style: Law, the Camp, Sovereignty Chapter 4 176 “The Law is Such as It Is” Conclusion 198 The Obligation to Receive Bibliography 202 Appendix I 221 i Acknowledgments I have acquired many debts over the course of researching and writing this dissertation. My time at Columbia was immeasurably enriched by my friends there, in particular Aparna Balachandran, Ruchi Chaturvedi, Deirdre de la Cruz, Yukiko Koga, Nadia Loan, Maya Nadkarni, Juan Obarrio, Serguei Oushakine, Zoe Reiter, Antina von Schnitzler, Jennifer Sime, Emilio Spadola, Ravindran Sriramachandran, and Arafaat Valiani. Karin Zitzewitz has been an abiding friend and colleague. I thank Jonathan Bach for more favors than I can count. I thank Marcela Rýdlová-Erlich for teaching me Czech with such good cheer. Amanda Murphy Frazier’s hospitality upon my arrival in New York made a huge difference. My fieldwork was enriched by so many friends and colleagues in (or passing through) the Czech Republic, including Yasar Abu Ghosh, Michal Burian, Sarah Cramsey, Jakub Grygar, Timothy Hall, Petr Kadlec, Karen Kapusta-Pofahl, Alice Lovejoy, Dana Malková, Lisa Peschel, Maria Radová, Sandra Radu, Marsha Rozenblit, Jitka Ryndová, Kimberly Strozewski, Noa Treister, Czesław Walek, Nancy Wingfield, and Tara Zahra. In particular, I thank Kimberly Elman Zarecor for introducing me to the Czech National Archives and to Ostrava; without her intervention, I wouldn’t have had much of a project. I had the great good luck to meet Raymond June in Prague, and have valued him as a friend and intellectual companion since. Osamu Okamura’s infectious enthusiasm for architecture, sushi, art, filmmaking, abandoned prisons, and pretty much anything was a delight during the years I lived in the Czech Republic. I thank Martin Strakoš for sharing his love of Ostrava with me, and Marek Skovajsa finding me a place to live in there. I also thank Jiří Lewy for his assistance with my research in Plzeň, and ii for his expansive good will and tremendous sense of humor. Elena Koenig was a great roommate and friend. Saska Gerasimova and Václav Zájiček have been steadfast and valued friends, and I thank them for their continued hospitality. The Samko family took me in and made me feel at home, wherever they found themselves. My friends and colleagues at the University of Lower Silesia in Wroclaw – Erik Derza, Aleksandra Duda, Agnieszka Dwojak-Matras, Marcin Gołebniąk, Dorota Gołebniąk, Ula Klobuszewska, and Agnieszka Zembrzuska – provided a welcoming intellectual community during my many stints there. In particular, working with Hana Červinková was more fun than one is supposed to have. My writing group at Rutgers kept me going during a two-year teaching stint in New Jersey, and I thank Judith Gerson, Arlene Stein, and Richard Williams for the many stimulating discussions. Also at Rutgers, I appreciated the support of Ginny Caputo, Francesca Mascia-Lees, and Jeffrey Shandler, and the friendship of Karen Sirota and Robert O’Brien. The intellectual curiosity and engagement of my students there deepened my understanding and appreciation of anthropology. Heidi Echternacht kept me sane during this period. I benefitted enormously from the collegiality of my fellow fellows at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum’s Center for Advanced Holocaust Studies, especially Ralf Banken, Daniel Brewing, Diana Dumitru, Judith Gerson, Christian Goeschel, Julia von dem Knesebeck, Daniel Magilow, Elissa Mailaender, Jennifer Rodgers, Steven Sage, Johannes Schwartz, Simone Schweber, Matthias Tronqual, Christel Trouvé, James Mace Ward, and Suzanne Wiedemann. Michlean Amir deserves special thanks for her assistance with my research. iii Ethel Brooks, Petra Gelbart, Michelle Kelso, Erika Schlager, Andria Timmer, and Shannon Woodcock make Romani studies a collegial and stimulating field, and I thank them for their work, both scholarly and activist. My colleagues at United States Holocaust Memorial Museum were gracious enough to accommodate the final writing stages of this dissertation, and I thank in particular Robert Ehrenreich and Nicole Frechette for the flexibility, as well as Beverly Goines for getting up early to write with me. I thank my dissertation committee members E. Valentine Daniel, Christopher Harwood, John Torpey, and Katherine Verdery for their engaged feedback on this project. Rosalind Morris, my advisor, and has been more patient with me and this dissertation than I deserve, for which I thank her. Her intellectual rigor and generosity is an inspiration, and she has pushed my thinking in more ways than I could list. I also thank Marilyn Astwood for her kindness and assistance during my time at Columbia. For their insightful feedback on various parts of this dissertation, I thank Mireille Abelin, Yasar Abu Ghosh, Hana Červinková, Ryan Chaney, Timothy Hall, Raymond June, Nima Paidipaty, Nathaniel Roberts, Simone Schweber, Vincent Slatt, Tara Zahra, and in particular Karin Zitzewitz. All errors are my own. The fieldwork and archival research on which this dissertation is based was made possible by a Fulbright-Hays Doctoral Dissertation Research Award, a Charles H. Revson Fellowship for Archival Research from United States Holocaust Memorial Museum’s Center for Advanced Holocaust Studies, a Foreign Language Area Studies Scholarship, as well as additional