DOCSLIB.ORG

Pcr 419 Course Title: International Politics of the Cold War (1945

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Pcr 419 Course Title: International Politics of the Cold War (1945 NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA SCHOOL OF ARTS AND SOCIAL SCIENCE COURSE CODE: PCR 419 COURSE TITLE: INTERNATIONAL POLITICS OF THE COLD WAR (1945 - 1991) 1 PCR 419 INTERNATIONAL POLITICS OF THE COLD WAR (1945 - 1991) Course Developer/Writer: Mathias Jarikre Peace Studies and Conflict Resolution School of Arts and Social Sciences National Open University of Nigeria Course Editor Course Coordinator Mathias Jarikre Peace Studies and Conflict Resolution School of Arts and Social Sciences National Open University of Nigeria 2 NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA National Open University of Nigeria University Village Plot 91, Cadastral Zone Nnamdi Azikiwe Expressway Jabi, Abuja Nigeria Lagos Office 14/16 Ahmadu Bello Way Victoria Island, Lagos E-mail: [email protected] URL: www.nouedu.net Published by: National Open University of Nigeria Printed 2017 ISBN: All Rights Reserved TABLE OF CONTENT Module 1 International Politics of the Cold War Unit 1 International Politics Unit 2 Polarity Unit 3 History of Cold War Unit 4 Chronicles of Cold War Unit 5 Causes and Consequences of the Cold War Module 2 Cold War as Social Conflict Unit 1 Approaches to Cold War Unit 2 Cold War as Social Conflict Unit 3 Iron Curtains Unit 4 Berlin Blockade and Airlift Unit 5 Berlin Wall Module 3 Cold War Strategies Unit 1 Marshall Plan Unit 2 Molotov Plan Unit 3 Containment Unit 4 Deterrence Unit 5 Detente Module 4 Military Alliances and Nuclear Weapons Unit 1 North Atlantic Treaty Organisation Unit 2 Warsaw Pact Unit 3 The Role of Nuclear Weapons Unit 4 Arms Race and Control 3 Unit 5 Cold War Treaties and Agreements 4 MODULE 1 Unit 1 INTERNATIONAL POLITICS Unit 2 POLARITY Unit 3 HISTORY OF COLD WAR Unit 4 CHRONICLES OF COLD WAR Unit 5 CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES OF THE COLD WAR UNIT 1 INTERNATIONAL POLITICS CONTENTS 1.0 Introduction 2.0 Objectives 3.0 Main Body 3.1 Definition of International Politics 3.2 Basic Forms of International Politics: Imperial, Feudal and Anarchic Systems 3.3 The Nexus between Domestic and International Politics 3.4 Views of International Politics (Anarchic) 3.4.1 The Realist 3.4.2 The Liberalist 3.4.3 The Constructivist 3.5 Basic Concepts of International Politics: Actors, Goals and Instruments 4.0 Conclusion 5.0 Summary 6.0 Tutor Marked Assignment 7.0 Reference/Further readings 1.0 INTRODUCTION Today, there are nearly 200 countries in the international system, each can be self absorbed and continue to jealously guard their claim as independent and sovereign states. There are about 300 international governmental organizations, some are global (United Nations - UN), other are regional (European Union -EU, Africa Union – AU, etc) and more numerous are the international nongovernmental organizations (NGO) such as the Human Rights Watch, to the villainous (Al Qaeda) and Multinational corporation (MNCs). Some people are also important key players in their roles as 5 decision makers, protester, voters and other political participant in a state or international organization. 2.0 OBJECTIVES In this unit, students will • Develop a basic understanding of international politics • Become familiar with the forms of international politics and understand why nations behave the way they do in relations to another. • Examine the power politics and the balance of power and the various views about international politics • Improve their ability to synthesize information and think critically as they reflect on the decision making challenges and the choice of policies in relations to domestic or international politics. • Develop oral presentation and written communication skills. 3.0 MAIN BODY 3.1 DEFINITION OF INTERNATIONAL POLITICS International politics in anarchical world is predicated upon countries pursing their self interest as far their power would allow them. This has remained the main thrust of international politics. Like individual citizen in domestic systems, States acts and recognize rules that orchestrate and govern its responsibility to the common good within a considerable freedom, to approach politic with a sense of collective responsibility and the fundamental objectives and directive principles of state policy. International politics and international relations are often used interchangeably. Though, there is a distinction in usage as international politics is used primarily to describe official political relations between governments acting on behalf of their state‖ (Hannessian