NEW GENERATION HIGH SCHOOL
MIRYALGUDA. PHONE NO: 241 447
NEW GENERATION SPOKEN ENGLISH
FUNDAMENTAL GRAMMAR & EXRCISES
2008
NEW GENERATION HIGH SCHOOL MLG NALGONDA R O A D NEW GENERATION
SPOKEN ENGLISH & FUNDAMENTAL GRAMMAR
y Grammar is the measurement of language.
y Grammar can only tell you whether the language is correctly spoken or written. It is the only scale for a correct language.
* Tense tells us about the sense of time in a sentence.
1) Present Tense 2) Past Tense 3) Future Tense.
A sentence has sense and tense of its own.
Ex. Jack is heading towards his target.
Def: Subject; somebody who does work is a subject in a sentence.
Predicate. It tells us about the action or state of the subject in a sentence.
E.g. She does her duty for the sake of her parents.
Object: Over which a work is done is called an object in a sentence.
Ex. Shelly cracks plates in the hall.
Plates is an object.
Partition of a sentence according its uses is called ͚parts of speech͛
There are 8 parts of speech in the English language.
They are 1. Noun 2. Pronoun 3. Adjective 4. Verb
5. Adverb 6.Preposition 7. Conjunction 8. Interjection.
EXERCISE NO. -1
Name the Parts of Speech of the italic words
1. Help the poor students. 2. Let us continue the study.
3. Little Jack Horner sat in a corner.
4. Karna was a great warrior.
5. Wisdom is better than strength.
6. Anger is one letter short of danger.
7. Temper is the most valuable thing don͛t lose it.
8. Humpty Dumpty sat on a wall.
9. Sincerity never goes waste.
10. Life is a challenge, face it.
11. She wept an ocean of tears.
12. Napolean was a very great Emperor.
13. Wherever you go, I shall meet you.
14. Accept the truth of life or you may suffer.
15. You should cross the river.
16. A person who manages is a manager.
17. A person who teaches is a teacher.
1. A NOUN is a word used as the name of a person, place, or thing;
All that you can see, feel or think is a Noun. e.g David, London, pencil, happiness, etc.
Kinds of Nouns : 1. Proper Nouns 2. Common nouns
3. Collective Nouns 4 Abstract nouns
1. Proper Noun is the name of some particular person or place, thing, animal ,etc.
They are always written with a capital letter at the beginning.
Example: Delhi is the capital city of India Napolean was a great commander.
They are sometimes used as Common Nouns;
Ex: Rama, Delhi., The Mahabharatha.
2. Common Noun is a name given in common to every person or thing of the same class or kind.
3. A Collective noun is the name of a number of person or things taken together and spoken of as one whole.
Eg: army, herd, pack, crowd, mob, flock, fleet, jury, nation, committee, parliament.
4. A quality or feeling or idea which we can feel but we cannot touch is called an
Abstract Noun
Quality: Bravery, kindness, goodness, honesty, etc.
Action: Laugher, hatred, behavior, theft.etc.
State: Brotherhood, boyhood, death, sleep, youth, slavery, etc
5. A Noun that denotes a male is the Masculine gender.
E.g. boy. Brother, father, prince.
b) A Noun that denotes a female is the Feminine gender.
E.g. girl, sister, mother, princess.
c) Noun that denotes both male and female is the common gender.
e.g. cousin friend, student, baby.
d) A Noun that denotes a non living being is Neuter gender. e.g.: book, room, plant, pen.
Material Noun: A material noun is the name of a material existing in the nature.
1. The ornament is made of gold 2. Cotton is good for skin.
3. Take this milk before you go to bed.
EXERCISE NO. 2
Find out ͚Nouns͛ from the following sentences and tell their kinds also
1. A burnt child dreads the fire.
2. Little jack Horner sat in a corner.
3. Napolean, who is the most honourable French, died at Helena.
4. A rolling stone gathers no moss.
5. Do noble deeds, don͛t only dream them.
6. Rome was not built in a day.
7. Religion does not banish mirth.
8. Time and tide wait for none
.
9. Hunger is the best sauce.
10. If you live well, you may die well.
11. Death is preferable to disgrace.
12. Uneasy lies the head that wears the crown.
13. Columbus discovered America.
14,. Prayer does not cause inconvenience to anybody.
15. Those who seek only for faults, cannot see anything
16. Bread and butter is our necessity.
17. People who are too sharp cut their own fingers.
PRONOUN
II. A Pronoun is a word used instead of a noun. Pronoun can be singular or plural.
Pronouns can be masculine, feminine, common or neuter gender. PERSNAL PRONOUNTS TABLE
Singular / Gender Subject Object Possessive Mine Reflexive Plural Type (1) Type Type (3) Type & (2) (4) Emphatic Type(5) Singular Common I Me My Mine Myself Gender Plural Common We Us Our Ours Ourselves Gender Singular Common You You Your Yours Yourself Gender Common You You Your Yours Yourselves Gender Masculine He Him His His Himself Gender Feminine She Her Her Hers Herself Gender Singular Neuter It It Its Its Itself Gender
Common They Them Their Theirs Themselves Gender
1. Personal Pronoun. A) The first person is the person who is speaking i.e. I, me,
Mine, we, us, ours
B) The second person is the person spoken to i.e. you, your.
C) The third person is the person spoken about i.e. he, she, it, they, him, her, them,
His, its, their.
EXERCISE NO. 3
1. Sam entered into my house like a bull in the china shop.
2. A small leak can sink a great ship.
3. You must work hard to make your dream come true in your life.
4. The great things are done when men and mountain meet, these are not done by jostling in the street.
5. Your silence is your weapon.
6. I do not know the secret of your success.
7. A house full of books is like a garden of flowers.
8. Today͛s plan decides tomorrow͛s destiny.
9. As you do not rely on me, I cannot do anything for you.
10. He has to think twice before coming to the final conclusion.
11. Your book is the golden key to open the treasure of success for you.
12. It is true that you will get a red carpet welcome.
13. I know my duty well; please do not try to teach me regarding my project.
14. You open your book once in a blue moon.
15. They cannot understand the pain of a poor man.
16. You will have to accept that he has double eyes.
17. If your finger is itching, you must work hard.
18. This project is a fool͛s paradise for us.
19. You cannot indulge in a foul play with your friends.
20. You can say that Caesar was a fountain of justice.
EXERCISE NO; 4
Fill ͚Personal Pronouns͛ in the gaps:
John lives in Mumbai. He is a doctor. All the people like him because of his_ helping nature. His hospital is located at Andheri and most of his patients are poor but he does not charge much money. His daughter goes to school. He studies in Vth Standard. _his_____ teachers love very much. __his____ friends are also very good. _They always encourage him. They have given him
Guidance in studies.
_His mother is also a teacher. They_ always encourages
Him to keep it up. I also like her as he often comes to his
House. One day he told my mother that he wants to learn cooking.
__His _mother taught him cooking. Now, _He cooks food well.
2. A pronoun that is used to point out the object or objects to which it refers is called
A Demonstrative Pronoun.
e.g. This is a pencil. These are pencils.
Those were my friend͛s books
That was a silly mistake.
Distributive Pronoun: A pronoun which distributes a group or a pair is called a
Distributive Pronoun. Each/Every/Either/Neither/ Any one / None / etc. are
Distributive Pronoun.
Example: 1. Each of these pens will be sold.
2. None of the students can solve it, I shall be thankful to God.
3. A pronoun that is used to ask a question is called an Interrogative Pronoun.
Example. What do you want? Which is your coat?
4. The pronouns myself, ourselves, yourself, yourselves, himself, herself, itself and
Themselves; when used as the receiver of an action
are called Reflexive Pronoun. E.g. I enjoyed myself.
5. A pronoun used to convey emphasis is called an Emphasizing Pronoun. e.g.: I myself saw her crying. e.g.: You your self will return my money.
They themselves will have to earn money.
Note: A Reflexive Pronoun is used after the Verb but Emphatic Pronoun is used
before the Verb.
6. A pronoun that shows possession is called a Possessive Pronoun. e.g. This is my house
Reciprocal Pronoun: A Pronoun which shows relation with one another is called a
Reciprocal Pronoun.
Example. All the enemies kill one another.
The two girls hate each other.
Note: Each other is used for two persons.
One another is used for more than two persons.
A Pronoun which shows relation is called a Relative pronoun. e.g. The girl whom you met yesterday , was my sister
The pen, which you have taken, is mine.
This is the lady whom everybody praises.
EXERCISE NO. 5
Fill ͚Relative Pronouns͛ in the gaps:
Yesterday, I met a lady, she was an American. She was willing to see
The Gateway of India which is located near the Taj Hotel which anybody
Can have a lovely view of sea. She was the lady whom nobody knows in
Mumbai but she was familiar to the people of Mumbai where she had to spend
1 month. She met a merchant who was very clever. She wanted to buy a pen which
was imported from Japan. The merchant whom everybody knows to be
Honest but the American lady proved him to be dishonest as the pen which he
Used to sell in India. His shop is located near Liberty Garden where people come for morning walk. She suggested him to remain honest and gives him 10 pens which were made in America.