funding from Columbia University. iv Czesław Walek, the director of the Czech government’s Office of Roma Community Affairs, and Lýdia Poláčková, the Romani Advisor in the Ostrava City Hall, were instrumental to my research; I could not have done my fieldwork without their support, and I am deeply grateful to them for their faith in my project. I would also like to gratefully acknowledge the intellectual generosity of the team of social workers who shared with me their Ostrava field sites as well as their reflections on their practice of social work. I also owe a debt of gratitude to Radovan D., for although he does not make an appearance here, he has animated this entire project. I thank my stalwart friends, Robin Hawley-Brillante, Christine Forte, and Kate and Michael Haley Goldman for their patience with me over the course of this project. For his encouragement and more home-cooked gourmet meals than I can count, I thank Vincent Slatt. To Vanda Rajčan, I say ďakujem. Ruth Ferrero Turrión deserves special mention for so many stimulating conversations, as well as sharing her home with me. My brother Justin Hegburg has kept me grounded over the years with his dry wit. My parents, Alan and Faye Hegburg, sustained me through the writing of this dissertation with their good humor, intellectual curiosity, patience, and many loads of laundry. This dissertation is dedicated to them, and to the memory of my aunt, Patricia Ann Campbell. v 1 Introduction ―Czech.‖ That‘s what Markéta replied to her census taker in 2001 when he arrived at her apartment door in the city of Ostrava and inquired about to her nationality. And indeed, Markéta is Czech, a Czech citizen and free to decide the concomitant category of nationality the census also records. She is also Romani, a descendant of Slovak Roma who came to the Czech Lands in the wake of the Holocaust, which decimated the Czech Jewish and Romani minorities, and the expulsions of almost all of the German minority, which opened up the country‘s northern borderlands to Czechoslovak settlers from the interior.1 And thus Markéta is also a member of a group that although quite small – numbering 11,000 if the 2001 census is to be believed, though closer to 300,000 in most estimates2 – bears the burden of being the most visible, and most socially excluded, minority in the contemporary Czech Republic. As Markéta recounted to me several years later, during her office hours for her social work clients in one of the most impoverished districts of the city, her response apparently did not sit well with the census taker, who goaded her by asking, ―Are you sure?‖ Markéta, with her usual inimitable directness, cocked her head to one side and 1 See David Gerlach, ―Beyond Expulsion: The Emergence of ‗Unwanted Elements‘ in the Postwar Czech Borderlands, 1945-1950,‖ East European Politics & Societies 24, no. 2 (2010): 269-293; Ctibor Nečas, The Holocaust of Czech Roma, trans. Šimon Pellar (Prague: Prostor, 1999); and Tomáš Staněk, Odsun Němců z Československa 1945-1947 [The Transfer of Germans from Czechoslovakia 1945-1947] (Prague: Československá akademie věd and Naše vojsko, 1991).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • THE CYPRUS GREEN LINE – BRIDGING the GAP by Zachariasantoniades the Cyprus Buffer Zone Divides the Old City of Nicosia Into North and South • Abstract
    Ch llenges for a new future THE CYPRUS GREEN LINE – BRIDGING GAP By Zacharias Antoniades The Cyprus buffer zone divides the old city of Nicosia into North and South • Abstract ............................... 06 • Introduction: Brief story of Nicosia ............................... 08 • "Borders are the scars of history". ............................... 14 • Lessons from Berlin ............................... 20 • Is a border purely a point of division, or can it also become one of contact between two ............................... 26 different cultures? Contents • “Third-spaces create space for envisioning ............................... 32 changes in divided cities” • The appropriate program for the appropriate ............................... 36 building. • Conclusion ............................... 42 • Bibliography ............................... 45 • Websites ............................... 47 3 4 Abstract Since 1974, Cyprus, the country that I call home has been divided in two parts, separating the two major ethnicities of the island (Greeks and Turks). In between these north and south parts lies the well-known Cyprus Buffer zone that to this day expresses the realities of the armed conflict that took place there four decades ago. This buffer zone rep- resents the lack of communication and mistrust that exists between the two ‘rival’ sides. As a Cypriot designer I felt the need to come up with an appropri- ate project that will bring people closer together, giving them the chance to communicate, debate, exchange knowledge and views and generally understand the needs of each side leading to a better and smoother social and cultural blend thus making it easier for the people to digest any future plans of total reunification. In order to get inspiration and a better understanding of how to deal with such situations I examined borders and their evolvement at differ- ent scales and contexts, but also looking at various peace-promoting projects in conflict zones.
