CAAN Souvenir 2019

CIVIL AVIATION AUTHORITY OF NEPAL Head Office, Babarmahal, Kathmandu, Nepal Tel.: 977-1-4262387, 4262326, 4262518. Fax: 977-1-4262516, AFTN:VNKTYAYX Email: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Website: www.caanepal.gov.np

Editorial Patron Mr. Rajan Pokhrel Nepal will be celebrating the Visit Nepal Year 2020 from the next day of the publication of this souvenir. Nepal had organised Visit Nepal 1998 and Nepal Director General Tourism Year 2011 to attract foreign visitors to the country while Nepali calendar year 2073 was celebrated as the Domestic Tourism Year in order to motivate Co-ordinator Nepalis to visit new locations. All those efforts have resulted in not only growing Mr. Jagannath Niroula number of tourist arrival but also progress in developing new tourism products and enhancing facilities for the visitors which has resulted in 3 per cent contribution Director of tourism sector to the national economy and 12 per cent contribution to employment. In VNY2020, the nation aims at bringing in 2 million tourists and Editors increasing tourism sector’s contribution to the economy to 10 per cent. For this, the Mr. Trilochan Poudyal government and private sector have forged a strong partnership. It is in everybody’s Dy. Director knowledge that aviation has a great role to play in terms of tourism promotion in Mr. Bishnu Gautam the country like Nepal where accessibility is challenging due to difficult terrain. Manager As honourable Minister for Culture, Tourism and Civil Aviation Yogesh Bhattarai Mr. Indra Prasad Poudel says, the Visit Nepal 2020 must not be viewed as a campaign only but should be Manager recognised as a national development strategy with ownership of VNY2020 across Ms. Rohina Bhattarai the nation by each citizen and the stakeholders of this industry. As the aviation sector regulator, Civil Aviation Authority of Nepal must play a significant role in Dy. Manager making the national campaign a success. Mr. Keshav Raj Mishra Dy. Manager Last year, there were some positive development such as the country witnessed Mr. Bishal Paudel eight-fold increment in Nepali air passenger’s insurance, national flag-carrier Officer Nepal Airlines Corporation added a new wide-body plane to its fleet, private sector companies added aircraft and International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO) recognised that Nepal made significant improvement in terms of air safety. Executive Editor Modnath Dhakal We are happy to announce that the Gautam Buddha International Airport in Bhairahawa is in the phase of completion and flight services will be started there in the next for months, and work at Pokhara Regional International Airport is in Spokesperson full swing and will be completed in 2021. Apron and taxi-way were added at the Mr. Raj Kumar Chhetri Tribhuvan International Airport and runway has been rehabilitated. Preparations Dy. Director General are underway for an international airport in Nijgadh of Bara district.

The Civil Aviation Authority of Nepal (CAAN), the aviation sector regulator in ,QIRUPDWLRQ2IÀFHU the country, is celebrating its 21th anniversary among these positive developments Mr. Trilochan Poudyal which will have significant impacts on the aviation and tourism sector. As we Dy. Director are impatiently waiting to welcome the New Year with lots of joy and festivity and celebrate the CAAN Day on the eve of the New Year when year 2019 is Publisher saying farewell to us, we need to cherish the progress and achievements made to Civil Aviation Authority of Nepal (CAAN) rejuvenate the tourism industry. Babarmahal, Kathmandu Aviation safety in Nepal has always been a contentious issue but the Ministry of Phone: 4262416 Culture, Tourism and Civil Aviation, CAAN and other concerned agencies are Fax: 4262516 tirelessly working to make Nepali sky safer for air passengers. Our Safety Oversight Email: [email protected] Capability (SOC) has been visibly improved after the ICVM of ICAO in July 2017. [email protected] On this joyful moment of celebration, we would like to express our commitment Website: www.caanepal.gov.np that in order to make the sustainable, continuity will be given to the flight safety reform, and CAAN’s SOC will be strengthened in cooperation and collaboration with the regional and international aviation organizations. We will put our efforts Printed By: to delist the country from the European Union’s Safety Watch List, and we need Swetkali Chhapakhana make our sky safer for it. Kathmandu To make the anniversary celebration more special, we have published the ‘CAAN Souvenir’ including articles, experience and opinions from various aviation sector Layout: experts, engineers, former high government officials, professors,j ournalists Yubraj Shakya and other stakeholders. We feel very proud and satisfied while presenting this publication in your hands.

The Souvenir Publication Committee would like to express its sincere gratitude to 7KHRSLQLRQYLHZVPDQLIHVWHGLQWKH writers and contributors, and other individuals for their invaluable support and DUWLFOHVDUHWKRVHRI ZULWHUV·&$$1 suggestions. LVQRWUHVSRQVLEOHIRUDQ\QHJDWLYH Wish you all a very happy and prosperous New Year 2020! FRQVHTXHQFHIURPLGHDVVRH[SUHVVHG Table of Content S.N. Articles Writer Page 1 Strengthening Aviation: A Perspective from Federal Tourism Economy Dr. Lekha Nath Bhandari 1 2 Safety and Quality Sanjiv Gautam 5 3 Airport Economics: Nijgadha Airport Ratish Chandra Lal Suman 6 4 lghu9 cGt/fli66«o ljdfg:ynM rrf{df gcfPsf kIf lq/Tg dfgGw/ 8 5 Civil Aviation Policy – catalyst for development Hari Bhakta Shrestha 10 6 kf]v/f If]lqo cGt/f{li6«o ladfg:yn / u08ls k|b]zsf] ;d[l4 Surya Bahadur Thapa 13 7 PIA and BBSL Ramesh Man Joshi 16 8 My Transfer a great boon in disguise…..the missing link Birendra Kumar Singh 18 9 cfGtl/s n]vfk/LIf0faf6 ljdfg:yn lg/LIf0fsf] pkfb]otf zflnu|fd kf}8]n 20 10 56th DGCA Conference- “Harmonizing Efforts to Meet the Capacity Constraints” Raju Shrestha 25 11 Aviation Safety and Accident Theory Shyam Kishor Sah 27 12 RNP AR implementation at TIA: Benefits, Challenges and Way Forward Suwarn Raj Upadhyay 29 13 Aviation Sector Nabin Prasad Acharya 32 14 Good Leader vs Good Boss Manju Poudyal 34 15 My journey to ICAO AVSEC Instructor Khageswor Aryal 37 16 ;d[4 g]kfnsf nflu gful/s p8\8ogsf] el' dsf Sunil Mool 39 17 Mechanism for coping stress in Emergency Responders Suneeta Shiwakoti Bhardwaj 43 18 Aviation Professional in Sustainable Air Transportation Kiran Kafle 46 19 ATFM and ACDM for TIA Pramod Kumar Chaudhary 48 20 “ELECTRIC PROPULSION AIRCRAFT An emerging talks in Aviation Background” Umesh Bhandari 53 21 ICT IN AIRPORT Ram Pathak 58 22 g]kfndf ko{6gM ljsf; / sfof{Gjog Krishna Kumari Adhikari 60 23 g]kfndf /f]huf/Lsf] cfodf s/s§L ;DaGwL Joj:yf ;[hgf kf}8]n 62 24 Work- Life Balance of Dual Earning Couple Renuka Satyal 64 Electrical Power Saving with Increasing Passengers Movement Scenario in Tribhuvan International Ratan Das 25 66 Airport, Kathmandu, Nepal 26 ;fj{hlgs lgsfodf vl/b Joj:yfkg eLd/fh pk|]tL 70 27 g]kfn gful/s p8\8og k|flws/0fsf] k':tsfnoM Ps kl/ro uf]df aGhf8] 73 28 Energy Saving in Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF) Air Conditioning System Shankar Lal Das 77 29 ko{6g nfe, ;d:of / ;dfwfg s[i0f k|;fb e08f/L 80 30 kmf]x/d}nf Joj:yfkgsf] ;'qM Go'gLs/0f, k'gMk|of]u, k'gMk|zf]wg / k'gnf{e dGh' k|hfktL 83 31 Nonviolent Communication Bhagwati Kalikotay 86 32 kmi6fpFbf] xjfO{ If]qM ylk+b}5g\ cj;/ / r'gf}lt l;aL clwsf/L 89 33 e|d0f jif{sf] eAotf blw/fd vltj8f 91 34 ofq' / jfo';]jf sDkgLaLrsf] 4G4 slxn];Dd < cRo't k'/L 94 35 g]kfnL jfo';]jfsf] cGt/f{li6«o kx'Fr /fh' af:sf]6f 96 36 cfGtl/s ljdfg:ynsf] hgzlQm Joj:yfkgM ljsf; / lj:tf/sf] r’gf}tL lqnf]rg kf}8\ofn 99 6WUHQJWKHQLQJ$YLDWLRQ A Perspective from Federal Tourism Economy

(Ph.D. in Aviation) Board Member, CAAN Introduction he purpose of this article is to focus on regional or federal tourism and economic development in Nepal, across provincial political jurisdictions from the spectrum of aviation. The study argues that remote Thinterlands can be more usefully understood as forming an integrated whole, rather than functioning as the poor rural cousins of their provincial rural municipalities, sub-metropolis, and metropolis. Thus, the article considers three propositions: that key transport projects (such as airports) can unlock regional development; that this may stimulate federal spatial integration; and that this can spur the Nepal’s government to address its weak regional planning system from the point of view of aviation. All three propositions are speculative, drawn from the national and international literature, but they contribute to an argument for greater spatial FRKHUHQFHLQ1HSDOHVHHFRQRPLFSODQQLQJLQUXUDOUHJLRQV7RXULVPLQÁX[DQGHFRQRPLFFRQWULEXWLRQPDGH E\-RPVRPDLUSRUWRI*DQGDNLSURYLQFHKDVEHHQGLVFXVVHGDVDQH[DPSOHRIUXUDODLUSRUW7KHDUJXPHQW LVLOOXVWUDWHGZLWKUHIHUHQFHWRWKHXQH[SORUHGUHJLRQVRI1HSDODQGWKHSRWHQWLDORIQHZDLUSRUWVWRLPSDFW on regional economic dynamics. Furthermore, the article argues that such impacts will require new regional or federal or local level planning systems, which are currently absent from the current Nepalese political HFRQRPLFV\VWHPLQWKHFRQWH[WRILPSOHPHQWLQJIHGHUDOVWUXFWXUHIRUGHYHORSPHQW

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2 I CAAN SOUVENIR 2019 Figure : Domestic Airports in Nepal

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References: ✓ ABB (2015). Aviation benefits to tourism. Aviation Beyond Boarder. Retrieved on 12 August 2015 from www.aviationbenefitstourism.org/social-development/tourism ✓ Baral, S. R. (2003). Civil aviation: A study of Avio-tourism in Nepal. M. Phil Diss., Kathmandu: Institute of Advanced Communication, Education & Research (IACER), Pokhara University. ✓ CAAN, (2016 / 2017). CAAN Annual Report. Kathmandu: Civil Aviation Authority of Nepal (CAAN). ✓ Dali, R. R.(2005). Encouraging status of flight security in Nepal. The free market. In Shyam Joshi (ed). Kathmandu: Janachetana Printers, p 05- 07. ✓ Gurung, H. (2016). Jomsom to Atlanta via Pokhara. Retrieved on 02 Nov. 2019 from M.Setopati.net/ opinion/13123. ✓ Hagen, T. (2000). Biodiversity and sustainable agriculture: Seen with the eyes of the farmers. Nepal myths and realities. In Joachim B. & Ram P. T.(eds.). New Delhi: Book Faith India, p 42 -65. ✓ The Kathmandu Post (TKP). Tribunal to fast -track and land acquisition. 20 July 2015. ✓ WTTC, (2016). The economic impact of travel and tourism: 2016 annual update summary. Retrieved on 28 September 2019 from www.wttc.org

4 I CAAN SOUVENIR 2019 Safety in the Air Quality on the Ground

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CAAN SOUVENIR 2019 I 5 Airport Economics: Nijgadha Airport