EXERCISE NO. 6
Join the sentence using ͚Relative Pronouns͛
1. She lives in a bungalow where a ghost lives there.
2. A man had been killed .who was taken to the graveyard yesterday.
3. I have a book. which is written by Rabindranth Tagore.
4. Give me a pen to write a letter. which was gifted to you on 16th birth anniversary.
5. Your daughter was very unhappy who had lost her money.
EXERCISE NO. 7
Fill in the gaps with appropriate pronouns and tell their kinds:
1. ______is an excellent opportunity.
2. ______is my cook gifted by my father to me.
3. ______should not praise about one͛s success.
4. ______but fools try to cheat others.
5. ______has taken my book without my permission.
6. ______of these 2 students can solve this question.
7. ______of those girls are allowed to enter before 5 o͛clock.
8. ______books have been written by a great Indian writer.
9. ______have come to know the fact.
10. ______of the students have passed the exam.
11. He ______will accept the guilt.
12. The two sisters hate ______
13. ______have come to suggest us regarding this case.
14. She ______did it in order to please her family members.
15. You have confused ______watching a fowl in the nest.
16. ______of your sisters will be able to justify the fact.
17. ______of your friends can guide you.
18. ______is your story based on your real life.
19. All your friends will misguide ______
20. ______of his family members would come to visit you.
III. Adjectives are describing words.
They tell us what kind of, how many, what colour etc. persons, places, animals and things are
1. An adjective which tells us of what kind of person or thing is, called an
Adjective of Quality.
E.g. Good girl , tall boy, big town. 2. An Adjective which tells us how much of a thing is meant is called an Adjective of
Quantity.
E.g. Little money, much rice, some water.
3. An Adjective which tells us how many persons or things are meant, is called an Adjective number.
E.g. Two mangoes, third boy, many dogs, few dollars, all students.
4. An Adjective which is used to point out some person or thing, is called a
Demonstrative Adjective.
E.g. This pen, these trees, such things.
5 Adjective, which, when used with a Noun, asks a question is called an
Interrogative Adjective.
An Adjective, which is used to ask question, is called an interrogative Adjective.
(After Wh word + Noun / Noun phrase etc. )
E.g.1. Whose house is that?
2. Which bungalow do you like?
3. Whose purse has been picked?
6. An Adjective that shows possession or belonging is called a Possessive Adjective. e. g . his, her, , your, its, our, their, etc. e.g. 1. Your bungalow has been sold
2. My friend had been to London.
3. Their ideas are impractical.
4. Her husband is a doctor.
An Adjective which shows surplus is called an Exclamatory Adjective.
What a mistake!
p Exclamatory Adjective Emphatic Adjective
An Adjective which emphasizes the idea, statement, etc is called an Emphatic Adjective.
1. It was you own idea.
pEmphatic Adj.
2. That is the very place where I meet him.
pEmphatic Adj.
EXERCISE-8
Pick out the Adjectives in the following sentences
1. Alexander was a kind ruler.
2. The path was narrow.
3. March has thirty one days.
4. Always drink pure water.
5. A mosquito is a tiny insect.
6. Leenap has black hair.
7. The tiger is a wild animal.
8. New York is a big city.
9. It is a sunny day.
10. The house is full.
11. The pistol went with a loud noise.
12. London is a busy city.
13. The rich man has one child.
14. The gorilla is a dangerous animal.
15. Lincoln was a popular leader.
EXERCISE-9
Fill in the blanks with suitable words.
1. I have ______activity at home. (much, many)
2. Can you spend ______money for me? ( a little , a few )
3. The buy has shown ______progress in his studies. (much, many)
4. Mary has ______relatives than Jone. (fewer, less)
5. We needed ______more people to do this work. (a few, a little )
EXERCISE- 10
Fill in blanks with the correct form of Adjectives given in the brackets.
1. My box is ______than yours. (heavy)
2. He has many ______friends. (sincere)
3. The tailor was as ______as his donkey. (foolish)
4. This is the ______lane in this colony. (narrow)
5. Mohan͛s writing is much ______than sister͛s. (neat)
6. Yesterday was the ______day of this season. (hot)
7. Rekha has ______friends than her sister. (many)
8. This article is the ______(bad)
9. This article is ______than the one we read yesterday. (bad)
10 This article is ______(bad)
EXERCISE_11
Fill in the blanks with Possessive Adjectives
1. John is reading ______book.
2, The girl is brushing ______teeth.
3. The monkey is biting ______tail.
4. The cow is feeding ______young ones.
5. Ramesh is talking to ______friends.
6. You are talking to ______parents.
7. We are talking to ______maid servants.
8. They are talking to ______parents.
9. I am listening to ______brother.
10 She is shouting at ______sister.
EXERCISE NO. 12
Find out the Adjectives from the sentences given below and tell their kinds also:
1. You should try to clear your confusion.
2. The great things are done when men and mountain meet.
3. It is my own mistake.
4. What a book it is!
5. Those people might have been waiting for you.
6. Every citizen should think about the future of country.
7. What type of lady is she?
8. Either of these boys must have stolen my money.
9. Birbal was a wise man.
10. The last train to Church gate is very late.
11. I have enough money to survive in Mumbai. 12. She has spent all her money in shopping.
13. Undertaker was among the best wrestlers in the world.
14. It is a foolish mistake that you have done.
15. What a joke!
16. Whose wife is a C.I. D. inspector?
17. Those buildings will be demolished soon by the order.
18. None of you can touch me.
19. Which type of people do you like?
20. I do not have any suggestion for you
21. Anitha is a very punctual lady.
22. My views are totally different.
23. Such students are always having problems.
24 Those people, who work hard, always get success in life.
25. You are a very silly fellow.
26. What a high mountain!
27. His wife is a very kind lady.
28. Whose daughter has stolen your books?
29. What a foolish idea!
30. You should not have bad blood with anyone.
31. I cannot disturb her in beauty sleep.
32. Intelligent people normally kill two birds with one stone.
33. After the failure, we are enjoying the blind man͛s holiday
34. Tom, Dick and Harry are bosom friends.
35. After she kicked the bucket, I feel like broken-hearted.
.
. A Verb is used to say something about a person or thing. It says what a person or thing does, what a person or thing is or what a person or thing is or what a person or thing has.
E.g. I sing, He sings They sing , I am a teacher, He is a good pupil , They are my sisters.
Is , are, am refer to Present time; was, were refer to past time; will be, shall refer to Future time.
1. A verb that requires an object to complete its sense is called a transitive verb. e.g. James likes chocolates.
2. A verb that does not require an object to make sense is called intransitive verb. e.g. Ann worked , The children played.
Verbs: Singular and Plural
A Singular Noun or Pronoun takes a Singular Verb with it and a Plural Noun or Pronoun takes a Plural Verb with it.
A verb must agree with its subject.
A verb is the heart of a sentence.
E.g. My frock is clean (singular)
My frocks are clean (plural)
If two Singular Nouns or Pronouns are joined by ͚and͛ they become plural so they take a
Plural verb.e.g. Jane and Joe are friends. He and she have gone.
A Collective Noun when used as a single unit takes a Singular Verb.
E. g. Our team has lost the match.
EXERCISE -13
Fill in the blanks with is , are, or am.
1. It ____very hot today.
2. I ______afraid to the dark.
3. I don͛t like them because they liars______
4. Our player͛s ______ready for the show.
5. You ______always late.
6. All my brothers and sister ______here.
7. The owner of these houses ______a big businessman.
8. Gone With the Wind ______a very interesting novel.
9. The news of his promotion ______really great.
10.My brother and I ______going to the market
EXERCISE- 14
Rewrite these sentences in the Singular.
1. We are not careless.
2. Those books are mine.
3. The plates are in the kitchen.
4. These men are young.
5. These doors are very strong.
6. Those orchards are full of fruits.
7. They are good children.
8. We are learning English.
9. You are nice girls.
10. They are busy sailors
EXERCISE -15
Fill in the blanks with was or were.
1. Last year I______the head girl.
2. Class Tenth ______happy with the new teacher.
3. All students in the class ______happy with the principal.
4. The ships ______ready to sail.
5. Many tigers______in danger.
6. Harry and Bob ______my only friends.
7. All the vegetables ______for sale.
8. Even the youngest man in the crowd ______not ready to help.
9. I did not buy those mushrooms because they ______stale.
10. The whole farm ______his.
EXERCISE-16
Fill in the blanks with has and have.
1. She _____never obeyed her mother.
2. Many people ______gathered outside her house.
3. I ______a brilliant idea.
4. She ______her breakfast very easily.
5. We______a new car.
6. These days some people ______two cars.
7. Each student in my class ______a dictionary.
8. How many sisters ______you?
9. The child ______a toy in her hand.
10. All the school children ______fags in their hands.
EXERCISE-17
Tick the correct answers
1. She (spend, spends) six hours in the office everyday.
2. Last year, this boy (was, were ) very weak.
3. Krishna and he ( play, plays ) matches regularly.
4. My friend (teach, teaches) in this school.
5. There (is , are ) mo beggars on the road.
6. Her parents (quarrel, quarrels) with each other.
7. The old lady standing near the park. (is, are ) my mother.
8. One of the dacoits ( has, have ) a car.
9. Old books (is, are) for sale today.
10. Each of these officers (work, works) hard.
There are four main forms of the English verbs
1. Present 2, Past 3. Past Participle 4. Present Participle
E.g. abuse abused abused abusing
EXERCISE
Conjugate the following verbs.
