DOCSLIB.ORG

The Epidemiology and Prevention of Childhood Obesity in Tehran, Iran

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Epidemiology and Prevention of Childhood Obesity in Tehran, Iran CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by University of Birmingham Research Archive, E-theses Repository The epidemiology and prevention of childhood obesity in Tehran, Iran By Behnoush Mohammadpour-Ahranjani A thesis submitted to The University of Birmingham for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Unit of Public Health, Epidemiology and Biostatistics School of Health and Population Sciences College of Medical and Dental Sciences The University of Birmingham September 2010 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. Abstract Introduction The relationship between childhood obesity and later chronic diseases is evident. In Iran, whilst childhood obesity is a recognised increasing public health problem, no evidence for effective prevention strategies are available. Aim and objectives The aim was to inform the development of an obesity prevention intervention for Iranian school children, which could be later tested as part of a randomised controlled trial. Objective included: To develop and validate a semi-quantitative food ticklist to estimate energy intake in children. To examine the pattern, and factors associated with obesity in school children. To explore contextual influences on childhood obesity and to gain insights on barriers and facilitators that would help tailor the intervention. To identify and prioritise potential intervention components to help children maintain a healthy weight. Methods A dietary assessment tool was developed and compared with a 24-h semi-weighed food diary. For the second objective, a cross-sectional study of Tehrani school children (n=319) aged 6-8 yrs from a range of socio-economic backgrounds was undertaken. Participants underwent anthropometric and blood pressure measures, completed validated questionnaires to assess their body image perception and quality i of life, and their parents completed questionnaires related to socio-demographic, diet and physical activity habits. For the remaining objectives, a series of focus groups and interviews were undertaken with parents and school staff. Results There was good agreement in estimated energy intake between the food ticklist and more resource intensive 24-h food diary. Overall 28.2% of the study children were overweight or obese, with those from higher socio-economic areas being at greater risk. Body Mass Index and other measures of body fat were highly positively correlated with blood pressure. There was a tendency for increasing energy intake with higher weight status, although this was not statistically significant. There was generally accurate body size perception. Quality of life scores were generally similar by weight status. Focus group participants identified a range of obesity risk factors related to diet and physical activity at the micro and macro levels. In terms of interventions, the importance of macro level educational activities, and better provision of physical activity at school were highlighted. The importance of cooperation between schools and families and the substantial contribution of the government in providing a supportive environment were emphasised. Conclusion The study confirms that childhood obesity is an important health problem in Tehran and highlighted socio-economic variations in prevalence, which will inform the targeting of prevention interventions. Important contextual information was obtained ii to inform the development of a prevention intervention. The feasibility and acceptability of applying a range of physical and psychological outcome measures in a population setting was also demonstrated. These could be used for a future population based trial of childhood obesity prevention. iii Acknowledgments I would like to express my gratitude to my supervisors; Dr. Peymane Adab who has not only provided me with invaluable and detailed guidance and strong encouragement but also shared her brilliant insight and expertise as a friend, and Professor KK Cheng for his valuable suggestions. I wish to thank Dr. Morteza Abdollahi who has been a great friend and provided much support throughout this PhD, which would not have been completed without his outstanding contribution. For their unconditional support, I would like to thank Dr. Hubert Lam, Sheila Hirst, Ariyo Movahedi, Dr. Miranda Pallan, Saied Mowahed, and Hayfa Al-Shahristani. I would like to thank Dr. Arash Rashidi for sharing his positive thoughts and valuable input and Saloomeh Armin for her substantial contribution to “dietary intake assessment”. I am grateful to Professor Janet Cade for sharing her invaluable experience on validating the dietary intake tool, Professor Jayne Parry for her critical and valuable comments on the “qualitative study” and to Professor Jon Deeks for his statistical advice. My special thanks to Narges Djazayery, Moloud Pakravan, Maryam Amini, Anahita Houshiar-rad, Mina Esmaeili, Saeideh Nassiri, Pooneh Angoorani, Mahshid Mohammadizadegan, Zohreh Hajmirsadeghi, Hamid Sabour, Amin Salehpour, Ali iv Shafee, Soudeh Moghadam, Rezvan Ghodoussi, Mohammadreza Khoshfetrat, Telma Zoghi, Masoumeh Nazar, Mohammad Hosseini, Sepideh Alibeyk, Azadeh Aminpour, and Dr. Nasser Kalantari, who helped me to complete the field work and data entry. Their presence was precious and comforting. I would like to thank the participating children for their attendance and kindness. I also very much appreciate the participation of parents and school staff in this study. I would like to acknowledge the contribution of the Overseas Research Students Awards