Ratish Chandra Lal Suman Former DG, CAAN f the claim that “all roads lead to that are in conformity with them. passenger results in 0.5% growth in Rome” was the key indicator of the national GDP. Unavailability of that city’s economic greatness Airport ownership and adequate and proper infrastructure Iin ancient times, a modern city’s has remained one o f the major operation equivalent claim would have to be “all setbacks to the growth of tourism in airlines land here”. Airports have long Most of the world’s large airports are the country. Thus, the key to unleash been recognised as key contributors to owned by local, regional, or national Nepal’s tourism potential is developing the economic growth as they support government bodies who then lease competitive infrastructure, especially a flurry of direct and indirect jobs, them to private corporators who related to air-connectivity and not to mention tourism, trade and oversee the airport’s operation. For airports. business. Across the world, many example, in the United Kingdom, countries can rely on the activity of the state-owned British Airports Airline hubs or hub airports are used airports as one of their main sources Authority originally operated eight by one or more airlines to concentrate of income – the Maldives, for example, of the nation’s major commercial passenger traffic and flight operations relies on aviation-enabled tourism to airports which were subsequently at a given airport. They serve as support 42% of its economic output. privatized in the late 1980s, and transfer (or stop-over) points to get Tourism is the largest industry in the following its takeover by the Spanish passengers to their final destination. Maldives, accounting for 28% of GDP Ferrovial consortium in 2006, has It is part of the hub-and-spoke and more t han 60% of the Maldives’ been further divested and downsized system. When there is a hub airport, foreign exchange receipts. It powered to operating just Heathrow Airport it affects three channels of impact. The the current GDP per capita to expand now. Germany’s Frankfurt Airport first channel of impact is the direct 265% in the 1980s and a further 115% is managed by the quasi-private firm effect. In case of aviation sector in in the 1990s. The aviation sector Fraport. While in India GMR Group Hub Airport City, this encompasses is one of the biggest drivers of the operates, through joint ventures, the activity generated by its local global economy, supporting nearly Indira Gandhi International Airport operations. The second channel of 63 million jobs and contributing $2.7 while Rajiv Gandhi International impact – indirect effect – encapsulates trillion to the GDP. Airport, Bengaluru International the activity supported in the aviation Airport and Chhatrapati Shivaji sector’s supply chain as a result of its Although all airports will play their International Airport are controlled procurement of inputs of goods and part in attracting employment, by GVK Group. The rest of Indian services. It should be noted that this investment, development and business airports are managed by the Airports supply chain impact relates to current to their location, not all are created Authority of India. In Pakistan, expenditures only. This channel of equal. Hub airport is the buzzwords nearly all civil airports are owned impact includes the supply chain in the industry. They operate around and operated by the Pakistan Civil behind the sector’s operations in the ‘hub and spoke’ way of modelling Aviation Authority except Sialkot nearby city. a network, offering a lot of direct International Airport which has the journeys from one single central distinction of being the first privately The final channel pca tures the impact point. They aggregate passenger owned public airport in Pakistan of the staff employed in the aviation demand from the entire area, offering and South Asia. Dubai International sector spending their wages on a multitude of options equally for Airport is the world’s busiest airport locally produced goods and services, holidaymakers, business passengers with 89.1 million passengers in 2018. together with the spending of those and freight trade. working for suppliers to the aviation In Nepal, tourism industry contributes sector (relating to the relevant Airport economics is based on the 3.5% to the country’s gross domestic proportion of their wages). This international policies and principles product (GDP). However, the actual supports activity across the spectrum on airport cost recovery that states contribution of the sector to the GDP of consumer goods and services, have developed through ICAO and has increased in recent years. As per and their supply chains. Travelers it describes procedures and practices economic studies, 10% growth in air arriving in the city will spend money

6 I CAAN SOUVENIR 2019 on food, accommodation, travel, and aircraft movement in 2017 was 33,362 growing aviation traffic in the a variety of cultural and recreational which reached 33,933 last year. The country activities. People and firms providing international passenger movement those services make purchases from was 3,887,845 in 2017 and 4,342,486 b. It is expected to provide direct their suppliers, supporting further in 2018, an increase by 11.69 per cent. long-haul connectivity to economic activity. The government On the other side, the international geographies such as North invests in the promotion of the cargo movement was 20,665.929 tons America, Europe, and Australia, tourism sector, while both public and in 2017 and 20,552.530 tons in 2018. enhancing Nepal’s tourism and private entities make investments (Source: Civil Aviation Report 2018) trade opportunities. to capitalise on growth in the sector. c. It addresses decentralized This section explores and quantifies The rapidly increasing traffic demand development focus of federalism the direct, indirect impacts of travel cannot be catered even after the by enabling major infrastructure and tourism in country, as well as completion of the Gautam Budhha outside of the capital city. the wider impacts that the travel and International Airport and Pokhara tourism sector enable. International Airport because d. It makes Nepal not just a these two international airports destination but a lucrative transit Nepal Air Traffic Scenario are constructed as the regional point between the east and the international airports but not as west. Aircraft movement and passenger International Hub Airports movement have witnessed an e. It provides tremendous increasing trend in 2018. The domestic Nijgadh Airport is the only strong opportunity for large volume cargo aircraft movement in 2017 was 93,107 alternative to reduce traffic at TIA and business, resulting in additional which reached 95,580 in 2018, thus extend TIA’s life. However, despite revenues to the country. registering an increase of 2.66 per the government giving SIA a status cent. Similarly, the domestic passenger of ‘National Pride Project’ some years f. It has the ability to turn Nijgadh movement was 2,451,390 in 2017 and ago, there has been negligible progress into an aero-city with the potential 2,847,752 in 2018, an increment of at the site. to employ up to 70,000 people by 16.17 per cent. On the other side, the 2045 and unlock approximately domestic cargo movement increased Development of Nijgadh Airport USD 2 billion of economic value by 10.24 per cent as it was 4,114,386 is vital for various reasons: over the same period. Kgs in 2017 and 3,693,070 Kgs in 2018. Similarly, the international a. It is the ultimate response to the (Based on Detailed Feasibility Study) Remote Parking Bay

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CAAN SOUVENIR 2019 I 9 Civilcatalyst Aviation for development Policy

Hari Bhakta Shrestha ir transport system Finormer any DaG,nd CAANprivate sector’s participation. Also, necessary provision on making services country plays a catalystic there has been lot of development in and facilities available to the general role in attaining economic aviation technology, globally more and public in reliable, cost-effective and easily prosperity of that country. It more liberalization of aviation market available manner by getting the private is more so for country like and aggressive participation of private sector involved in the build, operation ANepal, where air transport is the only in operation and management of air and transfer of the infrastructure in effective means of accessibility for vast transport infrastructure, beside airline. consistent with the liberal economic majority of the people. Development of Domestically, Nepal has surpassed any policy pursued by the country.” air transport system depends very much forecast model in growth of air traveler on its aviation policy. Nepal embarked and air traffic movement. Institutionally, Also, Nepal Government had approved on promotion of private sector to play Nepal has now seven provincial the regulation namely “Built, Develop and Operate of Civil Aviation Infrastructure significant role in providing air transport government with federal government at Regulation 2066” made by Civil Aviation service in early 90’s. Nepal adopted a center. This has necessitated to rethink Authority of Nepal under the authority liberal aviation policy and emergence of about existing CAP 2063 and revise it to provided by Article 34 of Civil Aviation private sector in domestic air transport in encompass all those new developments Authority Act 2053. This regulation has 1992. Now, the contribution of private air and give clear vision on how air transport contemplated the modality of development transport service provider in economic should move ahead for the benefit of the of air transport infrastructure development and social integration of the country at large. development in the following manner: country is very significant. Airspace is valued national asset 1. Built and Transfer (BT) The thrust of first civil aviation policy which has a vast potential for economic 2050 BS (amended in 2053 was to develop development and social integration of the 2. Built, Operate and Transfer (BOT) healthy and competitive air transportation country. New policy should be formulated through encouragement to the private on this basic premises. Accommodating 3. Built, Own, Operate and Transfer sector. And very focused emphasis was this goal, new aviation policy should (BOOT) focus its objective on: given to establish Civil Aviation Authority 4. Built, Transfer and Operate (BTO) of Nepal. It is satisfactory to note that 1. Air transport infrastructure CAA Nepal was established in timely 5. Lease, Operate and Transfer (LOT) development strategy. manner on 2056 and private sector’s 6. Lease, Built, Operate and Transfer participation air transport has been very 2. Air transport service provider – its (LBOT) significant since then. Civil Aviation domain and role Policy 2063 (CAP 2063) was more 7. Develop, Operate and Transfer (DOT) comprehensive encompassing all aspects 3. Regulator’s job – in ensuring safe, of air transportation system. The main secure, reliable, cost-effective 8. Any other similar model. objective of this policy was “to promote and competitive air transport Hence, new aviation policy should tourism and trade through safe, easily development. encourage private participation in air available, economical, market oriented, Following strategy may be relevant and transport infrastructure development reliable and effective air transport, fruitful to include in new aviation policy. within these legal frameworks. Some while ensuring flight safety and aviation suggestion to include in the policy for security in consonance with international Air transport infrastructure infrastructure projects: standard.” development strategy. 1. Tribhuvan International Airport Since then, Nepalese aviation has Nepal has already promulgated the (TIA). seen tremendous growth in terms of “Private Financing in Build and Operation accessibility, infrastructure development of Infrastructure” Act in 2063 “to make 2. So far CAAN has been developing

10 I CAAN SOUVENIR 2019 it under its own fund and Asian of concession, waver of fees etc. Chicago Convention (Annexes 1-19 & Development Bank (ADB) Bank. To related manuals), and other aviation complete all the component of new d. STOL and other airports. related conventions to which Nepal is the ITB master plan proposed by Airport Policy should frame to encourage private party. CAAN must not wear two hats of De Paris (ADP), it may need close to operator to provide regular services under Regulator as well as Service Provider. Air billion-dollar investment. the principle of cost recovery modality. transport service provider job must be left to private sector under PPP model. 3. Then will come the question of Air Transport Service Provider: our capability of operating and Miscellaneous: managing cost-effectively. Hence, it a. Nepal Airline Corporation. is suggested that policy should frame Policy should also give due consideration to convert it into limited company One of the main reasons for poor to following issues which directly affect with opening for foreign investor in performance of national carrier is because the well being of air transport system. joint venture with Nepalese party. government owns it, control and operate. • Independent Accident Investigation This JV company should allow The only solution to this is to privatize it, Board (AIB). majority ownership and Government with possibly foreign strategic partner as soon as possible. Government role should should remain in minority share. One Often questions have been raised could replicate successful model of limit to protect national interest with golden share concept. regarding impartiality of accident Delhi International Airport Limited investigation conducted in Nepal. ICAO (DIAL). At the least, TIA to be more b. Private Operator. safety audit team has repeatedly pointed efficient and cost effective, it must out the need for permanent independent Policy should address the present problem be operated and managed by private ĂĐĐŝĚĞŶƚ ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟŽŶ ďŽĂƌĚ͘ EĞǁ facing by the private operator such as sector under PPP model. ƉŽůŝĐLJŵƵƐƚĂĚĚƌĞƐƐŝƚ͘ red-tapism, duplication of process, lack a. Nijgadh International Airport. of access to foreign currency, Taxes, • Civil Aviation Security Bureau. Custom duties, Tariff restriction, fuel This is a national priority project. There Aviation security in Nepal is currently is no second thought on tremendous cross subsidy-making aviation fuel most expensive in the region, high cost of being provided by Nepal Police. It is economic and social benefit the country prone to frequent transfer of trained will derive from it. And there is no products essential for airline operation. security personnel and subject to problem alternative to this, if air transport is to Enough provisions should be made in the of retention of highly trained and skill be developed in line with the growth in policy, such as various concession, rebate, manpower. Aviation security is a very this field. To develop it into a full-fledged duty free, other facilities, simplified one sensitive matter. Any lapses on it will international, investment of well over door policy for all kind of approval so jeopardize whole air transport sector. The billion dollar will require. This airport that airline operation could be more cost- memory of fall out effect and economic could be developed as a ICAO Category effective and competitive. impact IC 414 hijacking from TIA is still 4F full-fledged airport and there is great Non-Aeronautical activities. scope for the transit hub. As discussed fresh. The government should maintain earlier, the best model could be BOOT. Non-aeronautical revenue generation is a “Zero Tolerance” policy with regard to Alternative model of limited company bare minimum in Nepalese aviation sector. “Air Rage”. as suggested for TIA should be explored, Desired level of revenue generation from • Ground Handling: incase there is no taker for BOOT model. non-aeronautical activities is more than fifty percent of total revenue. Hence TIA must have two ground handling b. Gautam Buddha Airport and New policy should spell out clear provisions agencies. One NAC and other international Pokhara Airport of concessions, custom duty rebate, JV company chosen under international These upcoming regional airports should tax holiday, simplified procedure for bidding process. At Gautam Buddha and be operate and managed under PPP model. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), fee New Pokhara Airport, one international Policy should have ample provisions to waver and other significant facilities to JV company be chosen under competitive encourage foreign investor and Nepalese promote private sector’s participation in bidding and allow self-handling for investor to operate and manage. developing and operating Airport hotel, international operator. Flight kitchen, Duty free shop, Business c. Hub Airports (Biratnagar, Centre, Recreational activities such as • Aviation Fuel supplier: Nepalgunj, Dhangadhi, Bhadrapur and Golf etc. At TIA and Regional airport Gautam others) Regulator’s Role. Buddha and New Pokhara, there must one Handover to provincial government private fuel supplier, beside NOC, chosen to operate and manage efficiently and To ensure safe, secure, efficient and under international competitive bidding effectively. affordable competitive air transport process. service, present regulator i.e. CAAN, must Provincial government should attract oversee the strict compliance of aviation • General Aviation/Sport & Nepalese investor with enough provisions related regulations, as promulgated under Recreational activities.