Break begin bring build catch forget hear keep know meet say
Speak spend study teach throw travel weave try travel think tell
Shine rise sew ring hide let kill laugh obey put lie
Buy follow get draw dance drown hear cost eat fly feel
Burn apply becomebite borrow hurt marry pray
There are special verbs which behave in a peculiar or special way
There are 24 verbs (anomalous finites)
Am has can do is had could does are will may
Did was would might need were shall must dare have should
Ought to used to
These verbs are used in the formation of negatives, questions and question tags.
Negative is formed by putting not (n͛t )
Questions which begin with who, when, what, which, where, -wh questions
Where there is no special verb do\does\did is introduced.
Exercise
Who taken my pen?
has spoiled Your watch
his
bicycle
her
note book
Exercise
When do You Go to bed? does Vinod
Get up
Your father
Go to the office?
Yours mother
Why Did You break the jug
Your friend take my books Kishore disturb me They go there.
Why are You going to the town hall.
They shouting
making a noise
is angry with my friend
he
she
CAN AND MAY
Can means (am able to ) May ( asks permissions )
e.g. Can I do this? (able to )
May I do this? (permission)
In the past tense can becomes could and may becomes might
Exercise-18
Rewrite the sentences using can or may according to the sense:
1. ______I be excused from attending the party?
2. Perhaps I ______go for the show tomorrow.
3. ______you ride the bicycle now?
4, you ______go and meet the principal any time.
5. My mother said that I ______stat out till 10 P.M.
6. I ______come to your house but I ______not stay for dinner.
7. I ______get up at any time of the night.
8. I ______help the needy because I have enough money.
9. I______have asked him to come regularly.
10. I______see how happy he was.
SHALL&WILL
We use SHALL and WILL with verbs to show the future.
Shall is used with we and I.
Will is used with you, they, he, she, it.
If we want to express strong determination or threat or refusal we use WILL for I and We and SHALL other person. EXERCISE-19
Rewrite these sentences, using shall and will correctly:
1. ͞They ______pay back every penny͟ shouted the old man.
2. ͞I______come with you even if you don͛t want me to͟ declared the stubborn child.
3. We ______go for the party even if you don͛t give permission.
4. He ______never come here again I warned my son.
5. ͞I ______always wait for her͟ insisted the lover.
SHOULD AND WOULD
When we want to say that something may possibly happen or is likely to occur instead of the normal future tense we need a conditional tense So instead of shall and will we say should and would
Verbs which represent hope or wishing are used with should and would.
Actions that were habit or frequent also take would.
EXERCISE-20
Fill in the blanks with should or would.
1. How much______I pay?
2. ______I reply to his letter?
3,. ______you please close the window?
4, ______you like to have some tea?
5. ______you go in your car?
6. On many days he ______come home at midnight. 7. Very often he ______walk to his office.
8. Sometime he ______get very angry with the children.
9. You ______meet all the parents.
10. I think you ______buy a new car.
ADVERBS
An Adverb is a word that adds to the meaning of a verb.e.g.
1. The dogs barked loudly. In this sentence barked is a verb and loudly add to the meaning of the verb. This word is called adverb.
1 Adverb of manner- They describe the manner in which actions are done. These normally answer the question, how? e.x The boy sleeps soundly.
Most of they end in : ͚ly͛ e.x angry- angrily sad-sadly quick- quickly
Some Adverbs of manner do not end in ly
11.Mary sang well
lady worked hard.
An Adverb which shows how the work is done, is called an Adverb of Manner.
Ex: thus, so, well,hard, slowly, quickly.
Point out the ADVERBS OF MANNER in the following sentences:
1. The baby slept soundly.
2. Roja worked hard.
3. My sister eats fast.
4. My mother spoke softly.
5. He answered wisely.
6. The car moves slowly.
7. Our players played well.
8 . My sister was treated badly.
9. The lady cried loudly.
10 . The singer sang sweetly.
11. They played carelessly so they lost the match.
12. They did everything carefully.
13. She had danced thus.
Adverb of place
John sat there. In this sentence there is Adverb of place. They tell us where
Actions are done so they are called Adverb of place. This answers the ͚WHERE͛
Point out the ADVERBS OF PLACE in the following sentences.
1. She is sitting outside.
2. He is playing inside.
3. He is waiting downstairs.
4. He has gone far. 5. The sun is above.
6. The beggar has gone somewhere.
7. I looked everywhere.
8. The boats are below .
9. He stood underneath.
10. The principal lives there.
11. She was looking forward to you.
12, Get out.
13. Please sit here.
Adverb of Time
An Adverb which indicates something about the time of incident, state etc,
Is called an Adverb of Time. E.g.- Before, now, soon, never, since, late, formerly
Today, daily, already, yet etc.
1. He will never help you
pVerb pAdverb
2. She has already paid money.
pHelping Verb pAdverb
3. They have started it soon.
pVerb p Advervb
4 . I got up early in the morning
pVerb pAdverb
Adverb which shows reason is called an Adverb of Reason.
1. He was, hence, diverted towards other party.
2. She, therefore, will be happy to see you.
An Adverb which shows quantity, degree etc is called an Adverb of Quantity/ degree.
Example:
1. I am extremely sorry.
2. She is rather foolish.
.
.
An Adverb which shows duration is called an Adverb of Duration.
1. She has been studying for 2 hours.
2. You have been completing your work since morning.
3. I have been waiting since last October
An Adverb which shows assertion is called an Adverb of Assertion.
1. I am certainly going ahead in my life.
2. She did not get any mistake.
3. He had undoubtedly been to London.
An Adverb which shows relation between the two ͚Subjects͛ is called a
Relative Adverb. 1She does not know the cause why he was killed.
2. It is the situation when you can help her.
3. This is the jungle where the lion was killed. EXERCISE NO. 21
Find out Adverbs from the sentences given below and tell their kinds also.
1. He could not tell the reason why he was punished.
2. This is the school where Dr. Abdul Kalam used to study during his childhood.
3. She had undoubtedly cleared the confusion.
4. Mr. Bruce is certainly using his forked tongue in order to prove his false
5. He had been trying to get the fool͛s gold for 2 hours.
6. She is extremely sorry for building castles in the air.
7. Dick is slowly trying to understand the difference between chalk and cheese.
8. You have been playing devil͛s advocate since morning.
9. I see him occasionally behaving like a dog in manger.
11. She, therefore, was drinking like a fish.
12. She was, hence, looking like a lame duck after her failure.
13. Mr. Prashanth had undoubtedly been looking like a drowned rat.
14. He was, unintentionally, making his eyes in the party.
15. The judge, intentionally, turned a blind eye from the case.
16. Miss Bindhu is, therefore crystal clear about her intentions
17. She was never honoured as a crowning glory.
18. He is already dead to the world.
19. She is, undoubtedly, looking mad as an injured snake.
20. Santana is honestly, earning her honest penny .
A Conjunction is a word that joins two Words, Phrases, Clauses or Sentences.
Example: 1. David and Peterson are writing letters.
2. She is writing for you near the temple & under the tree.
3. You can not earn money unless you get a job.
4. I have stopped my car but he did not do so.
Kinds of Conjunctions:
1. Co-ordinatinating Conjunction
2. Subordinating Conjunction
Co- ordinating Conjunctions
Whether͙͙or, either͙..or, neither͙͙.nor, nevertheless, as well as, both, or,
Nor, but, therefore, consequently and, yet, still, otherwise, not only______but also
Examples:
1. Whether he or she has stolen my money.
2. Either my brother or your sister will do the work.
3. Neither a person nor a pencil is cheap
4. Please return my book otherwise I shall complain to the Principal.
5. Give some instructions or help him.
6. She was both a cheat and a traitor.
7. She as well as Ram has to go to the forest.
8. Trust in God and speak the truth.
9. I am not only a teacher but a friend also.
10. She could pass the exam nevertheless she worked hard.
11. I am studying hard but her brother is lazy.
12. Your brother is rich yet he is a miser 13. He had done a crime therefore he was imprisoned.
14. She could not recognize his enemy consequently she lost every thing.
15. My brother will get the target for he is studying day and night.
Subordinating Conjunctions
That, since, until, how, where, why, when, it, though, after, because, although, unless till, before, as, etc.
Conjunction that joins a Principal and a Subordinate Clause is called a Subordinating
Conjunction.
Example:1. He did not get success although he tried his best.
2. She is very unhappy however she has lots of money.
3. You are behaving as if you were a king.
4. He was playing until his parents came.
5. While she was studying, she was remembering her teacher.
6. My brother had completed his homework after the teacher came.
7. I shall come to meet you wherever you hide.
8. She knows well where he lives.
9. I do not know where he will continue the job.
10. He will get success wherever he goes.
11. India won the match because they played well.
12 She will continue to eat as she is hungry.
13. The students could not meet the Principal since the school had
been closed.