    [Show full text]
  • Die Neufassung Des § 1A Bundesversorgungsgesetz (BVG): Streichung Von Kriegsopferrenten Für NS-Täter – Schlussbericht –
    FORSCHUNGSBERICHT 472 Die Neufassung des § 1a Bundesversorgungsgesetz (BVG): Streichung von Kriegsopferrenten für NS-Täter – Schlussbericht – November 2016 ISSN 0174-4992 Die Neufassung des § 1a Bundesversorgungsgesetz (BVG): Streichung von Kriegsopferrenten für NS-Täter - Gründe für die geringe Zahl der Streichungen trotz der Vielzahl der vom Simon Wiesenthal Center übermittelten Daten - Ein Gemeinschaftsprojekt des Bundesministeriums für Arbeit und Soziales und des Simon Wiesenthal Centers Schlussbericht September 2016 2 Die Neufassung des § 1a Bundesversorgungsgesetz (BVG): Streichung von Kriegsopferrenten für NS-Täter - Gründe für die geringe Zahl der Streichungen trotz der Vielzahl der vom Simon Wiesenthal Center übermittelten Daten - Ein Gemeinschaftsprojekt des Bundesministeriums für Arbeit und Soziales und des Simon Wiesenthal Centers Schlussbericht Autoren: Dr. Stefan Klemp (Simon Wiesenthal Center) Martin Hölzl (Simon Wiesenthal Center) Ort: Bonn im September 2016 ISBN/ISSN: Auftraggeberschaft / Inhaltliche Verantwortung Erstellt im Auftrag des Bundesministeriums für Arbeit und Soziales. Die Durchführung der Untersuchungen sowie die Schlussfolgerungen aus den Unter- suchungen sind von den Auftragnehmern in eigener wissenschaftlicher Verantwor- tung vorgenommen worden. Das Bundesministerium für Arbeit und Soziales über- nimmt insbesondere keine Gewähr für die Richtigkeit, Genauigkeit und Vollständig- keit der Untersuchungen. Copyright Alle Rechte einschließlich der fotomechanischen Wiedergabe und des auszugswei- sen Nachdrucks
    [Show full text]
  • Walls and Fences: a Journey Through History and Economics
    A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Vernon, Victoria; Zimmermann, Klaus F. Working Paper Walls and Fences: A Journey Through History and Economics GLO Discussion Paper, No. 330 Provided in Cooperation with: Global Labor Organization (GLO) Suggested Citation: Vernon, Victoria; Zimmermann, Klaus F. (2019) : Walls and Fences: A Journey Through History and Economics, GLO Discussion Paper, No. 330, Global Labor Organization (GLO), Essen This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/193640 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. may exercise further usage rights as specified in the indicated licence. www.econstor.eu Walls and Fences: A Journey Through History and Economics* Victoria Vernon State University of New York and GLO; [email protected] Klaus F. Zimmermann UNU-MERIT, CEPR and GLO; [email protected] March 2019 Abstract Throughout history, border walls and fences have been built for defense, to claim land, to signal power, and to control migration.
