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Autorizzazione del Tribunale di Reggio Calabria del 5 Settembre 2019 © 2020 SPG REGGIO CALABRIA Tutti i diritti riservati WILFRED RUPRECHT BION: VITA, PENSIERO, OPERE PASQUALE LUCA QUIETO – GABRIELE ROMEO WILFRED RUPRECHT BION: VITA, PENSIERO, OPERE LA GRUPPOANALISI MATHURA (UTTAR PRADESH, ALLORA REGNO UNITO, OGGI INDIA), 8 SETTEMBRE 1897 OXFORD (SOUTH EAST ENGLAND, REGNO UNITO), 8 NOVEMBRE 1979 TRADUZIONE IN INGLESE DI PASQUALE LUCA QUIETO – GABRIELE ROMEO WILFRED RUPRECH BION: LIFE, THINKING, WORKS THE GROUPE–ANALYSIS AUTORI E TRADUTTORI Pasquale Luca Quieto, Psicologo, Psicoanalista, Gruppoanalista, Membro della Società di Psicoanalisi e Gruppoanalisi Italiana. Gabriele Romeo, Medico, Psicologo, Psicoanalista, Presidente della Società Scientifica di Psicoanalisi e Gruppoanalisi Italiana, Caporedattore di Italian Imago, Docente, Analista Didatta e Supervisore, Coordinatore Didattico della Scuola di Specializzazione in Psicoterapia Psicoanalitica e Gruppoanalitica di Reggio Calabria. AUTHORS AND TRANSATORS Pasquale Luca Quieto, Psychoanalyst, Groupanalyst, member of the Società di Psicoanalisi e Gruppoanalisi Italiana. Gabriele Romeo, M.D., Ph.D., Psychoanalyst, President of the Società di Psicoanalisi e Gruppoanalisi Italiana, Chief Editor of Italian Imago, Teacher, Didactic and Supervisor Analyst, Didactic Coordinator of the Scuola di Specializzazione in Psicoterapia Psicoanalitica e Gruppoanalitica of Reggio Calabria. 310 PASQUALE LUCA QUIETO – GABRIELE ROMEO Wilfred Ruprecht Bion Mathura (Uttar Pradesh, allora Regno Unito, oggi India), 8 settembre 1897 Oxford (South East England, Regno Unito), 8 novembre 1979 Pasquale Luca Quieto Gabriele Romeo Indirizzo: Piazza Fontana, 1 Indirizzo: Via G. Arcovito, 8, 89131, Reggio Calabria (RC) 89127, Reggio Calabria (RC) Cell.: +39 349 570 8696 Telefono: +39 338 284 0129 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Pec: [email protected] 311 WILFRED RUPRECHT BION: VITA, PENSIERO, OPERE WILFRED RUPRECHT BION: VITA, PENSIERO, OPERE ABSTRACT In questo saggio vengono tratteggiate la vita, il pensiero e le opere di Wilfred Ruprecht Bion, uno dei principali psicoanalisti britannici e pioniere della gruppoanalisi. Si avvicinò inizialmente al movimento parafreudiano ma presto se ne distaccò; il suo pensiero è stato influenzato in parte dalle teorie freudiane ed in parte da quelle kleiniane. Nella maturità diede un forte impulso allo sviluppo della psicoanalisi in California in generale e Los Angeles in particolare e divenne un acclamato conferenziere richiesto in tutto il mondo. Il saggio è un lavoro inedito ed è corredato da un accurato albero analitico e da una bibliografia completa. IL SAGGIO VITA Wilfred Ruprecht Bion proveniva da una famiglia dell’alta borghesia inglese residente in India. Il padre, Frederick Fleetwood Bion (Dacca, allora Regno Unito, oggi Bangladesh, 17 aprile 1870 – Iver, South East England, 16 febbraio 1949), era capo ingegnere del Settore Irrigazione del Dipartimento Britannico dei Lavori Pubblici. Egli sposò Rhoda Salter Kemp (1869 – 13 gennaio 1939) il 24 ottobre 1896 a Monghyr (Bihar, allora Regno Unito, oggi India). Da tale matrimonio nacquero Wilfred Ruprecht Bion nel 1897 e Edna Bion nel 1900. Non vi sono molti dettagli sulla sua famiglia che egli peraltro non amava per nulla. Dei parenti del padre nella sua autobiografia scrisse che erano tutti pazzi, insignificanti e meschini e che due fratelli del padre sposarono due sorelle della madre. Della madre e dei suoi familiari disse poco salvo che essi erano missionari. Della sorella, che era la preferita dei genitori, a suo dire, e con la quale non andò mai d’accordo, ne parlò ancor meno. Gli anni della sua prima infanzia furono contrassegnati da una forte