The Berlin Wall: the Inner-German Border 1961-89 Free
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Like a Magic Trick, the End of the Cold War Fooled and Baffled Its Audience
SS Cold war February 2005 Monotonicity Paradoxes, Mutual Cooperation, and the End of the Cold War: Merging History and Theory Thomas Schwartz• and Kiron K. Skinner♦ February 2005 1 Introduction Like a magic trick, the end of the Cold War fooled and baffled its audience. It happened in full view of scholars and statesmen, yet it flouted all their expectations and left them wondering how and why. Not only why, but why then. If, by 1988 or so, the rulers of Russia saw no profit in projecting power west and south and maintaining a tight grip on Eastern Europe, why had they continued to do just that for so long? And not only how, but who: was Ronald Reagan lucky to be president then, or were we lucky he was president then? Professor Robert Keohane sharpened the puzzle about Ronald Reagan in remarks to Kiron Skinner in the late 1990s: “The assessment [of Ronald Reagan’s presidency] was so bad but the outcome [of the Cold War] was so good.” He then suggested she attempt to marry the historical account she was interested in with a more theoretical analysis of power and cooperation. To this end, she has joined forces with formal theorist Thomas Schwartz of UCLA. • Professor, Department of Political Science, University of California at Los Angeles. ♦ Assistant Professor, Department of Social and Decision Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, and Research Fellow, Hoover Institution at Stanford University. Skinner is a member of Secretary Donald Rumsfeld’s Defense Policy Board and the Chief of Naval Operations Executive Panel. The views expressed in this paper do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the United States government. -
The Victims at the Berlin Wall, 1961-1989 by Hans-Hermann Hertle/Maria Nooke August 2011
Special CWIHP Research Report The Victims at the Berlin Wall, 1961-1989 By Hans-Hermann Hertle/Maria Nooke August 2011 Forty-four years after the Berlin Wall was built and 15 years after the East German archives were opened, reliable data on the number of people killed at the Wall were still lacking. Depending on the sources, purpose, and date of the studies, the figures varied between 78 (Central Registry of State Judicial Administrations in Salzgitter), 86 (Berlin Public Prosecution Service), 92 (Berlin Police President), 122 (Central Investigation Office for Government and Unification Criminality), and more than 200 deaths (Working Group 13 August). The names of many of the victims, their biographies and the circumstances in which they died were widely unknown.1 This special CWIHP report summarizes the findings of a research project by the Center for Research on Contemporary History Potsdam and the Berlin Wall Memorial Site and Documentation Center which sought to establish the number and identities of the individuals who died at the Berlin Wall between 1961 and 1989 and to document their lives and deaths through historical and biographical research.2 Definition In order to provide reliable figures, the project had to begin by developing clear criteria and a definition of what individuals are to be considered victims at the Berlin Wall. We regard the “provable causal and spatial connection of a death with an attempted escape or a direct or indirect cause or lack of action by the ‘border organs’ in the border territory” as the critical factor. In simpler terms: the criteria are either an attempted escape or a temporal and spatial link between the death and the border regime. -
THE CYPRUS GREEN LINE – BRIDGING the GAP by Zachariasantoniades the Cyprus Buffer Zone Divides the Old City of Nicosia Into North and South • Abstract
Ch llenges for a new future THE CYPRUS GREEN LINE – BRIDGING GAP By Zacharias Antoniades The Cyprus buffer zone divides the old city of Nicosia into North and South • Abstract ............................... 06 • Introduction: Brief story of Nicosia ............................... 08 • "Borders are the scars of history". ............................... 14 • Lessons from Berlin ............................... 20 • Is a border purely a point of division, or can it also become one of contact between two ............................... 26 different cultures? Contents • “Third-spaces create space for envisioning ............................... 32 changes in divided cities” • The appropriate program for the appropriate ............................... 36 building. • Conclusion ............................... 42 • Bibliography ............................... 45 • Websites ............................... 47 3 4 Abstract Since 1974, Cyprus, the country that I call home has been divided in two parts, separating the two major ethnicities of the island (Greeks and Turks). In between these north and south parts lies the well-known Cyprus Buffer zone that to this day expresses the realities of the armed conflict that took place there four decades ago. This buffer zone rep- resents the lack of communication and mistrust that exists between the two ‘rival’ sides. As a Cypriot designer I felt the need to come up with an appropri- ate project that will bring people closer together, giving them the chance to communicate, debate, exchange knowledge and views and generally understand the needs of each side leading to a better and smoother social and cultural blend thus making it easier for the people to digest any future plans of total reunification. In order to get inspiration and a better understanding of how to deal with such situations I examined borders and their evolvement at differ- ent scales and contexts, but also looking at various peace-promoting projects in conflict zones. -
