The Berlin Wall: How It Rose, How It Fell, and Its Relevance to Current Events
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Japan Between the Wars
JAPAN BETWEEN THE WARS The Meiji era was not followed by as neat and logical a periodi- zation. The Emperor Meiji (his era name was conflated with his person posthumously) symbolized the changes of his period so perfectly that at his death in July 1912 there was a clear sense that an era had come to an end. His successor, who was assigned the era name Taisho¯ (Great Righteousness), was never well, and demonstrated such embarrassing indications of mental illness that his son Hirohito succeeded him as regent in 1922 and re- mained in that office until his father’s death in 1926, when the era name was changed to Sho¯wa. The 1920s are often referred to as the “Taisho¯ period,” but the Taisho¯ emperor was in nominal charge only until 1922; he was unimportant in life and his death was irrelevant. Far better, then, to consider the quarter century between the Russo-Japanese War and the outbreak of the Manchurian Incident of 1931 as the next era of modern Japanese history. There is overlap at both ends, with Meiji and with the resur- gence of the military, but the years in question mark important developments in every aspect of Japanese life. They are also years of irony and paradox. Japan achieved success in joining the Great Powers and reached imperial status just as the territo- rial grabs that distinguished nineteenth-century imperialism came to an end, and its image changed with dramatic swiftness from that of newly founded empire to stubborn advocate of imperial privilege. Its military and naval might approached world standards just as those standards were about to change, and not long before the disaster of World War I produced revul- sion from armament and substituted enthusiasm for arms limi- tations. -
THE CYPRUS GREEN LINE – BRIDGING the GAP by Zachariasantoniades the Cyprus Buffer Zone Divides the Old City of Nicosia Into North and South • Abstract
Ch llenges for a new future THE CYPRUS GREEN LINE – BRIDGING GAP By Zacharias Antoniades The Cyprus buffer zone divides the old city of Nicosia into North and South • Abstract ............................... 06 • Introduction: Brief story of Nicosia ............................... 08 • "Borders are the scars of history". ............................... 14 • Lessons from Berlin ............................... 20 • Is a border purely a point of division, or can it also become one of contact between two ............................... 26 different cultures? Contents • “Third-spaces create space for envisioning ............................... 32 changes in divided cities” • The appropriate program for the appropriate ............................... 36 building. • Conclusion ............................... 42 • Bibliography ............................... 45 • Websites ............................... 47 3 4 Abstract Since 1974, Cyprus, the country that I call home has been divided in two parts, separating the two major ethnicities of the island (Greeks and Turks). In between these north and south parts lies the well-known Cyprus Buffer zone that to this day expresses the realities of the armed conflict that took place there four decades ago. This buffer zone rep- resents the lack of communication and mistrust that exists between the two ‘rival’ sides. As a Cypriot designer I felt the need to come up with an appropri- ate project that will bring people closer together, giving them the chance to communicate, debate, exchange knowledge and views and generally understand the needs of each side leading to a better and smoother social and cultural blend thus making it easier for the people to digest any future plans of total reunification. In order to get inspiration and a better understanding of how to deal with such situations I examined borders and their evolvement at differ- ent scales and contexts, but also looking at various peace-promoting projects in conflict zones. -
Walls and Fences: a Journey Through History and Economics
A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Vernon, Victoria; Zimmermann, Klaus F. Working Paper Walls and Fences: A Journey Through History and Economics GLO Discussion Paper, No. 330 Provided in Cooperation with: Global Labor Organization (GLO) Suggested Citation: Vernon, Victoria; Zimmermann, Klaus F. (2019) : Walls and Fences: A Journey Through History and Economics, GLO Discussion Paper, No. 330, Global Labor Organization (GLO), Essen This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/193640 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. may exercise further usage rights as specified in the indicated licence. www.econstor.eu Walls and Fences: A Journey Through History and Economics* Victoria Vernon State University of New York and GLO; [email protected] Klaus F. Zimmermann UNU-MERIT, CEPR and GLO; [email protected] March 2019 Abstract Throughout history, border walls and fences have been built for defense, to claim land, to signal power, and to control migration. -
John F. Kennedy and Berlin Nicholas Labinski Marquette University
