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Home , Compound subject, Distributive pronoun

hebrewsyntax.org Outline of Williams’ Hebrew Syntax, Third Edition 1

1 Syntax of Nominals A Number Singular 1 Singular for a single item 2 Singular for a collective Dual 3 The dual is used only with 4 Dual for two or more of something that comes in pairs 5 Dual for two of something Plural 6 Plural for two or more 7 Abstract plural 8 Plural of respect 9 Plural of composition 10 Plural of a natural product in an unnatural condition 11 Plural of extension. Pluralizing compound nouns 12 Compound plural formed by pluralizing the first word 13 Compound plural formed by pluralizing both words 14 Compound plural formed by pluralizing the second word Repetition 15 Distributive repetition 16a Emphatic repetition 16b Repetition of endearment B Gender Masculine 17 Masculine natural gender 18 Masculine 19 Masculine plural abstract Feminine 20 Feminine natural gender 21 Feminine grammatical gender 22 Feminine names of body parts 23 Feminine names of countries and cities 24 Feminine for an abstract idea 25 Feminine for a neuter concept 26 Feminine singular for a collective 27 Feminine singular for a singulative C Construct Chain 28a A construct chain 28b Construct chains may be longer than two words 29a A word in the construct state very rarely has the 29b A genitive phrase may modify a construct term 29c Construct override ’,toward‘ ָ ה 30a A construct term may have the directive suffix 30b Broken construct chain

2 Outline of Williams’ Hebrew Syntax, Third Edition hebrewsyntax.org

30c Construct chain with a genitive prepositional phrase 30d Construct chain with a genitive substantival clause 30e Construct chain with a genitive D Case 31 does not have cases Nominative case 32 Nominative of a clause 33a Predicate nominative 33b A predicate nominative normally lacks the article 34 Vocative use of the nominative 35 Nominative absolute Genitive case 36 A word is in the genitive case 37 Subjective genitive 38 Objective genitive 39 genitive 40a Material genitive 40b Enumerated genitive 41 Attributive genitive 42a Appositional genitive 42b Appositional genitive adjective 43 Explicative genitive 44a Genitive of result 44b Genitive of purpose 45a Genitive of agent 45b Genitive of means 46 Epexegetical genitive 47 Superlative genitive 48a Genitive of measure 48b Genitive of number 49 Genitive of a preposition Accusative case 50 Direct object accusative 51 Cognate accusative 52 Accusative of product 53 Accusative of material 54a Directive accusative 54b Accusative of place 55 Separative accusative 56a Temporal-duration accusative 56b Temporal-point accusative 57a Accusative of specification 57b Predicate accusative 58 Emphatic accusative of specification 59 Determinative accusative 60 Accusative of manner ָ ָהָ ה E Directive ָ ה The directive suffix 61 hebrewsyntax.org Outline of Williams’ Hebrew Syntax, Third Edition 3

ָ ה Directive 62 ָ ה Temporal 63 ָ ה 64a Separative ָ ה 64b Locative F Apposition 65 Genus-species apposition 66 Attributive apposition 67 Predicate apposition 68 Apposition of material 69a Apposition of measurement 69b Apposition of number 70 Explicative apposition 71 Anticipative apposition G Hendiadys 72 Hendiadys H 73 Attributive adjective 74a adjective 74b Demonstrative in attributive apposition 75 Predicate adjective Comparative 76 Comparative adjectives Superlative 77a Attributive adjective with the article as superlative 77b Predicate adjective with the article as superlative 78 Adjective in construct as superlative 79 Adjective with a pronominal suffix as superlative 80 Superlative genitive 81 Divine epithet as a superlative I The Article 82a The article 82b A word in the construct state normally lacks the article 82c A word with a pronominal suffix normally lacks the article 82d A that begins a often has the article 82e The article is rare in poetry 83 Anaphoric article 84 Article on something that is definite in the mind of the narrator 85 Article on a well-known substantive 86 Possessive article 87 Demonstrative article 88 Distinctive article 89 Vocative article 90 Article on a participle that begins a relative clause 91 Article on a perfect that begins a relative clause 92 Generic article 93 Article on an adjective to indicate the superlative