Jr., 1966). While Interactional Relations, according to Hoffman (1960), ―is concerned with the factors and activities which affect the external policy and the power of the basic units into which the world is divided‖. The distinction between international politics and international relations is imperative because some inter – state relations is not only political and restricted to state actors only. International politics means different thing to different scholars and authors, therefore, let us consider some definitions of international politics. According to Palmer and Perkins, the study of international politics is essentially concerned with the state 6 system. For Hans J. Morgenthan (1966), focuses his analysis of international politics on political relation and on the problem of peace, he went further to state that international politics is straggle for, and use of power among nations. Padclford and Lincoln defined International Politics as ―the interaction of individual nation state in their pursuit of their perceived national interest and goals‖. While Strauzz-Hupe and Possnory conceived International Politics to ―include actions of citizens and the decision of political significant groups.‖ Prakash Chandra while adopting a working definition for his book International Politics defined International Politics ―as a process in which nations try to serve their national interest, which may be in conflict with those of other nations by means of their policies and actions. It will suffice that International Politics in its quintessential is heavily laced with the characteristics of classical world politics to the exclusion of war which has lost its primordial use for resolving international conflicts. Among other things the decisive principles of classical world politics include the acquisition, maintenance and use of power for war as a determinant and evidence of strength. But like salt when it has lost its taste and efficacy is cast away, war has lost its primacy and today, it is being questioned as an instrument of national policy. This is not to suggest the least that there is an end to war because we have not found an alternative to war, also like the use of salt to mankind. Besides, nation states have continued to increase the defense budgetary provision. Essentially, the power politics and the balance of power in world politics is all about Europe because it was all inclusive of the entire world space. Apparently, as the dominant power politics, there was no equals elsewhere in terms of power politics that th can be compared to what was obtained in Europe in the 19 century. The frontiers of European power extended to and dominated the East and the Pacific, South Asia, the East Indies, Indochina, Burma, India, Persia and the Middle East. Similarly, it was not limited to these areas only, but also from Cape Town to Cairo. America was not spared from Europe‘s domination as both south and north were part of European colonial extension and possession. In view of the above backdrop, European power projected throughout the entire world, therefore, the balance of power in Europe means balance of world power. Under this prevailing scenario, whatever political maneuvers and diplomacy employed in the balance of power in Europe involved the th rest of the world. By the end of the 19 century, there was a dramatic shift of events, with the emergence of United States of America and Japan as world power outside the Europe and became an anachronism to speak of balance of power in Europe because of it could no longer self contained. 7 3.2 BASIC FORMS OF INTERNATIONAL POLITICS: IMPERIAL, FEUDAL AND ANARCHIC SYSTEMS There are three basic forms of world politics namely the imperial, feudal and anarchic system of states: IMPERIAL SYSTEM The imperial system is characterized as one dominant government over the th environment/states with which it has contact. The 1 century Roman Empire is a notable example in the western world. Similarly, Spain and France attempted to gain th th sovereign supremacy in west in the 16 and late 17 century respectively. Also, the th British Empire spread the globe in the 19 century even though it had to scramble for partition with other strong states. FEUDAL SYSTEM The feudal system is the second basic form of world politics and involves the local micro-level of authority whereby territorial boundaries is a determinant of human loyalty and political obligation. The feudal system was prevalent after the collapse of the Roman Empire in the medieval period. An individual is obliged in loyalty to local authority and lord as well as duty bound in service to another. For instance, the belief system in Christendom permits an individual