Marquette University e-Publications@Marquette Master's Theses (2009 -) Dissertations, Theses, and Professional Projects Evolution of a President: John F. Kennedy and Berlin Nicholas Labinski Marquette University Recommended Citation Labinski, Nicholas, "Evolution of a President: John F. Kennedy and Berlin" (2011). Master's Theses (2009 -). Paper 104. http://epublications.marquette.edu/theses_open/104 EVOLUTION OF A PRESIDENT: JOHN F. KENNEDYAND BERLIN by Nicholas Labinski A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School, Marquette University, in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts Milwaukee, Wisconsin August 2011 ABSTRACT EVOLUTION OF A PRESIDENT: JOHN F. KENNEDYAND BERLIN Nicholas Labinski Marquette University, 2011 This paper examines John F. Kennedy’s rhetoric concerning the Berlin Crisis (1961-1963). Three major speeches are analyzed: Kennedy’s Radio and Television Report to the American People on the Berlin Crisis , the Address at Rudolph Wilde Platz and the Address at the Free University. The study interrogates the rhetorical strategies implemented by Kennedy in confronting Khrushchev over the explosive situation in Berlin. The paper attempts to answer the following research questions: What is the historical context that helped frame the rhetorical situation Kennedy faced? What rhetorical strategies and tactics did Kennedy employ in these speeches? How might Kennedy's speeches extend our understanding of presidential public address? What is the impact of Kennedy's speeches on U.S. German relations and the development of U.S. and German Policy? What implications might these speeches have for the study and execution of presidential power and international diplomacy? Using a historical-rhetorical methodology that incorporates the historical circumstances surrounding the crisis into the analysis, this examination of Kennedy’s rhetoric reveals his evolution concerning Berlin and his Cold War strategy. -
Dou-Shuu-Sei and the Capital System
Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism vol.65 March 2008 Dou-shuu-sei and the capital system Kiyotaka Yokomichi, professor at the National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies Capital-related issues under the dou-shuu-sei system Recently, controversy surrounding dou-shuu-sei is becoming heated again. Dou-shuu-sei is a regional sys- tem where Japan is divided into blocks (dou and shuu) that are larger than current prefectures, establishing com- prehensive regional governmental bodies. The 28th Local Government System Research Council, which is an advisory body for the Prime Minister, sub- mitted the Report on the Modality of the Dou-shuu-sei Regional System (hereinafter referred to as the Report) in February 2006. The Report points out that implementing dou-shuu-sei is appropriate, considering it as a reform reflecting the national structure of Japan. The Report also points out that dou-shuu-sei should follow the following three basic policies : 1. Abolishing prefectures (to, dou, fu, and ken) and establishing dou and shuu 2. Dou and shuu are upper-level regional government blocks 3. All of Japan is divided into approximately ten blocks (dou and shuu) (The Report suggests three zoning examples, where Japan is divided into 9, 11, or 13 blocks) The government has formed the Dou-shuu-sei Vision Forum, which is working to develop Dou-shuu-sei Visions. Their visions will probably follow the three basic policies mentioned above. If dou- shuu-sei with these policies is implemented, the Tokyo Metropolitan Government will be abolished, and Kanto-shuu will be established instead. (According to the zoning examples of the Report, it will be Kanto-Koshinetsu-shuu in the case of 9 regions, and Minami-Kanto- shuu in the cases of 11 and 13 regions). -
Laikinoji Sostine.Indd
THE TEMPORARY CAPITAL IN LITHUANIAN LITERATURE Summary The object of this study is the temporary capital of Lithuania – not the historical Kaunas of the interwar period, but its literary coun- terpart created in accordance with the distinctive principles of the world of art. Literature not only captures the specific characteristics of the citys’s reality, but also encompasses the relations of individual and collective consciousness with a particular urban space of a par- ticular period. Therefore, literature allows the reader a glimpse at the temporary capital through the eyes of its contemporaries – writers who were forced to either become post-war émigrés or live under Soviet rule, whereas to the literary historian it provides the materi- als needed to reconstruct the development of the literary image of interwar Kaunas. One of the main methodological backings of this study is the concept of the Petersburg text developed by Vladimir Toporov of the Moscow-Tartu school of semiotics. Following Toporov’s example, this study focuses on those works of literature that not only reflect the empirics and realities of the temporary capital, but also reveal the mythopoetic interpretation of the city. In them, empiric reality gives way to a historiosophical summary that conveys the very essence and uniqueness of the city. Even though Toporov’s methodological instruments for analys- ing the literary city are, in many aspects, useful when examining the temporary capital in Lithuanian literature, they cannot be used 277 without reservations as it was created with Petersburg in mind and heeds the specifics of the city’s founding and historical develop- ment. -
Aftermath: Accounting for the Holocaust in the Czech Republic