14. Since you re uneducated, you cannot get a job.
15. He divided so that he could catch the ball.
16. We should invite him lest he will feel insulted 17. Although he is rich, he is not a miser.
18. Though she has no money, she will go to the market.
19. Eventhough he is honest, he is blamed for cheating others.
20 Although Miss Dolly is a teacher, she cannot speak English.
21 Australia played well so they won the World Cup.
22. He did not do the homework so he was punished.
23. You answered well so you were selected.
24. I was late so I could not meet him.
25. He plays cricket as if he were Ricky.
26. She is eating as a hungry person eats.
27. My father is as intelligent as Mr. Lincoln.
28. The eyes are more beautiful than any gift of God.
29. This painting is more attractive than any other ones.
A word which is used to express emotion or sudden feeling is called an interjection.
Examples:
1 For joy: . Hurrah! Ha- Ha!
2. For Sorrow: Alas! Ah! Ha! What!
3. For Surprise: Ha!What! Ho!
4. For Contempt: For shame! Pshaw! Fie!Pooh!
5. For Applause: Bravo! Back up!
6. For Invitation: Hear-Hear! Ho!
7. For Drawing Attention: Behold! Listen! Look!
Tense tells us about the sense of time in a sentence.
There are three Tenses: 1. Present Tense 2. Past Tense 3.Future Tense.
IDENTIFY THE TENSES
Verb 1st form Verb 2nd form
S E D L
Present Past Future
1. Ing = Continuous 2. H+Verb 3rd form= Perfect.(Has gone/Have gone/Had gone)
3. Was/Were= Past Tense. 4. Am = Past Tense.
Examples:
1. She plays cricket. (Simple Present Tense )
2. She Played cricket. (Simple Past Tense)
3. She will play cricket.( Simple Future Tense)
4. She is playing cricket (Present Continuous )
5. She was playing cricket. (Past Continuous)
6. She will be playing cricket. (Future Continuous)
7. She has played Cricket (Present Perfect)
8. She will have played cricket. (Future Perfect)
9. She has been playing cricket.(Present Perfect Continuous)
10. She had been playing cricket. (Past Perfect Continuous)
10. She will have been playing cricket. (Future Perfect Continuous) TENSE TABLE
PRESENT PAST FUTURE
Simple She goes She went She will go
She will be going
Continuous She is going She was going
Perfect She will have gone.
She has gone She had gone
Perfect Con. She will have been
She has been She had been going.
going going
Exercise No. 22
Change the following sentences into all the ͚Tense͛ as shown in examples above:
1 Sandeep does his duty.
2. Tarun plays football in the garden.
3. She works hard to pass the exam.
4. They try to win the match.
5. Kishore sings a song for my friends.
Simple Subject + Verb S/ES= He/She/It & Singular Noun.
Simple Present Tense shows habit, general truth, universal truth, daily routine,
Time table, etc.
Example:
1. She writes a letter to clear the fact.
2. He works hard to get the goal of his life.
3. It rains heavily in the morning.
4. Hari prepares for his final exam.
5. Santhosh cooks food for his friends.
6. She does not know the reality of life.
7. He does not eat anything.
I /You / We / They/ Plural Noun+Verb
You correct your mistake
We think about our projects;
They know the real story.
EXERCISE NO. 23
Fill in the blanks with suitable ͚verbs͛ in ͚Simple Present Tense͛
1. My brother do not speak English very well .
2. You do not abuse your friend everyday. 3. I do not call my brother to help you.
4. Your father does not deposit money in the bank.
5. All the teacher do not take their salary.
6. Harry does not run fast to get the gold medal.
7. The babies do not cry for milk.
8. They do not playwell to win the match.
9. She does not read a book to pass the exam.
10. My brother and your sister do not try to catch the thief.
11. The Priest does not open the door in the morning.
12. All the students do not leave the classroom in the evening.
13. The Sun does not shine_in the sky today.
14. My book is not stolen by her.
15. You do not work hard to get your aim.
EXERCISE NO -27
Fill in the blanks with suitable ͚Verbs͛ in ͚Simple Present Tense͛:
1. My brother ______so many problems(create/creates)
2. Sita and ______to forest with Laxman. (go/goes)
3. She ______a good idea . (have/has)
4. All the students______noise in the class. (make/makes)
5. Tina______a car on the road.(drive/ drives)
6. I______a letter to my brother. (Write/writes)
7. You ______Marathi very fluently. (speak/speaks)
8. Sincerely never______waste.(go/goes)
9. S rolling stone ______no moss. (gather/gathers) 10. Fortune______the brave. (favour/favours)
11. Knowledge______the way to success. (show/shows)
12. Good teachers always______very hard. (work/works)
13. I______to succeed in my life. (try/tries)
14. God ______those who love the poor people. (love/loves)
To make Yes/No questions in the Simple Present tense with I, we, you and Plural subjects, we use the following sentence pattern:
F Do + Subject + irst form + Complement ?
Do + S + V 1 + C ?
Examples:
1. Do I get up late in the morning?
Yes, you get up late in the morning.
2. Do you wear warm clothes in winter?
Yes, we wear warm clothes in winter.
3. Do they want to sit in the sun.
No, they don͛t want to sit in the sun.
To make Yes /No questions in the Simple Present tense he, she, it and all other
Singular subjects , we use the following sentence pattern:
Does + Subject + First form + Complement
Does + S + V1 + C ?
Examples: 1. Does Mohan often to your house?
2. Does Fasiha obey her parents?
3. Does she come here daily?
Exercise:-28
Rewrite the following as questions:
1. Cows live on grass.
2. Mosquitoes spread malaria.
3. They play hockey and football.
4. Girls leave for school at 9.A.M
5. The sun sets in the west.
6. The Ganga rises in the Himalayas.
7. The postman delivers letters in time.
8. This rich man helps the poor.
II Frame questions to which the following are answers:
1. Yes, I get up early in the morning.
2. Yes, I sit on the front bench.
3. Yes, my brother plays cricket.
4. Yes, my friends often come to my house
.
What When where How whom why
( Q.W. + do/ does + S + V1 + C ? )
Examples:
1. What do they bring from the market?
2. When does Snehitha reach her school?
3. Where do girls play in the evening?
4. why does she make such loud noise? 5. How do they earn so much money?
6. Whom does she want to meet?
EXERCISE-29
Fill in the blanks with ͚do͛ or ͚does͛:
1. Why______you waste your time?
2. Where ______she want to go?
3. When ______they start their work?
4. What ______he do in the evening?
5. Whom ______she write a letter every day?
6. How ______people become so rich?
7. What ______you want from me?
8. When ______the sun rise these days?
9. Where ______the children play?
EXERCISE-30
Write questions (starting with ͚What͛ ) to which the following are the answers:
1. They wear turbans.
2. I read story books.
3. Children like sweets.
4. Sushma knows a secret.
5. Mandakini brings flowers.
6. His father sells wollen cloth.
EXERCISE-31
Write questions (starting with When ) to which the following are the answers:
1, We play games in the evining. 2. They reach school at 10 a.m.
3. I finish my work by 4 p.m.
4. She comes here during the holidays.
5. Rekha prepares tea at 7. a.m.
6. Prem goes to bed at 10 p..m.
EXERCISE-32
Write questions (starting with ͚Where͛ ) to which the following are the answers
1. We play in this ground.
2 I keep my money in a purse
3. They live in a big house.
4. The teacher sits on his chair.
5. His uncle works in a factory.
EXERCISE-33
Write questions (starting with ͚Why͛ ) to which the following are the answers.
1. I get late because I come on foot.
2. We trust him because he is honest.
3. They fail every time because they are lazy.
4. She laughs at him because he is a fool.
5. He works hard because he wants to win a prize.
EXERCISE-34
Write questions (starting with ͚How͛) to which the following are the answers
1. People fall ill by over-eating.
2. We become rich by working hard.
3. We win respect by being honsest.
4. A man becomes happy by helping others. 5. She earns money by drawing pictures.
EXERCISE-35
Write questions (starting with ͚Whom͛ ) to which the following are the answers
1. Teachers love good students
2. They dislike bad workers.
3. I teach my younger brother.
4. Mounika praises her friends.
5. She welcomes good artists.
We use the Simple Past tense to express an action which took place in their past,
Or was completed before the time of speaking.
Simple Past Tense is used for story/ accident /incident/ report or any event
To make positive statements in the Simple Past tense, we use V2 with all subjects
Examples:
1. I did my duty
2. You helped me in the time of need.
3. They posted the letters yesterday.
EXERCISE N O. -36
Write the correct form of Verb in the gaps suitable for͛ Simple Past Tense͛
1. She ______in the temple for you. (pray) 2. Rocky______me fool on 1st April. (make)
3. Swami Vivekanand ______everywhere to guide the people towards happiness. (preach)
4. Undertaker______himself to be the mightiest wrestler in the world(prove).
5. My mother ______food for everybody yesterday. (cook)
6. Milton ______a great poet. (be)
7. You ______food to the poor people. (feed)
8. I______to meet her. (wish)
9. Sunanda______my brother into the well. (push)
10. Bernard Shaw ______͟Arms and the man.͟ (write)
11. Sushmita Sen was______with the award of Miss Universe. (crown)
NEGATIVE STATEMENTS (SIMPLE PAST)
To make negative statements in the Simple Past tense, we use did not+ V1 with all subjects (singular as well as plural)
Example: Mounika attended the meeting yesterday.
