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Cooperation Between Intelligence and Security Systems of German COOPERATION BETWEEN INTELLIGENCE AND SECURITY SYSTEMS OF GERMAN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC AND YUGOSLAVIA Dr. sc. Gordan Akrap Summary: Intelligence and security system of GDR and Yugoslavia, despite the fact that it might look strange, did not have significant level of cooperation. The main reason for that was a huge political and ideological difference on political level. Each of them had their own, “unique”, way to create socialist society under the leadership of Communist party in power. But, despite the fact that they did not had any significant cooperation, both of those systems were established and organised according Russian intelligence and security systems. Repression against their citizens was one of the main similarities between those two systems. Due to the existence of the documents in German BStU it is possible to research their relations in those time of Cold war conflict, and huge antagonism between NATO and WB. Keywords: GDR, DDR, BRD, FRG, Yugoslavia, SFRJ, intelligence and security systems, Stasi, UDB-a, SDB, SED, SKJ, communist party, repression . 1 INTRODUCTION ) 201 ) 2 (1 Constant conflicts of various imperialistic policies with the 2 - 1 aim of gaining political, military and economic superiority over the opponent marked, especially in Europe, marked last century. These conflicts led to two world wars that have caused enormous human and material destruction with strong short- and long-term consequences for the involved states. In Europe had happened also several low-intensity conflicts that have not led to the involvements (or in direct conflict) significant number of states. Therefore, effects of those conflicts had limited (political and territorial) consequences. One can say that Germany is one of those states that marked the twentieth century: times of wars, time between wars as well as during the Cold War. As a result of agreement between victor states in the 2nd World War, the defeated Third Reich was divided into four occupation zones which where governed by: the U.S., UK, France, and the NATIONAL THE FUTURE SECURITYAND Soviet Union. After the representatives of the Third Reich signed an unconditional surrender, Allied troops withdrawn to previously agreed areas of Germany in which they took over the task of organizing the administration system. Those areas became the foundation of two German states: West Germany (Federal Republic of Germany, internationally known as FRG or in German language, BRD), and East Germany (German Democratic Republic, internationally known as GDR or in German language DDR). Political, economic, and social system including institutions of, lately named, West Germany where organized and managed by the U.S., Britain and France. East Germany become part of the Soviet zone of interest and as such introduces socialism as a form of organization of state and society. In this paper, we will give a basic organization of intelligence-security and justice systems of GDR, compare it with the same systems in the former Yugoslavia and describe level of co-operation of those systems during their existence. To illustrate those relationships, we will show a number of official documents created in the institutions of the GDR in from 1973rd to 1987th, which are part of the archives of the former Ministry of State Security (MfS) GDR and are available for scientific research. 36 Please note that these are mostly one-sided (from the position of the GDR) vision of relations with Yugoslavia. However, the documents offer quality and sustainable quantity of information so the conclusions can be reliable. Creation of GDR A border between two German states was also the line of direct and intense Cold War conflict between two strongly opposing military-political blocs: NATO and the Warsaw bloc. Soviet occupation zone (SOZ), at the 7.10.1949., declared the existence of GDR. SED (Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands - Socialist Unity Party of Germany) has become, and soon the only, political force in the country. Soviet commander Army General Vasily Čujkov at the 14.1.1950 decided to close the internment camps in GDR where, by the end of the war until 1950, "interned" around 154 000 German and 35 000 foreign nationals. The largest camps of detained persons, out of 12, were Buchenwald, Sachsenhausen and Bautzen. One of the important milestones in the development of the GDR took place in a time 16.-19.6.1953., three months after Stalin’s death, when strike began in East Berlin. A tion between intelligence and security systems of GDR and GDR SFRJ of systems and security and intelligence between tion strike on 17th of June expanded through the GDR, and led to strong repression that has resulted in the arresting of 6057 persons and more then one hundred of human 1 Coopera casualties . On 17.6., at 13.00 hours, soviet military commander Major General Dibrov has declared a state of emergency in East Berlin. With intention to spread the truth about the situation in this part of Germany about the revolt G. Akrap:G. against Soviet influence, against imposition of socialism and difficult working conditions and living in the Soviets occupied part, government of FRG released a commemorative postage stamps2 (Fig. 1 ). 