Scheme, UK; the National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Iran; the Unit of Public Health, Epidemiology & Biostatistics at the University of Birmingham, UK; the Education Office, Tehran; and the schools which have made my PhD and the project possible. I would like to acknowledge Dr. Hedayat Hosseini, Dr. Ahmad-Reza Dorosty, Dr. Esmat Nasseri, Dr. Tirang Neyestani, Dr. Dolly Bondarianzadeh, and Ali Parizadeh at the National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute who enabled me to complete my PhD as a full-time student. v I am forever grateful to my parents for their love, dedication, patience, wholehearted support, and encouragement. Thank you for everything. For their genuine affection, generous support, and pleasant company, I would like to specially thank Auntie Faezeh and Uncle Jalil who have made Birmingham my second hometown. I would also like to say a special thank you to Kian who has taught me how to enjoy my life in any situation. Finally, I would like to thank my brother, Behzad, and Pooneh for their care and inspiration and Arvin who has brought precious things into my life. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS OVERVIEW ..................................................................................................................1 1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................3 1.1 Tehran city......................................................................................................................................3 1.1.1 Population..............................................................................................................................3 1.1.2 Climate ..................................................................................................................................4 1.1.3 Socio-economic and nutritional status...................................................................................4 1.1.4 Geopolitical factor.................................................................................................................5 1.2 Epidemiology of obesity.................................................................................................................6 1.2.1 Worldwide prevalence and trends of obesity.........................................................................6 1.2.2 Prevalence of overweight and obesity in Iran........................................................................6 1.2.3 Socio-economic and ethnic risk factors for obesity...............................................................8 1.2.4 Global prevalence of childhood obesity ................................................................................9 1.2.5 Prevalence of childhood overweight and obesity in Iran.....................................................10 1.2.6 Cost of obesity.....................................................................................................................12 1.2.7 Factors influencing the development of overweight and obesity ........................................12 1.2.8 Potential contributors to overweight and obesity in Iran.....................................................13 1.2.8.1 Dietary factors ...........................................................................................................13 1.2.8.2 Physical activity pattern.............................................................................................13 1.2.8.3 Environmental
Load more

Recommended publications
  • (English-Kreyol Dictionary). Educa Vision Inc., 7130
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 401 713 FL 023 664 AUTHOR Vilsaint, Fequiere TITLE Diksyone Angle Kreyol (English-Kreyol Dictionary). PUB DATE 91 NOTE 294p. AVAILABLE FROM Educa Vision Inc., 7130 Cove Place, Temple Terrace, FL 33617. PUB TYPE Reference Materials Vocabularies /Classifications /Dictionaries (134) LANGUAGE English; Haitian Creole EDRS PRICE MFO1 /PC12 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Alphabets; Comparative Analysis; English; *Haitian Creole; *Phoneme Grapheme Correspondence; *Pronunciation; Uncommonly Taught Languages; *Vocabulary IDENTIFIERS *Bilingual Dictionaries ABSTRACT The English-to-Haitian Creole (HC) dictionary defines about 10,000 English words in common usage, and was intended to help improve communication between HC native speakers and the English-speaking community. An introduction, in both English and HC, details the origins and sources for the dictionary. Two additional preliminary sections provide information on HC phonetics and the alphabet and notes on pronunciation. The dictionary entries are arranged alphabetically. (MSE) *********************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. *********************************************************************** DIKSIONt 7f-ngigxrzyd Vilsaint tick VISION U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Office of Educational Research and Improvement EDU ATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION "PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS CENTER (ERIC) MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY This document has been reproduced as received from the person or organization originating it. \hkavt Minor changes have been made to improve reproduction quality. BEST COPY AVAILABLE Points of view or opinions stated in this document do not necessarily represent TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES official OERI position or policy. INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC)." 2 DIKSYCAlik 74)25fg _wczyd Vilsaint EDW. 'VDRON Diksyone Angle-Kreyal F. Vilsaint 1992 2 Copyright e 1991 by Fequiere Vilsaint All rights reserved.