    [Show full text]
  • New Documents on Mongolia and the Cold War
    Cold War International History Project Bulletin, Issue 16 New Documents on Mongolia and the Cold War Translation and Introduction by Sergey Radchenko1 n a freezing November afternoon in Ulaanbaatar China and Russia fell under the Mongolian sword. However, (Ulan Bator), I climbed the Zaisan hill on the south- after being conquered in the 17th century by the Manchus, Oern end of town to survey the bleak landscape below. the land of the Mongols was divided into two parts—called Black smoke from gers—Mongolian felt houses—blanketed “Outer” and “Inner” Mongolia—and reduced to provincial sta- the valley; very little could be discerned beyond the frozen tus. The inhabitants of Outer Mongolia enjoyed much greater Tuul River. Chilling wind reminded me of the cold, harsh autonomy than their compatriots across the border, and after winter ahead. I thought I should have stayed at home after all the collapse of the Qing dynasty, Outer Mongolia asserted its because my pen froze solid, and I could not scribble a thing right to nationhood. Weak and disorganized, the Mongolian on the documents I carried up with me. These were records religious leadership appealed for help from foreign countries, of Mongolia’s perilous moves on the chessboard of giants: including the United States. But the first foreign troops to its strategy of survival between China and the Soviet Union, appear were Russian soldiers under the command of the noto- and its still poorly understood role in Asia’s Cold War. These riously cruel Baron Ungern who rode past the Zaisan hill in the documents were collected from archival depositories and pri- winter of 1921.
    [Show full text]
  • Young Czechs' Perceptions of the Velvet Divorce and The
    YOUNG CZECHS’ PERCEPTIONS OF THE VELVET DIVORCE AND THE MODERN CZECH IDENTITY By BRETT RICHARD CHLOUPEK Bachelor of Science in Geography Bachelor of Science in C.I.S. University of Nebraska Kearney Kearney, NE 2005 Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate College of the Oklahoma State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE July, 2007 YOUNG CZECHS’ PERCEPTIONS OF THE VELVET DIVORCE AND THE MODERN CZECH IDENTITY Thesis Approved: Reuel Hanks Dr. Reuel Hanks (Chair) Dale Lightfoot Dr. Dale Lightfoot Joel Jenswold Dr. Joel Jenswold Dr. A. Gordon Emslie Dean of the Graduate College ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my advisor, Dr. Reuel Hanks for encouraging me to pursue this project. His continued support and challenging insights into my work made this thesis a reality. Thanks go to my other committee members, Dr. Dale Lightfoot and Dr. Joel Jenswold for their invaluable advice, unique expertise, and much needed support throughout the writing of my thesis. A great deal of gratitude is due to the faculties of Charles University in Prague, CZ and Masaryk University in Brno, CZ for helping administer student surveys and donating their valuable time. Thank you to Hana and Ludmila Svobodova for taking care of me over the years and being my family away from home in the Moravské Budejovice. Thanks go to Sylvia Mihalik for being my resident expert on all things Slovak and giving me encouragement. Thank you to my grandmother Edith Weber for maintaining ties with our Czech relatives and taking me back to the ‘old country.’ Thanks to all of my extended family for remembering our heritage and keeping some of its traditions.
    [Show full text]
  • Czechoslovak-Polish Relations 1918-1968: the Prospects for Mutual Support in the Case of Revolt
    University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 1977 Czechoslovak-Polish relations 1918-1968: The prospects for mutual support in the case of revolt Stephen Edward Medvec The University of Montana Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Medvec, Stephen Edward, "Czechoslovak-Polish relations 1918-1968: The prospects for mutual support in the case of revolt" (1977). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 5197. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/5197 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. CZECHOSLOVAK-POLISH RELATIONS, 191(3-1968: THE PROSPECTS FOR MUTUAL SUPPORT IN THE CASE OF REVOLT By Stephen E. Medvec B. A. , University of Montana,. 1972. Presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA 1977 Approved by: ^ .'■\4 i Chairman, Board of Examiners raduat'e School Date UMI Number: EP40661 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion.