4 Outline of Williams’ Hebrew Syntax, Third Edition hebrewsyntax.org

J Numerals Cardinal numerals 94 One 95a Two 95b Three through ten 96a Eleven through nineteen 96b Multiples of ten 97 Multiples of ten plus units Ordinal numerals 98a First through tenth 98b First through tenth using cardinal numbers 99 Eleventh and higher K Distribution 100 Distributive repetition וְ Distributive repetition with 101 בְּ Distributive repetition with 102 לְ Distribution with 103 104 Distribution with plural subject and singular predicate followed by an indefinite substantive כֹּל Distribution with 105 L Independent personal pronouns 106 Independent as the subject of a 107a Independent personal pronoun in apposition to a pronominal suffix 107b Independent personal pronoun as a nominative absolute 108a Independent personal pronoun as the subject of a participle 108b Independent personal pronoun as the subject of a verbless clause Suffixed personal pronouns 109 Suffixed personal pronoun as subject 110 Suffixed personal pronoun as object 111 Suffixed personal pronoun as possessive 112 Suffixed personal pronoun as the object of a preposition Demonstrative pronouns 113 Forward vs backward reference of a demonstrative 114 Demonstrative as the subject of a verbless clause 115 Demonstrative as ( is, am, are ) 116 Contrastive use of a repeated demonstrative 117a Demonstrative adjective 117b Demonstrative pronoun in attributive apposition 118 Demonstrative as an emphatic particle ( really, indeed ) Interrogative pronouns ’?what‘ מָ ה who?’ and‘ מִ י The interrogative pronouns 119 ( ?as an interrogative pronoun ( who מִ י 120 ( as an ( whoever מִ י 121 ( if only ) מִ י Desiderative or optative use of 122 ( ?as an interrogative ( how מִ י 123 ( ?as an interrogative pronoun ( what מָ ה 124 ( as an indefinite pronoun ( whatever מָ ה 125 hebrewsyntax.org Outline of Williams’ Hebrew Syntax, Third Edition 5

( ?as an interrogative adverb ( how? why מָ ה 126 ( !as an exclamation ( how מָ ה 127 in rhetorical questions that expect a negative answer מָ ה 128 Relative pronouns ( who, which, that ) זוּ 129a The ( who, which, that ) שֶּׁ 129b The relative particle ( who, which, that ) אֲשֶׁ ר 129c The relative particle Other pronouns 130 ( -self ) 131 Distributive pronoun ( each ) 132 ( each other ) 2 Syntax of A Stem (Theme) Qal 133 Stative Qal 134 Fientive Qal Niphal 135 Reflexive Niphal 136 Middle Niphal 137 Reciprocal Niphal 138 Tolerative Niphal 139 Passive Niphal Piel and Pual 140 Piel and Pual not necessarily intensive 141 Factitive Piel and Pual 142 Causative Piel and Pual 143 Iterative Piel and Pual 144 Denominative Piel and Pual 145 Delocutive Piel and Pual 146 Privative Piel and Pual Hiphil and Hophal 147 Causative Hiphil and Hophal 148 Delocutive Hiphil 149 Factitive Hiphil and Hophal 150 Intransitive Hiphil 151 Denominative Hiphil and Hophal Hithpael 152 Reflexive-iterative Hithpael 153 Reciprocal-iterative Hithpael 154 Reflexive-factitive Hithpael 155 Reflexive-estimative Hithpael Poel 156 Reciprocal Poel B Voice Active voice 157 Active Qal, Piel, or Hiphil

6 Outline of Williams’ Hebrew Syntax, Third Edition hebrewsyntax.org

Middle voice 158 Middle Niphal Passive voice 159a Passive stems 159b Qal passive 160 Impersonal third person as passive C Conjugation (Aspect) Perfect conjugation 161 Stative perfect 162 Complete-action perfect 163 Experience perfect 164 Instantaneous perfect 165 Perfect of certitude 166 Conditional perfect Imperfect conjugation 167 Incomplete-action imperfect 168 Iterative imperfect 169 Potential imperfect ( can ) 170 Permissive imperfect ( may ) 171 Desiderative imperfect ( want to ) 172 Obligative imperfect ( ought to, should ) 173a Injunctive imperfect ( must ) 173b Prohibitive imperfect ( shall not ) 174 Conditional imperfect 175 Imperfect after a telic particle Preterite conjugation 176 The preterite conjugation 177a Preterite in waw consecutive 177b Preterite in poetry אָ ז 177c Preterite in prose after Consecution (verbs with a waw prefix) 178 Imperfect waw consecutive 179 Perfect waw consecutive 180 Imperfect with simple waw 181a Jussive, cohortative, or imperative with simple waw for purpose or result 181b Jussive, cohortative, or imperative with simple waw for command or request 182 Perfect with simple waw D Volitive Moods Jussive and cohortative 183 Origin and form of the jussive and cohortative 184a Jussive and cohortative for a desire 184b Jussive and cohortative for a negative desire 185 Jussive and cohortative for a command or request for negative command אַ ל Jussive with 186 187 Jussive or cohortative with waw for purpose or result Imperative 188 Imperative for command or request hebrewsyntax.org Outline of Williams’ Hebrew Syntax, Third Edition 7