    [Show full text]
  • The Epidemiology and Prevention of Childhood Obesity in Tehran, Iran
    The epidemiology and prevention of childhood obesity in Tehran, Iran By Behnoush Mohammadpour-Ahranjani A thesis submitted to The University of Birmingham for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Unit of Public Health, Epidemiology and Biostatistics School of Health and Population Sciences College of Medical and Dental Sciences The University of Birmingham September 2010 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. Abstract Introduction The relationship between childhood obesity and later chronic diseases is evident. In Iran, whilst childhood obesity is a recognised increasing public health problem, no evidence for effective prevention strategies are available. Aim and objectives The aim was to inform the development of an obesity prevention intervention for Iranian school children, which could be later tested as part of a randomised controlled trial. Objective included: To develop and validate a semi-quantitative food ticklist to estimate energy intake in children. To examine the pattern, and factors associated with obesity in school children. To explore contextual influences on childhood obesity and to gain insights on barriers and facilitators that would help tailor the intervention.
    [Show full text]
  • Ethnic and Traditional Iranian Breads: Different Types, and Historical and Cultural Aspects
    J Ethn Foods - (2017) 1e7 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Ethnic Foods journal homepage: http://journalofethnicfoods.net Original article Ethnic and traditional Iranian breads: different types, and historical and cultural aspects * Vahid Mohammadpour Karizaki Chemical Engineering Department, Quchan University of Advanced Technology, Quchan, Iran article info abstract Article history: Background: Bread making has a long history in Iran. Because of the inseparable relationship between Received 21 December 2016 Iranian people and bread, an increasingly wide variety of this healthy and nutritious food is prepared and Received in revised form consumed throughout the country. The present work aims at documenting and providing information 14 January 2017 about breads of Iranian cuisine. Accepted 20 January 2017 Methods: The required information was obtained via a direct face-to-face questionnaire-based survey Available online xxx among housewives, domestic people, and Iranian bakers. The statistical society was selected by random sampling among people from the top eight most populous cities in the country. Keywords: bread Results: More than 30 types of ethnic and traditional bread of Iranian cuisine are introduced in two main fi ethnic food categories: the rst group includes breads that are consumed all around the country, and the second Iran group consists of those that are prepared in special regions, or by ethnic groups. Conclusion: The historical and cultural aspects of the Iranian foods showed that bread is the most common and popular food in the country. © 2017 Korea Food Research Institute. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
    [Show full text]
  • THE ANGLO-OMANI SOCIETY REVIEW 2020 Project Associates’ Business Is to Build, Manage and Protect Our Clients’ Reputations
    REVIEW 2020 THE ANGLO-OMANI SOCIETY THE ANGLO-OMANI SOCIETY REVIEW 2020 Project Associates’ business is to build, manage and protect our clients’ reputations. Founded over 20 years ago, we advise corporations, individuals and governments on complex communication issues - issues which are usually at the nexus of the political, business, and media worlds. Our reach, and our experience, is global. We often work on complex issues where traditional models have failed. Whether advising corporates, individuals, or governments, our goal is to achieve maximum targeted impact for our clients. In the midst of a media or political crisis, or when seeking to build a profile to better dominate a new market or subject-area, our role is to devise communication strategies that meet these goals. We leverage our experience in politics, diplomacy and media to provide our clients with insightful counsel, delivering effective results. We are purposefully discerning about the projects we work on, and only pursue those where we can have a real impact. Through our global footprint, with offices in Europe’s major capitals, and in the United States, we are here to help you target the opinions which need to be better informed, and design strategies so as to bring about powerful change. Corporate Practice Private Client Practice Government & Political Project Associates’ Corporate Practice Project Associates’ Private Client Project Associates’ Government helps companies build and enhance Practice provides profile building & Political Practice provides strategic their reputations, in order to ensure and issues and crisis management advisory and public diplomacy their continued licence to operate. for individuals and families.