CAAN SOUVENIR 2019 I 11 Policy should make provisions for case of any conflict. Nepal has adopted parked aircraft damaged, damage due formulation of separate rules and the Monist Approach in enforcing treaties to faulty runway/navigation equipment, regulation to govern these activities. and thus does not require additional Bird/animal strike on runway) then you parliamentary action to make the should be liable for that damages and • Flying School/MRO/ATO Montreal Convention enforceable in Nepal. victim should be compensated justly. Policy should also encourage private But it is applicable to international flight No one should escape from this liability sector for the establishment of those only. Therefore, it is urgently needed to and Airport Operator/Air Traffic Service entity with hundred percent equity promulgate domestication legislation for Provider can not and should not be ownership and other facilities. its application to domestic carriers. Also, exception. New aviation policy should Nepal needs to deposit the instrument mitigate this issue through third party Ratification of International of accession for Cape Town convention liability insurance mechanism. Conventions and its Domestic and Protocol 200 on urgent basis. This Legislation. will have easy access to international The Government has duly recognized the Nepal has submitted instrument of financing for aviation at very cheaper need for timely revision of present Aviation accession for Montreal Convention interest rate. Policy should spell out the Policy 2063 and formed a committee to 1999 (MC99) regarding air carrier’s commitment of the government to this draft new aviation policy. My wishful legal liability. Nepal Treaty Act 2047 effect and ratification of other relevant thinking is that the Committee will (1990) provides that a treaty to which international convention. seriously consider my views expressed as above. My next wishful thinking is that the Nepal Government is a party, upon Liability of Airport Operator/Air Traffic Government will consider to prepare “Air ratification by the Parliament or House Service Provider. of Representatives, shall carry the force Transport Master Plan.” In lack of this, of law in that particular matter and shall In any just society, if some one suffered scarce resources of investment could be prevail over the existing domestic laws in damage due to your action or inaction (e.g. wasted in unproductive sector.

Domestic Apron

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CAAN SOUVENIR 2019 I 13 sfo{ eO{;s]sf]n] of]hgf cjlwsf] cGt of]hgf laqmd :fDat @)#@ ;fndf k6gf, rLgsf] 5]+b', s'gldË, UjfËemfp, ;Dddf gofF ljdfg:yn ;~rfngdf #!)^ /f]kgL hUuf clwu|x0faf6 z'? Nxf;f, ;f+3fO{, yfO{Nof08sf] a+}ss, Nofpg wfjgdfu{ nufot cGo ef}lts ePsf] xf] . To; kZrft nfdf] ;do;Dd sf]l/ofsf] l;pn, stf/sf] bf]xf, l;+ufk'/ ;'lawf lgdf{0fsf] sfo{ ;~rfng ul/g] clglZrttfsf] e'd/Ldf ?dlNng k'u]sf] cflb h:tf ladfg:ynx?df p8fg eg{ 5 egL pNn]v ul/Psf] lyof] . g]kfnsf] of] /fli6«o uf}/jsf] of]hgf aNn rLgLof ;Sg] x'gfn] of] ladfg:ynnfO{ If]lqo ;du| xjfO lqmofsnfksf] cWoog ;xof]udf lgdf{0f ;DkGgsf] r/0fdf k'u] cGt/f{li6«o ladfg:yn elgPsf] xf] . ubf{ ;g\ @)!$–@)!* sf] kfFr aif{sf] sf] 5 . o; ladfg:ynsf] wfjgdfu{sf] lqe"jg cGt/f{li6«o ladfg:yndf ;dofjlwdf cGt/f{li6«o p8fgx? @$=& nDjfO{ @%)) ld6/ / rf}8fO{ $% ld6/ k|lts'n df};d of cGo k|flalws sf/0fn] % / cGt/f{li6«o xjfO{ ofq'x? @#=^% sf] 5XQZD\ÌPHWHU xg]5 hxfhx? cjt/0f ug{ c;dy{ xF'bf g] n] a[l¢ ePsf] b]lvG5 . To:t} ;f]lx . of] wfjgdfu{ sf7df08}fsf] #)%)Ì$^ kfn leq csf]{ cGt/f{li6«o ladfg:yn ;dofjlwdf cfGtl/s p8fgx? %)=^ ld6/ eGbf sd xf] . sf7df08f}sf] lqe"jg gePsf] sf/0fn] ef/tsf laleGg % / cfGtl/s xjfO{ ofq'x? !)$% n] cGt/f{li6«o ladfg:ynsf] wfjgdfu{ ladfg:ynx?df cjt/0f ug{' kg]{ a[l¢ ePsf] b]lvG5 . cGt/f{li6«o gful/s eGbf 5f]6f] agfpg' of] ladfg:ynsf] afWosf/L ca:yf /x]sf] 5 . o;n] ubf{ p8\8og ;+u7gsf] ;g @)!* sf] aflif{s lgdf{0fdf ulDe/ sdhf]/L xf] . o:tf 7'nf tL afo';]jfx?df cgfaZos vr{ a9g\ k|ltj]bg cg';f/ cGt/f{li6«o xjfO{ cfof]hgfx? lgdf{0f ubf{ $), %) aif{sf] hfg] x'G5 . o:tf] ca:yfdf FDWHJRU\ ofq'x? cl3Nnf] aif{ eGbf ^=$ % sf] a[l¢ xjfO{ p8fgsf] dfu / ;DefjgfnfO{ ( Ifdtfdf ;+rflnt lqe"jg cGt/f{li6«o ePsf] b]lvG5 . ;g @)!$ df laZje/ b[li6ut u/L of]hgf agfpg' a'l4dfgL ladfg:yndf cjt/0fsf] nflu cfpg] sl/a #=# c/a xjfO{ ofq'x? lyP eg] x'G5 . ;a} hxfhx? FDWHJRU\ ' Ifdtfdf ;g @)!* df sl/a $=# cj{ xjfO{ kf]v/f If]lqo cGt/f{li6«o ladfg:yn ;+rflnt kf]v/f cGt/f{li6«o ladfg:yndf ofq'x? lyP . o;/L laZje/ k|To]s aif{ cjt/0f ug{ g;Sg] ePsfn] of] sdhf]/L -s_ laz]iftfx? 6DOLHQW)HDWXUHV M xjfO{ oftfoft k|of]ustf{df a[l4 ePsf] b]lvPsf] xf] . b]lvG5 . o;sf] s]xL k|efj g]kfndf klg lahok'/ vf]nfaf6 klZrd / xfnsf] kg]{ lglZrt b]lvG5 / a9\bf] xjfO{ p8fg ladfg:ynaf6 k"a{ lt/ cal:yt of] cfly{s k|efjx? (FRQRPLF,PSDFWV  tyf ofqLx?sf] dfu ;Daf]wg ug{ csf]{ :yfg 7"nf hxfhx? cjt/0f ug{ -!_ kf]v/f If]lqo cGt/f{li6«o cGt/f{li6«o ladfg:yn x'g' h?/L lyof] cfaZos kg]{ k|j]z dfu{ v'nf ePsf] ladfg:yn ;+rfngdf cfPkl5 / kf]v/fdf To:tf] ladfg:ynsf] lgdf{0f n] k"a{–klZrd km}lng]u/L wfjgdfu{ kf]v/faf6 ;Lwf cGt/f{li6«o p8fg x'g] ug'{ Gofof]lrt x'g] b]lvG5 . agfO{bf 7"nf hxfhx? ;xh ?kdf p8fg ePsf]n] ko{6sLo gu/L kf]v/fdf cfpg u08sL k|b]zsf] /fhwfgL kf]v/fsf] tyf cat/0f WDNHRII DQGODQGLQJ  O{R5's ko{6s tyf cGo xjfO{ofq'x?sf] l5g]8fF8fdf -df}h'bf ladfg:ynaf6 ug{ ;Sg] b]lvG5 . cGt/f{li6«o gful/s ;do art x'Gf] ePsf]n] ko{6sx? sl/a $ ls=ld= k"a{ k[YjL /fhdfu{sf] p8\8og ;+u7gn] ladfg:ynx?nfO{ pTk|]/s e} ko{6ssf] ;+Vof a9\g ;S5 af6f]af6 blIf0f – kfv] /f nv] gfy o;n] ;+rfng ug{ ;Sg] xjfO{ hxfhsf . xjfO{ oftfoftaf6 lab]z cfjfudg dxfgu/kflnsf jf=g+= !$_ df aGg cfwf/df laleGg au{ FDWHJRU\ df ug'{ kbf{ sf7df08f}df g} wfpg' kg]{ nfu]sf] If]lqo cGt/f{li6«o ladfg:yn afF8]sf] 5 . kf]v/fdf lgdf{0f x'g nfu]sf] afWotf ;dfKt x'G5 . o;/L ;Lwf xjfO{ o; k|b]zsf] d'Vo cfsif{0f / cfly{s ladfg:ynsf] Ifdtf &DWHJRU\' sf] p8fg x'bf y'k|} cGt/f{li6«o ladfg;] lasf;sf] dxTjk"0f{ >f]t dfGg ;lsG5 . xf] / of] &DWHJRU\ cGtu{t cGt/f{li6«o jfx? of] ladfg:yn ;+u hf]8Lg u} p8\8og If]qdf s] elgG5 eg] M 2QH p8fg ug]{ hxfhx?df $ cGt/f{li6«o cfa4tf a9\g hfG5 . o;/L .LORPHWHURI URDGJRQRZKHUHEXW $$LUEXV  VHULHV  % g]kfn ;/sf/sf] 9LVLW 1HSDO  2QH .LORPHWHU RI  UXQZD\ JRHV %RHLQJ   VHULHV   % sfo{qmd cGtu{t @) nfv ko{6sx? (YHU\ZKHUH cyf{t Ps lsnf]ld6/  % % h:tf leq\ofpg] ;/sf/sf] of]hgf ;kmn kfg{ ;8sn] slx k'lub}g t/ Ps lsnf]ld6/ dWod au{sf QDUURZ ERG\ h]6 o]f ladfg:ynn] ;3fp k'¥ofp5 . a} wfjgdfu{n] ;a} 7fpFdf k'luG5 . o;n] ladfgx? Kf5{g\ . &DWHJRU\' au{df ss, l;+ufk'/, l;pn, Ujf+uemfp cflb ladfg:ynsf] Ifdtf / o;sf] k|efjnfO{ kg]{ ladfg:ynx?df p8fg ug]{ o:tf h:tf cGt/f{li6«o xa ladfg:ynx?af6 bzf{p5 . kf]v/fdf o:tf] cGt/f{li6«o hxfhx? ;fdfGotof Nfuftf/ % b]lv ;Lwf xjfO{ ;Dks{ x'g] x'bf tL b]zx? ladfg:ynsf] lgdf{0fn] kf]v/f / l;+u} ^ 306f ;Dd ofq' p8fg SDVVHQJHU ;+u cGt/f{li6«o cfa4tf a9\g hfg] laZjsf] nflu 9f]sf v'nf x'G5 . of] cj;/ IOLJKW ug{ ;Sg] ePsf]n] kf]v/faf6 x'bf oxfFsf lalaw ;d'bfo, ahf/ tyf nfO{ k|of]u ug{ ;Sbf cfly{s sfofkn6 Tolts} b'/Ldf /x]sf l5d]ls b]zx?df hg:t/df ;DaGw sfod x'g u} cflys{ ePsf] k|z:t pbfx/0f kfO{‘G5 . kf]v/f p8fg eg{ ;Sg] 5g . o:tf b]zx?df lasf;sf] hu a:g d4t u5{ . If]lqo cGt/f{li6«o ladfg:yn lgdf{0fsf] ef/tsf] lbNnL, snsQf, agf/;, d'DaO{,