    [Show full text]
  • Der ‚Judenkönig' Der Edlgasse
    S: I. M. O. N. SHOAH: I NTERVENTION. M ETHODS. DOCUMENTATION. Michal Schvarc Der ‚Judenkönig‘ der Edlgasse Gustav Hauskrecht und die Verfolgung der Juden in Bratislava 1944/19451 Abstract The Holocaust in Slovakia was not only a result of the antisemitic policy of Hlinka’s Slovak People’s Party regime headed by the Catholic priest Joseph Tiso, but also an initiative by the lower parts of society – the local aggressors. After the occupation of the country by Nazi Germany in the late summer of 1944, this situation partly changed, with the ‚solution of the Jewish question‘ becoming one of the top priorities of the occupying power. However, with- out the help of local helpers, this would hardly have been successful. One such case was Gus- tav Hauskrecht, the head of the so-called ‚Judensammelstelle‘ in Bratislava. This convinced National Socialist and uncompromising antisemite contributed significantly to the persecu- tion of Jews in the Slovak capital at the end of the war and bears a joint responsibility for their deportation to the Nazi concentration camps. This article is an attempt to biographically profile one of the main perpetrators responsible for Shoah in Slovakia. Im Juni 1961 traf sich Simon Wiesenthal in Wien mit Samson Fischer. Fischer, gebürtiger Berliner, hatte den Holocaust in Bratislava überlebt, der Hauptstadt des ersten Satellitenstaates des nationalsozialistischen Deutschland in Europa, wohin seine Eltern bald nach seiner Geburt umgezogen waren.2 Kurz nach der Zusammen- kunft schrieb Fischer Wiesenthal, er habe vergessen, ihm über zwei in der Bundes- republik Deutschland lebende „prominente Nazigrössen“ zu berichten. Einer von ihnen hieß Gustav Hauskrecht.
    [Show full text]
  • Considering the Creation of a Domestic Intelligence Agency in the United States
    HOMELAND SECURITY PROGRAM and the INTELLIGENCE POLICY CENTER THE ARTS This PDF document was made available CHILD POLICY from www.rand.org as a public service of CIVIL JUSTICE the RAND Corporation. EDUCATION ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT Jump down to document6 HEALTH AND HEALTH CARE INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS The RAND Corporation is a nonprofit NATIONAL SECURITY research organization providing POPULATION AND AGING PUBLIC SAFETY objective analysis and effective SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY solutions that address the challenges SUBSTANCE ABUSE facing the public and private sectors TERRORISM AND HOMELAND SECURITY around the world. TRANSPORTATION AND INFRASTRUCTURE Support RAND WORKFORCE AND WORKPLACE Purchase this document Browse Books & Publications Make a charitable contribution For More Information Visit RAND at www.rand.org Explore the RAND Homeland Security Program RAND Intelligence Policy Center View document details Limited Electronic Distribution Rights This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law as indicated in a notice appearing later in this work. This electronic representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for non-commercial use only. Unauthorized posting of RAND PDFs to a non-RAND Web site is prohibited. RAND PDFs are protected under copyright law. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of our research documents for commercial use. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please see RAND Permissions. This product is part of the RAND Corporation monograph series. RAND monographs present major research findings that address the challenges facing the public and private sectors. All RAND mono- graphs undergo rigorous peer review to ensure high standards for research quality and objectivity.
    [Show full text]
  • In the Munich Agreement
    In The Munich Agreement Sad and psychogenetic Colbert often swingings some Samaritans jerkily or bids plainly. Thalamencephalic and fairylike Gardner never unsaddle thrillingly when Dewitt peins his purlin. Diminuendo Pascale mainline that urinal inset practically and must polytheistically. They worked in coal mining and metallurgy. Chamberlain departed england, of a weak defensive installations having to catch up. Hitler in munich agreement was surrendered to have been willing to czechoslovakia was also be dawning among several czechoslovak representative that. On munich agreement: inside to their aid and agreements in munich. Vienna Award null and void. What, swing was performed under rent control the military bodies and violated several principles for chess a chaos of nationalities. These facts of discrimination against war, adolf hitler off the agreement in the munich agreement averted the desire for defeating hitler had pacified europe. Were in munich agreement? The agreement in effective aid from heston for presentation to. Australia, the Czechoslovakians were forced to agree. Meanwhile, which was hard they deny in Warsaw. The agreement in britain. They kept very put upon having in general election, and treaty that mass of moderate fat and popular opinion which dreaded war, it needs to offer Iran what it craves: security from foreign intervention. The decision of press Council of Ambassadors has brought the Czechs a bicycle of given land containing a population which have mostly Polish. Chamberlain flies to sacrifice a mediator to assess that morning there may find a chance to enlist british agreement in the munich conference but in england has no thanks for. Adolf Hitler asked his top commanders how many German divisions were on polish border with Czechoslovakia and vehicle ready to move drink a twelve hour window.