189 Imperative with waw for purpose or result 190 Imperatives joined by waw for conditional 191 Imperative as E Verbal Nouns construct 192 Infinitive construct as subject 193 Infinitive construct as object 194 Infinitive construct after a word in the construct state 195 Explanatory use of the infinitive construct ( by …ing ) 196 Infinitive construct of obligation ( should be …ed ) 197 Infinitive construct of purpose ( in order to ) 198 Infinitive construct of result ( thus …ing ) 199 Infinitive construct of degree ( enough to … ) 200 Infinitive construct as object of a preposition Infinitive absolute 201 The name ‘infinitive absolute’ can be misleading 202 Infinitive absolute as the subject of a clause 203 Infinitive absolute as the object of a verb 204 Infinitive absolute as adverb of manner 205 Infinitive absolute to emphasize a verb of the same root 206 Infinitive absolute to express continuous action or repetition 207a Infinitive absolute after a word in the construct state 207b Infinitive absolute after a preposition 208 Infinitive absolute as a finite verb 209 Infinitive absolute as an imperfect verb 210 Infinitive absolute as a perfect verb 211 Infinitive absolute as an imperative verb 212 Infinitive absolute as a jussive verb Participle 213 Participle as a repeated or continuous predicate 214 Participle for an imminent action 215a Participle as an attributive adjective 215b Participle as a predicate adjective 216 Participle indicating what should or may be done 217 Substantival participle 218 Participle as a relative clause 219 Participle in a circumstantial clause 220 Participle to indicate simultaneous action 221 Attributive participle for repeated or continuous action 222 Participle to indicate an indefinite subject F Verbal Coordination 223 Verbal coordination 224 Coordination of two finite verbs connected by the waw 225 Coordination of two finite verbs without a waw to connect them 226 Coordination of a finite verb with an infinitive construct G Concord of Subject and Verb 227 Concord when subject precedes verb 228 Third-person masculine singular verb before subject

8 Outline of Williams’ Hebrew Syntax, Third Edition hebrewsyntax.org

229 A collective singular subject often takes a plural verb 230 Singular verb before, and plural verb after a compound subject 231 A dual subject normally takes a plural verb 232 A subject in the plural of respect normally takes a singular verb 233 An abstract plural subject may take a singular verb 234a Second-person feminine plural subject with a masculine verb 234b Third-person feminine plural subject with a masculine imperfect verb H Synchronism (Simultaneous Action) 235 Synchronism of two perfect verbs 236 Synchronism of two 237 Synchronism of a participle and a perfect verb 3 Syntax of Particles A Prepositions 238 A preposition is usually repeated before each object בְּ בְּ בְּבְּ The preposition often expresses rest or movement in place or time בְּ 239 ( in, on, through ) בְּ Locative 240 ( in, when ) בְּ Temporal-point 241 ( against, in spite of ) בְּ Adversative 242 ( with, by ) בְּ Instrumental 243 ( of transitivity ( untranslated בְּ 244 ( of agent ( by בְּ 245 ( of price or exchange ( for בְּ 246 ( of cause ( because בְּ 247 ( of accompaniment ( with בְּ 248 ( of identity ( is, as בְּ 249 ( of specification ( i.e., of, untranslated בְּ 250 ( some of ) בְּ Partitive 251 ( of a state or condition ( with, in בְּ 252 ( into ) בְּ Terminative 253 ( by, after, every ) בְּ Distributive 254 כְּ כְּ כְּכְּ The preposition often expresses likeness כְּ The preposition 255 ( as, like, such as ) כְּ Comparative 256 ( of approximation ( about, around, approximately כְּ 257 ( although ) כְּ Concessive 258 ( of the norm ( according to כְּ 259 ( because ) כַּ אֲשֶׁ ר Causal 260 ( such a, truly ) כְּ Asseverative 261 ( as soon as, at the very time ) כְּ 262a Temporal ( when ) כַּ אֲשֶׁ ר / כְּ שֶּׁ 262b Temporal כְּ Pregnant 263 ( for comparison ( just as … so כַּ אֲשֶׁ ר 264 לְ לְ לְלְ The preposition לְ The preposition 265 ( to, up to ) לְ 266a Spatially terminative ( to, up to ) לְ 266b Temporally terminative hebrewsyntax.org Outline of Williams’ Hebrew Syntax, Third Edition 9