14 I CAAN SOUVENIR 2019 -@_ ladfg:yn eGgfn] hxfhx? / dd{tn] xhf/f} AolQmx?sf] cfly{s lqmofsnfkx?nfO{ kf]v/f nufot cGo p8fg / cjt/0f ug]{ :yfg dfq a'‰g' pkfh{gsf] dfWod aGg] x'bf /f]huf/Lsf] lhNnfdf klg la:tf/ ugf{n] tL lhNnfsf] unt x'G5 . cGt/f{li6«o ladfg:ynsf] >[hgf x'G5 . ladfg:yn ;+rfngdf ko{6g pBf]unfO{ ;d]t ;xof]u ;+rfngn] :yfgLo, Ifl] qo / /fli6«o ;+nUg laleGg lgsfosf sd{rf/Lx?n] k'Ug] b]lvG5 . ko{6sx?sf] a[l4 ePdf ?kdf g} k|ToIf / ck|ToIf ?kdf cfly{s ug]{ vr{n] cy{tGqdf ax'cfoflds k|efj xf]6nx?sf] ;+Vof a[l4 x'g], ko{6sx?sf] k|efj k5 { . ladfg:yn ;+rfngsf] 0XOWLSOLHULPSDFW kg{ hfG5 . xf]d–:6] sfo{qmd agfpg], ltgLx?sf] d'Vo pB]Zo xjfO{ ofq'x? / -#_ cfhsn xjfO{ ;]jf ;+rfngnfO{ a;fO{ nDAofpg laleGg dg]f/~hg dfn;fdfgnfO{ DLU SDVVHQJHUV DQG pBf]usf] ?kdf lnO{G5 . ladfg:yndf sfo{qmdx? ug]{, yk ko{6g :ynx?sf] DLUFDUJR ;'/lIft ?kdf p8fg tyf xjfO{ofq'df a[l4 ePsf] vf]hL, klxrfg / lasf; ug]{ / ePsf uGtAodf k'¥ofpg' ePklg of] ;'ljwf ca:yfdf laBdfg ef}lts k'jf{wf/, ko{6sLo :ynsf] yk lasf; / la:tf/ k|bfg ubf{ w]/} lgsfox? ;+nUg x'g] x'bf xf]6nx? Hf:tf ;'ljwf gk'u x'g ;S5 ug]{ cflb ultljlwn] /f]huf/L >[hgf e} o;n] cfly{s lqmofsnfkdf ;sf/fTds / To:tf ef}lts k'jf{wf/ / ;'lawfx?sf] ;sf/fTds cfly{s k|efj kg]{ b]lvG5 . k|efj kf5{ . cGt/f{li6«o ladfg:yn lgdf{0f, lasf; / la:tf/n] cfly{s -%_ ;Lwf xjfO{ p8fg x'bf sfuf ]{ ;+rfng ubf{ ;'/Iff lgsfo, cWofudg, lqmofsnfk a9\g] x'bf cfly{s ?kdf cf];f/–k;f/ ;xh x'G5 / o;n] Aofkf/ eG;f/, 6ofS;L ;'ljwf, rd]gf u[x÷/] sfofkn6 x'g ;S5 . Af9fpg d4t u5{ . sfuf]{ dfkm{t a:t' i6'/fF, afo';]jfsf tyf cGo sfof{nox? -$_ k|b]z g+ $ sf] /fhwfgL kf] / ;]jf cf];f/k;f/ ug{ ;xh x'G5 . cfaZos kg]{ x'bf tL lgsfox?df sfo{ v/f afFls ;a} lhNnfx?af6 ;db'/Ldf :yfgLo Aofkf/LnfO{ cfoft lgof{t ug{ ug]{ sd{rf/Lx?, xjfO{ ofq'x? / tL kg]{ ePs]fn] klg of] ;a} lhNnfx?nfO{ klg ;lhnf] x'G5 . o;n] ubf{ /fh:j klg ;+u cfpg] dflg;x?sf] cfjfudgsf] kfos kg]{ 7fp xf] . lab]zaf6 kf]v/fsf] a9\g hfG5 . sf/0fn] ladfg:yn jl/kl/sf If]q cGt/f{li6«o ladfg:yndf ;Lwf p8fg -^_ cfly{s lqmofsnfk a9g hfg] cfly{s ?kn] rnfodfg x'G5g . x'g] x'bf ko{6sx?sf] ;+Vofdf a[l4 x'G5 x'bf nufgL sf] nflu cg's'n aftfa/0f o:tf ultlalwn] ladfg:yn jl/kl/ / ltgLx?sf] dgf]/~hgsf] nflu laleGg aG5 . To;n] ubf{ cGo Aofkf/ Aoa;fo sf] If]qdf Aofkf/, Aoa;fosf] lasf;, lhNnfdf ePsf wfld{s, P]ltxfl;s cfslif{t x'g] x'bf cfly{s a[l4df ;3fp ahf/sf] la:tf/, ladfg:ynsf] jl/ tyf ko{6sLo If]qdf 6'/ Kofs]h agfO{ k'¥ofp5 . d'n'ssf] ;du| cfly{s a[l4sf] kl/ / cGo lhNnfaf6 ladfg:yn ;Dd e|d0f u/fpg], Kof/fUnfO{l8ª, lhk nflu ladfg:ynn] FDWDO\VW sf] sfd ;xh kx'Frsf] nflu k"af{wf/sf] lgdf{0f ˆnfP/, s]jn sf/ cflb h:tf ;fxl;s ug{ ;S5 .

Construction Works at TIA

CAAN SOUVENIR 2019 I 15 PIA and BBSLS

Ramesh Man Joshi Former DDG, CAAN

etter late than never, Doc 9137 Airport Services Manual very mismanaged city in terms of Pokhara International Part – 3 “Wildlife Control and waste management view-point. Airport (PIA), a mega Reduction” prescribes measures for Solid waste could be found littered Bproject of national pride, the reduction of Wildlife Hazard to everywhere. Eventually a very is to be completed (Civil works, Aircraft in general, possible birds’ good and scientifically managed Communication, Navigation and menace at PIA deserves particular Sanitary Waste Management Site Surveillance System as well as attention due to the existence of was constructed and brought into Flight Calibrations) by the end of a close by land-fill site known as operation from 2004 with 15 years December, 2021, after two years from Bachhe Baduwa Sanitary Land-fill of life span by the then Pokhara Sub- now if all goes well. The foundation Site (BBSLS), which is also a habitat Metropolitan City Office (PSMCO) stone of the infrastructure was laid of rather rare Egyptian vultures, a under the aegis of Second Tourism by K.P. Sharma Oli, Prime Minister bird of prey, since a long time. In Infrastructure Development Project of Nepal, on April 13, 2016 among this write up, attempt is made to (STIDP) which was funded by the highly enthusiastic mass of discuss this paradox a little more Asian Development Bank (ADB). Pokharelis. The land, first acquired elaborately for the benefit of all. Since this BBSLS was fairly close to about 44 years ago in 2032 BS, will the existing Pokhara Airport, ADB Nepal is rich in birds with more than see its proper utilization at last. Jet had asked the PSMCO to get a sort 887 species. Pokhara, a small valley aircraft like B737, B757, A320 or of no objection from CAAN for its is known all over the world for its equivalent will be able to operate to operation. beauty – abundant with flora, fauna and from PIA when completed. and the scenic mountains and lakes. National level Airport Bird ‘Safety’, at all stages of a flight More than 500 kinds of birds are Control and Reduction Committee is accorded the highest degree found here. One very special among (ABCRC), headed by the secretary of ‘priority’ and ‘concern’ by the them is the habitat of the Egyptian at the Ministry of Culture, Tourism ICAO, all contracting states of the vultures. They dwell at the bank of and Civil Aviation, was constituted world, and CAAN as never before. Phusre Khola in Bachhe Baduwa. about two decades ago. This There are myriads of things to do They are big and one can weigh Committee, way back in 2002, had in this regard for PIA, too. The up to 20 Kg. The location lies just decided that BBSLS shall be closed ICAO has prescribed all needful 4.5 km SE of the existing Pokhara whenever new PIA at Chhine provisions to the contracting states airport (Right Base of RWY 04). Danda comes into operation. for the implementation. ICAO Pokhara, not too long ago, was a Pokhara is now Pokhara – Lekhnath

16 I CAAN SOUVENIR 2019 Metropolitan City. It is hoped that only 1.5 Km away from BBSLS. It be very watchful in this regard. this office will follow the decision of is reported that Pokhara – Lekhnath To mention a few of the birds the ABCRC by shifting the Sanitary Metropolis has decided to build a activity in Pokhara Valley, every Land-fill Site somewhere safely separate sanitary landfill-site away day big flocks of egrets (hundreds away from PIA (at least 13 km from the PIA. It should now be the in number) go eastward from Fewa away) as ICAO recommends. concern of the CAAN to ensure Lake at dawn and come back at that BBSLS is safely closed for all BBSLS was well run in the dusk to their nest, by crossing the activity related to the deposition of beginning, without fuming out existing Airport as well as BBSLS the solid waste within December any smell whatsoever that would every day. A thorough study 2021. PIA cannot afford it to be must be conducted on the birds attract birds. But, its operation projected as a bird – prone – airport activity for the whole year round was not smooth in the later years, right from the beginning. that is, smell from the solid waste right away. At least this issue and and leachate deposited at the site The proximity of BBSLS and the presence of Egyptian vulture at hazard it could create must be dealt BBSLS (even after its closure) must could not be controlled. It became a with rather seriously while study and be seriously dealt with. Moreover, paradise for the birds, including the management of Wildlife Hazard even while closing the BBSLS by Egyptian vultures. They roam over at PIA is conducted in totality at a the metropolis, caution must be it at all times. Already a number of later date. When constructing the observed in the sense that closure bird hits have occurred over this area new sanitary landfill site, it must not of a sanitary landfill site, in general, with the aircraft landing or taking be close to PIA. It is said that ADB is a highly technical/ecological off from the existing Airport, not to is ready to finance the new project. process for that matter. There is an mention the scare among the pilots But, the site selection work is not yet old adage ‘A war is lost because of whenever they fly over BBSLS. finalized. Existing BBSLS took two a nail’. PIA should not lose any war Runway at PIA (2500Mx45M) is and half years to built. CAAN must because of a bird.

