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Pronouns As Means of Impersonal Presentation in English Quality Press SANTALKA: Filologija, Edukologija / COACTIVITY: Philology, Educology 2016, 24(2): 82–89 ISSN 2351-714X / eISSN 2335-7711 DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/cpe.2016.297 PRONOUNS AS MEANS OF IMPERSONAL PRESENTATION IN ENGLISH QUALITY PRESS Pavel SKORUPA1, Tatjana DUBOVIČIENĖ2 1Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Saulėtekio al. 11, LT-10223 Vilnius, Lithuania 2Lithuanian University of Educational Sciences, Studentų g. 39, LT-08106 Vilnius, Lithuania E-mails: [email protected]; [email protected] Received 04 September 2016; accepted 16 March 2017 The current paper presents the analysis of pronouns as means of impersonal presentation in English quality press. The article gives the definition of the pronoun as a grammatical category and describes the use and purpose of impersonalization strategies. The data for the investigation was taken from the international Eng- lish quality newspapers: The Financial Times (UK) and The Wall Street Journal (US), which are the leading daily broadsheet newspapers in the UK and the USA having millions of both print and online subscribers worldwide. The articles on political, economic, and social issues were chosen on a random basis and scruti- nized for pronouns as means of impersonal presentation of fact. The body of 187 cases of impersonalization chosen for the analysis were divided into groups with focus on the grammatical category they belong to. The most and least often used classes of pronouns were identified and compared. The results of the current study may be useful for editors, journalists, writers, as well as for further study of impersonalization strategies in the English language. Keywords: pronoun, impersonal pronoun, personal pronoun, indefinite pronoun, distributive pronoun, quantitative pronoun, quality press. Introduction English quality press, i.e. broadsheet newspa- While reading daily English quality press, pers, published both in the UK and the USA, is one may notice abundant cases of the imperso- considered to be the most popular and reliable nal strategies used in both headlines and articles source of news. English broadsheets present (news articles, feature articles, also editorials, both hard and soft news, which are related to columns and opinion pieces) with no direct political, economic, and social events as well indication to a person or an institution. This is as gossip, scandals, and entertainment, res- being done intentionally, especially when pre- pectively. senting political or economic issues in articles, Copyright © 2016 The Authors. Published by VGTU Press. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. The material cannot be used for commercial purposes. 82 COACTIVITY: Philology, Educology 2016, 24(2): 82–89 83 by authors in order to disguise the agent, to and have millions of both print and online subs- mystify, as well as to avoid responsibility and/ cribers worldwide. The articles for the research or culpability. In many cases, the result of such have been chosen on a random basis with no mystification is the impossibility to guess or preference given to any specific type of articles, retrieve the agent from the context of an article. as the main aim of the current investigation is There are various means of impersonal to analyze impersonalization strategies, namely, presentation in English, such as agentless pas- the use of pronouns, in English quality press in sive, nominalization, ed-participle, resultative, general. impersonal pronouns, inchoative, infinitive The following methods were used for the clauses, existentials, metonymy, etc. The term current study: quantitative analysis, qualitati- “impersonal” is considered by linguists as very ve analysis, content analysis, and contrastive broad and is viewed from semantic, syntactic analysis. and morphological perspectives. The current paper uses the semantic approach to “imper- sonality” and on the absence of agentivity as Theoretical background well as non-specified person in English quality press articles. The Pronoun as a grammatical category and The object of the research is news articles means of impersonal presentation in the on economical, political and social issues in English language English quality press. As maintained in Juana Marin-Arrese, Elena The aim of the present paper is to inves- Martinez-Caro and Soledad Perez de Ayala tigate common patterns of pronouns use as Becerril (2001: 369), the means of impersonal means of impersonal presentation in British and presentation in the English language are as American broadsheet newspapers. follows: agentless passive, nominalization, ed- Theobjectives of the current