    [Show full text]
  • 2009 SEM Honorary Member: Lois Ann Anderson Weapons of Mass In
    Volume 44 Number 1 January 2010 curriculum. She directed the Ugandan 2009 SEM Honorary kiganda xylophone study group from Inside Member: Lois Ann 1975-2008 and she directed/coordi- 1 2009 SEM Honorary Member nated the Javanese gamelan ensem- 1 Weapons of Mass Instruction Anderson ble from 1976-1982. 3 People and Places Lois’s colleagues in musicology By Portia K. Maultsby, Virginia Gor- 4 nC embraced her vision for a broader 2 linski, and Mellonee Burnim 7 54th Annual Meeting curriculum and a more comprehen- 9 Prizes Lois Ann Anderson was among sive approach to the study of music 11 President’s Report the first generation of ethnomusicolo- traditions, integrating ethnomusicol- 13 Calls for Participation gists to graduate from UCLA and to ogy courses into the musicology 15 SEM Crossroads Project establish ethnomusicology programs program and including related content 15 Resolution of Thanks at major research institutions through- on PhD exams. The School of Music 17 Announcements out the country. After receiving her also adopted a more democratic 21 Conferences Calendar PhD under the directorship of Mantle administrative structure that rotated division chairs between the two disciplines. Over Weapons of Mass In- her forty years at the University of struction Wisconsin, Lois By Gage Averill, SEM President served as chair several times and “Ethnomusicology At the End Of she served as Di- Petroglobalization” rector of the Cen- You will notice as you attempt to ter for Southeast open up this edition of the Asian Studies Newslet- and spread it on the desk that it from 1981-1982. ter is no longer made of paper.
    [Show full text]
  • Будућност Историје Музике the Future of Music History
    Будућност историје музике The Future II/2019 of Music History 27 Реч уреднице Editor's Note ема броја 27 Будућност историје музике инспирисана је истоименим Тсеминаром, организованим у оквиру конференције одржане у Српској History академији наука и уметности септембра 2017. године. Организатор семинара био је Џим Самсон, један од најзначајнијих музиколога данашњице, емеритус професор колеџа Ројал Холовеј Универзитета у Лондону, редовни члан Британске Академије и аутор више од 100 Будућност публикација, међу којима је и прва обухватна историја музике на Балкану на енглеском језику (Music in the Balkans, Leiden: Brill, 2013). Проф. The Future Самсон је љубазно прихватио наш позив да буде гост-уредник овог броја часописа, у којем објављујемо радове четворо од петоро учесника панела историје Будућност историје музике (Рајнхарда Штрома, Мартина Лесера, Кетрин Елис и Марине Фролове-Вокер). Изражавамо велику захвалност овим еминентним музиколозима на исцрпном промишљању будућности музике музике наше дисциплине и настојањима да предмет изучавања постану географске регије, друштвени слојеви и слушалачке праксе који су досад били занемарени у музиколошким разматрањима. he theme of the issue No 27 The Future of Music History was inspired by the Teponymous seminar organised as part of a conference held at the Serbian The Future Academy of Sciences and Arts in September 2017. The seminar was prepared by Jim Samson, one of the most outstanding musicologists of our time, Emeritus Professor of Music, Royal Holloway (University of London), member of Music of the British Academy and author of more than 100 publications, including the first comprehensive history of music in the Balkans in English (Leiden: Brill, Будућност историје 2013). Professor Samson kindly accepted our invitation to be the guest editor History of this issue, in which we publish articles by four of the five panelists (Reinhard Strohm, Martin Loeser, Katharine Ellis and Marina Frolova-Walker).