loyalty to be extended to some Bishop/Lord or Pope in Canterbury and Rome. Political obligations were determined to a large extent by what happened to one‘s superior. The political authority in the very nature of the feudal system meant that sovereignty did not exist legally, but in fact, did exist. This is because commoners had little or no author as they were th considered as subject. However, by the 13 century, with the military technology and economic expansion the feudal system had began to wane with the emergence of a new political order with a dramatic transformation of the intentional system, based on territorially defined states whose sovereignty made them equals legally. (John J. Rouke, 2006). ANARCHIC SYSTEM The third basic from of international politics is anarchic system of state. It is made up of relatively cohesive states with no superintendent government over them.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Victims at the Berlin Wall, 1961-1989 by Hans-Hermann Hertle/Maria Nooke August 2011
    Special CWIHP Research Report The Victims at the Berlin Wall, 1961-1989 By Hans-Hermann Hertle/Maria Nooke August 2011 Forty-four years after the Berlin Wall was built and 15 years after the East German archives were opened, reliable data on the number of people killed at the Wall were still lacking. Depending on the sources, purpose, and date of the studies, the figures varied between 78 (Central Registry of State Judicial Administrations in Salzgitter), 86 (Berlin Public Prosecution Service), 92 (Berlin Police President), 122 (Central Investigation Office for Government and Unification Criminality), and more than 200 deaths (Working Group 13 August). The names of many of the victims, their biographies and the circumstances in which they died were widely unknown.1 This special CWIHP report summarizes the findings of a research project by the Center for Research on Contemporary History Potsdam and the Berlin Wall Memorial Site and Documentation Center which sought to establish the number and identities of the individuals who died at the Berlin Wall between 1961 and 1989 and to document their lives and deaths through historical and biographical research.2 Definition In order to provide reliable figures, the project had to begin by developing clear criteria and a definition of what individuals are to be considered victims at the Berlin Wall. We regard the “provable causal and spatial connection of a death with an attempted escape or a direct or indirect cause or lack of action by the ‘border organs’ in the border territory” as the critical factor. In simpler terms: the criteria are either an attempted escape or a temporal and spatial link between the death and the border regime.
    [Show full text]
  • Nato Enlargement and Central Europe a Study in Cml-Military Relations Nato Enlargement and Central Europe a Study in Cml-Military Relations
    NATO ENLARGEMENT AND CENTRAL EUROPE A STUDY IN CML-MILITARY RELATIONS NATO ENLARGEMENT AND CENTRAL EUROPE A STUDY IN CML-MILITARY RELATIONS by Jeffrey Simon 1996 Institute For National Strategic Studies National Defense University National Defense University Press Publications To increase general knowledge and inform discussion, the Institute for National Strategic Studies, through its publication arm the NDU Press, publishes McNair Papers; proceedings of University- and Institute-sponsored symposia; books relating to U.S. national security, especially to issues of joint, combined, or coalition warfare, peacekeeping operations, and national strategy; and a variety of briefer works designed to circulate contemporary comment and offer alternatives to current poli- cy. The Press occasionally publishes out-of-print defense classics, historical works, and other especially timely or distinguished writing on national security. Opinions, conclusions, and recommendations expressed or implied within are sole- ly those of the authors, and do not necessarily represent the views of the National Defense University, the Department of Defense, or any other U.S. Government agency. Cleared for public release; distribution unlimited. Portions of this book may be quoted or reprinted without permission, provided that a standard source credit line is included. NDU Press would appreciate a courtesy copy of reprints or reviews. Many NDU Press publications are sold by the U.S. Government Printing Otiice. For ordering information, call (202) 783-3238 or write to the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Oflqce, Washington, DC 20402. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Simon,Jeffrey, 1942- NATO enlargement and Central Europe: a study in civil-military relations / Jeffrey Simon.