Strangers at Home: North Koreans in the South
STRANGERS AT HOME: NORTH KOREANS IN THE SOUTH Asia Report N°208 – 14 July 2011 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...................................................................................................... i I. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 1 II. CHANGING POLICIES TOWARDS DEFECTORS ................................................... 2 III. LESSONS FROM KOREAN HISTORY ........................................................................ 5 A. COLD WAR USES AND ABUSES .................................................................................................... 5 B. CHANGING GOVERNMENT ATTITUDES ......................................................................................... 8 C. A CHANGING NATION .................................................................................................................. 9 IV. THE PROBLEMS DEFECTORS FACE ...................................................................... 11 A. HEALTH ..................................................................................................................................... 11 1. Mental health ............................................................................................................................. 11 2. Physical health ........................................................................................................................... 12 B. LIVELIHOODS ............................................................................................................................ -
Walls and Fences: a Journey Through History and Economics
A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Vernon, Victoria; Zimmermann, Klaus F. Working Paper Walls and Fences: A Journey Through History and Economics GLO Discussion Paper, No. 330 Provided in Cooperation with: Global Labor Organization (GLO) Suggested Citation: Vernon, Victoria; Zimmermann, Klaus F. (2019) : Walls and Fences: A Journey Through History and Economics, GLO Discussion Paper, No. 330, Global Labor Organization (GLO), Essen This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/193640 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. may exercise further usage rights as specified in the indicated licence. www.econstor.eu Walls and Fences: A Journey Through History and Economics* Victoria Vernon State University of New York and GLO; [email protected] Klaus F. Zimmermann UNU-MERIT, CEPR and GLO; [email protected] March 2019 Abstract Throughout history, border walls and fences have been built for defense, to claim land, to signal power, and to control migration. -
Aftermath: Accounting for the Holocaust in the Czech Republic
Aftermath: Accounting for the Holocaust in the Czech Republic Krista Hegburg Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERISTY 2013 © 2013 Krista Hegburg All rights reserved Abstract Aftermath: Accounting for the Holocaust in the Czech Republic Krista Hegburg Reparations are often theorized in the vein of juridical accountability: victims of historical injustices call states to account for their suffering; states, in a gesture that marks a restoration of the rule of law, acknowledge and repair these wrongs via financial compensation. But as reparations projects intersect with a consolidation of liberalism that, in the postsocialist Czech Republic, increasingly hinges on a politics of recognition, reparations concomitantly interpellate minority subjects as such, instantiating their precarious inclusion into the body po litic in a way that vexes the both the historical justice and contemporary recognition reparatory projects seek. This dissertation analyzes claims made by Czech Romani Holocaust survivors in reparations programs, the social work apparatus through which they pursued their claims, and the often contradictory demands of the complex legal structures that have governed eligibility for reparations since the immediate aftermath of the war, and argues for an ethnographic examination of the forms of discrepant reciprocity and commensuration that underpin, and often foreclose, attempts to account for the Holocaust in contemporary Europe. Table of Contents Acknowledgments ii Introduction 1 Chapter 1 18 Recognitions Chapter 2 74 The Veracious Voice: Gypsiology, Historiography, and the Unknown Holocaust Chapter 3 121 Reparations Politics, Czech Style: Law, the Camp, Sovereignty Chapter 4 176 “The Law is Such as It Is” Conclusion 198 The Obligation to Receive Bibliography 202 Appendix I 221 i Acknowledgments I have acquired many debts over the course of researching and writing this dissertation. -
Cooperation Between Intelligence and Security Systems of German