ambivalenza, riguardante da un lato una vita familiare infelice e dall’altro l’India magica e misteriosa che egli portò sempre nel cuore. Bion descrisse il padre come emotivamente distante e la madre anaffettiva. Uno dei suoi ricordi d’infanzia fu la sensazione che provava quando si stendeva sulle ginocchia della madre avvertendole 312 PASQUALE LUCA QUIETO – GABRIELE ROMEO dapprima calde e rassicuranti e dopo un po’ fredde e terribili; è probabile che avvertisse dapprima una sorta di eccitazione per poi sentire sensi di colpa. In questo periodo si stendeva sul ventre e muovendosi su e giù praticava una grossolana masturbazione. Resosi conto che invece la sorellina, eseguendo gli stessi movimenti, non provava alcun piacere, andò a chiedere ai genitori il motivo di questa differenza; per tutta risposta essi, scandalizzati da tale rivelazione, lo obbligarono a fare 3 bagni della durata di 3 minuti per 3 giorni consecutivi in una vasca piena d’acqua in cui era stata miscelata una sostanza curativa. Dopo il terzo giorno i genitori maturarono la convinzione di aver risolto il problema, cosa ovviamente non vera. Oltre la frustrazione della vita familiare, egli si creò un mostro immaginario che chiamò Arf Arfer, probabilmente storpiando le parole della preghiera del Padre Nostro, in inglese Our Father, al quale pensava ogni notte piangendo impaurito. È probabile che in effetti la sua vita familiare non sia stata così terribile come in effetti egli la descrisse, in quanto i suoi ricordi potrebbero essere stati deformati da un Complesso di Edipo non risolto e per i cui desideri veniva punito da Arf Arfer. Sullo sfondo della sua vita familiare si trovava l’India con i suoi elefanti, le sue tigri ed i suoi paesaggi misteriosi ed inenarrabili; all’India apparteneva anche la sua anziana nutrice che egli chiamava Ayah e che probabilmente amava anche più dei suoi genitori. Giunto il momento di andare a scuola, come in uso nella borghesia coloniale dell’epoca, fu inviato nella madre patria a studiare. La madre lo accompagnò, all’età di 8 anni al Bishop's Stortford College (East England, Regno Unito) e poi tornò in India. Questa scuola era stata fondata nel 1850 col nome di Bishop's Stortford Collegiate School per assumere una conformazione laica. Nel 1868 fu acquistata da gruppi religiosi protestanti indipendenti, detti Non–Conformisti, e, rinominata Nonconformist Grammar School, mutò il suo orientamento didattico assumendo un’identità fortemente religiosa. Questo mutamento portò a perdite d’iscrizioni progressivamente sempre più rilevanti, tanto che nel 1901 la scuola cambiò 313 WILFRED RUPRECHT BION: VITA, PENSIERO, OPERE nuovamente nome in Bishop’s Stortford College ed il suo indirizzo didattico, pur mantenendo un’evidente impronta religiosa, cessò di essere integralista. Bion si trovò quindi immerso in un’atmosfera scolastica imbevuta di religiosità che presto iniziò ad odiare, in particolare perché essa prometteva i peggiori castighi ai fornicatori, mentre egli non riusciva ad abbandonare le proprie attività masturbatorie, tanto che fu sorpreso da un insegnante mentre era dedito ad esse e per questo severamente sgridato. Questo periodo fu inoltre caratterizzato da un forte senso abbandonico, in quanto non vide la sua famiglia nei tre anni successivi, e da marcati sensi di nostalgia per la perdita della sua Ayah e di tutti i colori, i sapori e gli odori dell’India che gli erano familiari. Non provava sollievo nemmeno nelle relazioni sociali non riuscendo a legare coi suoi compagni di scuola che percepiva come troppo religiosi. Il tempo piovoso dell’Inghilterra, infine, non faceva che rinfocolare la nostalgia provata per il sole ed il calore dell’India. L’unico lato positivo della sua scuola fu quello di avere una forte reputazione in campo sportivo; dal 