Helipads

CAAN SOUVENIR 2019 I 17 My Transfer a great boon in disguise….. the missing link

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CAAN SOUVENIR 2019 I 21 -u_ cGo ;DjlGwt Aoj;flosf /fo ;'emfj, k|lts[of /fo, ;'emfj, k|lts[of /fo, ;'emfj, k|lts[ofsf] d'Nof+sg ;dfwfgsf] nflu lhDd]jf/ ;do ;Ldf lgsfo ;UD\ rfn' u/Lg' kb{5. lju|L /x]sf] PS;/] d];Lg k|:yfg sIfdf jiff}{ b]lv ;=p=;=ljefu ^ dxLgf /fvL /xFbf ljdfg:yn :jefodfg gx'g] . ofq'sf] u'gf;f] :DONWKURXJ K klg /xg] . lju|]sf] PS;/] pQm :yfgaf6 x6fpg g} j]; lj/f6gu/ gf=p=sf= PDFKLQH dd{t u/L rfn' ug{ ' kb{5 . xf]nf . ;fy} ZDONWKURXJKPDFKLQH ;s];Dd l56f] dd{t u/L rfn' /fVg'kg{] ] . -@_ lq= c= lj= cfGtl/s 6ld{gn / ;DalGwt ;]jf ;'lawf ;DaGwdf @)^% c;f}h . sflt{sdf ul/Psf] lg/LIf0f ;f/f+z k|ltj]bgM p8fgdf hfg] ofq'x?af6 k|fKt % cf]6f /fo, ;'emfj, k|lts[of dWo] # cf]6fsf] k|ltj]bg cg';f/ ul/Psf] lyof] . hDdf cGtjftf{ lnPsf ofq' ;+Vof (@ . p8fg g+=M olt Po/nfOG; 2<D 3R g]kfn Po/ nfOG; 5$FO8J3R$5@60 sf7df08f}+— la/f6gu/, sf7df08f}+—l;d/f, sf7df08f}+—kf]v/f, sf7df08f}+—dfpG6] g, sf7df08f}+—t'lDnª6f/ ;d:of, ;'emfj, k|lts[of ;d:of, ;'emfj, ;dfwfgsf] pkfo lhDd]jf/ lgsfo ;do ;Ldf k|lts[ofsf] d'Nof+sg -PgfpG;n]_ s/fO/x]sf] x'G5 kf]v/f p8fg cfjfudg cnUu} k]z cnUu} k]z ul/Psf] cnUu} k]z ul/ eG5 ls l;d/f eG5 yfxf x'+b}g. ;'rgfsf] ;d:ofaf/] u/LPsf] k|lta]bgdf ;d:of Psf] kl| ta] dfOsaf6 eg]sf] t a'emb} a'emb}g . cnUu} k]z ul/Psf] k|lta]bgdf ;dfwfgsf]nflu lhDd] bgdf ;do kl| ta]bgdf ;d:ofsf] ;d:of jf/ lgsfo klxrfg ;Ldf klxrfg $QQRXQFHPHQWVKRXOGEHDWORZ YRLFH 7KHUHLV HFKRHIIHFW d'Nof+sg ul/Psf] 5 . ;dfwfgsf] pkfo ul/Psf] 5. ul/Psf] 5. k|:t't ul/Psf] 5. $QQRXQFHPHQW , GR QRW NQRZ ZKDW WKH\ DUH VD\LQJ 6R , DP VHDWLQJKHUHQHDUE\WKHJDWH 7UROO\ sf] k5fl8 dfG5] 5 . k};f lng 7UROO\ sf];d:of k]z ul/Psf] kl| ta] k]z ul/Psf] kl| ta] k]z ul/Psf] kl| - vf]Hb5 .9HUWXDOO\ 3DVVHQJHU sf] af/] cnUu} k]z ul/ bgdf ;d:of bgdf ;d:of ;dfw- ta]bgdf ;do nflu 5}g . Psf] k|lta]bgdf ;dfwfgsf] pkfo fgsf] nflu lhDd]jf/ ;Ldf klxrfg ;d:ofsf] d'Nof+sg k|:t't ul/Psf]5 . lgsfo klxrfg ul/ ul/Psf] 5. lnP/ cfpg vf]Hbf emf]nf 7UROO\ ul/Psf]5 . Psf]5 . tfG5 . k};f dfUb5 . Pshgfsf] k5fl8 tLg hgf emf]nf 5'+b} cfof] / k};f dfUof] . ? %) lbP+ . lsGg] lrh dx+uf] . ?= !) sf] ;fdfg lsGg] lrh dx+uf] cnUu} k]z ul/ cnUu} k]z ul/Psf] kl| - cnUu} k]z $) kb{5 . egL cfPsf] u'gf;f] Psf] k|lta]bgdf ta]bgdf ;d:of ;df- ul/Psf] k|lta] af/] cnUu} k]z ul/ o; ;d:of ;df- wfgsf] nflu lhDd]jf/ bgdf ;do rsn]6 aflx/ ? #) ofxf+ ? !)) !%) Ͳ Psf] k|lta]bgdf o; wfgsf] pkfo lgsfo klxrfg ul/ ;Ldf klxrfg . ? ^) sf] @)) . 0DJD]LQH ;d:ofsf] d'Nof+sg k|:t't ul/Psf] Psf5] ul/Psf] 5 ul/Psf5] 5 . tt\sfnLg cj:yfdf 7,$ cfGtl/s x'g;Sg] cj:yfsf] cfFsng u/L clUg ,&$2 sf] :t/ cg';f/ ljdfg:ynsf] jfo'ofg kfls{Ë :yndf @*—@( cf]6f lgjf/0f k/LIf0f -)LUH5HVSRQVH7HVW_ s'g}klg efudf )LUH5HVSRQVH ;do # jfo'ofg cJojl:yt ?kdf kfls{Ëdf / ul/of] . To;/L clUg k/LIf0f ubf{ ldg6 x'g'kg]{ / jf~5gLo ?kdf @ ldg6 xg] ub{y] . ;f]xL 7fpFdf cfon lgudsf 3DUNLQJ%D\ k'uL kmf]d kmfNg] cjlw x'g'kg]{ pNn]v 5 . oL ;a} ljifo ;d]t t]neg]{ 6\ofÍ/ -ERZVHU_ klg rfn' / ;Dd @@) ;]s]08 nfUg uof] . To;df xg] sf/0f sy+ sbflrt\ Tofxf+ cfunfuL klg of] k/LIf0f sfo{ k"j{ hfgsf/L / v'nfO{ dxflgb]{zsHo"nfO{ k|ltj]bg k]z x'guPdf kfls{Ídf /x]sf jfo'ofg ;vfk ;ts{tfsf] cj:yfdf ul/Psf] lyof] . ul/Psf] lyof] .

22 I CAAN SOUVENIR 2019 -#_ uf}tda'Wb ljdfg:yn sfof{no e}/xjfsf] lg/LIf0f k|ltj]bgsf s]xL c+zM ljdfg:yn sfof{no tkm{sf !!, ofq'x?jf6 bzf{OPsf @ / jfo'ofg sDkgL ;d]t cGo ;DalGwt Jofj;foLaf6 bzf{OPsf % cf]6f ;d:of dWo] s]xL lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ . -s_ ljdfg:yn sfof{noaf6 bzf{OPsf ;d:of ÷;'emfj ÷k|lts[of

;d:of ÷;'emfj÷ k|lts[of ;d:of÷;'emfj÷ k|lts[ofsf] d'Nof+sg ;dfwfgsf] nflu ;do ;Ldf lhDd]jf/ lgsfo sfuf{ ] k|jGw b:t'/ c;'n ljdfg:yn b:g'/ lgodfjnL @)#*sf] lgod *-!=s_ jdf] lj=Jo=tyf lj= lgb] @)^$ r}q ug{ ] ;djGwdf :ki6 lgb] lhd k|lt lsnf] tL; k};f lng] Joj:yf / lgod * -s_ {zgfn on] cg'udg leq {zg cfpg' kg]{ . ;+u ;DjlGwt cg';'rL -$=s_ sf] v08 -v_ jdf]lhd ug]{ . k|ltlsnf] krf; k};fc;'n u/fpg' kg]{ Joj:yf /x]sf]n] b'j} b:t'/ c;'n ug'{ kg]{ . uf}td a'4 gf=p=sf=n] c;'n pk/ ug]{ . ljdfg:yndf cfjZos o; ;d:ofaf6 ljdfg:ynsf] kmfo/ ;]jf / ;/;kmfO{sf] l;=O=ljefu @)^% kfgL ;KnfO{sf] 7'nf] :t/ ;d]tdf c;/ kl/ /x]sf] . tTsfn ?=!,%),))).– cfiff9 ;d:of /x]sf] ;Ddsf] jh]6af6 xfnsf] e'dLut >f]t dd{t / &=% x;{ uf}=a'=gf=p=sf= ;Dd kfj/sf] :t/Lo k+k h8fg u/L kof{Kt kfgL ;KnfO{sf] Joj:yf ldnfO{g' dgfl;j . Pk|f]r nfO6 grNg] 6«fG:km/d/ -rf]/L ePsf]n] grn]sf] eGg] hfgsf/L eof]_ g]=gf=k|f=k|=sf= oyflz3| cj:yfdf /x]sf] rf]/L ;DjGwdf 5fgljg u/L oyfy{ kQf nufO{ cfjZos sf/jfxL x'g' kg]{ . rf]/L gx'g] Joj:yf ldnfO{ csf] ;=p=;=ljefu { 6f«G:km/d/ km]/Lg' kg]{ . uf}=a'= gf=p=sf= lju|L j;]sf] PS;/] d];Lg ;f] d]l;gsf] k|fljlws hfFr u/L k|ltj]bg lng] . dd{t x'g ;=p=;=ljefu @)^% ;Sg] eP dd{t u/L ;+rfng ug]{ . cGoyf h8fg :yfgaf6 cfif9 ;Dd x6fO{ ;'/lIft /fVg dgfl;j . uf}=a'= gf=p=sf= -v_ p8fgdf hfg] ofq'x?sf] /fo;'emfj p8fg g+=OY-162 ldlt )^$.(.@( ofq' ;Vof #)÷cGt/jftf{ lnPsf] ;+Vof !!

;d:of ;'emfj, k|lts[of ;d:of,;'emfj,kl| ts[ofsf] d'Nofsg ;dfwfgsf] nfuL lhDd]jf/ ;do ;Ldf lgsfo ;f}rfnosf] ;/;kmfO{ ;/;kmfO{sf] :t/ j9fpg' kb{5 . ;f}rfnodf uf}= j'= gf=p=sf= oyflz3| sdhf]/ . !)) df #% sf] kfgLsf] kof{Kt Joj:yf ;d]t u/Lg' kb{5 . @)^$.)^% :t/df 5 . l;len OlGhlgo/LË ljefu. leq . &DQWHHQLVQRWLQSURSHU SoflG6g :t/Lo jgfpg cfjZos 5 . 7]Ssf uf} = j'= gf=p= sf= oyflz3| ZD\ ;+emf}tf s8fOsf ;fy kfngf u/fOg' kb{5 .

-u_ cGo ;DjlGwt Jofj;foLsf /fo ;'emfj lgsfox? –M olt Po/nfOG; ,a'4 Po/, g]kfn jfo";]jf lgud, Po/kf]{6 SofG6Lg ;+rfns ofq'nfO{ vfg]kfgLsf] ;d:of 5 . o'/f]uf{8 l8kfr{/ xndf Joj:yf u/L ;kmf uf}=j'= gf=p=sf= @)^$ kmfu'g ;Dd kfgL pknJw u/fpg dgfl;j -$_ laut s]xL aif{b]lv aGb /x] uL lyP . ljdfg:ynsf] hUufdf lajfb cfwf bfd If]qkmn /x]5 . ;f] #& lsQf sf] /fd5] fk ljdfg:yn s]xL dxLgfb] ePsf] a'lemg cfof] . To;}n] dfnkf]t hUufsf] nfnk"hf{sf k|ltlnkL dfnkf]t lv 6LQJOH (QJLQH hxfhaf6 ;Nn]/ sfof{nodf cg'/f]w u/L ljdfg:ynsf] sfof{noaf6 lnO{ hUufsf] nut k|df0f L.n'Snf tkm{ sfuf]{ 9'jfgLdf k|of]u gfddf /x]sf] hUufsf] nut vf]hL ul/ ;'/IfLt /fVg skf]{/]6 lgb]{zgfnodf k] x'gyfn]sf] lyof] . sd{rf/Ldf Pshgf of] . dfnkf]tsf] nutdf #& lsQf hUuf z ul/of] . ljdfg:yndf xfjfsf] lbzf P6L;L clws[t / % hgf sfof{no ;xof] / s"n @@) /f]kgL ^ cfgf # k};f bzf{pg] :LQG 6KRFN n] /fd|f] sfd

CAAN SOUVENIR 2019 I 23 laifodf ul/Psf] lg/LIf0f, ;f] sfo{af6 klxrfg ul/Psf ;d:of / ;dfwfgsf] ;'emfj ;xLtsf] k|ltj]bg lbg] / tL ;d:of ;dfwfgdf ePsf k|ultsf] cg'udg u/L @.# aif{sf] cjlwdf cfn]k tyf u'lg laefunfO{ s]xL xb;Dd ePklg ;sf/fTds / ;xof]uL lgsfosf] e"ldsf lbg ;kmn eP h:tf] xfdLnfO{ nfu]sf] 5 . xfn cfn]k laefusf] gfdfs/0fdf u'0f:t/ lgZro eGg] zAb g/x]tfklg k|flws/0f cf=k|= lgodfjnL @)%& sf] lgod $=!-v_sf] Aoj:yf oyfjt 5 . To;}n] ljdfg:ynx?sf] pk/f]Qm lsl;dsf] lg/LIf0f sfo{ cfn] k laefun] rfn' u/L Joj:yfkg / n] vfk/LIf0f ;ldlt -$XGLW&RPPLWWHH_ gu/]sf] kfO{of] . ;f] cj:yfsf] kmf]6f] o;/L k|flws/0fsf laleGg ljdfg:ynsf] nfO{ k|ltj]bg lbg] st{Jo, clwsf/ / -tn lbO{Psf]_ ;d]t /flv ljdfg:yn ;]jf ;'lawf, ;/;kmfO{, ;]jf k|bfos lhDd]jf/L sfod} 5 eGg ;lsG5 . ctM lgsfo;+u 5nkmn, ;]jfu|fxL ofq';Fu ljdfg:yn lg/LIf0f sfo{n] lg/Gt/tf Joj:yfkg lgb]{zgfnonfO{ hfgsf/L cGt/jftf{, k|fljlws pks/0fsf] cj:yf kfcf];\ . k|flws/0fsf] sfo{bIftf tyf u/fOof] . / lgb]{zgfnoaf6 tt\sfn jf/] hfgsf/L, cfo c;"nL, n]vf+sg dxQf clea[4Ldf -9DOXH$GGLQJ_ of] :LQG6KRFN k7fO{of] . k|ltj]bg, lhG;L, a]?h" km5\of}6 cflb ubfg k'uf];\ eGg] z'esfdgf 5 . c:t' ÛÛ

Test Landing at Khiji Chandeswori

24 I CAAN SOUVENIR 2019 th 56 DGCA Conference “Harmonizing Efforts to Meet the Capacity Constraints”

Er. Raju Shrestha Off. Director, CAAN Introduction Civil Aviation Authority of Nepal (CAAN) hosted 56th edition of Directors General of Civil Aviation Conference (DGCA) in Nepal from 19th to 23rd August 2019 in Kathmandu, Nepal with adoption of various action items emanating from various technical sessions. The Conference was the third of this kind since Nepal had already hosted successfully earlier 14th and 34th Conferences in 1978 and 1998 respectively. The Conference, one of biggest events of civil aviation in the Asia and Pacific Regions, was inaugurated by the Right Honorable Prime Minster of Federal Republic of Nepal. The Director General of Civil Aviation Authority of Nepal welcomed the dignitaries and delegates in the grand opening ceremony. The conference was addressed by Hon. Minster for Culture Tourism and Civil Aviation, President of International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Council, Regional Director of ICAO Asia and Pacific Regional Office Bangkok. The author intends to highlight major events and outcomes of the Conference.