    [Show full text]
  • Azerbaijan Investment Guide 2015
    PERSPECTIVE SPORTS CULTURE & TOURISM ICT ENERGY FINANCE CONSTRUCTION GUIDE Contents 4 24 92 HE Ilham Aliyev Sports Energy HE Ilham Aliyev, President Find out how Azerbaijan is The Caspian powerhouse is of Azerbaijan talks about the entering the world of global entering stage two of its oil future for Azerbaijan’s econ- sporting events to improve and gas development plans, omy, its sporting develop- its international image, and with eyes firmly on the ment and cultural tolerance. boost tourism. European market. 8 50 120 Perspective Culture & Finance Tourism What is modern Azerbaijan? Diversifying the sector MICE tourism, economic Discover Azerbaijan’s is key for the country’s diversification, international hospitality, art, music, and development, see how relations and building for tolerance for other cultures PASHA Holdings are at the future. both in the capital Baku the forefront of this move. and beyond. 128 76 Construction ICT Building the monuments Rapid development of the that will come to define sector will see Azerbaijan Azerbaijan’s past, present and future in all its glory. ASSOCIATE PUBLISHERS: become one of the regional Nicole HOWARTH, leaders in this vital area of JOHN Maratheftis the economy. EDITOR: 138 BENJAMIN HEWISON Guide ART DIRECTOR: JESSICA DORIA All you need to know about Baku and beyond in one PROJECT DIRECTOR: PHIL SMITH place. Venture forth and explore the ‘Land of Fire’. PROJECT COORDINATOR: ANNA KOERNER CONTRIBUTING WRITERS: MARK Elliott, CARMEN Valache, NIGAR Orujova COVER IMAGE: © RAMIL ALIYEV / shutterstock.com 2nd floor, Berkeley Square House London W1J 6BD, United Kingdom In partnership with T: +44207 887 6105 E: [email protected] LEADING EDGE AZERBAIJAN 2015 5 Interview between Leading Edge and His Excellency Ilham Aliyev, President of the Republic of Azerbaijan LE: Your Excellency, in October 2013 you received strong reserves that amount to over US $53 billion, which is a very support from the people of Azerbaijan and were re-elect- favourable figure when compared to the rest of the world.
    [Show full text]
  • CT 11 Final:Layout 1
    Iran Takes on the World By Jamsheed K. Choksy he islamic republic of iran is today challenging the world. The Iranian leadership’s appetite for power is growing, for they have become thoroughly convinced that no outside power—the U.S. in- cluded—will derail their rise to regional and even global prominence. “Whether you like it or not,” the Iranian cleric and politician Ayatollah TAhmad Khatami, an influential figure and on-and-off mentor to Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, publicly boasted to the U.S., “you have to regard Iran as a great power in the political sphere. The people of Iran have realized there is nothing you can do to us now or will be capable of doing [in the future]. So rather than using all your resources in failed attempts to oppose Iran, you should work with us.”1 Khatami’s statement, like many other recent pronouncements made by the Is- lamic Republic’s leaders, underscores why Iran has not complied with years of Amer- ican demands for full transparency in its nuclear programs, for putting a halt to its sponsorship of terrorism and propagation of militant Islam or Islamism globally, and for cooperation in regional affairs. Simply put, the Islamic Republic’s ruling politicians no longer fear America; they believe the U.S. and its allies have lost the political will to preserve the current order. Tehran, therefore, no longer worries about the repercussions of pursuing an ever-more ambitious policy aimed at refash- ioning the international order and extending Iranian power and influence. Students of history know this is not the first time a rising Iran has sought to dom- inate its neighbors and the world beyond.