Aftermath: Accounting for the Holocaust in the Czech Republic Krista Hegburg Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERISTY 2013 © 2013 Krista Hegburg All rights reserved Abstract Aftermath: Accounting for the Holocaust in the Czech Republic Krista Hegburg Reparations are often theorized in the vein of juridical accountability: victims of historical injustices call states to account for their suffering; states, in a gesture that marks a restoration of the rule of law, acknowledge and repair these wrongs via financial compensation. But as reparations projects intersect with a consolidation of liberalism that, in the postsocialist Czech Republic, increasingly hinges on a politics of recognition, reparations concomitantly interpellate minority subjects as such, instantiating their precarious inclusion into the body po litic in a way that vexes the both the historical justice and contemporary recognition reparatory projects seek. This dissertation analyzes claims made by Czech Romani Holocaust survivors in reparations programs, the social work apparatus through which they pursued their claims, and the often contradictory demands of the complex legal structures that have governed eligibility for reparations since the immediate aftermath of the war, and argues for an ethnographic examination of the forms of discrepant reciprocity and commensuration that underpin, and often foreclose, attempts to account for the Holocaust in contemporary Europe. Table of Contents Acknowledgments ii Introduction 1 Chapter 1 18 Recognitions Chapter 2 74 The Veracious Voice: Gypsiology, Historiography, and the Unknown Holocaust Chapter 3 121 Reparations Politics, Czech Style: Law, the Camp, Sovereignty Chapter 4 176 “The Law is Such as It Is” Conclusion 198 The Obligation to Receive Bibliography 202 Appendix I 221 i Acknowledgments I have acquired many debts over the course of researching and writing this dissertation. -
Capital Controls and Foreign Exchange Policy
WORKING PAPER SERIES NO 1415 / FEBRUARY 2012 CAPITAL CONTROLS AND FOREIGN EXCHANGE POLICY by Marcel Fratzscher In 2012 all ECB publications feature a motif taken from the €50 banknote. NOTE: This Working Paper should not be reported as representing the views of the European Central Bank (ECB). The views expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily refl ect those of the ECB. Acknowledgements Prepared for the 15th Annual Conference of the Banco Central de Chile on “Capital Mobility and Monetary Policy”. I am grateful to Norman Loayza, my discussant, and conference participants for comments and discussions, and Bogdan Bogdanov for excellent help with the data preparation. Views expressed in this paper are those of the author and do not necessarily refl ect those of the European Central Bank. Marcel Fratzscher at European Central Bank, Kaiserstrasse 29, 60311 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; e-mail: [email protected] © European Central Bank, 2012 Address Kaiserstrasse 29, 60311 Frankfurt am Main, Germany Postal address Postfach 16 03 19, 60066 Frankfurt am Main, Germany Telephone +49 69 1344 0 Internet http://www.ecb.europa.eu Fax +49 69 1344 6000 All rights reserved. ISSN 1725-2806 (online) Any reproduction, publication and reprint in the form of a different publication, whether printed or produced electronically, in whole or in part, is permitted only with the explicit written authorisation of the ECB or the authors. This paper can be downloaded without charge from http://www.ecb.europa.eu or from the Social Science Research Network electronic library at http://ssrn.com/abstract_id=1991084. -
Yemen: War Amongst Divided Alliances 1 Executive Summary
Contents Executive Summary 2 Divisions on Each Side 3 Coalition woes in Aden . 4 Collapse of the Houthi-Saleh Alliance . 6 A Lasting Siege 7 The Nihm Offensive Towards Sanaa . 7 Breakthrough at Bayhan . 8 Operation Golden Spear. 9 Stalemate in Midi . 10 Progress in Jawf . 10 The Coalition Air Campaign . 11 Houthi Missile Capabilities . 12 Al Qaeda and the Islamic State . 15 Yemen: War Amongst Divided Alliances 1 www.force-analysis.com Executive Summary Over the months of December 2017 and January 2018, both the Houthi Movement and the internationally recognized government of Yemen under President Hadi have gone through unprecedented challenges to the cohesion of their respective alliances within the Yemen conflict. In Sanaa, the Houthi Movement did see a definitive break with loyalists of former President Saleh, though was also able to retain significant support from military units, tribal elements and political factions. As such, the crisis in the Houthi alliance led to a temporary disruption of Houthi capabilities, but has not caused a general collapse. Just less than two months later, the city of Aden witnessed intense fighting between the Southern Resistance and troops loyal to the government of President Hadi. While fighting between these groups has occurred before in Aden, the recent fighting witnessed an aggressive and successful conquest of Aden by the Southern Resistance. The reliance of both these actors on external support, however, keeps Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates in a position to mitigate the effects of this internal conflict. The inherent conflict between the Southern Movement and the government of President Hadi continues to be a source of friction within the coalition ranks, and is likely to re-emerge. -