Widest Participation Conference including a discussion paper organizations to engross in bilateral and th The Conference was attended by 36 States aligning with theme topic of conference, multilateral negotiations in the eve of 40 totaling to 266 State delegates. Taking highlighting constraints in safety oversight ICAO Assembly. into account total number of participants may lead to potential impediment in Nepal concluded sideline meetings of 411 in the conference, it was apparently growing aviation activities in Nepal and with following States, agencies and the widest participation in the history of in the region. Following discussion papers organizations. DGCA conference in the Asia and Pacific were presented by Nepal. ¾ United States of America- Regions. It was a pleasure for Civil ¾ DGCA-56/DP/1a/8- Federal Aviation Administration Aviation Authority of Nepal to host such “Constraints in Safety Oversight to Cope ¾ People’s Republic of a great event. Growing Aviation Activities” Bangladesh- Civil Aviation Authority of Nepal’s preparation ¾ DGCA-56/DP/3/18 “Need Bangladesh The theme topic of “Harmonizing Efforts of Mandatory Provision for ANS ¾ Republic of Singapore- Civil to Meet the Capacity Constraints” was Certification for Effective and Efficient Aviation Authority of Singapore Delivery of Air Navigation Services” proposed by Nepal and was accepted ¾ Republic of the Union of th ¾ by 55 DGCA Conference in Nadi, Fiji DGCA-56/DP/3/23 “Review of Myanmar- Department of Civil Aviation in 2018. The congruent theme topic Annex 19 Second Edition and Doc 9859 Myanmar - Safety Management” proposed by Nepal took into account the ¾ Republic of Indonesia- prevailing growth and potential growth Apart from discussion paper, Nepal also Directorate General of Civil Aviation of civil aviation in the region. Nepal presented an information paper on the (Direktorat Jenderal Perhubungan Udara) foresaw that the potential growth will followin g topic. ¾ Republic of Korea- “Civil be decelerated in days to come if due ¾ D GCA-56/IP/4/20 Aviation Authority Office of Civil consideration is not accorded in time that “Implementation of Himalayan-2 Route Aviation, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure may bring detrimental effects leading to via Kathmandu FIR” and Transport sluggish economic growth of the region ¾ since aviation is a catalyst for economic In the spirit of regional collaboration European Aviation Safety development of any State or region. Nepal Nepal, along with South Asian neighbors, Agency, Europe started preparing for the Conference by also presented an information paper as ¾ Civil Air Navigation Services forming a central organizing committee below. Organisation (CANSO) headed by Director General. Various sub ¾ DGCA-56/IP/8/13 “South Asian ¾ Japan- Japan Civil Aviation committees formed under the leadership Regional Cooperation in Environmental Bureau of Deputy Directors General of CAAN led Protection and Aviation Safety ¾ Republic of France- La Direction to successful hosting of the Conference. Oversight” générale de l’Aviation civile (DGAC) The continuous and consistent efforts of Sideline meetings ¾ Peoples Republic of China- Civil all involved in the preparation resulted in The Conference was as an opportunity Aviation Administration of China successful conclusion of the Conference. for Nepal to boot relationship with ¾ ICAO (Combined meeting Nepal’s participation various States and agencies at one hand of Civil Aviation Authority of Nepal Nepal as a host presented various while it offered as an ideal congregation with Department of Hydrology and discussion and information papers in the for participating States, agencies and Meteorology, Government of Nepal with

CAAN SOUVENIR 2019 I 25 ICAO in the area of aviation meteorology) Organization (ICAO) i. develop and further strengthen regional The major areas of concern raised by ¾ European Aviation Safety and sub-regional cooperation in order to Nepalese delegation during the various Agency (EASA) promote the highest degree of aviation sideline meetings focused in renewal ¾ Airport Council International safety and security; of cooperation in past and exploring (ACI) additional avenues of cooperation for ¾ Civil Air Navigation Services ii. consider to provide volunteer tech- mutual benefits. The expansion of the Organization (CANSO) nical experts to ICAO’s APAC CAT flight services by Nepalese carriers in the ¾ various neighboring and APAC States International Federation of Mission programme and ICAO’s IPAV also featured prominently that resulted Airline Pilots (IFALPA) programme; and in facilitation of Nepalese operators’ ¾ International Federation of Air flight services in such States. Nepalese Traffic Safety Electronics Association LLLFROODERUDWHWKURXJKSURYLGLQJ¿QDQ- delegation also urged the various (IFATSEA) cial contributions and in-kind technical States, agencies and organization in ¾ Association of Asia Pacific assistance to neighboring States/Ad- the areas of air routes, safety oversight Airlines (AAPA) capability development, human resource ministrations including membership of ¾ Pacific Aviation Safety Office development, infrastructure development, sub-regional cooperative arrangements to (PASO) enhancement of air navigation facilities of ¾ meet capacity constraints of the region. “ CAAN. The sideline meetings proved to be International Coordinating very effective means of ensuring national Council of Aerospace Industries Similarly Action Item 56/11 resulted in Associations (ICCAIA) interest in the area of civil aviation. Civil the following action to be completed by Aviation Authority of Nepal opines ¾ International Air Transport that the objectives of various sideline Association (IATA) ICAO: meetings have already fulfilled and ¾ The Boeing Company The Conference urged ICAO to examine visible outcomes have been experienced ¾ Eurocontrol the potential benefits, balanced against after conclusion of the Co n fe r e n c e . Action items from DGCA conference Exhibitors the associated costs of the development In order to meet the objective of DGCA More than a dozen international of provisions and guidance material for conference the action items resulting exhibitors participated in the conference certification of air navigation services from the conference are recorded and to display their product and services providers as a priority. while two Nepalese exhibitors availed the distributed among the stakeholder for opportunity to venture in the arena of Asia various action including but limited to Next Conference action, recognition, noting, sharing etc. and Pacific region. Both international and th The 57 DGCA Conference will be held national exhibitors were well received by The action items from the Conference the participants. The forthcoming Visit resulted in the various calls for actions in Bangladesh in 2020 with theme topic Nepal Year 2020 was well circulated by for ICAO, States and Administration as of “Promoting ICAO Gender Equality well as special technical groups including the Nepal Tourism Board in its exhibition Programme in conjunction with Next stall in the Conference. but not limited to APAPIRG etc. to Generation of Aviation Professionals Action agenda implement the action items adopted by the Conference. The analysis of the The conference had total 12 agenda items (NGAP) initiative” action items of 56th DGCA Conference that encompassed all sectors of civil indicates that out of 36 action items 30 Conclusion aviation. The areas of covered in the action items are enumerated as below. action items are intended to the States Nepal anticipates that the implementation and Administration, 9 action items are to th ¾ Aviation safety of outcomes of 56 DGCA Conference be acted on by ICAO and 3 action items ¾ Air navigation by others. It is expected that the timely in coming days will lead to capacity ¾ Aviation security implementation of action items by all building of safety oversight and aviation ¾ Air transport concerned stakeholders will lead to safe infrastructure to propel economic growth and orderly civil aviation system in the ¾ Facilitation in the region. Successful hosting of the APAC region. ¾ Aviation Meteorology Conference is a testimony that Nepal The conference resulted in 36 action ¾ Aviation environment items to be implemented by ICAO and can host international event of this ¾ Human Resources development States. The discussion papers from Nepal scale meeting international standard. ¾ Regional cooperation have been included in the Action Item Furthermore, perfect teamwork among Apart from International Civil Aviation 56/1 and the Conference urged States and various departments in CAAN and support Organization (ICAO) and member States, Administrations to- various professional organization and “The Conference: from various government agencies and agencies are also major stakeholder for D ZKLOH UHFRJQL]LQJ WKH EHQH¿WV airline industry also facilitated in the the safer and harmonious development of delivered by CAT missions in furtherance successful hosting of the Conference. civil aviation in the region. In this light of ICAO’s NCLB initiative, the major professional organizations also Reference: participated in the 56th DGCA Conference urged ICAO to conduct CAT missions in Nepal. The list is self-explanatory and other similar assistance programmes https://www.icao.int/APAC/Meetings/pg regarding the role of each stakeholder. on a regular basis; and DGCA56/18eGv-56-dgca-conference-g ¾ International Civil Aviation b) urged States and Administrations to: action-items.pdfp

26 I CAAN SOUVENIR 2019 Aviation Safety and Accident Theory

Shyam Kishor Sah Dy. Director, CAAN

afety in simple terms, is and chemical, commercial aviation There are some common myths understood as free from accomplishes its mission while about safety that intends to deviate danger or risk of harm or injury having less than one disastrous ’1.”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ•ǡ•— Šƒ•Accidents happǣ en to stupid to people and damage to property. accident per 10 million events. people. Since we are not free from danger USHRIs are described as facing very or risk in our daily life we have to high risks on a constant basis, but People may think ‘I’m not abide by various signs, instructions somehow not succumbing to them stupid, so I have nothing to worry or alert to avoid the risk of harm except on rare occasions. Within about’. But accidents can happen to to us or damage to our property. these domains the smallest mistake anyone if the right conditions are S‡ ƒϐ‹†•’‡‡†Ž‹‹–•ƒ†Ž‹‡• there because often external factors could have huge consequences painted on the roads to avoid road and jeopardize safety for many. In outside one’s control combine to accidents, exit signs in buildings USHRIs, accidents are understood w2.ork against ˆ‹–‹•ǯ–„”‘‡ǡ†‘ǯ–ϔ‹š‹–Ǥ an individual. ˆ‘” •ƒˆ‡ ‡˜ƒ —ƒ–‹‘ǡ ™‡– ϐŽ‘‘” to result from a combination of signs to warn people of slippery elements, whereas any of these Very often, we may think something ϐŽ‘‘”ǡ‡– Ǥ‹‰•‘ˆ•‡ —”‹–›ƒ”‡ƒŽ•‘ elements on its own would likely is not broken, but there are often around us to protect us and our not cause an accident or serious information. Security at airports numerous unknown factors at incident. Although mistakes in checks passengers to ensure they work that may not be at optimal any setting can result in harm, the are not taking dangerous items onto c3on. dition.If it hasn’t been a problem chances of small mistakes resulting planes. No matter what the context before, then it isn’t a problem. in very grave harm are reduced to at hand is, safety is not an accident rare. Safety in aviation has to be and security requires constant This ever-present in aviation industry vigilance. Safety in aviation, a high mindset is slippery slope. Just risk sector, is considered as the –‘ „‡ ’”‘ϐ‹–ƒ„Ž‡ ϐ‹ƒ ‹ƒŽŽ›Ǥ  ‹ ‡ because a certain factor has not reduction of risks and prevention ‡ˆϐ‹ ‹‡ › ‹• ƒ–—”ƒŽ „›’”‘†— – been an issue before does not mean of errors or failures to maintain the of safety, a commercial aviation we should ignore it. There is always system operatinsafetyg safely. is the state in operator that pursues safety ƒ4ϐ‹”•–ˆ‘”‡˜‡”›–Š‹‰. You have beenǤ successfully which risks associated with aviation processes will often also gain in trained. a ctivities †‡ϐ‹, related‡•ǣ to, or in direct ‘Safety’‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‡ˆϐ‹ ‹‡ Philosophy ›Ǥ support of the operation of aircraft, ˆ‡’Ž‘›‡‡•ƒ”‡•—ˆϐ‹ ‹‡–Ž› are reduced and controlled to an trained to do everything, we would acceptable level’ Philosophy is the study of reality, be training our whole life and never existence, and the nature of have time to move passengers Ultra-Safe High-Risk. Industry 5. Safety is our top priority. knowledge. Although it does around the world. (USHRI) not take a philosopher with †‡‡’ –Š‘—‰Š–• –‘ †‡ϐ‹‡ •ƒˆ‡–› Safety should always be on our philosophy, there are quite a few mind, and we should strive to Modern commercial aviation is concepts about the nature of safety operate safely at all times, but let considered an Ultra-Safe High- that are not obvious. Unfortunately, us not kid around, the top priority Risk Industry (USHRI) because it there are industry professionals ‘ˆƒ› ‘‡” ‹ƒŽ˜‡–—”‡‹•’”‘ϐ‹–Ǥ manages to operate with a great who believe, quite incorrectly, that Hence, safety trade-off must be degree of safety in a high-risk safety is merely common sense. At c6ontro. llAedccidents. are impossible to environment. Along with other its core, safety is making life better industries, such as nuclear power by addressing unacceptable risks. CAAN SOUVENIR 2019 I 27 predict.