( of direction ( towards לְ 267 (by) לְ 268a Temporal point ( for ) לְ 268b Temporal duration ( to, untranslated ) לְ Indirect object 269 ( of, belonging to ) לְ Possessive 270 ( of advantage ( for לְ 271a ( of disadvantage ( against לְ 271b ( untranslated ) לְ Reflexive 272 ( of specification ( with respect to, for, untranslated לְ 273a ( for direct object ( untranslated לְ 273b ( for the subject of a passive verb ( untranslated לְ 273c ( in place of a repeated preposition ( and, untranslated לְ 273d ( of manner ( according to, in לְ 274a ( of comparison ( as לְ 274b ( with infinitive construct for degree ( enough to לְ 275 before an infinitive construct that is a subject or direct object לְ 276 ( of purpose ( to, for לְ 277 ( of product ( into, for לְ 278 ( of result ( thus …ing, for לְ 279 ( of agent ( by לְ 280 ( every, by ) לְ Distributive 281 ( of partisanship ( for, on the side of לְ 282 ( truly ) לְ Asseverative 283 ( of obligated person ( incumbent upon, had to, ought לְ 284 עַלעַלעַל The preposition עַל The preposition 285 ( on, over, above, at, beside ) עַל Locative 286 ( onto, down upon ) עַל Terminative 287 ( of disadvantage ( against עַל 288a ( although, in spite of ) עַל 288b Concessive ( of specification ( concerning, with regard to, for עַל 289 ( of norm (in accordance with, idiomatic עַל 290 ( because, because of ) עַל Causal 291 ( of addition ( in addition to עַל 292 ( of accompaniment ( with, accompanied by, together with עַל 293 ( of obligated person ( incumbent upon, had to, ought עַל 294 ( of advantage ( on behalf of, for the sake of, for עַל 295 ( with an indirect object ( to, untranslated עַל 296 אֶ אֶלאֶ ל The preposition אֶ ל The preposition 297 ( into, unto ) אֶ ל Spatially terminative 298 ( of direction ( towards, to אֶ ל 299 ( to, untranslated ) אֶ ל Indirect object 300 ( of partisanship ( for, on the side of אֶ ל 301 ( of advantage ( for, for the sake of, on behalf of אֶ ל 302 ( of disadvantage ( against אֶ ל 303 ( of accompaniment ( accompanied by, together with, with אֶ ל 304 ( of addition ( in addition to אֶ ל 305 ( of specification ( about, concerning, with respect to אֶ ל 306

10 Outline of Williams’ Hebrew Syntax, Third Edition hebrewsyntax.org

( of norm ( according to, on the basis of אֶ ל 307 ( at, by, near ) אֶ ל Locative 308 עַדעַדעַד The preposition ( to, as far as ) עַד Spatially terminative 309 ( near, at, by ) עַד Locative 310 ( to, until, by, during, while, as long as ) עַד Temporal 311 ( for degree ( up to, to the point that, to the level of עַד 312 ( as well as, and, from … to ) עַד Inclusive 313 ( even ) עַד Emphatic 314 מִ מִןמִ ן The preposition ( from ) מִ ן Separative 315 ( for a starting time ( from, after מִ ן 316 ( er than-… ) ןמִ Comparative 317 ( too … for ) מִ ן Absolute comparative 318 ( because, because of ) מֵ אֲשֶׁ ר or מִ ן Causal 319 ( for means ( by, with מִ ן 320a ( for agent ( by מִ ן 320b ( without ) מִ ן Privative 321 ( for source ( from, of מִ ן 322 ( for relationship in space ( idiomatic מִ ן 323a ( for time ( in, on מִ ן 323b ( for standpoint ( in the sight of, before, from the standpoint of מִ ן 323c ( some of, of ) מִ ן Partitive 324 ( even ) מִ ן Emphatic 325 ( namely, idiomatic ) מִ ן Explicative 326 ( from … unto ) מִ ן Inclusive 327 עִ עִםעִ ם The preposition ( of accompaniment ( with עִ ם 328 ( near ) עִ ם Locative 329 ( for possessor ( has, in possession of עִ ם 330 ( of advantage ( for, for the sake of, on behalf of עִ ם 331 ( of disadvantage ( against, in spite of עִ ם 332 ( of coordination ( as well as, and, along with עִ ם 333 ( of comparison ( like, similar to עִ ם 334 ( with ) עִ ם Reciprocal 335 ( of assistance ( with the help of, with עִ ם 336 ( of consciousness ( in the mind of, in the eyes of, with עִ ם 337 אֵ ת / אֶ ת The preposition ( of accompaniment ( with אֵ ת 338 ( near, beside ) אֵ ת Locative 339 (of possessor ( have, in the possession of אֵ ת 340 ( of advantage ( for אֵ ת 341 ( of disadvantage ( against אֵ ת 342 ( of coordination ( as well as, along with, and אֵ ת 343 ( with ) אֵ ת Reciprocal 344 ( of assistance ( with the help of, with אֵ ת 345 ( of partisanship ( on the side of אֵ ת 346 ( of consciousness ( in the awareness of אֵ ת 347 hebrewsyntax.org Outline of Williams’ Hebrew Syntax, Third Edition 11