Mounika didn͛t attend the meeting yesterday.
EXERCISE NO. 37
Change the following sentences into͛ Simple Past Tense͛ and then use ͚did not͛
1. Jack gets a wooden spoon after his failure.
2. Tom presents a crystal clear explanation.
3. My brother cracks jokes in the class.
4
.
We use the Simple Future tense to express an action that is going to make place in future time.
For positive statements the Verb form is : will/ shall+ V1
We shall play in the park.
They will reach here by 8 a.m.
For negative statements, the verb form is: will/ shall+not+V1
We shall not play in the park.
They will not reach here by 8 a. m.
For questions, will / shall is used before the Subject.
1. Shall we play in the park?
2. Will they reach here by 8 a. m.
3. Where shall we play in the evening?
4. When will they reach here?
Note: ͞Shall͟ is used with the following objects:
I, We.
͞Will ͞ is used with the following subjects:
You, He, She, They, It, This, etc.
I/ We=shall Rest all subjects=will
In case of determination /threat/ command etc.it will reverse.
I/ We=Will
Rest all subjects=shall EXERCISE NO. 38
Fill the͛ Verbs͛ in the gaps in ͚Simple Future Tense͛:
1. She ______for him at the railway station. (wait)
2. I______books from the market.(buy)
3. Janardhan ______you for your help.(remember)
4. All the Hindus ______to temple for prayer in the morning. (go)
5. We ______the match very easily. (win)
6. my father ______me Maths for the final exam. (teach)
7. They ______a story for the new movie. (write)
8. You ______to meet my sister. (try)
9. The sailors ______across the river.(swim)
10. I______the confusion soon. (clear)
11. Sandeep ______the sums and come to meet you. (solve)
12. The worker______the work next week. (stop)
13. He______your father regarding his confusion. (meet)
14. All the staff ______bonus after 2 weeks. (get)
EXERCISE NO. 39
Change the following sentences into ͚Simple Future Tense͛.
1. She will wake up at the dead of night.
2. You will prepare breakfast in a willy-nilly manner
3. I shall correct all my mistakes very quickly.
4. You will change yourself in the time of prosperity.
5. My father will suggests me to help her. 6. Mr. Joy will talk about the remedy after the loss in business.
7. The birds will chirp near my house in the morning.
8. He will write an article with a pen dipped in poison.
9. I shall accept all the mistakes of mine.
10. Miss Susan will have a good idea about it.
11. Macbeth will react like a man of blood.
12. Kanika will guide me regarding my settlement in U.K.
13. His friends will encourage him to go abroad.
EXERCISE-40
Frame questions to which the following are answers:
1. Yes, I shall meet you at six.
2. Yes, Varshitha will leave for Shimla tomorrow.
3. Yes, she will buy the tickets for you.
4. No, we shall not stay in a hotel..
5. No, they will not get the train now.
6. No, we shall not wait for you.
She is coming here to meet you.
Sumo is reading a novel now.
It is falling down.
They are sleeping there.
We are making a plan for your project
I am mending my shoes.
Structure: Subject + is/ am/ are+verb-ing(positive)
Example: He is doing his homework.
Subject+is/am/are+not+verb-ing(negative)
Example: They are not coming next month.
For questions is/ am/ are is used before the subject.
Example: Is he doing his homework?
We use the Present Continuous tense to express an action that is going on at the time of
Speaking. It is also used to express a future plan of action.
EXERCISE NO. -41
Fill in the blanks with the correct form of ͚ Verbs͛ suitable for ͚present continuous tense͛
1. All the hunters ______a tiger in the jungle.(hunt)
2. My teacher______English very slowly. (teach)
3. You______a letter to your parents.(write)
4. She ______a house nearby the railway station.(building)
5. John ______well to win the Paramvir Chakra.(flight)
6. Your friends ______at you. (laugh)
7. His friend ______very fast to get the gold medal.(run)
8. Miss. Bell ______back from Paris. (return)
9. Micky______his mistakes. (show) 10. Your brother______his pen in the pocket of his red coat.(put)
EXERCISE NO. 42
Change the following sentences into͛ present continuous͛ and then use͛not͛ in the
Same sentences: e.g...She is preparing her breakfast. She is not preparing her breakfast.
1. You areasking questions in French only.
2. He is throwing stones at glass houses.
3. I am collecting money from my clients.
4. She is challenging everybody with iron hands.
5. You are enjoying TV with your bosom with iron hands.
6. Miss Blair is starting her work on firm footing.
7. The men in blue are arresting the murderer with blood in his hand.
8. I am eating food in the lap of luxury.
9. They are trying to cheat you.
10. My brother is admiring his skill.
11. His ears are burning to know about his results.
(WAS) (ING)
She was waiting for you.
He was breaking records.
(WERE) (ING)
They were finding my mistakes.
We were studying in South America. For negative statements, the verb form is: was/were./ +not+Verb+ing
She was not going to her village.
For questions, was/were used before the subject.
Was she going to her Village?
We use the Past Continuous tense to express an action which was actually taking place at some
Particular moment in the past.
EXERCISE NO. -43
Fill in the blanks with the correct form of ͚Verbs͛ in past continuous tense
1.You______hard to get the target. (work)
2. She ______her duty for her family members.(do)
3. I ______so many problems for her. (face)
4. They______love, only for money. (show)
5. He______to reach home early. (try)
6. Peter ______for you at the bus stop. (wait)
7. We ______our dress to go for a party. (change)
8. Maria______water to quench her thirst. (drink)
9. Henry______a song for his friends. (sing)
10. We______jokes at the dead of the night. (crack)
EXERCISE NO. -44
Change the following sentences into ͚Past Continuous Tense͛ and then use
͚not͛ in the same sentence:
Ex: She was singing. She was not singing.
1. I was killing two birds with one stone.
2. She was drinking like a fish.
3. We were not looking for fair weather friends.
4. They were repeating your name as a criminal.
5. Someone was helping you as a criminal..
6. You walk in the morning to get the pink of your health.
7. Veronica was going to meet her English teacher.
8. Saroja was measuring the distance between the cup and the lip before sketching her dream.
9. All the players were running around the field.
10. My brother was eating food like a pigeon.
11. She was rejoicing in fine feather after the result.
12. He was enjoying blind man͛s holiday without his friends.
13. You were inviting a cock sparrow to be your business partner.
14. She was chattering like a magpie in the meeting.
EXERCISE-45
Put the verbs in brackets into the Past Continuous tense.
1. When you came in, I was writing a letter.
2. It was raining this morning when I got up.
3. When I went to his house, he was playing chess with his wife.
4. The children were afraid because it was getting dark.
5. When I saw him, he was wearing a red shirt.
6. The car had nobody in it, but the engine was running.
7. He was working in a factory when I met him last. 8. My mother was talking about you the other day.
9. I was reading a book when he came in.
10. The sun was shining when we went out.
Generally I/ We + shall Rest all subjects +will
Structure: Sub+shall/ will+be+verb-ing
In case of command/threat/determination etc., it is reverse. I / We = will
Rest all subjects=shall
We use the Future Continuous tense when an action is in progress at a given Future Time.
Example: 1. He will be leaving in a few days. (positive)
2. He will not be leaving in a few days. (negative)
3. Will he be leaving in a few days (questions)
EXERCISE-46
Put the verbs in brackets into the Future Continuous tense:
1. At this time tomorrow I shall be sitting in the train.
2. Misha and Chinky will be living in Mumbai at this time next year.
3. The sky is dark. It will be raining before you reach home.
4. When you come back, I shall be packing my luggage.
5. I shall be playing in the ground when you come in the evening.
6. You will be doing geometry next year.
7. I shall be waiting for you when you come out.
8. He will be driving his new car this afternoon.
EXERCISE NO. -47
Fill in the blanks with the correct form of ͚Verb ͚ in Future Continuous Tense:
1. She ______money to the creditors. [Pay]
2. You______the door by 2 o͛ clock. [Lock]
3. I______for you by 7 o͛ clock before the arrival of my father. [wait]
4. He______his ornaments to get some money.[sell]
5. We ______our work by this time. [Completing]
6. Rosy______me on this occasion. [Remember]
7. Miss Oak ______me by next week. [Meet]
8. My grandmother______you the story of a golden fairy. [Tell]
9. John______these questions properly. [Answer]
10. Monslisa______books from the library. [Take]
EXERECISE NO -48
Change the following sentences into ͚Future Continuous Tense͛ and then use not in the
Same sentence:
E.g. She will be looking for a better chance.
She will not be looking for a better chance.
1, She will be feeling broken hearted after getting the news of her husband͛s death.
2. I shall be giving you a chance to speak the truth.
3. Ricky will be devoting his body and soul to the nation.
4. Victor will be finding himself between the devil and the deep sea after his failure.
5. She will be brushes her teeth in the morning.
6. We shall be continue our work from the bottom of our heart.
7. Kanika will be feeling like butter on both sides after getting her gold medal.
8. Mita will be guiding me to find a bosom friend.
9. Vinod will be inspiring me to achieve the target.
10. I shall be taking suggestions from Mr. & Mrs. Devan.
11. Peter will be getting a red carpet welcome after the victory.
12. My blood will be running cold during the horror show.
13. Miss Bell will be trying to step into her uncle͛s shoes to get his properly.
[perfect] [present]
Example: She has caught a thief.