    [Show full text]
  • New Documents on Mongolia and the Cold War
    Cold War International History Project Bulletin, Issue 16 New Documents on Mongolia and the Cold War Translation and Introduction by Sergey Radchenko1 n a freezing November afternoon in Ulaanbaatar China and Russia fell under the Mongolian sword. However, (Ulan Bator), I climbed the Zaisan hill on the south- after being conquered in the 17th century by the Manchus, Oern end of town to survey the bleak landscape below. the land of the Mongols was divided into two parts—called Black smoke from gers—Mongolian felt houses—blanketed “Outer” and “Inner” Mongolia—and reduced to provincial sta- the valley; very little could be discerned beyond the frozen tus. The inhabitants of Outer Mongolia enjoyed much greater Tuul River. Chilling wind reminded me of the cold, harsh autonomy than their compatriots across the border, and after winter ahead. I thought I should have stayed at home after all the collapse of the Qing dynasty, Outer Mongolia asserted its because my pen froze solid, and I could not scribble a thing right to nationhood. Weak and disorganized, the Mongolian on the documents I carried up with me. These were records religious leadership appealed for help from foreign countries, of Mongolia’s perilous moves on the chessboard of giants: including the United States. But the first foreign troops to its strategy of survival between China and the Soviet Union, appear were Russian soldiers under the command of the noto- and its still poorly understood role in Asia’s Cold War. These riously cruel Baron Ungern who rode past the Zaisan hill in the documents were collected from archival depositories and pri- winter of 1921.
    [Show full text]
  • Perspectives on Nicaragua's Foreign Trade
    Ian Goldin and Roberto Pizarro Between 1950 and 1977, the proportion of land Introduction devoted to food production fell from 75 per cent to 50 per cent and the domestic terms of trade moved The July 1979 revolutionary triumph of the Frente sharply against domestic food producers [Gibson Sandinista Liberacion Nacional (FSLN) carried with 1987:20]. Small food producers were consistently it a promise to transform economic relations to the neglected by thestate and excluded from the advantage of ordinary working people. The economy favourable credit,tariff and technical assistance which the Sandinistas inherited was characterised by a programmes which pampered the development of dependence on agro-exports and a virtual absence of a agro-exports. By 1979, land, labour, technical inputs domestic manufacturing base.It was a classical and other scarce resources had been directed towards example of a peripheral, underdeveloped country, in production for the international market. which the growth of agro-exports reproduced the The main elements of the FSLN's post-revolutionary power of an oligarchy, undermining the position of the economic programme were outlined in their first majority of the population. major economic document - the 1980 'Plan for The Sandinistas'revolutionary programme was Reactivation for the Benefit of the People'. The premised on a continuing foreign exchange require- objectives of the external sector were: ment. Imported basic foodstuffs, medicines, tractors to initiate a programme to stimulate and increase and thousands of other imported items were integral the supply of revenue from the international to the transformation of social relations. Furthermore, market, while reorientating the utilisation of these commitments to electrification and the expansion of revenues in theservices of thepeople, and transport and agricultural services presupposed a contributing to the process of eliminating all forms supply of fuel and capital good imports.