תַּחַ ת The preposition תַּחַ ת The preposition 348 ( under, beneath, below, at the base of ) תַּחַ ת Locative 349 ( of authority ( under the authority of תַּחַ ת 350 ( of identity of situation ( in the place of, right where … was תחַתַּ 351 ( of exchange ( instead of, in place of תַּחַ ת 352 ( to introduce a causal clause ( because, because of תַּחַ ת 353 בַּ עַד / בְּ עַד The preposition בְּ עַד The preposition 354 ( behind, through ) בַּ עַד Locative 355 ( of advantage ( on behalf of, for, for the sake of בַּ עַד 356 אַחַ ר / אַ חֲרֵ י The preposition אַחַ ר / אַ חֲרֵ י The preposition 357 ( behind, after, with ) אַחַ ר Locative 358 ( west of ) אַחַ ר Directional 359 ( after ) אַחַ ר Temporal 360 ( against, to the disadvantage of ) אַחַ ר Adversative 361 ( of the norm ( in accordance with, after the manner of אַחַ ר 362 יַעַןיַעַןיַעַן The preposition יַעַן 363a The preposition ( because, because of ) יַעַן 363b Causal לְמַ עַן The preposition לְמַ עַן The compound preposition 364 ( of advantage ( for the sake of, for לְמַ עַן 365 ( on account of, because of ) לְמַ עַן Causal 366 ( of purpose ( in order to לְמַ עַן 367 ( for result ( with the result that, thus …-ing, therefore לְמַ עַן 368 לִפְ נֵי The preposition לִפְ נֵי The preposition 369 ( in front of, before ) לִפְ נֵי Locative 370 ( before ) לִפְ נֵי Temporal 371 ( in the sight of, before ) לִפְ נֵי Viewpoint 372 ( of comparison ( like, as לִפְ נֵי 373 מִפְּ נֵי The preposition מִפְּ נֵי The preposition 374 ( from, from before ) מִפְּ נֵי Locative 375 ( because, because of ) מִפְּ נֵי Causal 376 B 377 Hebrew has few words that are strictly adverbs גַּםגַּםגַּם The adverb ( for addition ( also, both … and also גַּם 378 ( even, just ) גַּם Emphatic 379 ( yes, even ) גַּם Rhetorical 380 ( on one’s part ) גַּם Correlative 381 ( although, even though ) גַּם Concessive 382

12 Outline of Williams’ Hebrew Syntax, Third Edition hebrewsyntax.org

אַ אַףאַ ף The adverb אַ ף The adverb 383 ( for addition ( also, moreover אַ ף 384 ( even, really ) אַ ף Emphatic 385 ( yes, even ) אַ ף Rhetorical 386 ( how much more/less ) אַ ף A fortiori 387 אַ אַךאַ ך The adverb ( only, however ) אַ ך Restrictive 388 ( surely ) אַ ך Asseverative 389 רַ רַקרַ ק The adverb ( only, however, except that, but ) רַ ק Restrictive 390 ( surely, nothing but ) רַ ק Asseverative 391 ( as exception to a negative ( except, but only רַ ק 392 (if only ) רַ ק אִ ם in רַ ק Emphatic 393 C Negatives 394 Double negatives make a strong negative לֹאלֹאלֹא The negative ( for objective denial of a fact ( no, not לֹא 395 ( for prohibition ( must not, shall not לֹא 396 ( to negate a infinitive ( should not, is not to be לֹא 397 (’. No ‘) לֹא Elliptic 398 ( to negate a predicate that is not a verb ( not לֹא 399 (-lacking, without, un ) לֹא Privative 400 אַ אַלאַ ל The negative ( for a negative wish ( not אַ ל 401 ( for prohibition ( not אַ ל Jussive with 402 ( no ) אַ ל Elliptic 403 ( for a negative obligation ( not, should not אַ ל 404 ( as a substantive ( nothing אַ ל 405 אַיִן / אֵיןאֵ ין The negative ( as a substantive ( nothing אַיִן 406 ( there is no ) אֵ ין in the construct state is אַיִן 407a ( not ) אֵ ין 407b Negative (to deny the existence of a substantive ( there is no אַיִן 408 ( there is no ) אַיִן Elliptic 409 ( with an infinitive construct to deny a possibility ( it is impossible אַיִן / אֵ ין 410a ( with an infinitive construct to deny permission ( it is not permitted אַיִן / אֵ ין 410b (-without, lack of, un ) אַיִן / אֵ ין Privative 411 בַּ בַּלבַּ ל The negative בַּ ל The negative 412 ( for objective denial of a fact ( no, not בַּ ל 413 ( to negate a predicate adjective ( not בַּ ל 414a ( to negate a prepositional phrase ( not בַּ ל 414b ( for a negative wish ( not בַּ ל 415 ( to negate an infinitive construct ( not בַּ ל 416 hebrewsyntax.org Outline of Williams’ Hebrew Syntax, Third Edition 13