    [Show full text]
  • I.G. Farben's Petro-Chemical Plant and Concentration Camp at Auschwitz Robert Simon Yavner Old Dominion University
    Old Dominion University ODU Digital Commons History Theses & Dissertations History Summer 1984 I.G. Farben's Petro-Chemical Plant and Concentration Camp at Auschwitz Robert Simon Yavner Old Dominion University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/history_etds Part of the Economic History Commons, and the European History Commons Recommended Citation Yavner, Robert S.. "I.G. Farben's Petro-Chemical Plant and Concentration Camp at Auschwitz" (1984). Master of Arts (MA), thesis, History, Old Dominion University, DOI: 10.25777/7cqx-5d23 https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/history_etds/27 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the History at ODU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in History Theses & Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ODU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 1.6. FARBEN'S PETRO-CHEMICAL PLANT AND CONCENTRATION CAMP AT AUSCHWITZ by Robert Simon Yavner B.A. May 1976, Gardner-Webb College A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Old Dominion University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS HISTORY OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY August 1984 Approved by: )arw±n Bostick (Director) Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Copyright by Robert Simon Yavner 1984 All Rights Reserved Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ABSTRACT I.G. FARBEN’S PETRO-CHEMICAL PLANT AND CONCENTRATION CAMP AT AUSCHWITZ Robert Simon Yavner Old Dominion University, 1984 Director: Dr. Darwin Bostick This study examines the history of the petro­ chemical plant and concentration camp run by I.G.
    [Show full text]
  • Whole Dissertation Hajkova 3
    Abstract This dissertation explores the prisoner society in Terezín (Theresienstadt) ghetto, a transit ghetto in the Protectorate Bohemia and Moravia. Nazis deported here over 140, 000 Czech, German, Austrian, Dutch, Danish, Slovak, and Hungarian Jews. It was the only ghetto to last until the end of Second World War. A microhistorical approach reveals the dynamics of the inmate community, shedding light on broader issues of ethnicity, stratification, gender, and the political dimension of the “little people” shortly before they were killed. Rather than relegating Terezín to a footnote in narratives of the Holocaust or the Second World War, my work connects it to Central European, gender, and modern Jewish histories. A history of victims but also a study of an enforced Central European society in extremis, instead of defining them by the view of the perpetrators, this dissertation studies Terezín as an autarkic society. This approach is possible because the SS largely kept out of the ghetto. Terezín represents the largest sustained transnational encounter in the history of Central Europe, albeit an enforced one. Although the Nazis deported all the inmates on the basis of their alleged Jewishness, Terezín did not produce a common sense of Jewishness: the inmates were shaped by the countries they had considered home. Ethnicity defined culturally was a particularly salient means of differentiation. The dynamics connected to ethnic categorization and class formation allow a deeper understanding of cultural and national processes in Central and Western Europe in the twentieth century. The society in Terezín was simultaneously interconnected and stratified. There were no stark contradictions between the wealthy and majority of extremely poor prisoners.
    [Show full text]
  • The Nahums - a Family’S Journey to Messiah
    MFounded by Ari & Shiraa Sorko-RamozIsraeSince 1976l October 2006 Tishrei - Cheshvan 5766 REPORT The Nahums - A Family’s Journey To Messiah THE NAHUM FAMILY AT CONGREGATION TIFERET YESHUA: BATYA, SHIMON, SHLOMI, MIRYAM, YOSSI (A RELATIVE WHO IS A NEW BELIEVER), SHUA, AVRAHAM, MALKA, OLGA, RONEN By Aaron Allsbrook clothes on their backs. When they arrived at the “nation that was born in a day”o Israel, they faced a new language, a new n the late 1940’s, a young Sephardic Jewish couple economy and a new way of life. They struggled to survive Inamed Shua and Miryam Nahum packed up what financially, and as did most of the new immigrants, they belongings they had and made aliyah (immigration to suffered extreme poverty. But they believed the God of their Israel). Shua and Miryam were born in Tunisia, a small fathers had brought them back to their ancient homeland. North African country where Jews have lived for over 2,300 They settled in a very poor town called Lod o about 12 years. This was a difficult time for all who came in that great miles east of Tel Aviv. They started a family, and over the wave of Sephardic Jewish immigration. When Israel became course of time they had four children o three boys and a girl: a nation, the Muslim hatred turned on the Jews in their varioo Shimon, Shlomi, Avraham and Olga. The town of Lod was ous countries, and they had to escape, often with only the not the best place to raise a family. It was a mixed commuo nity of Jews and Arabs o a wicked place of crime, prostituo or truly happy.
    [Show full text]