I have lost my patience.
Present Perfect Tense is used when the work is completed a few movements before or in near past.
Subject+ has/ have+ verb 3rd form
He/ She/ It/ Singular Noun+has
I / We / You /They / Plural Noun + have
EXERCISE NO. -49
Fill in the blanks with the correct form of ͚Verb͛ in ͚Present Perfect Tense͛
1. I ______the bell to call you. [ring]
2. You______for me to get my book. [wait]
3. She ______her work to please her boss. [complete]
4. They______loudly in order to disturb others. [cry]
5. It______everywhere. [Snow]
6. Neha______very well in the movie.[act]
7. All the students ______the river. [cross]
8. My friend ______the fact after a long discussion. [tell]
9. Sonali______my book to study for exam. [take]
EXERCISE NO. 50
Change the following sentences into ͚Present Perfect Tense͛ and then use not in the same sentence: e.g. you have prepared a plan. You have not prepared a plan.
1. I have prayed to God for you.
2. She has bursted into tears after getting a pink slip from her office.
3. You have taken the bull by the horn to succeed in your life.
4. They have called with bad names to the lazy workers.
5. You have bought a gold watch from his shop.
6. Robin has honoured him with a cap in his hand.
7. Richard has built a house of cards to cheat us.
8. All the robbers have robbed the bank at the gun-point.
9. The policeman has warned the chicken-hearted people regarding riot.
10. My family members have helped me for my study.
EXERCISE-NO-51
Put the verbs in brackets in to the Present Perfect tense: 1.
. Who has stolen my watch?
2. Fasiha has passed her exam.
3. I have lived here for ten years
4. She has posted the letter. 5. The phone has stopped ringing.
6. Someone has taken my bicycle.
7. They have caught the thief.
8. I have not seen theTaj.
9. I have not finished my work yet. 10. Has the gardener not watered the plants 11. Which book you( buy) ?
12. Who (escape) death?
[Subject +had+ verb 3rd form]
[Perfect] [Past]
They had loved the door.
She had caught a thief.
Hick had helped me.
EXERCISE NO. 52
Fill in the blanks with the correct form of ͚verb͛ in ͚Past Perfect Tense͛
1. She ______about you to know the fact. [enquire]
2. He ______your book to clear the matter. (read)
3. I______football for entertainment. [play]
4. You______to this world to get the success.[come]
5. They______their patience. [lose] 6. The ships______from the dock. [deposit]
7. The policeman______the thief very easily. [catch]
8. Mohan______vegetable for you.[cook]
9. My friend ______a song very well.[sing]
10. Sanjay______a mouse in the kitchen.
EXERCISE NO. 53
Change the following sentences into ͚Past Perfect Tense͛ and then ͚not͛ in the same sentence: e.g. You had achieved your goal. You had not achieved your goal.
1. You had chosen a clay-brained man to guide us.
2. He had dreamt to live in a cloud castle.
3. You had jumped across the wall to meet him.
4. She had borrowed some money from my father.
5. I had seem cloud under your brow.
6. My brother had expected some guidance from him.
7. You had cut him to the heart by telling him a hooligan.
8. The Principal had fined him for a small mistake.
9. The children had left the classroom like flying crows.
10. He had been dead drunk in the party.
11. He had earned to live life like an ivory tower.
12. My boss had terminated an absent-minded officer.
13. A loudmouth fellow had opened this secret.
14. She had employed a man with rocks on his head to complete this work.
15. Being wet behind his ears, he had not understood this project.
EXERCISE NO. -54
Put the verbs in brackets into the Past Perfect tense:
1.Had left 2. had done 3. had done
4. had written 5. had washed 6. had gone
7. had finished 8. had been 9. had learnt
10. had set 11. had fininshe 12. had left
13. had eaten
1. She told me his name after he (leave)
2. He (do) nothing before I helped him.
3. He thanked me for what I (do) for him.
4. Did you post the letter after you (write) it?
5. They dressed after they (wash).
6. After you (go) , I went to sleep.
7. I read the book after I (finished) my work.
8. He died after he (be) ill for a long time.
9. In the examination I forgot all I (learn)
10. The sun (set) before I was ready to go.
11. We (finish) the lesson already.
12. You (leave) the park when I reached there.
13. I (eat) lunch before my friend arrived.
I shall have lost my money.
He will have fined him.
His driver will have sold the car.
We use the Future Perfect tense to say that an action will be completed before a
Particular time in the future.
Subject +shall / will = have + verb [3rd form]
I / we + shall / Rest all Subjects + will
EXERCISE NO.55
Fill in the blanks with the correct form of ͚Verb͛ in ͚Future Perfect Tense͛
1. She------her utensils by 2 o͛clock. [clean]
2. My brother ------you regarding export business. [guide]
3. The cobbler------my shoes by next Sunday. [mend]
4. Sachin -----the ball for a six.[lift]
6. The beggars------your house by the time you reach there.[leave]
7. I ------my breakfast according to my daily routine. [take]
8. All the players ------the victory ceremony with fun and joy.
9. Our parents ------everything regarding our life. [decide]
10. My servant------food as if he were the best cook. [cook]
EXERCISE NO.- 56
Change the sentences given below into ͚Future Perfect Tense͛ and then use ͚not͛
In the same sentence:
E.g. She will have cracked it. She will not have cracked it. 1. The villagers will have dug a well in the village.
2. I shall have choosen you as my friend because of your good nature.
3. Roger will have twisted the lion͛s tail.
4. We shall have looked for the floating light of India like King Vikramaditya.
5. She will have told a dry story as dust.
6. Her daughter will have drawn a picture of an ape.
7. Miss Baker will have studied light literature to reduce her mental pain.
8. The students will have left the school by 5 o͛clock.
9. The saints will have payed lip services in the temple.
10. He will havewaited for his duck diamond.
He has been leaving this city.
Sita has been waiting there.
I have been reading a book
They have been sleeping for two hours.
Subject+ has / been =verb-ing.
Sinular Noun /He / She / It + has.
Plural Noun / I / We / You/They +have.
EXERCISE NO. ʹ 57
Fill in the blanks with the correct form of verb in ͚ Present Perfect Continuous Tense͛:
1. The police______the jewel thief. [arrested]
2. You______a story book for he society. [write]
3. My mother______me regarding the selection of my future life.[guide]
4. The shopekeeprs______toys. [sell]
5. Charlie ______to the radio news. [listen]
6. She ______him for her failure. [blame]
7. The robbers ______the bank. [ loot ]
8. The house owner______the servants for their carelessness.[scold]
9. All the players ______for the next Test match. [practice]
10. The fruit seller ______apples from the supermarket. [buy]
11. She ______her pink slip from her boss. [receive]
12 They______the thief black and blue. [beat ]
13. Men in blue ______the robber in Mumbai. [search]
14. He______his life in the pink of his health. [enjoy]
15. This grey beard man______you regarding your future. [advice]
He had been advising her.
It had been studying at home.
They had been swimming in the river.
EXERCISE NO. -58
Change the sentences given below in ͚Past Perfect Continuous Tense͛ and then
Use ͚not͛ in the same sentences:
1. She had been discussing about the lame duck.
2. We had been looking for an eagle ʹeyed detective.
3. They had been eating dutch lunch in the canteen.
4. The priest had been cursing the people for deceiving him.
5. Allena had been broken all the plates.
6. Samuel had been trying to throw dust into my eyes.
7. The cheats had been calling bad names to the money-lender.
8. My friends had been helping me because of my positive attitude.
9. You had been inspiring me to go ahead in life.
10. People had been creating so many problems in society.
EXERCISE NO. 59
Fill in the blanks with suitable ͚Verbs͛ in ͚Past Perfect Continuous Tense:
1. She ______for 20 minutes in her room. [sleep]
2. All the birds______in the sky towards a new destination. [fly]
3. Your brother______with fear to see the Principal.[tremble]
4. The contractor ______water for 20 years in this area. [supply]
5. Martin______a speech about the Second World War to the people of Italy.[deliver]
6. The protesters______stories at the minister who is very corrupt . [throw]
7. The people ______food from the distributors in cyclone=affected areas.[snatch]
8. My brother______with the proposal to earn more money.[dear]
9. The police ______so many questions. [ask]
10. Jesus ______lectures so that he could get full knowledge of Bible.[attend]
11. Mr. Tony______me because of my silly mistakes. [remember]
I shall have been closing the door.
They will have been enjoying holidays.
It will have been snowing .
She will have been detecting crime.
He will have been singing patriotic songs.
EXERCISE NO. 60
Fill in the blanks with suitable ͚Verbs͛ in Future Continuous Tense͛
1. She ______to be more ambitious about the future of her life.[ look]
2. You______a crime for more money. [commit]
3. They______songs for the forthcoming movies. [compose]
4. He ______to talk to his teacher regarding his project. [hesitate]
5. The priests______to God by 6 o͛clock in the morning.[pray]
6. The officials ______the results of the permanent staff. [declare]
7. The player______after getting gold medal in the Asian Games.[refoice]
8. The publisher ______so many books because of public demand. [publish]
9. Your father______from illness by next Monday. [recover]
10. All the girls ______for their lost money. [quaralling]
11. The army general ______against the Prime Minister by next month. [protest]
12. My brother______from illness.[recover]
EXERCISE NO. -61
Change the following sentences into ͚Future Perfect Continuous Tense.
