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A Lexical Semantic Assessment of Luhya Dialects

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A Lexical Semantic Assessment of Luhya Dialects LINGUISTIC VERSUS GEOGRAPHICAL BOUNDARIES: A LEXICAL SEMANTIC ASSESSMENT OF LUHYA DIALECTS. BY LUBANGAH LUTTA JOHN A RESEARCH PROJECT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS (LINGUISTICS) UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI 2018 i DECLARATION This project work is my original work and has not been presented for the award of a degree in any other university. Signature: …………………………...... Date…………………………….. LUBANGAH LUTTA JOHN C50/80433/2015 This project work has been submitted for examination with our approval as university supervisors. Signature ………………………………… Date …………………………….. MR. LUKAKA, J.N. Signature ………………………………….. Date ……………………………… DR. MUKHWANA, A i DEDICATION To my uncle – Wangatia Francis (Headmaster); this is a product of your push, support and inspiration. For taking care of all my needs; coming in as a parent when I got orphaned, supporting me morally and materially through my academic journey, I salute you. My wife – Rodah (Reina), son – Israel – and my Form 1 East Class 2018 – Kimuri High School; you had to go through hardships in my absence. You give me the reason to strive for excellence. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I thank God for the gift of life. He has kept me healthy and as Jireh, extended His provisions generously in times of need. God has taken care of my entire family both in my presence and absence. I thank my lecturers who contributed towards my success during the time of study I was at the university. Firstly, my supervisors: Dr. Mukhwana and Mr. Lukaka for the support and guidance they gave me as I carried out my research even at times bearing with my poor time management. Then the lecturers who took me through the course: Prof. Oduor, Prof. Mutiga, Prof. Shcrӧeder, Prof. Kaviti, Dr. Ngure, Dr. Mungania and the late Prof. Okombo, D.O. (Baba). I am greatly indebted to the likes of Okumba Abraham, Noah Barassa Simiyu, Humphrey Andati, Agnes Sungu Amukhoye and Brian Wanjala who made an impact to this study by giving me the data that I required and a translation of the lexicon used here. Lawi Kwendo and Mercy Nafula, only God knows how helpful those notes you supplied me were. My principal in Kimuri High School, Mr. Solomon Ngunŭ, you were very understanding even at times when we had to part when there were such very important functions in school as education days or parents’ days. My parents played a very important role in setting the academic foundation in my life, with particularly my late father, Lubanga, being an inspirational graduate of the University of Nairobi. I thank them so much because without their initiative to provide basic education to me, I could not have come this far. Kataka Hannington (Ompari), equally measures to the standard of a parent. My siblings contributed to the success of this project through their encouragement, inspiration that I was the academic image of our late dad – Lubanga. Gratitude also goes to Nehemiah Wekhoba Lubanga (Junior) for accommodating me in Nairobi throughout my coursework. To all of you, thank you so much and God bless you. iii ABSTRACT This study provides a mutual intelligibility assessment of Luhya dialects focusing on Lumarama, Luwanga, Lushisa and Lubukusu. This is through a lexical semantic approach using Johannes Schmidt’s Wave Theory. The main objective of this study was to describe the dialect continua across Luhya dialects using the four sampled here and determine the impact of these dialect continua. The study revealed a high level of mutual intelligibility across these Luhya dialects studied here which is the key feature of dialect continua. This mutual intelligibility, it was established, is motivated by various social, cultural, technological and religious factors that bring the speakers of these dialects together. The phenomenon is strongly seen around dialect boundaries and has both positive and negative ramifications. Positively, the mutual intelligibility enhances interactions in various sectors such as schools, religious places, economic set ups like markets or social gatherings like in weddings, funerals and sports. Negatively, there arises cases of linguistic discrimination especially to the speakers whose dialect is not clear as it results from the contacts. Finally, the study makes recommendations key of them being: carrying out a study to fully account for and describe the picture across the dialects involving the other linguistic areas of interest (phonological, morphological and even pragmatic). This will be helpful in determining and linguistically fully describing this dialect continua picture among Luhya dialects even as the same is academically documented for future reference. iv ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ACK Anglican Church of Kenya L1 First language MoI Medium of Instruction NACOSTI National Commission for Science, Technology and Innovation NGP Natural Generative Phonology SA Salvation Army Church SDA Seventh Day Adventist Church SPSS Statistical Package for Social Sciences TSC Teachers Service Commission v TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION ........................................................................................................................ i DEDICATION ........................................................................................................................... ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ....................................................................................................... iii ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................................. iv ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ................................................................................. v TABLE OF CONTENTS ......................................................................................................... vi LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................. ix LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................................... x CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background to the Study ....................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Statement of the Research Problem ...................................................................................... 4 1.3. Research Questions .............................................................................................................. 6 1.4 Objectives of the Study ......................................................................................................... 6 1.5 Justification of the Study ....................................................................................................... 6 1.6 Scope and Limitations of the Study ...................................................................................... 7 1.7 Operational Definitions of Terms and Concepts ................................................................... 9 1.8 Literature Review ................................................................................................................ 10 1.8.1 The Concept of Dialect and Dialect Continuum ......................................................... 10 1.8.2 Lumarama-Luwanga Dialect Continuum ................................................................... 12 1.8.3 Lumarama-Lushisa Dialect Continuum ...................................................................... 13 1.8.4 Luwanga-Lubukusu Dialect Continuum ..................................................................... 13 1.8.5 Languages in Contact .................................................................................................. 13 1.9 Theoretical Framework ....................................................................................................... 15 1.10 Research Hypothesis ......................................................................................................... 18 1.11 Methodology ..................................................................................................................... 18 1.11.1 Geographical Location of Study ............................................................................ 19 1.11.2 Target Population ................................................................................................... 19 1.11.3 Sample Size and Sampling Procedure ................................................................... 20 vi 1.11.4 Validity and Reliability of Instruments...................................................................21 1.11.5 Procedure ............................................................................................................... 22 1.11.6 Data Collection ...................................................................................................... 22 1.11.7 Ethical Considerations ........................................................................................... 23 1.11.8 Data Analysis Techniques & Presentation ............................................................. 23 CHAPTER TWO: SAMPLE LUHYA DIALECT LEXICAL SEMANTIC FEATURES 25 2.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 25 2.2 Instrument Return Rate ....................................................................................................... 26 2.3 Demographic Information in Lexical-Semantic
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