Cooperation Between Intelligence and Security Systems of German
COOPERATION BETWEEN INTELLIGENCE AND SECURITY SYSTEMS OF GERMAN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC AND YUGOSLAVIA Dr. sc. Gordan Akrap Summary: Intelligence and security system of GDR and Yugoslavia, despite the fact that it might look strange, did not have significant level of cooperation. The main reason for that was a huge political and ideological difference on political level. Each of them had their own, “unique”, way to create socialist society under the leadership of Communist party in power. But, despite the fact that they did not had any significant cooperation, both of those systems were established and organised according Russian intelligence and security systems. Repression against their citizens was one of the main similarities between those two systems. Due to the existence of the documents in German BStU it is possible to research their relations in those time of Cold war conflict, and huge antagonism between NATO and WB. Keywords: GDR, DDR, BRD, FRG, Yugoslavia, SFRJ, intelligence and security systems, Stasi, UDB-a, SDB, SED, SKJ, communist party, repression . 1 INTRODUCTION ) 201 ) 2 (1 Constant conflicts of various imperialistic policies with the 2 - 1 aim of gaining political, military and economic superiority over the opponent marked, especially in Europe, marked last century. These conflicts led to two world wars that have caused enormous human and material destruction with strong short- and long-term consequences for the involved states. In Europe had happened also several low-intensity conflicts that have not led to the involvements (or in direct conflict) significant number of states. Therefore, effects of those conflicts had limited (political and territorial) consequences. -
Music Education in Taiwan Taiwan (Officially Named the Republic
CHAPTER FOUR MUSIC EDUCATION IN TAIWAN Taiwan (officially named the Republic of China; hereafter the ROC) is bordered on the east by the Pacific Ocean and on the west by the For- mosa Strait, which separates it from mainland China by over 100 km. During the Ming dynasty (1368–1644), in the sixteenth century, there were only a few Han immigrants living in Taiwan, which was populated mainly by Malayo-Polynesian aborigines who had been living there for thousands of years. The first Europeans to visit Taiwan were the Por- tuguese, who arrived in 1590 and were so impressed with the island that they called it Formosa, which means “beautiful” in Latin. Dutch traders came to Taiwan in 1623 and used the island as a base for com- mercial activities with Japan and coastal areas of China. The following year, Taiwan became a Dutch colony. The Dutch East India Company administered the island and its predominantly aboriginal population until 1662, establishing a tax system and schools, in which aboriginal languages were taught using romanized scripts (Blusse and Everts, 2000; Campbell, 1915). In 1664 the Ming resistance forces directed by Zheng Cheng-gong (also known as Koxinga) expelled the Dutch and set up a local Chinese government in Taiwan (Li, 2009). It was the first time for Taiwan to be incorporated into the Chinese Empire. Taiwan was thus incorporated into the Chinese Empire for the first time. In 1895, the Japanese defeated the Manchus in the Sino-Japanese War; Taiwan was ceded to Japan under the Treaty of Shimonosek, and remained under its control until 1945. -
Berlin Wall Mural 1986 ———— Paint on Wall, 91.44 Metres ————
LOST Theme Keith Haring 1958–1990 ART Transient Berlin Wall Mural 1986 ———— Paint on wall, 91.44 metres ———— Berlin Wall Between 1949 and 1961 approximately 3.5 million people, or twenty per cent of the population, escaped from East Germany to the West. Most slipped through the border controls in Berlin, then a divided city controlled by four occupying powers (America, Britain, France and Russia). Concerned at the rising numbers of defectors and the effects on the economy and the image of the communist regime, the East German government erected in 1961 first a barbed wire fence and then a concrete wall with watch towers and anti-vehicle trenches. Called by the East German authorities the ‘Anti-Fascist Protection Rampart’ (with the implication that West Germany had not been fully de-Nazified), and described occasionally by the West Berlin city government as the ‘Wall of Shame’ (because of its prevention of movement, and consequent separation, of friends and families), the Berlin Wall became a potent symbol of the Iron Curtain separating East and West Europe. Some East Germans continued to try to escape over the wall but generally failed: between one and two hundred people were killed in the attempt, or used the wall as a place to commit suicide, from 1961 to 1989. Checkpoint Charlie – or, officially, Checkpoint C – was one of the more visible controlled border crossings between East and West Berlin. Featured in a number of classic spy films and books, it became something of a tourist attraction for visitors to West Berlin. As the years passed, artists and graffitists painted on the western side of the wall, notwithstanding the dangers of antagonising the East German soldiers guarding it (the wall stood a couple of metres inside the East German border).