COOPERATION BETWEEN INTELLIGENCE AND SECURITY SYSTEMS OF GERMAN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC AND YUGOSLAVIA Dr. sc. Gordan Akrap Summary: Intelligence and security system of GDR and Yugoslavia, despite the fact that it might look strange, did not have significant level of cooperation. The main reason for that was a huge political and ideological difference on political level. Each of them had their own, “unique”, way to create socialist society under the leadership of Communist party in power. But, despite the fact that they did not had any significant cooperation, both of those systems were established and organised according Russian intelligence and security systems. Repression against their citizens was one of the main similarities between those two systems. Due to the existence of the documents in German BStU it is possible to research their relations in those time of Cold war conflict, and huge antagonism between NATO and WB. Keywords: GDR, DDR, BRD, FRG, Yugoslavia, SFRJ, intelligence and security systems, Stasi, UDB-a, SDB, SED, SKJ, communist party, repression . 1 INTRODUCTION ) 201 ) 2 (1 Constant conflicts of various imperialistic policies with the 2 - 1 aim of gaining political, military and economic superiority over the opponent marked, especially in Europe, marked last century. These conflicts led to two world wars that have caused enormous human and material destruction with strong short- and long-term consequences for the involved states. In Europe had happened also several low-intensity conflicts that have not led to the involvements (or in direct conflict) significant number of states. Therefore, effects of those conflicts had limited (political and territorial) consequences. -
Rise of Totalitarianism Ch
RISE OF TOTALITARIANISM CH. 14.1-Revolutions in Russia Objective Review 1. What led to the Russian Revolution? 2. What was the March Revolution? 3. What were Lenin’s reforms? Bolshevik Revolution • Lenin returns: Lenin in disguise, Petrograd, April 1917 w/o beard – Germany knows Lenin would stir unrest • Hurt Russian war effort • Returns in armored RR car, under German protection –* “Peace, Land, and Bread” Bolsheviks in Power • Red Guard – Armed Bolshevik enforcers • Arrest Provisional govt. officials, later disappear… • Royal family Murdered • * Russians support Bolsheviks -Call for Immediate peace with the Germans in WWI – Peasants receive farmland – Workers control factories – March 1918 sign Treaty of Brest-Litovsk Civil War Rages in Russia 1918-1920 • Red Army 1920 Lenin cleanses the earth – Bolsheviks • Vladimir Lenin is leader – Leon Trotsky military genius – Joseph Stalin political genius • White Army – Any one who was not a Bolshevik – Western nations, U.S. (sent aid) • Bolsheviks victorious • 14 million die (Due to Revolution) Lenin Restores Order • Lenin needs to restore industry • 1921 New Economic Policy (NEP) – Major industries, banks, ran by the state – Some small businesses, foreign investment encouraged – 1928 econ. back to pre- WWI levels Political Reforms • Nationalism seen as a threat Karl Marx 1818-1883 – Russia organized into small, self ran republics Known as: Union of Soviet Socialist Republics AKA: USSR, or Soviet Union • Bolshevik party becomes the Communist Party – Idea from Karl Marx – Est. dictatorship of the Communist Party not of the proletariat like Marx said Stalin Becomes dictator • 1922 Lenin suffers Leon Trotsky stroke – Who will take power? • Trotsky or Stalin • 1922-1929 struggle Joseph Stalin ensues – 1929 Stalin (political genius) forces Trotsky into exile – Stalin becomes leader (dictator) ET FINISH ALL NOTES 55…#13…BUT WAIT FOR MORE INSTRUCTIONS! Totalitarianism Chapter 14, Section 2 What is Totalitarianism? • A government that takes total control over every aspect of public and private life. -
Schießbefehl and the Issues of Retroactivity Within the East German Border Guard Trials Keegan Mcmurry Western Oregon University, [email protected]
Western Oregon University Digital Commons@WOU Student Theses, Papers and Projects (History) Department of History 2018 Schießbefehl and the Issues of Retroactivity Within the East German Border Guard Trials Keegan McMurry Western Oregon University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.wou.edu/his Part of the Diplomatic History Commons, European History Commons, Legal Commons, and the Political History Commons Recommended Citation McMurry, Keegan, "Schießbefehl and the Issues of Retroactivity Within the East German Border Guard Trials" (2018). Student Theses, Papers and Projects (History). 264. https://digitalcommons.wou.edu/his/264 This Paper is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of History at Digital Commons@WOU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Student Theses, Papers and Projects (History) by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons@WOU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Schießbefehl1 and the Issues of Retroactivity Within the East German Border Guard Trials Keegan J. McMurry History 499: Senior Seminar June 5, 2018 1 On February 5th, 1989, 20-year old Chris Gueffroy and his companion, Christian Gaudin, were running for their lives. Tired of the poor conditions in the German Democratic Republic and hoping to find better in West Germany, they intended to climb the Berlin Wall that separated East and West Berlin using a ladder. A newspaper account states that despite both verbal warnings and warning shots, both young men continued to try and climb the wall until the border guards opened fire directly at them. Mr. Gaudin survived the experience after being shot, however, Mr. -