    [Show full text]
  • On Polish and Soviet Military Topographic Maps
    Polish Cartographical Review Vol. 52, 2020, no. 3, pp. 124–139 DOI: 10.2478/pcr-2020-0011 EUGENIUSZ SOBCZYŃSKI Received: 2.11.2020 Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń Accepted: 28.12.2020 Faculty of History Toruń, Poland orcid.org/0000-0002-4092-940X; [email protected] ADAM SZULCZEWSKI Żyrardów, Poland orcid.org/0000-0002-2519-4513; [email protected] Camouflaging of areas occupied by units of the Soviet Army Northern Group of Forces (NGF) on Polish and Soviet military topographic maps Abstract. The authors present the political conditions in Poland after World War II which influenced the development of military topographic maps. The article shows examples of camouflaging on topographic maps of garrisons and field facilities occupied in Poland by the Northern Group of Forces of the Soviet Army (NGF). Keywords: military topographic maps, camouflaging military facilities, Northern Group of Forces of the Soviet Army (NGF) 1. Introduction These Soviet activities also extended to the area of mapping. In the countries of the In order to explain the secrets of camouflaging Eastern Bloc, within one to two years, legal on topographic maps of military facilities, it is acts modelled on Soviet solutions were intro- necessary to outline the political and military con- duced. The first such act, which limited the ditions which accompanied their development. free development of mapping in Poland, was After World War II, as a result of the decisions the decree of April 26, 1948 on the right to take of the leaders of world powers, Poland found aerial photos. In the following year (October 26, itself within new borders.
    [Show full text]
  • Reagan and the Soviet Union: Competing Military Strategies, 1980-1988
    4 Reagan and the Soviet Union: Competing Military Strategies, 1980-1988 David M. Glantz This essay evaluates the policies and military strategy introduced by U.S. Pres- ident Ronald Reagan vis-à-vis the Soviet Union, within the context of over forty years of intense strategic competition called the Cold War. The Cold War remained “cold” because the two competing countries emerged from the World War as victorious superpower with unchallenged military capabilities and un- precedented territories either under their control or within their spheres of in- fluence. Despite sharply differing ideologies and political systems, the United States and Soviet Union understood the risks and potential costs of war, espe- cially after both became atomic powers by the late 1940s. Both recognized that deliberately unleashing a world war was no longer a rational act. Given this unique constraint, the ensuing completion became a prolonged game of strategic “cat and mouse,” as the two counties jockeyed with each other for a more advantageous position militarily, politically, and economically. The instruments of this game were specific military strategies governing the nature of the competition and setting limits on the countries’ military actions, all of which acknowledged that the nuclear balance was quite literally a mutually-rec- ognized balance of terror. David M. Glantz, “Reagan and the Soviet Union: Competing Military Strategies, 1980-1988,” Essay, Enduring Legacy Project, John A. Adams ’71 Center for Military History & Strategic Analysis, Virginia Military Institute, 2014. 2 Conventional wisdom concerning the Cold War maintains that this “cat and mouse” game played out successfully, that is, relatively peacefully, because neither side was willing to violate the constraints imposed by this balance of ter- ror.
    [Show full text]
  • Schießbefehl and the Issues of Retroactivity Within the East German Border Guard Trials Keegan Mcmurry Western Oregon University, [email protected]
    Western Oregon University Digital Commons@WOU Student Theses, Papers and Projects (History) Department of History 2018 Schießbefehl and the Issues of Retroactivity Within the East German Border Guard Trials Keegan McMurry Western Oregon University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.wou.edu/his Part of the Diplomatic History Commons, European History Commons, Legal Commons, and the Political History Commons Recommended Citation McMurry, Keegan, "Schießbefehl and the Issues of Retroactivity Within the East German Border Guard Trials" (2018). Student Theses, Papers and Projects (History). 264. https://digitalcommons.wou.edu/his/264 This Paper is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of History at Digital Commons@WOU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Student Theses, Papers and Projects (History) by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons@WOU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Schießbefehl1 and the Issues of Retroactivity Within the East German Border Guard Trials Keegan J. McMurry History 499: Senior Seminar June 5, 2018 1 On February 5th, 1989, 20-year old Chris Gueffroy and his companion, Christian Gaudin, were running for their lives. Tired of the poor conditions in the German Democratic Republic and hoping to find better in West Germany, they intended to climb the Berlin Wall that separated East and West Berlin using a ladder. A newspaper account states that despite both verbal warnings and warning shots, both young men continued to try and climb the wall until the border guards opened fire directly at them. Mr. Gaudin survived the experience after being shot, however, Mr.