1. Mr. Vivian will have been retaliating because of his negative attitude. 2. Miss Silva will have been reminds me regarding my lost watch.
3. Rose will have been painting the wall in electric blue colour.
4. The advocates will have been protesting against the evil-minded judgement.
5. I shall have been taking bath after being tired of the whole day work.
6. The students will have been facing the music for their misbehavior.
7. They will have been detecting a man having two faces.
8. The teacher will have been scolding a fat headed student.
9. You will have been doing your duty without fear and favour.
10. The programmer will have been pointing out the reasons regarding the failure of programme.
11. The children will have been playing cricket in the garden.
12. Your friend will have been trying to put his finger in the pie.
CHANGE THE VOICE
VOICE= It is a form of a sentence that tells whether the action is done by the subject
Or the action is received by the agent.
ACTIVE VOICE
When a Subject acts, the sentence is said to be in Active Voice. e.g. He writes a letter.
PASSIVE VOICE
When the effect of action is received by the Agent [object], the sentence is said to be
In Passive Voice.
Example: A letter is written by him. [Passive Voice]
Letter is not doing anything.
Somebody who does work is a Subject in a sentence.
Over which the work is done is called an Object. e.g. He has killed a tiger in the jungle.
p p
Subject Object
Object receives effect and it is often found after the ͚Main verb͛ [Finite Verb]
He killed a mouse in the kitchen.
Main verb Object
OBJECT SUBJECT
EXERCISE NO-62
Change the following sentences from ͚Active to Passive Voice͛
1. Fortune favours the brave. 2. Romans conquered Carthage. 3. Jacob solved the questions very easily. 4. Shakesphere wrote Hamlet. 5. He published a novel many moons ago. 6. James gave a blow to his brother. 7. Mr. Pradeep forgot me. 8. India won the match yesterday. 9. Kim ate food for a healthy life. 10. I hate you.
EXERCISE NO-63
Change the following sentences from ͚Active to Passive Voice͛:
1. She will guide the poor little rich girl. 2. You can create problems once in a blue moon. 3. Andy will kill a tiger in the forest. 4. You might eat food after my arrival. 5. Students would misguide you regarding the capital errors.
EXERCISE NO-64
Change the following sentences from ͚Active to Passive Voice͛:
1. Miss Clara was collecting money from the bank. 2. Chaplin was preparing a plan to get the brass ring. 3. They are refusing him to do the work. 4. David is explaining the fact. 5. Jolly was learning the black art.
EXERCISE NO-65
Change the following sentences from ͚Active to Passive Voice͛:
1. Miss Gloria has lost her patience just now. 2. I have identified the dark horse. 3. Miss Grace has closed the door. 4. My brother has met you before my arrival. 5. I had taken medicine for good health. 6. Your son had snatched my pen. 7. She had lost her purse.
EXERCISE NO-66
Change the following sentences from ͚Active to Passive Voice͛:
1. He helped your brother because of his good nature. 2. One should do one͛s duty. 3. He enjoys playing cricket. 4. India expected a great victory. 5. I have appointed a guard to look after you. 6. They elected Mr. Fabian, the chairman. EXAMPLES: 1. The students are being advised by the teachers. [Active Voice] The teachers are advising the students 2. A story was being told by her to us. [Active Voice]
She was telling a story to us. 3. A golden egg is being searched by her now. She is searching a golden egg now. 4. A record has been created by him in his life. He has created a record in his life. 5. A black sheep had been punished by a villager. A villager had punished a black sheep. 6. A car will have been sold by him in a china shop. He will have sold a car in a china shop. 7. A novel will be bought by her very soon. She will buy a novel very soon. 8. Ugly ducklings have to be found by you. You have to find ugly ducklings. 9. The big bug can be killed by him very easily. He can kill the big bug very easily. 10. My sister is appreciated by the teachers for her hard work. The teachers appreciate my sister for her hard work. 11. Your notebook was corrected by an intelligent examiner. An intelligent examiner corrected your notebook. 12. An agreement is signed by her for her friends. She signs an agreement for her friends. 13. Go there and sit down. You are ordered to go and sit down. 14. Please come here. You are requested to come here. 15. Write a letter to my friend. Let a letter be written to my friend. 16. Sing a song on the stage. Let a song be sung on the stage EXERCISE NO-67 Change the following sentences into ͚Active Voice͛ 1. The programme was being prepared by the members of the committee. 2. You are being cheated by your friends. 3. An essay was being written by Miss Lucy in the class. 4. Clothes were being washed by the washerwoman. 5. A car is being driven by you. 6. TV was being watched by my friends. 7. The book has been taken by your friends to study. 8. The illegal houses have been demolished by the Municipal Commissioner. 9. Mr. Joy will have been misguided by me by next Monday. 10. The fort must have been conquered by Napolean. 11. The newspaper could have been sold earlier this morning. 12. The stories had been copied by the film producer. 13. She could be recognized by anybody in the party. 14. The treasure must by guarded by the policeman. 15. You must be obeyed by the students. 16. All the rules should be followed by your staff. 17. This computer has to be operated by the experts. 18. The book would be prescribed by the Principal. 19. Shailaja might be punished by her tutor. 20. Almitra will be confused by me at this matter. 21. Your confusion will be cleared by my brother. 22. I shall be blamed for my laziness. 23. The thief was caught by a Black Watch near the railway platform. 24. The players were loudly cheered by the audience. 25. A bowl of cherry was gifted to me by Sam. 26. A bunch of keys was lost by him. 27. A lion cannot be killed in his den. 28. This piece of land is acquired by him. 29. Bring a pencil for drawing. 30. Keep it with you for your safely. 31. Mend your shows yourself. 32. Cross the road very carefully. 33. Kill me. 34. Complete your work in time. 35. Cross the road very carefully.
SPEECH
Speech is reporting what some one said.
We can report what some one said in two ways.
1. By quoting the exact words spoken. Example: She said , ͞I am very happy,͟ [Direct Speech] If the exact words are quoted as above, it is said to be Direct Speech. 2. By giving the meaning of the words spoken. Example: She said that she was very happy. [Indirect Speech]
If the meaning of the words is reported as in above, it is said to be Indirect Speech.
Reporting speech reported speech
She said, ͞ I am very happy͟.
Reporting verb reported verb
Steps to follow while changing Direct speech into Indirect speech.
If the sentence in quotations is a statement,( Assertive sentence ) the steps mentioned below are to be followed.
y The reporting verb ͚said to͛ changes into ͚told͛. y Ex: She said to me, ͞ I am not a servant͟.
She told me that she was not a servant. y If there is only ͚said͛ the same ͚said͛ is repeated.
Ex: She said, ͞ I am not a servant͟.
She said that she was not a servant. y Comma and quotations are removed and a conjunction ͚that͛ is used to join the reporting and reported speech. Ex: She said, ͞ I am not a servant͟. She said that she was not a servant. y The subject and the object of the reported speech are changed into relatively other person pronouns .
Ex: He said to me, ͞ I am going to help you͟.
He told me that he was going to help me. y The reported verb under goes the following changes.
Verb in direct speech verb in indirect speech Present tense Past tense
Is / am Was
are Was/ were
Have / has Had
Simple past ( v2 ) Had + v3
Was / were Had been
had Had
Will/ shall would
can Could
could Could
may Might
might Might
Must/ should/ ought to Had to
y Words of ͚nearby͛ in reported speech change into words of ͚distant͛.
1. He said, ͞is he unhappy? He asked if he was unhappy. 2. He said, ͞What a beautiful flower! He exclaimed that it was a very beautiful flower. 3. You said, ͞She does some work properly.͟ You said that she did some work properly. 4. We said, ͞She clears the fact in the court.͟ We said that she cleared the fact in the court. 5. My teacher said, ͞it has to be solved.͟ My teacher said that it had to be solved. 6. He said, ͚He will protect the wild life any way.͟ He said that he would protect the wild life any way. 7. You said, ͞She will be trying to fill a bottomless pit.͟ You said that she would be trying to fill a bottomless pit. 8. They said, ͞He will have eaten his lunch like a bird.͟ They said that he would have eaten his lunch like a bird.͟ 9. My teacher said, ͞She will have been writing a novel.͟ My teacher said that she would have been writing a novel.
10. She said, ͞He continued his job well.͟ She said that he had continued his job well. 11. You said, ͞He was trying to understand the fact.͟ You said that he had been trying to understand the fact. 12. I said, ͞They were preparing for the final exam.͟ I said that they had been preparing for the final exam.
