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Clermont–Ferrand I UNIVERSITE D’AUVERGNE – CLERMONT–FERRAND I ECOLE DE DROIT Thèse en vue de l’obtention du grade de Docteur Discipline : Droit Public Présentée et soutenue publiquement par MALGORZATA ULLA LA LUSTRATION DANS LES ETATS POSTCOMMUNISTES EUROPEENS 27 mai 2013 JURY Monsieur Aurélien ANTOINE, Professeur à l’Université Jean Monnet-Saint-Étienne, rapporteur Madame Marie-Elisabeth BAUDOIN, Maître de conférences, HDR à l’Université d’Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand I Monsieur Lech GARLICKI, ancien Président de Section à la Cour européenne des droits de l’Homme, Professeur émérite à l’Université de Varsovie, rapporteur Monsieur Jean GICQUEL, Professeur émérite à l’Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne Monsieur Slobodan MILACIC, Professeur émérite à l’Université Montesquieu-Bordeaux IV Monsieur Dominique TURPIN, Professeur à l’Université d’Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand I, Président honoraire de l’Université d’Auvergne, Doyen honoraire de la Faculté de droit, directeur de thèse UNIVERSITE D’AUVERGNE – CLERMONT–FERRAND I ECOLE DE DROIT Thèse en vue de l’obtention du grade de Docteur Discipline : Droit Public Présentée et soutenue publiquement par MALGORZATA ULLA LA LUSTRATION DANS LES ETATS POSTCOMMUNISTES EUROPEENS 27 mai 2013 JURY Monsieur Aurélien ANTOINE, Professeur à l’Université Jean Monnet-Saint-Étienne, rapporteur Madame Marie-Elisabeth BAUDOIN, Maître de conférences, HDR à l’Université d’Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand I Monsieur Lech GARLICKI, ancien Président de Section à la Cour européenne des droits de l’Homme, Professeur émérite à l’Université de Varsovie, rapporteur Monsieur Jean GICQUEL, Professeur émérite à l’Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne Monsieur Slobodan MILACIC, Professeur émérite à l’Université Montesquieu-Bordeaux IV Monsieur Dominique TURPIN, Professeur à l’Université d’Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand I, Président honoraire de l’Université d’Auvergne, Doyen honoraire de la Faculté de droit, directeur de thèse REMERCIEMENTS Je tiens à adresser ma profonde gratitude et mes sincères remerciements à toutes les personnes dont l’aide et le soutien m’ont permis de mener à terme ma recherche et tout particulièrement à : - Monsieur le Professeur Dominique Turpin, mon Directeur de thèse, pour la confiance qu’il m’a témoigné, pour ses conseils avisés et le savoir qu’il m’a transmis ainsi que sa présence durant ce parcours. - Madame et Messieurs les Professeurs qui me font l’honneur de participer à mon jury. - Monsieur Miroslaw Granat, Professeur de droit et Juge constitutionnel, Monsieur Wojciech Jaruzelski, Général de l’Armée et ancien Président de la République de Pologne, Monsieur Tadeusz Mazowiecki, ancien Premier ministre polonais, Monsieur Adam Michnik, ancien opposant au régime communiste, Monsieur Wiktor Osiatynski, Professeur de droit, Monsieur Andrzej Rzepczynski, Professeur de droit et Président du Tribunal constitutionnel : les entretiens qu’ils ont bien voulu m’accorder, m’ont permis d’approfondir mes connaissances juridiques en matière de lustration et de comprendre le contexte politique de l’époque. - Madame Danuta Przywara, Présidente de la Fondation d’Helsinki à Varsovie, Monsieur Adam Bodnar, Docteur en droit, membre de la gérance de la Fondation, Messieurs Pawel Osik et Mikolaj Pietrzak, Avocats, coordinateurs du Programme « Les droits de l’Homme et les règlements de comptes avec le passé », qui m’ont accueillie pour un stage très instructif. - Je tiens également à remercier Monsieur Bartosz Kuswik, Docteur en histoire de l’Institut de la mémoire nationale à Poznan, Pierre Henri Paulet, mon collègue pour la relecture de ma thèse toujours avec une extrême gentillesse, Monsieur Cezary Lusinski, diplomate en poste près de l’ONU à Genève, Ministère des affaires étrangères de la République de Pologne, Monsieur Petr Houdek du Parlement de la République tchèque ainsi que mes collègues doctorants. - Merci à mon époux pour son soutien sans faille. A mes proches SOMMAIRE SOMMAIRE ____________________________________________________________________________ 1 LISTE DES ABBREVIATIONS ____________________________________________________________ 3 INTRODUCTION GENERALE ___________________________________________________________ 11 PREMIERE PARTIE : LA LUSTRATION – REFLET DE LA DECOMPOSITION DE L’ETAT COMMUNISTE ________________________________________________________________________ 41 TITRE I. LA LUSTRATION COMME MESURE DE DEMANTELEMENT DU REGIME COMMUNISTE ______________ 43 Chapitre I. La lustration, réponse originale des Etats d’Europe centrale et de l’Est à l’héritage du régime précédent (approche comparative) ............................................................................................................... 