    [Show full text]
  • Inside the Volcano – a Curriculum on Nicaragua
    Inside the Volcano: A Curriculum on Nicaragua Edited by William Bigelow and Jeff Edmundson Network of Educators on the Americas (NECA) P.O. Box 73038 Washington, DC 20056-3038 Network of Educators' Committees on Central America Washington, D.C. About the readings: We are grateful to the Institute for Food and Development Policy for permission to reproduce Imagine You Were A Nicaraguan (from Nicaragua: What Difference Could A Revolution Make?), Nicaragua: Give Change a Chance, The Plastic Kid (from Now We Can Speak) and Gringos and Contras on Our Land (from Don’t Be Afraid, Gringo). Excerpt from Nicaragua: The People Speak © 1985 Bergin and Garvey printed with permission from Greenwood Press. About the artwork: The pictures by Rini Templeton (pages 12, 24, 26, 29, 30, 31, 38, 57 60, 61, 66, 74, 75, 86, 87 90, 91. 101, 112, and the cover) are used with the cooperation of the Rini Templeton Memorial Fund and can be found in the beautiful, bilingual collection of over 500 illustrations entitled El Arte de Rini Templeton: Donde hay vida y lucha - The Art of Rini Templeton: Where there is life and struggle, 1989, WA: The Real Comet Press. See Appendix A for ordering information. The drawing on page 15 is by Nicaraguan artist Donald Navas. The Nicaraguan Cultural Alliance has the original pen and ink and others for sale. See Appendix A for address. The illustrations on pages 31, 32 and 52 are by Nicaraguan artist Leonicio Saenz. An artist of considerable acclaim in Central America, Saenz is a frequent contributor to Nicar&uac, a monthly publication of the Nicaraguan Ministry of Culture.
    [Show full text]
  • Jason Johnson on States of Division: Border and Boundary
    Sagi Schaefer. States of Division: Border and Boundary Formation in Cold War Rural Germany. New York: Oxford University Press, 2014. 288 pp. $99.00, cloth, ISBN 978-0-19-967238-7. Reviewed by Jason Johnson Published on H-German (December, 2016) Commissioned by Jeremy DeWaal Sagi Schaefer’s book centers on the Cold War the creation of the Iron Curtain. Schaefer now inner-German border through the Eichsfeld re‐ brings a focus on the rural. gion, a rural Catholic enclave in central Germany. Schaefer’s fve chapters thus “foreground the His work continues the important historiographi‐ rural character of the borderlands …. roughly re‐ cal thread of moving beyond Berlin to investigate flecting the experience of farmers” (p. 11). The events and processes of German division that first chapter focuses on the early years of division have been, as Schaefer has written elsewhere, —1945-52—as occupation zonal frontiers crystal‐ “hidden behind the Wall.”[1] Scholarly analysis of lized into the 1949 border between the Federal Re‐ the rural border dividing Germany, stretching public and the German Democratic Republic more than eight hundred miles, has until recent (GDR). Schaefer persuasively illustrates that in the years been largely overshadowed by the division Eichsfeld, “Western economic reconstruction was of Berlin. the most powerful motor of division in those Anthropologist Daphne Berdahl’s pioneering years” (pp. 15-16). Chapter 2 then turns to the wa‐ work Where the World Ended (1999) on the thou‐ tershed year 1952 when the GDR removed thou‐ sand-person East German border community Kel‐ sands from its borderland and began to seal its la helped spark more scholarly interest in the frontier.
