NEW GENERATION HIGH SCHOOL MIRYALGUDA. PHONE NO: 241 447 NEW GENERATION SPOKEN ENGLISH FUNDAMENTAL GRAMMAR & EXRCISES 2008 NEW GENERATION HIGH SCHOOL MLG NALGONDA R O A D NEW GENERATION SPOKEN ENGLISH & FUNDAMENTAL GRAMMAR y Grammar is the measurement of language. y Grammar can only tell you whether the language is correctly spoken or written. It is the only scale for a correct language. * Tense tells us about the sense of time in a sentence. 1) Present Tense 2) Past Tense 3) Future Tense. A sentence has sense and tense of its own. Ex. Jack is heading towards his target. Def: Subject; somebody who does work is a subject in a sentence. Predicate. It tells us about the action or state of the subject in a sentence. E.g. She does her duty for the sake of her parents. Object: Over which a work is done is called an object in a sentence. Ex. Shelly cracks plates in the hall. Plates is an object. Partition of a sentence according its uses is called ͚parts of speech͛ There are 8 parts of speech in the English language. They are 1. Noun 2. Pronoun 3. Adjective 4. Verb 5. Adverb 6.Preposition 7. Conjunction 8. Interjection. EXERCISE NO. -1 Name the Parts of Speech of the italic words 1. Help the poor students. 2. Let us continue the study. 3. Little Jack Horner sat in a corner. 4. Karna was a great warrior. 5. Wisdom is better than strength. 6. Anger is one letter short of danger. 7. Temper is the most valuable thing don͛t lose it. 8. Humpty Dumpty sat on a wall. 9. Sincerity never goes waste. 10. Life is a challenge, face it. 11. She wept an ocean of tears. 12. Napolean was a very great Emperor. 13. Wherever you go, I shall meet you. 14. Accept the truth of life or you may suffer. 15. You should cross the river. 16. A person who manages is a manager. 17. A person who teaches is a teacher. 1. A NOUN is a word used as the name of a person, place, or thing; All that you can see, feel or think is a Noun. e.g David, London, pencil, happiness, etc. Kinds of Nouns : 1. Proper Nouns 2. Common nouns 3. Collective Nouns 4 Abstract nouns 1. Proper Noun is the name of some particular person or place, thing, animal ,etc. They are always written with a capital letter at the beginning. Example: Delhi is the capital city of India Napolean was a great commander. They are sometimes used as Common Nouns; Ex: Rama, Delhi., The Mahabharatha. 2. Common Noun is a name given in common to every person or thing of the same class or kind. 3. A Collective noun is the name of a number of person or things taken together and spoken of as one whole. Eg: army, herd, pack, crowd, mob, flock, fleet, jury, nation, committee, parliament. 4. A quality or feeling or idea which we can feel but we cannot touch is called an Abstract Noun Quality: Bravery, kindness, goodness, honesty, etc. Action: Laugher, hatred, behavior, theft.etc. State: Brotherhood, boyhood, death, sleep, youth, slavery, etc 5. A Noun that denotes a male is the Masculine gender. E.g. boy. Brother, father, prince. b) A Noun that denotes a female is the Feminine gender. E.g. girl, sister, mother, princess. c) Noun that denotes both male and female is the common gender. e.g. cousin friend, student, baby. d) A Noun that denotes a non living being is Neuter gender. e.g.: book, room, plant, pen. Material Noun: A material noun is the name of a material existing in the nature. 1. The ornament is made of gold 2. Cotton is good for skin. 3. Take this milk before you go to bed. EXERCISE NO. 2 Find out ͚Nouns͛ from the following sentences and tell their kinds also 1. A burnt child dreads the fire. 2. Little jack Horner sat in a corner. 3. Napolean, who is the most honourable French, died at Helena. 4. A rolling stone gathers no moss. 5. Do noble deeds, don͛t only dream them. 6. Rome was not built in a day. 7. Religion does not banish mirth. 8. Time and tide wait for none . 9. Hunger is the best sauce. 10. If you live well, you may die well. 11. Death is preferable to disgrace. 12. Uneasy lies the head that wears the crown. 13. Columbus discovered America. 14,. Prayer does not cause inconvenience to anybody. 15. Those who seek only for faults, cannot see anything 16. Bread and butter is our necessity. 