    [Show full text]
  • Eat, Live, Pray: a Celebration of Zarathushti Culture and Cuisine © 2012 Federation of Zoroastrian Associations of North America (FEZANA)
    Eat, Live, Pray: A celebration of Zarathushti culture and cuisine © 2012 Federation of Zoroastrian Associations of North America (FEZANA) www.fezana.org For free distribution You are free to use the content of this publication for personal and not-for-profit purposes. Please attribute the source if you share any information from it in print and/or electronic media including social media. ISBN: 978-0-9826871-2-3 Cover and layout: Hukhta Publications - [email protected] Every effort has been made to use illustrations that are free or from the public domain. Copyright infringement is not intended; please let us know if there is a copyright issue and we will rectify it. CONGRATULATIONS, FEZANA The Federation of the Zoroastrian Association of North America (FEZANA) was registered in the State of Illinois, USA, on June 2, 1987 as a non-profit, religious and charitable organization. In the twenty-five years since them FEZANA has had many accomplishments. In July 1996, we undertook a "Strategic Planning" exercise (FEZANA Journal, Fall 1996) which identified four collective goals for the community and the organization. One of the goals was “a thousand points of light” aimed at preserving our community’s religious and cultural entity. This publication, “Eat, Live, Pray: A celebration of Zarathushti culture and cuisine” upholds this goal. Food plays a very important role in our Zarathushti psyche. We create all varieties of food for different occasions; special food for happy occasions and we also have food for the dead in our religious ceremonies. In the Summer, 2011 edition of the FEZANA Journal, Sarosh and Benafsha Khariwala together with Arnavaz Chubb, all in Melbourne, Australia, explored the concept of “Food as Our Identity”.
    [Show full text]
  • Menu0509.Pdf
    MENU LA CUCINA PERSIANA AFFONDA LE SUE RADICI IN UNA STORIA MILLENARIA RISALENTE A CIRO IL GRANDE, CULTORE, GIÀ 2500 ANNI FA, DELLA BUONA TAVOLA A CORTE. LE ANTICHE TRADIZIONI DI QUESTA CUCINA SONO GIUNTE INTATTE NELLE SAPIENTI MANI DELLE DONNE DI OGGI, TRAMANDATE CON AMORE DI MADRE IN FIGLIA. GLI ANTIPASTI *TRIS DI MAZÈ Mirsa Ghasemi: Crema di melanzane affumicate, aglio, pomodoro Zeitun Parvarde: Olive verdi marinate in salsa di melagrana, noci, aglio, limone, verdure persiane Masto Musir: Crema di yogurt, scalogno € 10 *KASHK BADEMJAN Crema di melanzane, aglio, menta, noci, spezie, yogurt (Kashk) € 6 MIRSA GHASEMI Crema di melanzane affumicate, aglio, pomodoro, spezie € 5 DOLME VEGETARIANO Involtini di foglia di vite ripieni di riso, verdure, spezie € 5 *KUKU SABZI Frittata di verdure persiane, noci, crespino (ribes persiano) € 4 MASTO KHIAR Crema di yogurt, cetrioli, menta € 3 MASTO MUSIR Crema di yogurt, scalogno € 3 SALAD SHIRAZI La tipica insalata persiana composta da cubetti di cetrioli, pomodori, cipolla, menta, olio di oliva, lime € 3 *SALAD SPINACI Spinaci freschi, feta, noci, salsa di melagrana € 5,5 *ZEITUN PARVARDE Olive verdi marinate in salsa di melagrana, noci, aglio, limone, verdure persiane € 4 TORSHI Verdure sotto aceto € 2,5 *Sostanze o prodotti che provocano allergie o intolleranze ••FRUTTA A GUSCIO•• I NOSTRI PIATTI *SINI MAKHSUS Spiedo di Kubide: macinato misto di agnello e lombata di manzo Spiedo di Giuge: galletto marinato in zafferano, limone, cipolla Spiedo di Torsh: controfiletto marinato in passato di melagrana,
    [Show full text]
  • Prediction of Metabolic Syndrome by a High Intake of Energy-Dense Nutrient-Poor Snacks in Iranian Children and Adolescents