    [Show full text]
  • Philip L. Wickeri, Ed. Philip L. Wickeri's Edited Volume, Unfinished
    book reviews 353 Philip L. Wickeri, ed. Unfinished History: Christianity and the Cold War in East Asia. (Leipzig: Evangelische Verlagsanstalt, 2016), pp. 283, isbn 978-3-374-04074-2. Philip L. Wickeri’s edited volume, Unfinished History, consists of papers that were presented in the conference, “Christianity and the Cold War in East Asia, 1945–1990,” at the Lutheran Theological Seminary in Hong Kong in April 2014. In the “Introduction,” Wickeri states that there is the need to examine the im- pact of the Cold War on Christianity in Asia. He says that “the time for more careful study is long overdue” (p. 10). In “Religion and us Policy towards China during the Early Cold War,” Qiang Zhai examines how religion affected the United States’ policies towards China in the 1940s and 1950s, highlighting the cultural aspects of international relations. The emphasis is on how Christianity influenced policymaking in the United States. In “Changing Perceptions and Interpretations of the Cold War,” Peter Chen-main Wang focuses on the Na- tional Christian Council of China, which was a major Christian institute, and the perception of its leaders from 1945 to 1949. Philip L. Wickeri’s article, “’Cold War Religion’ and the Protestant Churches in East Asia and the West,” studies what the author calls the “Cold War Religion” and the “unfinished history” of the impact on the region. In “The Survival of the ‘Instrument,’” Weiqing Hu explores the different ways in which the churches in Shantou adopted to maintain their survival before the Cultural Revolution. Then Fuk-tsang Ying, in “Voices from the Bamboo Curtain,” studies the 132 letters written from individual listeners in mainland China to the Far East Broadcasting Company (febc) in Hong Kong from 1959 to 1968.
    [Show full text]
  • Cold War Vocab Packet
    Aftermath of World War II Term/Person/Event Definition Processing World Bank Why is this an important te rm to remember about Created by US and 43 the Aftermath of WWII? other nations to provide development and reconstruction loans United Nations Find three additional facts about this organization. A new international peacekeeping organization formed after WWII Nuremberg War Crimes Find three additional facts about this event. Trials A series of trials in 1945 and 1946 in which former Nazi leaders were convicted of war crimes GI Bill of Rights Why is this an important term to remember about the Aftermath of WWII? Provided federal funds to help returning GIs transition to civilian life. Isolationism How can you best remember the meaning of this word? A government policy of not taking part in economic and political alliances or relations with other countries Internationalism What are three examples of h ow the United States took an internationalist approach after WWII? A policy of creating strong economic and diplomatic ties between nations Universal Declaration of How can you best remember the meaning of this Human Rights word? Affirmed the rights to life, liberty, and equality before the law and to freedom of religion, expression, and assembly Origins of the Cold War Term/Person/Event Definition Processing How can you best remember the meaning of Cold War The struggle between the this term? Communist world led by the Soviet Union and the non- Communist world led by the U.S. Yalta Conference What important decisions were made at this conference? Roosevelt, Stalin, and Churchill met at this conference in the Soviet city of Yalta to plan for the end of WWII.
    [Show full text]
  • Soviet Policies Toward the Cuban and Nicaraguan Revolutions
    SOVIET POLICIES TOWARD THE CUBAN AND NICARAGUAN REVOLUTIONS: A COMPARISON By SHANNON JOAN SELIN B.A.(Hons.), The University of Saskatchewan, 1985 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES Department of Political Science We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA August 1986 ©Shannon Joan Selin, 1986 In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the head of my department or by his or her representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Department of Mit-icod Sden^e The University of British Columbia 1956 Main Mall Vancouver, Canada V6T 1Y3 Date Aatjuir ^57 l*8(> ABSTRACT This thesis compares Soviet policy toward the Cuban revolution during the period 1959 to 1962 with that toward the Nicaraguan revolution from 1979 to the present in order to determine if the oft-levelled accusation that Nicaragua is "another Cuba" holds true. The initial Soviet reactions to the revolutions, subsequent Soviet economic, political, and military support for the new regimes, and the Soviet response to Cuban and Nicaraguan ideological declarations are examined, as is the effect of the revolutions on Soviet doctrine and on the Soviet prognosis for revolutionary success in Latin America.
    [Show full text]