1895 fu dotata di una piscina coperta e con acqua calda, divenendo così una delle prime scuole inglesi ad avere questo privilegio. Bion divenne, infatti, uno dei giocatori titolari della squadra di pallanuoto. Il passaggio agli studi liceali, che fece sempre nella stessa scuola, gli fu più confortevole in quanto l’educazione scolastica venne improntata ad una maggiore tolleranza verso le attività sessuali; i momenti di sconforto furono comunque presenti anche in questo periodo per diversi fattori quali un aumento delle pulsioni legato all’esplosione ormonale puberale, un disagio relativo al proprio essere maldestro in qualunque tipo di attività, anche quotidiana, una non accettazione del proprio corpo in cambiamento. Durante questo periodo si dedicò con successo all’attività sportiva anche nel campo del rugby. Il 28 luglio 1914 scoppiava la Prima Guerra Mondiale. Bion l’anno successivo, finita la scuola superiore, decise di arruolarsi come volontario, ma venne scartato dalla visita di leva. Il padre, vedendo che Wilfred aveva vissuto malissimo questo rifiuto, intervenne tramite degli amici su alte sfere dell’esercito (il che dimostra che non era tanto distaccato come Bion lo descriveva), per cui il 4 gennaio del 1916 fu 314 PASQUALE LUCA QUIETO – GABRIELE ROMEO arruolato e venne assegnato ai Tank Corps, cioè in un battaglione di mezzi corazzati. Arrivato al fronte, in Francia, si pentì ben presto della sua scelta e durante i bombardamenti ebbe momenti di derealizzazione, necessari per potersi distaccare dagli eventi circostanti e poter resistere senza avere crolli da sovraccarico psicologico da stress. Il 18 febbraio 1918 veniva insignito del Distinguished Service Order, un’importante onorificenza per le sue azioni nella battaglia di Cambrai (Hauts–de– France, Francia), che ebbe luogo dal 20 novembre al 17 dicembre del 1917. L’11 novembre 1918 la guerra finì e Bion ritornò in Inghilterra. Egli visse le vicende belliche con ambivalenza di sentimenti, da un lato terrore della guerra e dall’altro desiderio
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  • Joan Riviere's "The Bereaved Wife" (1945)

    Joan Riviere's "The Bereaved Wife" (1945)

    7-Occasional Reviews_CAFP_9.qxp 15/02/2019 10:05 Page 73 OCCASIONAL REVIEWS Joan Riviere’s “The bereaved wife” (1945) and beyond … Marion Bower In 1945, the war was over, but its aftermath was still being felt. Thousands of servicemen had been killed in the war and men, women, and children were killed in the Blitz. Europe was awash with parentless children. The British Psychoanalytical Society was still reeling from its own internal battles. Some of these conflicts were about its structure, but there was a more poisonous one between Melanie Klein and Anna Freud, who was now a refugee from Vienna. The mixture was stirred by Klein’s daughter, Melitta Schmideberg, who likened the Kleinians to Goebbels. The situation was saved by the psychoanalyst and educator, Susan Isaacs. She gave a brilliant paper linking the ideas of Freud and Klein. At the end of the war, the Society had its first female president, Sylvia Payne. Payne organised the “Ladies agreement” which created separate streams for Kleinian and Freudian candi- dates. Although disagreements rumbled on, some psychoanalysts felt able to turn their attention to the external world. In 1945, The New Era Fellowship magazine decided to devote a whole issue to the bringing-up of children during and after the war. Susan Isaacs was asked to write about fatherless children. She persuaded her former analyst Joan Riviere to write about the bereaved wife. Tall, beautiful, and brilliant, Riviere was the analyst of Bowlby and Winnicott. She had organised the defence of Melanie Klein, her closest friend. However, 1945 was a tragic year for her.