EXERCISE NO-68
Change the following sentences into ͚Indirect Speech͛
1. You said, ͞He is dull like dish water while working in the office.͟ 2. He said, ͞Peter is composing a patriotic song for the college function.͟ 3. They said, ͞ A poor fellow has been looking for a dead man͛ s diamond Shoes to get rid of his poverty.͟ 4. Miss Taylor said, ͞Tulip is telling his coach where his shoe pinches.͟ 5. I said, ͞All the students are waiting for the arrival of their teachers.͟ 6. Richard said , Edward has crossed the road before the arrival of bus.͟ 7. She said, ͞He will have to choose between devil and deep blue sea.͟ 8. I said, ͞They will have been trying to rock the boat in order to upset The project. 9. Henry said, ͞She will have to keep the pot boiling in order to please every day.͟ 10. She said, ͞He gave a dog, a bad name.͟ 11. I said, ͞it was raining cats and dogs.͟ 12. Her father said, ͞His books had been taken by Tulip.͟ 13. The Army General said, ͞The troop won the war ultimately.͟ 14. I said, ͞Geoffrey was blowing his own trumpet.͟
EXAMPLES:
1. She said, ͞ I had done my duty for my family and myself.͟ She said that she had done her duty for her family and herself. 2. He said, ͞I had been working for my future, my friends and myself.͟ He said that he had been working for his future, his friends and himself. 3. Swapna said, ͞I had my money bag from my friend͛s shop.͟ Swapna said that she had bought her money bag from her friend͛s shop. 4. You said, ͞I will have completed my homework in my class. You said that you would have completed your home. 5. They said, ͞We have done our duty.͟ They said that they had done their duty. EXERCISE NO-69 Change the following sentences into ͚Indirect Speech͛
1. Kim said, ͞I will have been sleeping as I am dead to the world after completing
my work.͟
2. Kate and Rose said, ͞We have completed our projects in time.͟ 3. Hick said, ͞My brother has created a history in the field of sports.͟ 4. Silvia said, ͞I shall have been waiting for my better chance.͟ 5. Philip said , ͞I have done my job with responsibility. EXAMPLES: 1. She said to him, ͞You know about your enemies and your friends.͟ She told him that he knew about his enemies and his friends. 2. He said to her, ͞You had prepared your plan yourself.͟ He told her that she had prepared her plan herself. 3. He said, ͞You will do your work yourself.͟ He said that she would do her work herself. 4. She said, ͞He will be helping his brother and his parents.͟ She said that he would be helping his brother and his parents. 5. She will say, ͞Sam is staying with his family members.͟ She will say that Sam is staying with his family members. EXERCISE NO-70 Change the following sentences into ͚Indirect Speech͛ 1. You said to him, ͞You have to create a history.͟ 2. She said to him, ͞You will have to act like a sick cat.͟ 3. We said, ͞You will be taking medicine for your better health.͟ 4. She said, ͞Your parents will have to know the fact of your life.͟ 5. I said, ͞You are preparing for the next election campaign.͟ 6. She said, ͞He has to tighten his belt after losing his job.͟ 7. He said to me, ͞She waited for her friends at her home.͟ 8. I said, ͞They went to Kolkata in order to get a job.͟ 9. Miss sibby said, ͞She will have to reveal the hidden truth.͟ 10. Shibha said, ͞They had a good idea to solve this problem.͟
Rule: In case of universal truth, habitual action tense should not be changed. Ex: The teacher said, ͞Man is mortal . ͞ The teacher said that man is mortal.
EXERCISE NO-71 Change the following sentences into ͚Indirect Speech͛ 1. She said, ͞God is great.͟ 2. You said, ͞The earth moves round the sun.͟ 3. Heraclitus said, ͞Eyes are more accurate witness than ears.
RULE: HELPING VERB must be used after the Subject in the Indirect Speech
Eg. You said, ͞What has she prepared ?͟ You asked what she had prepared. They said, ͞Why is he clearing his confusion?͟ They asked why he was clearing his confusion. EXERCISE NO-72 Change the following sentences into ͚Indirect Speech͛: 1, Bruno said, ͞Where have they exposed the naked truth? 2. Miss Charlie said, ͞Which bungalow would you like to buy? 3. I said to her, ͞Where is your elder brother now? 4. She said to my parents ͞When will you come to my home?͟ 5. Daisy said, ͞When has he crossed all the limitations? EXAMPLES: 1. They said, ͞Is he trying to expose the secret?͟ They asked if he was trying to expose the secret. 2. You said, ͞Can he take bull by horns?͟ You asked if he could take bull by horns. EXERCISE NO-73 Change the following sentences into ͚Indirect Speech͛: 1. She said, ͞Are they willing to continue the discussion under the cloud?͟ 2. He said, ͞Have you corrected all the mistakes?͟ 3. I said, ͞Will the teachers perform well in their classes?͟ 4. Hick said, ͞Will she call you to get some help?͟ 5. I said, ͞Will the green-grocer sell vegetables at reasonable rates?͟ YES/NO QUESTIONS [DO/DOES/DID] Use asked if Examples: 1. I said ͞Does she meet him for discussion?͟ I asked if she met him for discussion?͟ 2. You said to me, ͞Do they remember him because of his good nature. You asked me if they remembered him because of his good nature. 3. My brother said, ͞Did she help her sister during assessment?͟ My brother asked if she had helped her sister during.
͞WH QUESTIONS WITH DO / DOES / DID
RULE: We should cut do/does/did from the question and use past form of the Verb but in case of did we have to use had. EXAMPLES: Nelson said, ͞Does he appreciate her for hard work?͟ Nelson asked if he appreciated her for hard work. You said ͞Why do they write letters?͟ You asked why they wrote letters. My brother said, ͞How did she confess her crime in the court?͟ My brother asked how she had confessed her crime in the court. She said to Henry, ͞Sing a song for him.͟ She ordered Henry to sing a song for him You said, ͞Please help him immediately.͟ You requested to help him immediately. EXERCISE NO-74 1. I said, ͞When does he sing a song in his empty apartment?͟ 2. She said, ͞Where do they spend their high days and holidays?͟ 3. You said, ͞Why do you feel so ashamed after supporting the devil of terror?͟ 4. They said, ͞When did he kill the goose laying golden eggs?͟ 5. Ashok said to Rishi, ͞Why did she not pass the exam?͟ 6. I said, ͞Please try to understand his poor condition.͟ 7. You said, ͞Get out from my room.͟ 8. He said. ͞Please help me.͟
When two or more ͚Nouns or Pronouns͛ are compared with the scale of degree, The comparison is called the ͚Degree of Comparison͛. It has 3 kinds: 1. Positive Degree 2.Comparitive Degree. 3. Superlative Degree.
Positive Degree
When two or more Nouns or Pronouns are compared to one another,and they have similar degree of quality , it is called Positive Degree. 1.She is as white as snow. 2. He is as foolish as owl.
Comparative Degree
When two or more Nouns or Pronouns are compared to one another and they have different degree of quality, it is called Comparative Degree of Comparison. 1. They are better than you. 2. She is more beautiful than you.
Superlative Degree
When one Noun or Pronoun is compared to more than one Noun, Pronoun of its own kind
Having different degree of quality, it is called Superlative Degree of Comparison.
1. He is the best student of this college. 2. She is the most intelligent lady in our society.
1. Ganga is the longest river in India. [superlative] 2. Ganga is longer than any other river in India.[Comparative] 3. No other river is as long as Ganga in India. [Positive] 1. No other comedian was as popular as Charlie Chaplin. [Positive] 2. Charlie Chaplin was more popular than any other comedian.[ Comparative] 3. Charlie Chaplin was the most popular comedian. [Superlative]
Plural Number
1. Yamuna is one of the longest rivers in India. [Superlative] 2. Yamuna is longer than most other rivers in India.[Comparative] 3. Very few rivers are as long as Yamuna in India [Positive] 1. Bill Gates is richer than most other men in the world. [Comparative] 2. Bill Gates is one of the richest men in the world. [Superlative] 3. Very few men are as rich as Bill Gates in the world. [Positive] Two Individuals or Groups You cannot transform such sentences into superlative degree. 1. The Atlantic Ocean is deeper than the Arabian Sea anyway.[Comparative] 2. The Arabian Sea is not as deep as the Atlantic Ocean anyway.[Positive]
Negative and Plural
1. Big Bazaar is not the largest of all Super Markets.[Superlative] 2. Big Bazaar is not larger than some other Super Market. [Comparative] 3. Some other Super Markets are at least as larger as Big Bazaar.[Positive] 1. Harry Potter is not one of the most famous story books in this era.[Superlative] 2. Some story books are more famous than Harry Potter in this era. [Comparative] 3. Harry Potter is not so famous as some other story books in this era. 1. Some metals are costlier than white gold.[Comparative] 2. White gold is not one of the costliest metals. [Superlative] 3. White gold is not so costly as some other metals. [Positive] There are two types of Adjectives: 1. Regular Adjective 2. Irregular Adjective.
Regular Adjective
Those Adjectives that have certain rule to change them from Positive to Comparative or Superlative degree are called Regular Adjective.
Rule No.1: [More /Most] Count the number of letters. If there are 6 letters or more than 6 letters, add More and Most to change the degree.
P o s I t I v e C o m p a r a t I v e S u p e r l a t I v e
Difficult More difficult Most difficult
Beautiful More beautiful Most beutiful
Courageous More Courageous
Proper More Proper
Splendid More Splendid
Learned
Excellent More
Agreeable More
Numerous More
Experianced More
Shameful More
Important More
Deligtful More
Fortunate More
Attractive More
More
More
More
More