It is outside of our capability c3ri.tical in Operating a few m omoutsideents. one’s the higher managementlatent err levelsors –‘ ’”‡†‹ – •’‡ ‹ϐ‹  ƒ ‹†‡–• ™‹–Š training. of an organization. These errors any degree of accuracy. However, are also referred as . that is not to say that we cannot Accidents can occur when Reason contends that models are recognize developing accident ™‡ϐ‹†‘—”•‡Ž˜‡•†‘‹‰•‘‡–Š‹‰ grossly inadequate if they attribute o4.utside Dwesensitizationhat we are traine. d to do. chains by noticing the presence of accidents solely to indiviacdtuaivel 7.undesirableWeather factors is a. leading cause of It is easy to foailureperator performance. Reason also accidents. tune out warning signs when it is proposes that human error ( something that frequently occurs ) is the end result rather than Adverse weather is often SHELL Model and which have not resulted in the causes of incidents or accidents. a factor in accidents. However, those p5.roblemsIg norinin theg past.your instinct. who are purists about accident causation stress that weather Another wiSdHELLely used visual cannot be deemed a causal factor in Professional should not feel conceptuaS l tool in aviationSoftware accidentH acci8. dentsThere. is often a single uncomfortable when they are theorHyardware is the E moEnvironmentdel. In thist cause behind an accident. doing a task. If something does Lmodel,Liveware stands forL , not feel right, it may be our In fact, Lforiveware , for , protective instinct kicking in and just the opposite is true. Accidents for and for another recognizing that an unresolved are complex events stemming . The SHELL interfaces are discrepancy or problem is lurking from multiple causes. It is quite in constant interaction witLivewareh each in the background, ready to ruin other and should match closely challenging to think of any accident Models to understand Accident our whole day. to the human element ( ) t9.hat onlyA ccidentshad one cause.are ‘Acts of God’. Theory Liveware to Software in the center of the system. The interface is the Many people tend to think that relationshipLiveware between to Har the dwarhumane accidents are impossible to foresee Accident theory is an amalgam and supporting system found in the and accidents just happen. Doing of concepts that have gained workplace. Liveware to Livewar ies so brings psychological comfort acceptance by accident the relationship between the man because it removes ties to the truth investigators and which generalize and machine. . that most accidents are preventable, our understandings of how Livewareis relations tohip Environment between thte human if the right people are provided accidents happen. Accident theory and other people in the workplace right tools at the right time. uses models to simplify complex is the concepts, and thus, make the relationship between the human Besides the common myths about concepts understandable for study and the internal and the external safety, there several conditions and research. Aircraft accidents are e5-Factornvironment. Model that are often notorious precursors extremely complex events caused to accidents. Accidents do not by numerous interacting factors. happen out of the blue, instead Thus, it proves highlyhow dwesirablewh toy Another visual conceptual there are precursors that are refer to visual conceptual models in model used to depict the major usually detectable by one means order to understand and categories of factors that interact or another. There are many other accidents happen. Such accident to create a safety error chain or such preconditions and negative human machine medium models help assist the relationship an accident is the 5-Factor Model. factors coming together that could mission managementt between hazards and accidents; The , , , potentially create an accident. Few assist with understanding and and factors ‘1.ˆ•— Š’”‡ ‘†‹–‹‘ƒ”‡Distraction. ǣ explaining reality; aid in visualizing represent this valuable visual things that cannot be observed; and Aviation conceptual model for examining approximate conditions that exist in professionals can let other things –Š‡ƒ–—”‡ ‘ˆ ƒ ‹†‡–•Ǥ Š‡ ϐ‹˜‡ reality to be useful. Following three affect their concentration, such as factors are closely interrelated accident models have been most checking text message or chatting and interact in numerous ways, fReason’srequently “SWISS associated CHEESE” with aviation. Model †—”‹‰ ƒ ’”‡ϐŽ‹‰Š– Š‡  ‘” „‡ˆ‘”‡ although management plays the joining2. duty.Rushing. overall predominant role and is thus depicted as if hovering over Someone may take James Reason’s model of accident the factors. Mission is located as a shortcut. When we do this, we are causation focuses on understanding the central target or objective to not giving our personal best and we incidents and accidents and their emphasize that effective mission risk missing key information and contributing factors. Reason’s accomplishment is implicit in highly skipping items that may not seem model traces the root causes of professional system (aviation) 28importantI CAAN SOUVENIR now 201but9 that could prove accidents to errors that occur in safety work. RNP AR implementation at TIA: %HQHÀWV&KDOOHQJHVDQG Way Forward

Suwarn Raj Upadhyay Dy. Director, CAAN

A. Introduction  4DWDU$LUZD\V ‡ $LUSRUW DFFHVVLELOLW\ KDV EHHQLPSURYHGZLWKUHODWLYHO\ORZHU 513 $5 $3&+ VSHFLILFDWLRQ  .RUHDQ$LU 9LVLELOLW\ PLQLPD RI  P DQG LV FRQVLGHUHG PRVW VWULQJHQW  7XUNLVK$LUOLQHV GHFLVLRQ KHLJKW RI  IW FRPSDUHG 3%1 VSHFLILFDWLRQ WKDW UHTXLUHV WRWKHP IRU&$7& DQGIW DLUFUDIW DQG DLUFUHZ WR DFTXLUH  0DOD\VLDQ$LUOLQHV UHVSHFWLYHO\ LQ FDVH RI  FRQYHQWLRQDO WKH VSHFLDO DXWKRUL]DWLRQ IURP WKH 925DSSURDFKSURFHGXUH 6WDWH DXWKRULW\ IRU WKH FRQGXFW RI   6LON$LU RSHUDWLRQ ZLWK VXFK VSHFLILFDWLRQ ‡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‡ $OWHUQDWLYH SURFHGXUH ZLWK RQ2FWREHU,QWURGXFWLRQRI  'UDJRQ$LU WKLV513$5ZLWK5)OHJFDSDELOLW\ FRQVWDQW JOLGH SDWK DQJOH RI  ƒ LV DOORZHG TXDOLILHG RSHUDWRUV WR VHOHFW  &KLQD6RXWKHUQ$LUOLQHV DYDLODEOH WR DXWKRUL]HG RSHUDWRUV WR WKHEHWWHURSWLRQWKDWUHOLHYHGWKHP RSW IRU VPRRWK DQG HQHUJ\ HIILFLHQW IURP RYHUIO\LQJ WKH GLIILFXOW WHUUDLQ  %KXWDQ$LUOLQHV SURFHGXUH WKDW DOORZHG RSWLPXP HQJLQH WKUXVW GXULQJ WKH ILQDO %KDWWHGDQGD ZKLOH FRPPHQFLQJ  0DOLQGR$LU WKH 925 DSSURDFK /RRNLQJ DW WKH DSSURDFK XVHIXOQHVVRI WKHDSSURDFKSURFHGXUH  )O\'XEDL ‡ 7UXVW RQ WKH SURFHGXUH KDV FXUUHQWO\ WKHUH DUH PRUH WKDQ   1HSDO$LUOLQHV EHHQLQFUHDVLQJGD\E\GD\PRWLYDWLQJ RSHUDWRUV WKDW FRQGXFW 513 $5 DW WKH RSHUDWRUV WR SURFHHG IRU 513 .DWKPDQGX C. Benefits of implementing RNP $5 GXH WR WKH SUHFLVLRQ RI  WKH B. Operators conducting RNP AR AR SURFHGXUHDQGLQWHJULW\RI WKH51$9 at TIA V\VWHP ZLWK 2QEDUG 3HUIRUPDQFH 6RPHRIWKH QRWLFHDEOHEHQHILWV RI  0RQLWRULQJDQG$OHUW 230$ 7KLV $WSUHVHQWWKHDXWKRUL]HGRSHUDWRUV 513 $5 WKDW DUHUHDOL]HG DIWHU WKH KDVXOWLPDWHO\HQKDQFHGWKHVDIHW\RI  WKDW DUH FRQGXFWLQJ 513 $5 LQWURGXFWLRQRI 513$5DW7,$FDQ WKH DLUFUDIW RSHUDWLRQV WR DQG IURP RSHUDWLRQVDW7,$DUH EHLOOXVWUDWHGDV .DWKPDQGX

Note: The above benefits have been experienced by the aviation community. However, actual quantitative benefits in terms reduction in delay time and reduction in number of missed approaches are yet to be analyzed.

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Fig. Draft of one of the RNP AR SID charts for TIA

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1. SAM/IG/23-WP/06, 20/04/2019 2. CASA AC 91U-II-C-6(0) September 2012 3. https://www.faa.gov/air_traffic/publications/atpubs/aip_html/part2_enr_section_1.17.html

CAAN SOUVENIR 2019 I 31 Aviation Sector

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CAAN SOUVENIR 2019 I 33 Good Leader vsGood Boss

Manju Paudyal Manager, CAAN

Do you know that 75% of people leaving jobs, in fact, don’t quit their jobs, but they quit their bosses?

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36 I CAAN SOUVENIR 2019 My journey to ,&$2$96(&,QVWUXFWRU

Khageswor Aryal Manager, CAAN oday, I have become deputed me there. He emphasized Seminar in 2014. It was about 5 ICAO AVSEC me, “work sincerely, one day, you weak program consisting of three INSTRUCTOR and my will be Bharat Dhakal.” Mr. Bharat phase; phase I, phase II and phase dream has come true. Raj Dhakal is prominent figure in III. In Phase I nominated participant Some friends are saying aviation security in Nepal. Further had submit country report to Tthat it is pride for CAAN, pride for he added with all seniors of the Japan through JICA. Phase II was aviation industry and also pride for division that he had some experience conducted in Japan (theory and Nation as whole. But, I think to be of head office and writing skill that practical field visit). In Phase III, ICAO Instructor or ICAO auditors would help you all. participant implement what they in the country, certainly it counts lot had learnt and submitted action and perception of ICAO personnel At that time, I was junior of all and plan under Phase II in Japan. The towards the nation will be different completely new in this aviation course itself was not in depth but and positive in every activities or security field. Thus I had to learn it was good opportunity to observe issues. It says that in every success from very beginning. During the advanced country aviation security of person, certainly there will be ATS Basic course I had learnt basic system. At final of the course, I someone-hands behind it. No doubt concept of aviation security of 10 was selected to speak few words in my case, Mr. Deo Chandra Lan hours and also that was almost from participants’ side. All of them Karn and my family have played erased from my mind. About one appreciated me. significant role to me to achieve the year later, I was nominated for goal. Directly and indirectly there KOICA fellowship program relating In 2015 I got chance to participate are numbers of hands to uplift me to aviation security but unfortunately in one of the important course of at this level. At this moment, I, my nomination was not confirmed aviation security that was National therefore, would like to express my by South Korea Government. Inspector Course. It was conducted sincere thanks to all who directly Couple of months later, again, I was by CASP- AP in Siem Reap, or indirectly l support me in this nominated to take part in Senior Cambodia that was also competency journey and I am grateful to all of Management for Aviation Security based course of ICAO. I secured them. Course, in Jakarta, Indonesia 94 % in the exam. I left very good under ICAO fellowship program. impression towards Cambodians. It was the day, when various factors Generally, it was course for those Some of participants could not get were playing role to make the who done basic, supervisor course, through in the exam. I was also quite situation fragile. The situation was and some other course but I had familiar with them. They extended not in favour of me. All of sudden, attempted directly without having warm hospitality during the whole I was transferred to Tribhuvan such courses of aviation security. It stay in Siam Reap, Cambodia. International Airport Civil Aviation was also competency base training. Office from Civil Aviation Authority It means all participants should I used to tell the those senior who of Nepal, Head Office. Even though go through exam and secure 80% had decisive role in the organization my profession was ATS, it was very mark in exam. Any how I had to that I want to continue my career difficult me to resume ATS job get through. I remembered that a in aviation security. I consistently because I had left operational duty participant from Mouritus secured remained in my journey of aviation since long. At that time General 100% in that exam. He was very security. I didn’t ask for any benefit Manager of TIACAO was Mr. cooperative and helped me a lot. position and continually and Ratish Chandra Lal Suman, he was dedicatedly did my assigned security quite impressed with me. There Few years later, I was doing my job. was positive feeling with him that I job effectively with knowledge and had some potentiality. Considering experience at TIA. By the time, I In 2017, I could get chance to these factors, he advised me to was nominated JICA fellowship participate in National Aviation work aviation security division and program named Aviation Security Security Training Program