17. People who are too sharp cut their own fingers. PRONOUN II. A Pronoun is a word used instead of a noun. Pronoun can be singular or plural. Pronouns can be masculine, feminine, common or neuter gender. PERSNAL PRONOUNTS TABLE Singular / Gender Subject Object Possessive Mine Reflexive Plural Type (1) Type Type (3) Type & (2) (4) Emphatic Type(5) Singular Common I Me My Mine Myself Gender Plural Common We Us Our Ours Ourselves Gender Singular Common You You Your Yours Yourself Gender Common You You Your Yours Yourselves Gender Masculine He Him His His Himself Gender Feminine She Her Her Hers Herself Gender Singular Neuter It It Its Its Itself Gender Common They Them Their Theirs Themselves Gender 1. Personal Pronoun. A) The first person is the person who is speaking i.e. I, me, Mine, we, us, ours B) The second person is the person spoken to i.e. you, your. C) The third person is the person spoken about i.e. he, she, it, they, him, her, them, His, its, their. EXERCISE NO. 3 1. Sam entered into my house like a bull in the china shop. 2. A small leak can sink a great ship. 3. You must work hard to make your dream come true in your life. 4. The great things are done when men and mountain meet, these are not done by jostling in the street. 5. Your silence is your weapon. 6. I do not know the secret of your success. 7. A house full of books is like a garden of flowers. 8. Today͛s plan decides tomorrow͛s destiny. 9. As you do not rely on me, I cannot do anything for you. 10. He has to think twice before coming to the final conclusion. 11. Your book is the golden key to open the treasure of success for you. 12. It is true that you will get a red carpet welcome. 13. I know my duty well; please do not try to teach me regarding my project. 14. You open your book once in a blue moon. 15. They cannot understand the pain of a poor man. 16. You will have to accept that he has double eyes. 17. If your finger is itching, you must work hard. 18. This project is a fool͛s paradise for us. 19. You cannot indulge in a foul play with your friends. 20. You can say that Caesar was a fountain of justice. EXERCISE NO; 4 Fill ͚Personal Pronouns͛ in the gaps: John lives in Mumbai. He is a doctor. All the people like him because of his_ helping nature. His hospital is located at Andheri and most of his patients are poor but he does not charge much money. His daughter goes to school. He studies in Vth Standard. _his_____ teachers love very much. __his____ friends are also very good. _They always encourage him. They have given him Guidance in studies. _His mother is also a teacher. They_ always encourages Him to keep it up. I also like her as he often comes to his House. One day he told my mother that he wants to learn cooking. __His _mother taught him cooking. Now, _He cooks food well. 2. A pronoun that is used to point out the object or objects to which it refers is called A Demonstrative Pronoun. e.g. This is a pencil. These are pencils. Those were my friend͛s books That was a silly mistake. Distributive Pronoun: A pronoun which distributes a group or a pair is called a Distributive Pronoun. Each/Every/Either/Neither/ Any one / None / etc. are Distributive Pronoun. Example: 1. Each of these pens will be sold. 2. None of the students can solve it, I shall be thankful to God. 3. A pronoun that is used to ask a question is called an Interrogative Pronoun. Example. What do you want? Which is your coat? 4. The pronouns myself, ourselves, yourself, yourselves, himself, herself, itself and Themselves; when used as the receiver of an action are called Reflexive Pronoun. E.g. I enjoyed myself. 5. A pronoun used to convey emphasis is called an Emphasizing Pronoun. e.g.: I myself saw her crying. e.g.: You your self will return my money. They themselves will have to earn money. Note: A Reflexive Pronoun is used after the Verb but Emphatic Pronoun is used before the Verb. 6. A pronoun that shows possession is called a Possessive Pronoun. e.g. This is my house Reciprocal Pronoun: A Pronoun which shows relation with one another is called a Reciprocal Pronoun. Example. All the enemies kill one another. The two girls hate each other. Note: Each other is used for two persons. One another is used for more than two persons. A Pronoun which shows relation is called a Relative pronoun. e.g. The girl whom you met yesterday , was my sister The pen, which you have taken, is mine. This is the lady whom everybody praises.