45 Chapitre II. La lustration en Pologne – une réponse spécifique ................................................................ 127 TITRE II. LA LUSTRATION COMME UNE DES FORMES DE JUSTICE TRANSITIONNELLE CARACTERISTIQUES DES ETATS POSTCOMMUNISTES ______________________________________________________________ 239 Chapitre I. Les formes de justice transitionnelle à portée individuelle ...................................................... 243 Chapitre II. Les formes de justice transitionnelle à portée générale .......................................................... 313 DEUXIEME PARTIE : LE CONTROLE DE LA LUSTRATION – REFLET DE L’EUROPEANISATION ________________________________________________________________ 387 TITRE I. LA LUSTRATION, VECTEUR DE L’ETAT DE DROIT ______________________________________ 389 Chapitre I. La justice constitutionnelle face à la lustration ........................................................................ 391 Chapitre II. Le rôle des organisations non gouvernementales dans la défense des victimes de la lustration : l’exemple de la Fondation d’Helsinki des droits de l’Homme .................................................................. 453 TITRE II. LA LUSTRATION, OBSTACLE A L’ETAT DE DROIT ______________________________________ 507 Chapitre I. L’encadrement des mesures de démantèlement des régimes communistes dans le cadre du Conseil de l’Europe ................................................................................................................................... 509 Chapitre II. L’encadrement des procédures de lustration par la Cour européenne des droits de l’Homme 557 CONCLUSION GENERALE ____________________________________________________________ 619 ANNEXES ___________________________________________________________________________ 6255 BIBLIOGRAPHIE ____________________________________________________________________ 6445 INDEX ______________________________________________________________________________ 6988 TABLE DES MATIERES ______________________________________________________________ 7055 1 2 LISTE DES ABBREVIATIONS A AC - Accord du Centre (en polonais : Porozumienie Centrum) ADLE - Alliance des Démocrates et des Libéraux pour l’Europe (groupe politique au Parlement européen) AFDI - Annuaire Français de Droit International aff. - affaire AGD - Alliance de la gauche démocratique (en polonais : Sojusz Lewicy Demokratycznej) ALE - Alliance libre européenne (groupe politique au Parlement européen) art. - article AVH - Autorité de protection de l'État (en hongrois : Államvédelmi Hatóság) B BdL - Bureau de lustration (en polonais : Biuro Lustracyjne) BdV - Fédération des expulsés (en allemand : Bund der Vertriebenen) BGBI - Journal officiel de la République fédérale d’Allemagne (en allemand : Bundesgesetzblatt) BIP - Bulletin d’information publique (en polonais : Biuletyn Informacji Publicznej) BIPN - Bulletin de l’Institut de la mémoire nationale (en polonais : Biuletyn Instytutu Pamieci Narodowej) BIPPCz - Bulletin d’information du Programme des droits de l’Homme et les règlements des comptes avec le passé (en polonais : Biuletyn Informacyjny Programu Prawa Czlowieka a rozliczenia z przeszloscia) BIRE - Bulletin d’information du Conseil de l’Europe (en polonais : Biuletyn Informacji Rady Europy) BSiE - Bureau d’études et expertise (en polonais : Biuro Studiow i Ekspertyz) BOE - Bulletin officiel d’Etat (en espagnol : Boletín Oficial del Estado) C c. - contre CER - Central Europe Review CdL - Cour de lustration (en polonais : Sad Lustracyjny) CdS - contact de service (en polonais : kontakt sluzbowy) CDU - Union chrétienne - démocrate d’Allemagne (en allemand: Christlich Demokratische Union Deutschlands) CEDH - Convention européenne des droits de l’Homme (Convention de sauvegarde des Droits de l’Homme et des Libertés fondamentales) CEFRES - Centre français de recherche en sciences sociales CERI - Centre d’études et de recherches internationales CFLN - Comité Français de Libération Nationale CLD - Congrès libéral - démocratique (en polonais : Kongres Liberalno-Demokratyczny) CMSN - Conseil militaire de la sauvegarde nationale (en polonais : Wojskowa Rada Ocalenia Narodowego) CNA - Conseil national des avocats (en polonais : Naczelna Rada Adwokacka) CNE - Conseil national de l’Etat (en polonais : Krajowa Rada Narodowa) CNM - Conseil national de la magistrature (en polonais : Krajowa Rada Sadownictwa) CNRS - Centre national de la recherche scientifique 3 CONADEP - Commission nationale sur les disparitions des personnes (en espagnol : Comisión Nacional sobre la Desaparición de Personas) CPA - Autorité provisoire de Coalition (en anglais : Coalition Provisional Authority) CPI - Cours pénale internationale CPI - Confédération de la Pologne Independante (en polonais: Konfederacja Polski Niepodleglej) CrEDH - Cour européenne des droits de l’HommeCSU - Union chrétienne
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