Jason Johnson on States of Division: Border and Boundary
Sagi Schaefer. States of Division: Border and Boundary Formation in Cold War Rural Germany. New York: Oxford University Press, 2014. 288 pp. $99.00, cloth, ISBN 978-0-19-967238-7. Reviewed by Jason Johnson Published on H-German (December, 2016) Commissioned by Jeremy DeWaal Sagi Schaefer’s book centers on the Cold War the creation of the Iron Curtain. Schaefer now inner-German border through the Eichsfeld re‐ brings a focus on the rural. gion, a rural Catholic enclave in central Germany. Schaefer’s fve chapters thus “foreground the His work continues the important historiographi‐ rural character of the borderlands …. roughly re‐ cal thread of moving beyond Berlin to investigate flecting the experience of farmers” (p. 11). The events and processes of German division that first chapter focuses on the early years of division have been, as Schaefer has written elsewhere, —1945-52—as occupation zonal frontiers crystal‐ “hidden behind the Wall.”[1] Scholarly analysis of lized into the 1949 border between the Federal Re‐ the rural border dividing Germany, stretching public and the German Democratic Republic more than eight hundred miles, has until recent (GDR). Schaefer persuasively illustrates that in the years been largely overshadowed by the division Eichsfeld, “Western economic reconstruction was of Berlin. the most powerful motor of division in those Anthropologist Daphne Berdahl’s pioneering years” (pp. 15-16). Chapter 2 then turns to the wa‐ work Where the World Ended (1999) on the thou‐ tershed year 1952 when the GDR removed thou‐ sand-person East German border community Kel‐ sands from its borderland and began to seal its la helped spark more scholarly interest in the frontier. -
Defecting from Autocracy: Evidence from North Korea and a Simulation
Defecting from Autocracy: Evidence from North Korea and a Simulation Model1 Alexander Dukalskis, University College Dublin Johan A. Elkink, University College Dublin Hang Xiong, ETH Zurich 11 June 2017 Work in progress Prior to the 1990s defection from North Korea was extremely rare. This changed with the famine that devastated North Korea during the mid-1990s and today over 30,000 North Koreans reside in South Korea while perhaps as many or more live in China. This paper proposes an agent-based simulation model to explore the dynamics of defection from North Korea. Methodologically, the challenge lies in the small proportion of the actual population that defects. Defection is a contagious process, whereby successful defections encourage further defections, but nevertheless remains at an extremely low rate. To model a realistic proportion of defection, the implementation of the simulation will have to allow for a large number of agents, whose behavior will have to be simulated. We model the entire North Korean population based on demographic and economic characteristics, as well as national economic dynamics. We investigate the direct and indirect impacts of the famine that occurred in the mid-1990s nationwide as a systematic shock, which substantially changed the landscape of defection from the country in its aftermath. Simulations are run for a large number of replications to evaluate the robustness and consistency of the simulation findings and are calibrated to the empirical record of defection from North Korea from 1992 to 2014. The simulation results suggest that the North Korean regime has been reducing its repression levels over time, but also that originally individual North Koreans were relatively optimistic about their chances of success and that based on observed defection attempts, they have updated their expectations to more accurately reflect the actual levels of repression. -
Espionage Against the United States by American Citizens 1947-2001
Technical Report 02-5 July 2002 Espionage Against the United States by American Citizens 1947-2001 Katherine L. Herbig Martin F. Wiskoff TRW Systems Released by James A. Riedel Director Defense Personnel Security Research Center 99 Pacific Street, Building 455-E Monterey, CA 93940-2497 REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved OMB No. 0704-0188 The public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing the burden, to Department of Defense, Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports (0704- 0188), 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to any penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number. PLEASE DO NOT RETURN YOUR FORM TO THE ABOVE ADDRESS. 1. REPORT DATE (DDMMYYYY) 2. REPORT TYPE 3. DATES COVERED (From – To) July 2002 Technical 1947 - 2001 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER 5b. GRANT NUMBER Espionage Against the United States by American Citizens 1947-2001 5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER 6. AUTHOR(S) 5d. PROJECT NUMBER Katherine L. Herbig, Ph.D. Martin F. Wiskoff, Ph.D. 5e. TASK NUMBER 5f. WORK UNIT NUMBER 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8.