1 Wolf, 2004., page 51. 2 Deutsche Post Berlin, URL: http://www.ebay.de/itm/Berlin-110-111-zarter- Stempel-919-/260649236906?pt=Briefmarke&hash=item3cafe7b9aa, 7.7.2012. 37 . 1 ) 201 ) 2 (1 2 - 1 Figure 1 Postage stamps issued by the post office of West Berlin (Deutsche Post Berlin) on the occasion of a strike in East Berlin and the GDR of the 17.6.1953. The judicial system Judicial system in the GDR was under the complete control NATIONAL THE FUTURE SECURITYAND of SED. The judicial employees have conducted politics and justice in accordance with ideological position of the party leadership: The dictatorship of the proletariat in accordance with democratic centralism. They were part of a complex, numerous and brutal repression system against, as they called it in countries with communist parties in power: the class enemy. During the existence of the GDR, were between 200 000 and 250 000 sentences issued by the politically motivated judges. Immediately after the unification of the two German states, the judicial system was placed under the full supervision of the judicial and State Attorney's Office of West Germany. Those members of judicial system that did not respected human rights and violated them were fired from their posts; some of them were prosecuted. However, those “prosecutors and judges involved in the judgment with very high penalties for purely political offences, have been accused of perversion of justice."3 3 Koehler, J.O., bBNET, The CBS Interactive business Network, East Germany: The Stasi and De-Stasification, Demokratizatsiya, Summer, 2004., URL:http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3996/is_200407/ai_n9409113/, 20.6.2010. 38 Intelligence and security system of GDR Intelligence and security system (ISS) of FRG was under the direct supervision of, mainly, the USA, while in the GDR was under the direct supervision of the Soviet Union. In the process of creating a new system, FRG hired some high-and middle-ranking members of the Third Reich, especially those who where, as it was general Gehlen, in their actions directed toward the USSR. In the GDR, however, the ISS was under the full control of former Communist Party members who become members of the SED. One of their key tasks was, as defined by the Minister Mielke, "the struggle against political and ideological sabotage"4. It was the communist cadres, trained in the Soviet security services and Comintern, which organized the repressive system modelled by the infamous Soviet Cheka. Intelligence and security services of GDR effectively used the "personal Third Reich history” of the West German officers and officials in order to destabilize FRG, shaken the confidence of its citizens in the new institutions, undermined the international reputation, to achieve a better unity on their own side. Although the GDR citizens (16 million of them) were also citizens of the Third Reich, and although a significant number of leading figures of the communist GDR tion between intelligence and security systems of GDR and GDR SFRJ of systems and security and intelligence between tion came from the area "remained" in the FRG, the responsibility for the World War II almost completely transferred to the FRG. The conflict of these two "national" but completely different ideological systems was a logical Coopera consequence of the global Cold War conflict. While in the FRG, slowly but surely, civil institutions were established in accordance with the democratic traditions of G. Akrap:G. multiparty parliamentary democracy, in the GDR was created the communist system by imposing a "dictatorship of the proletariat" and the one-party totalitarianism modelled by the Soviet Union. MfS (Ministerium für Staatsicherheit - Ministry for State Security) was, by merging of existing effectives, established on 8.2.1950. Later, MfS became known as Stasi. External intelligence service of GDR was established 16.8.1951 under the name “Institut fr wirtschaftswissenschaftliche Forschung am Ministerium fr Auswaertige Angelegenheiten" - "Institute for economic and scientific research at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs". Eight German citizens and four Soviet advisers founded it5. The Institute 4 Gieseke, 2000., page 33. 5 Wolf, 2004., page 37. 39 . 1 became part of the MfS's at 1953 as the "Department X". On 1.5.1956 was renamed as "HV A" (Hauptverwaltung ) 201 ) Aufklrung - Main Intelligence Directorate). 2 (1 MfS precursor was part of the criminal police established 2 - by the Soviet authorities, known as the K5 (which functioned 1 as political police). The task of K5 employees was a "struggle against the elements and anti-Soviet spies"6 in the Soviet occupation zone and their handing over to Soviet authorities. In June of 1949, K5 had 1600 employees.
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