paper are: 1) to participle, resultative, impersonal pronouns, define the pronoun as a grammatical category inchoative, infinitive clauses, existentials, meto- and means of impersonal presentation in the nymy, etc. These linguistic strategies are used for English language, 2) to determine the most variation in mystification degrees. In addition, frequently used classes of pronouns as means they are used to avoid responsibility for one’s of impersonal presentation in English quality words and to disguise the agent of the action. As press, 3) to identify the reasons for the use of mentioned before, the current paper focuses on this impersonalization strategy in the quality the semantic perspective on the analysis of one press, and 4) to compare the frequency of use of impersonalization strategies used in English of the pronouns as means of impersonal pre- quality press, i.e. impersonal pronouns. sentation. As a grammatical category, pronouns do not The material of the current research is a possess a concrete lexical meaning, but have body of 187 cases of impersonalization in ar- a generalized meaning and are deictic words, ticles on political, economic, and social issues which, according to Kobrina et al. (1999: 170), from the international English quality newspa- “point to objects, their properties and relations, pers: The Financial Times (UK) and The Wall their local temporal reference, or placement Street Journal (US). Both the Financial Times without naming them”. These deictic words fall (hereinafter, FT) and The Wall Street Journal under the following classification of pronouns: (hereinafter, WSJ) are the leading daily bro- personal pronouns, possessive pronouns, adsheet newspapers in the UK and the USA reflexive pronouns, emphatic pronouns, de- respectively, are published six days a week, with monstrative pronouns, indefinite pronouns, re- the main focus on business, politics, economy ciprocal pronouns, interrogative pronouns, and and social issue, are distributed internationally conjunctive pronouns. Two classes of pronouns 84 Pavel Skorupa, Tatjana Dubovičienė Pronouns as means of impersonal presentation in English... are used as means of impersonal presentation in According to Anna Siewierska (2008), only the English language, i.e. indefinite pronouns the constructions in which the third person and personal pronouns. plural is anaphoric to “people”, “everyone” or In their book, scholars Krylova and Gordon “anyone” are considered to be impersonal and (1999) classify the indefinite pronouns into: in- not vague. While Elena Martinez-Caro (2002) definite pronouns proper (some, any, no; some- claims that personal pronouns “we”, “you”, body, someone, something, anybody, anything, “they” demonstrate the most frequent occur- nobody, no one, nothing; one, none), distribu- rence in English discourse among all the cases tive pronouns (all, every, each, other, either, of impersonal use of personal pronouns. neither, both; everybody, everyone, everything), Thus, both indefinite and personal pronouns and quantitative pronouns (much, many, little, may be used vaguely and/or generically to refer few, a little, a few, a lot, lots of, a great deal, a to people in general or to specific unidentified great many, etc.) (Krylova, Gordon 1999: 359). individuals. In both written and spoken discourse these pronouns and their compounds (especially, “some”, “any”, “one”, “somebody”, “anyone”, etc.) Discussion and results may perform a generic function and refer to people in general, indefinite persons or things. As it was discussed in the theoretical part above, For instance, the generic pronoun “one”, which there are a few means of making sentences im- is rather infrequent in both formal speech or in personal with the use of impersonal pronouns. writing, can possess the meaning of people in First, it may be accomplished by indefinite pro- general; it is also impersonal and rather formal nouns: indefinite pronouns proper, distributive (Biber et al. 2002: 96–101). pronouns, and quantitative pronouns. Second, As scholars Chisato Kitagawa and Adrienne it may be implemented by indefinite-personal Lehrer (1990) maintain, personal pronouns do pronouns, such as “we”, “they”, and “you”. not always carry a personal meaning and may be used referentially (when personal pronoun The most frequent indefinite pronouns in stand for specific individuals), impersonally/ English quality press and reasons of their use generically (when pronouns stand for anyone, The most frequently used indefinite pronoun everyone, people in general), and vaguely (when proper in the articles of The Financial Times is pronouns stand for specific unidentified indivi- “some” and its derivatives. The frequency
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