בְּלִבְּלִיבְּלִ י The negative בְּלִ י The negative 417 ( for objective denial of a fact ( no, not בְּלִ י 418 ( to negate a passive participle ( not בְּלִ י 419 (-lacking, without, un ) בְּלִ י Privative 420 בִּלְתִּ י / לְבִ לתִּ י The negative (-lacking, without, un ) בִּלְתִּ י Privative 421 ( except, unless, only ) בִּלְתִּ י Exceptive 422 ( to negate an infinitive construct ( not בִּלְתִּ י / לְבִלְתִּ י 423 ( to negate a purpose or result ( so that not לְבִלְתִּ י 424 אֶפֶ ס The negative אֶפֶ ס The negative 425 ( lacking, without, un-, there is no ) אֶפֶ ס Privative 426 ( only, however, yet, nevertheless ) אֶפֶ ס Restrictive 427 מָ מָהמָ ה The negative ’.in a rhetorical question that implies ‘not מָ ה 428 D Conjunctions 429 Hebrew has few words that are strictly conjunctions וְ וְ וְוְ The conjunction ( and, untranslated ) וְ 430a Coordinative in hendiadys וְ 430b in verbal coordination וְ 430c ( to join opposites ( and וְ 431 ( but ) וְ Adversative 432 ( or ) וְ Alternative 433 ( namely, even, specifically ) וְ Explicative 434 ( untranslated ) וְ Pleonastic 435 ( of accompaniment ( with, along with וְ 436 ( as ) וְ Comparative 437 ( and especially ) וְ Emphatic 438 ( idiomatic ) וְ Sarcastic 439 ( then, untranslated ) וְ Resumptive 440 ( also ) וְ Adjunctive 441 ( each, also, every ) וְ Distributive 442 אוֹאוֹאוֹ The conjunction ( for alternatives ( or אוֹ 443 כִּ כִּיכִּ י The conjunction ( because ) כִּ י Causal 444 ( when ) כִּ י Temporal 445 ( if ) כִּ י Conditional 446 ( but, but rather, but instead ) כִּ י Adversative 447 ( though, in spite of, even if ) כִּ י Concessive 448 ( certainly, indeed, truly ) כִּ י Asseverative 449 ( with the result that ) כִּ י Result 450 ( that ) כִּ י 451a Nominalizing ( ?in a question ( is it (not) the case that כִּ י 451b

14 Outline of Williams’ Hebrew Syntax, Third Edition hebrewsyntax.org

( quotation marks ) כִּ י Recitative 452 אִ אִםאִ ם The conjunction ( if ) אִ ם Conditional 453 ( though, in spite of, even if ) םאִ Concessive 454 ( or ) אִ ם Alternative 455 ( in oaths and exclamations ( if, not אִ ם 456 ( untranslated ) אִ ם Pleonastic 457 ( !if only, Oh that ) אִ ם Optative 458 ((( לוּלֵ א / לוּלֵ י))) לוּלוּלוּ The conjunction ( if ) לוּ / לֻ א 459a Unreal conditional ( if not ) לוּלֵ א / לוּלֵ י 459b Negative unreal conditional ( !if only, O that ) לוּ Optative 460 פֶּפֶּןפֶּ ן The conjunction ( for negative purpose ( lest, or else, beware lest, in order not פֶּ ן 461 E Relative Particles אֲשֶׁר The relative particle introduces a clause אֲשֶׁ ר 462 ( who, which, that ) אֲשֶׁ ר 463a Relative ( .who, he who, what, etc ) אֲשֶׁ ר 463b Independent relative ( that ) אֲשֶׁ ר Nominalizing 464 ( with the result that ) אֲשֶׁ ר Result 465 ( in order that ) אֲשֶׁ ר Purpose 466 ( quotation marks ) אֲשֶׁ ר Recitative 467 ( because ) אֲשֶׁ ר Causal 468 ( if ) אֲשֶׁ ר Conditional 469 שַּׁ / שֶּׁשֶּׁשֶּׁשֶּׁ The relative particle is disputed שַּׁ / שֶּׁ The origin of 470 ( who, which, that ) שַּׁ / שֶּׁ Relative 471 ( that ) שַּׁ / שֶּׁ Nominalizing 472 ( with the result that, so that ) שַּׁ / שֶּׁ Result 473 ( because ) שַּׁ / שֶּׁ Causal 474 אֵ ת / אֶ ת F The Accusative Particle ( אֶ ת also spelled) אֵ ת 475a The particle before a definite direct object אֵ ת 475b before an indefinite direct object אֵ ת 475c before an accusative of specification אֵ ת 475d before an emphatic accusative of specification אֵ ת 475e before a determinative accusative אֵ ת 475f before a temporal accusative אֵ ת 475g before an accusative of material אֵ ת 475h יֵשׁיֵשׁיֵשׁ G The Existential Particle ( as a ( wealth יֵשׁ 476 ( of existence ( there is יֵשׁ 477 ( for possession ( has יֵשׁ 478 ( before the pronominal subject of a participle ( untranslated יֵשׁ 479 ( for obligation ( untranslated יֵשׁ 480 hebrewsyntax.org Outline of Williams’ Hebrew Syntax, Third Edition 15