    nature publishing group Population Study Articles Prediction of metabolic syndrome by a high intake of energy-dense nutrient-poor snacks in Iranian children and adolescents Golaleh Asghari1, Emad Yuzbashian1, Parvin Mirmiran2, Zahra Bahadoran1 and Fereidoun Azizi3 BACKGROUND: Our aim was to investigate the relationship observed, highlighting the marked increase in the contribution between metabolic syndrome (MetS) and energy-dense nutri- of snacks to total energy and saturated fat intake, in particular ent-poor solid snacks intakes during 3.6 y of follow-up among among children and adolescents (4). children and adolescents. Snacking patterns are usually identified based on the type METHOD: This population-based longitudinal study was con- of snack or the time when the snack was eaten (5). A recent ducted within the framework of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose review of current evidence on snack consumption and weight Study, on 424 MetS free subjects, aged 6–18 y. Data on con- status reported data available to the controversial due to use sumption of energy-dense nutrient-poor solid snacks, sweet of different definitions for snacking patterns and types of food and salty snacks, were collected at baseline (2006–2008). that constituted snacks (4). According to their type, snack Logistic regression, adjusted for age, sex, total energy intake, foods are categorized into two food groups, including energy- physical activity, dietary fiber, family history of diabetes, and dense nutrient-poor (e.g., potato chips, chocolates, cakes, or body mass index, was used to assess the relationship between biscuits) and low-energy high-nutrient (e.g., fruit or milk) snacks and incident MetS.
    [Show full text]
  • Iranian Traditional Hand-Woven Art As an Effective Factor in Transferring Native Culture (Case Study: Traditional Hosiery)
    The Turkish Online Journal of Design, Art and Communication - TOJDAC November 2016 Special Edition IRANIAN TRADITIONAL HAND-WOVEN ART AS AN EFFECTIVE FACTOR IN TRANSFERRING NATIVE CULTURE (CASE STUDY: TRADITIONAL HOSIERY) Robabe Ghazali Faculty member, Department of Art, Alzahra University, Iran [email protected] ABSTRACT Different kinds of artifacts that are made by means of needle, crochet hook and similar tools or natural fiber are considered among woven products, for example gloves, socks, ascot , scarf and etc. Hosiery is one of the hand woven products of handicrafts which is found in Azerbayjan, Kurdistan, Khorasan, Gilan, Mazandaran and other area that enjoy a proper geographical distribution, in particular mountainous regions. Iranian hosiery’s visual diversity in terms of patterns, color, and motifs, and the extent of geographical location’s effect on traditional hand woven production is an effective factor in development and export of this traditional hand woven, due to its usability as effective field of cultural, social, and economical activities. The originality of Iranian hosiery has been approved since September 2011 and it has been enlisted in the handicrafts works of Cultural Heritage Organization. The way of weaving and applying pattern and color in designing traditional hand woven hosiery, as an effective and impressible branches of handicrafts on transferring native culture and art from past to present. The research was conducted by using a descriptive analytical method and gathering library field information and interviews. Keywords: Traditional hand woven, hosiery, ethnic beliefs, development of Iranian handicrafts INTRODUCTION Traditional arts are the collection of each country’s original and native art which is deeply and strongly rooted in its beliefs, habitudes, customs, and traditions and includes spiritual culture of society.
    [Show full text]