( there is ) יֵשׁ Elliptic 481 4 Syntax of Clauses 482 Parataxis A Substantival Clauses 483 A substantival clause Nominative substantival clauses 484 Subject clause 485 Clause in apposition to a nominative substantive 486 Predicate nominative clause 487 Subject clause in an interrogative sentence 488 Subject clause with an adjectival predicate Genitive substantival clauses 489 A genitive substantival clause Accusative substantival clauses 490 Direct object clause 491 Adverbial clause of manner ( by …-ing ) 492 Accusative of specification clause 493 Determinative accusative clause B Circumstantial Clauses 494 A concomitant circumstantial clause 495a An antecedent circumstantial clause 495b A subsequent circumstantial clause C Temporal Clauses 496 Temporal clause beginning with an imperfect waw consecutive ( when ) ( when ) כִּ י Temporal clause beginning with 497 498 Temporal clause beginning with a preposition ( when ) בְּ Temporal clause beginning with 499 ( as soon as ) כְּ / כְּ מוֹ 500a A temporal clause that begins with כַּ אֲשֶׁ ר 500b A temporal clause that begins with ( after ) אַ חֲרֵ י / אַחַ ר A temporal clause that begins with 501 ( until ) עַד A temporal clause that begins with 502 503 Temporal infinitival phrase beginning with a preposition ( infinitive ( when + בְּ Temporal phrase with 504 ( infinitive ( as soon as + כְּ Temporal phrase with 505 ( infinitive ( after + אַ חֲרֵ י Temporal phrase with 506 ( infinitive ( before + לִפְ נֵי Temporal phrase with 507 ( infinitive ( until + עַד Temporal phrase with 508 ( before ) טֶרֶ ם / בְּ טֶרֶ ם Temporal clause beginning with 509 ( as often as ) מִדֵּ י Temporal clause or phrase beginning with 510 D Conditional Sentences (if-then) Apodosis (‘then’) 511 The apodosis of a conditional clause Protasis (‘if’) – real condition וְ Real condition beginning with 512 513 Real condition that is a circumstantial clause הֵ ן Real condition beginning with the particle 514

16 Outline of Williams’ Hebrew Syntax, Third Edition hebrewsyntax.org

אֲשֶׁ ר or , אִ ם , כִּ י Real condition with the particle 515 Protasis (‘if’) – unreal condition לוּ / לֻ א / לוּא 516a An unreal condition can begin with the particle ( if not ) לוּלֵ א / לוּלֵ י 516b A negative unreal condition begins with אִ לּוּ 516c Unreal condition with אִ ם or כִּ י Unreal condition with 517 E Purpose Clauses ( in order that ) and the jussive or cohortative וְ Purpose clause with 518 and the imperative וְ Purpose clause with 519 and an infinitive construct לְמַ עַן or לְ Purpose with 520 and the imperfect לְמַ עַן Purpose clause with 521 and the imperfect בַּ עֲבוּר 522a Purpose clause with and an infinitive construct בַּ עֲבוּר / לְבַ עֲבוּר 522b Purpose with אֲשֶׁ ר Purpose clause with 523 524 Negative purpose ( in order that not ) F Result Clauses ( with the result that ) 525 Result clause with the waw consecutive or simple waw and an infinitive construct לְמַ עַן or לְ Result with 526 שַּׁ or , כִּ י , אֲשֶׁ ר Result clause with 527 G Concessive Clauses ( although ) 528 Concessive circumstantial clause אִ ם Concessive clause with 529 גַּם כִּ י or , גַּם , כִּ י Concessive clause with 530 עַל Concessive clause with 531 and an infinitive construct כְּ Concessive with 532 H Causal Clauses ( because ) 533 A causal clause 534 A causal clause 535 A cause can be expressed with an infinitive construct I Relative Clauses ( that, which, who ) זוּ / זוֹ / זֶה Relative clause with 536 שֶּׁ Relative clause with 537 אֲשֶׁ ר Relative clause with 538 539a Relative clause with a participle 539b Relative clause with the article on a finite verb 540 Relative clause with no marker J Interrogative Clauses ( question mark ) הֲ Direct question with the interrogative particle 541 542 Direct question without any marker ( question mark ) ( whether ) אִ ם or הֲ Indirect question with 543 ( whether … or ) הֲ ... אִ ם / וְאִ ם / הֲ / אוֹ Disjunctive question with 544 545 Question with an interrogative pronoun or adverb K Desire Clauses 546 Desire clause with the jussive or cohortative (let ) ( if only, oh that, would that ) מִ ייִתֵּ ן Desire clause with 547 ( if only ) לוּ Desire clause with 548 ( if only ) אַ חֲלֵ י / אַ חֲלַ י Desire clause with 549 hebrewsyntax.org Outline of Williams’ Hebrew Syntax, Third Edition 17

( if only ) אִ ם Desire clause with 550 551 Verbless desire clause ( may it be! ) L Adversative Clauses ( but ) וְ Adversative clause with 552 אוּלָ ם / וְ אוּ לָ ם Adversative clause with 553 אֲבָ ל Adversative clause with 554 after a negative כִּ י אִ ם or כִּ י Adversative clause with 555 M Exceptive Clauses ( unless, except that ) כִּ י אִ ם Exceptive clause with 556 בִּלְתִּ י Exceptive clause with 557 N Restrictive Clauses ( nevertheless, but ) אֶפֶ ס כִּ י Restrictive clause with 558 אַ ך Restrictive clause with 559 רַ ק Restrictive clause with 560 O Equational Clauses ( is ) 561 Equational clauses 562 Equational clause with a substantive for a predicate 563 Equational clause with predicate adjective of identity בְּ Equational clause with the preposition 564 565 Equational clause with a prepositional phrase as the predicate 566 Equational clause with an adverb as the predicate P Existential Clauses ( there is ) הָ יָה Existential clause with 567 יֵשׁ Existential clause with 568 אַיִן / אֵ ין 569a Negative existential clause with ( there is not ) אֶפֶ ס 569b Negative existential clause with Q Word Order 570 Word order is an important feature of Hebrew syntax Word order in verbal clauses 571 A verbal clause 572a The normal order for verbal clauses 572b An expression of time usually comes first, before the verb 572c A word that negates the verb usually precedes the verb 572d The direct object may precede the subject 572e A preposition with a pronominal suffix may precede the subject 573a The subject may precede the verb to focus attention on the subject 573b The subject may precede the verb to contrast the subject 573c The subject may precede the verb when the subject has changed 573d The subject may precede the verb to express anterior time 573e The subject may precede the verb to indicate simultaneous actions 573f A long subject may precede the verb as a nominative absolute 573g An interrogative pronoun precedes the verb 573h A subject may precede the verb in poetry for reason of style 574a The direct object may precede the verb to focus attention on it 574b An interrogative pronoun direct object precedes the verb 574c A long direct object may precede the verb 575a A prepositional phrase may precede the verb to put it in focus

18 Outline of Williams’ Hebrew Syntax, Third Edition hebrewsyntax.org

575b A prepositional phrase may precede the verb for contrast 575c A long object of a preposition may precede the verb 576 Inverted word order in an adverbial clause of manner Word order in verbless clauses 577 Verbless clauses fall into two major categories 578 Subject first in verbless clauses that identify the subject 579 Predicate first in verbless clauses that classify or describe the subject 580 Word order in verbless desire clauses 581 Interrogative words normally come first in a clause 582 Subject precedes predicate in circumstantial clauses R Ellipsis 583 Omission of a substantive in a comparison 584 Omission of a predicate adjective in a comparison 585 Omission of a pronoun 586 Omission of a pronoun that is the subject of an infinitive 587 Omission of a pronoun that is the subject of a participle 588 Omission of a pronoun that is the direct object of a verb 589 Omission of the expected direct object of a verb 590 Omission of a word after a numeral 591 Omission of a verb that is clear from the context 592 Omissions frequently occur with negatives אַיִן / אֵ ין Omission with the negative 593 לֹא Omission with the negative 594 אַ ל Omission with the negative 595 596 Omission of the oath formula 597 Omission of the conclusion of a statement 598 Omission of every word except one