CAAN SOUVENIR 2019 I 37 Workshop which was conducted preparation work. By the time, Civil per their performance throughout by CASP AP and organization by Aviation Academy run a Screening the course. They are; Civil Aviation Training Institute course for foreigner (Bhutanese). I at Yangoon. It was 5 days course. took class for them where there was 1) Successfully completed ICC There was two facilitator Mr. ICAO auditor as a participant. It Phase 2 and passed the SME Kyal Barter, chief of CASP AP forced me to work harder and harder Exam: Certified as an AVSEC and STE Mr Seikh Abdullah from and made my confidence level build Instructor Singapore. I actively participated high. DCL sir some time used to Successfully completed ICC in that Program and everybody give me threat, sometime motivate 2) Phase 2 but did not passed praised me. Some participant from me. At any function he used to Myanmar and Thailand request be declare and present me as ICAO the SME Exam: Certificate of to be a ICAO instructor. CASP-AP certified instructor, sometimes in successful completion; and commented me that you had great front of ICAO people. Due to these 3) Did not successfully complete participation. These comments factors I was in situation Do or Die. ICC Phase 2; Certificate of inspired me to move head to this I was almost in one way trap and no Attendance direction of icao avsec instructor. chance to return without achieving the goal. On the last day that was 6th Finally, state letter of ICAO December, 2019 we all participants Certification for Aviation Security It was 2nd December, 2019, when I were waiting for result and we Instructor was received. There were entered in a big hall of Hong Kong were called one by one by the minimum two criteria to participant International Aviation Academy in exam. One was National from where nice view of ocean can ICAO instructors’ team. There Instructor and the other was five been seen. There were participant were separate individual briefing. years working experience. ICAO from Asia Pasic region and some of All faces were full of curiosity that National Instructor course would them were already ICAO auditor and what would be the result. Finally, be preferable. The course was design some of had done a lot of aviation I was called and briefed me by in such way that applicant should security course. At that moment, I instructors and they congratulated completed in two phases. ICC Phase remembered the Interview of Late me for success. I again confirmed I exam was online session and could Dr. Upendra Devekota in NTV. that which categories of certificate be completed from their countries He had faced the same situation in I got. The judges answered no. 1 relating administration procedure Europe. In a big exam hall of Europe certificate. This moment I cannot of UNDP and ICAO to be done with participants from developed express here with some words. By after ICAO AVSEC instructor. countries, he was the one who come the time I inform in office and home. ICC Phase II main session was from poor, small country but with It was remarkable day in my life. conducted at ASTC Hong Kong full of confident. At any cost he had SAR consisting of SME ( pass mark to get success in the exam. Then I Abbreviation 84%) and Presentation (Progress remembered Pashupati Nath and ICAO = International Civil Aviation Test and Mastery Test, pass mark Late mother and father and opened Organization 80% ) exam paper. It was very hard but when completing SME exam, I CASP-AP= Cooperative Aviation I believe myself and in my thought I did good. Security Program- Asia Pacific competency. Along with this, sometime circumstance become There were other three modules USAP-CMA= Universal Security more favorable. Year 2019 left to be completed. During each Audit Program- Continuous become historic year in my life. module there was progress test and Monitoring Approach Mr. Deo Chandra Lal Karn at end of the module there was become department head, ICAO Mastery Test. The major part of ICC= Instructor Certification certification for aviation security the process was presentation. Every Course instructor was scheduled, USAP participant was assigned 5 minutes CMA audit was conducted in Nepal. and 15 minutes presentation based STE= Short Term Expert Focusing USAP CMA audit, APAC on ICAO ASTP. Pass mark of SME SME= Subject Matter Expertise and CASP-AP assistance missions was 84% and rest of presentation were concluded. We all security pass mark was 80%. There were AVSEC= Aviation Security persons and some AVSEC experts three types of Certificate that ICAO were continuously busy in audit going to issue for the participant as ATS= Air Traffic Services

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CAAN SOUVENIR 2019 I 39 s]nfpg] xf] eg] ;g\ !($( sf] clk|ndf p8\8og k|flws/0f P]gåf/f :yflkt Ps tyf cfly{s ljsf;df o;n] 7"nf] l;+un OlGhgsf] $ l;6/ lghL ljdfg ljlzli6s[t ;+:yfsf] ?kdf lqmoflzn 5 . e"ldsf lgjf{x ul//x]sf] t 5b}+5 eg] 9LQWDJH %HDFK&UDIW %RQDQ]D at{dfg g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] Joj:yf d'nsdf jif]{0fL !) nfvsf] xf/fxf/Ldf $LUFUDIW sf7df08f}+sf] uf}r/0fdf ;kmn u/] cg'?k ;+3Lotf sfof{Gjog ug]{ ko{6sx? xjfO{ oftfoft s} cjt/0f kZrft d'n'ssf] gful/s l;nl;nfdf xjfO{ p8\8og / cGt/f{li6«o dfWodn] lelqPsf 5g\ . g]kfnsf] p8\8ogsf] Oltxf; cf/De ePsf] xf] . ljdfg:yn ;+3sf] clwsf/ ;"rLdf ko{6g ljsf;sf] If]qdf tTkZrft tTsfnLg /fhf lqe'jg ef/tLo k/]sf] x'+bf g]kfn gful/s p8\8og xjfO{ ;]jf k|d'v k|f0f jfo' g} /x]sf ] hxfh '& af6 @))& ;fndf k|flws/0f ;+3Lo ;/sf/sf] sfo{If] / ko{6g tyf xjfO{ Ps csf{sf kl/ ef/t / ;f]xL jif{sf] kmfu'g & df qdf /x]sf] 5 . ;+ljwfgn] ;+3, k|fGtLo k"/s /x]sf]df låljwf 5}g . d"n'ssf] sf7df08f}+ cjt/0f ePsf]nfO{ g]kfnsf] / :yfgLo u/L tLg txsf] ;/sf/ cy{tGqdf ljz]if 6]jf k'¥ofpg ;Sg] gful/s p8\8og If]qdf ePsf] P] sf] Joj:yf /xg] u/]sf]df d"n'se/L k|r'/ ;Defjgfo'Qm ko{6g ;]jfdf xjfO{ ltxfl;s lbg dflgPsf] 5 . g]kfndf 5l/P/ /x]sf clwsf+z ljdfg:ynx? oftfoftn] k|ToIf jf k/f]If ?kdf ;3fp k|hftGq :yfkgf kl5 ef/tLo jfo';]jf k|fGtLo e"efux?df ljBdfg /x]sf ] k'¥ofp+b} cfPsf] klg tYof+sn] b]vfPsf ] sDkgL +LPDOD\DQ$YLDWLRQ n] @* l;6/ cj:yf / o;sf] sfof{Gjog ;+3 cGtu{t 5 . To;}u/L, b]zdf ePsf b}jL, ljleGg Ifdtfsf] '& 'DNRWD jfo'ofgaf6 ePaf6 tT;DaGwLsf] Joj:yfksLo 36gf tyf b'3{6gfsf avt l56f] 5l/tf ] ef/tsf k6gf, snsQf / lbNnL ?6df sfo{x? ;kmntfk"j{s ;+rfng ug{ /fxtsf] k|efjsf/L dfWod klg xjfO{ ;]jf sf7df08f}+af6 lgoldt xjfO{ ;]jf k|bfg cfO{ kg]{ ;d:of Pj+ r'gf}tLx?nfO{ g} ePsf] 5 . rf/ jif{ cl3 uPsf] ul/Psf] lyof] . d'n'snfO{ pRr kmfObf ;fdgf ug{ rfNg' kg]{ sfo{x? cljnDa ljgf;sf/L e"sDkdf o; If]qn] x'g] u/L gful/s p8\8ogsf] ljsf;nfO{ ;DkGg ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . t/ d'n's ;+3Lo ;+/ k'¥ofPsf] ;]jf xfdLn] lj;{g ;ls+b}g k|f]T;fxg x'g] kl/l:ylt l;h{gf ug{ tyf rgf cGtu{t cfO{ ;+lj3fg hf/L ePsf] . g]kfn, o; If]qnfO{ lgolGqt Pj+ Jojl:yt ug{ ] rf/ jif{ Jolyt e} ;Sbf klg ;+3Lo hxfF t]>f] d'n's;Fusf] l;wf ;Dks{sf] clek|fon] u}/ ;}lgs xjfO{ p8fg P]g, ;+/rgfdf gful/s p8\8og If]qsf] sfo{ Ps dfq l;wf oftfoftsf] dfWod xjfO{ @)!% hf/L u/L gful/s p8\8og ljZn]if0fsf] vfsf tof/ x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . oftfoft g} jfWo /x]sf] / d'n'sdf ;DaGwL ljljw lqmofsnfkx? kl/ ce"tk"j{ ?kdf d'n'sdf ePsf] /fhgLlts a;f]jf; ug]{ ;DkGg / ljkGg b'j} rfng x'+b} cfPsf] xfdL dfem 5 . g] kl/jt{g;Fu} ;+3Lotfsf] cjnDag ju{sf nflu plQs} ;fy{s ?kdf ;xof] kfnsf] sl/j tLg bzs;Dd ;/sf/L ePsf] 5 . ;+ljwfgaf6 lbzfaf]w ePsf] u k'¥ofp+b} cfO/x]sf] 5 . olx tYonfO{ jfo';]jf tTsfnLg zfxL g]kfn jfo';]jf ljifodf tT;DaGwLsf] sfo{ If]qdf dgg\ u/L s]xL jif{ k"j{ xjfO{ If]qsf] lgudn] Ps5q ;]jf ;+rfng ub}{ cfPsf] cljnDa yfngL u/L o; If]qsf] ljsf;, ;d"lrt ljsf;, lj:tf/sf ug{sf df g]kfnn] ;g\ !((@ df pbf/ xjfO{ lj:tf/ u/L hg:t/;Dd o;sf] kl| tkmn nflu cNksfnLg, lbw{sfnLg /0fgLlt gLlt /LEHUDO 6N\ 3ROLF\ cjnDag k'¥ofpg' cfhsf] cfjZostf xf] . tof/ th{df' ug{ glthfd"ns /fo u/] kZrft lghL If]qsf jfo';]jf lsgsL d"n'ssf] cfGtl/s / jfXo xjfO{ ;'emfj k|:t'tsf nflu ;+:s[lt, ko{6g sDkgLx?af6 ;d]t xjfO{ oftfoft ;] oftfoftnfO{ ;+3Lo k|f?k cg'?k ;'/lIft, tyf gful/s p8\8og dGqL:t/Lo jf ;+rfng ug]{ 9f]sf v'n]sf] xf]. :t/Lo / e/kbf]{ agfO{ o; If] lg0f{ofg';f/ ljifout gful/s p8\8og o; kZrft xjfO{ oftfoft ;DaGwL qsf] ljsf;, lj:tf/ ug]{ lhDd]jf/ lj1 ;d"x u7g ul/Psf] lyof] . ul7t lqmofsnfkx? qmdzM pNn]v jbf]Q/L lgsfo g]kfn gful/s p8\8og k|flws/0f ljifout lj1 ;d"xaf6 lgwf{l/t x'+b} cfPsf] tYo xfdL dfem 5n{Ë 5 . g} /x]sf] 5 . sfo{ljlwsf] kl/lwleq /xL If]qut o;f] x'g'df at{dfg PsfO;f}F ztfAbLsf] e|d0f, cGt/lqmof ;d]tsf] cfwf/df /fo d"n'ssf ljleGg dxTjk"0f{ ;]jfx?df ljZjJofkf/Ls/0f, cfly{s pbf/Ls/0f ;'emfj ;lxtsf] k|ltj]bg k|:t't ePsf] xjfO{ ;]jf Ps cTofjZos ;]jf /x] / tLa| k|lt:kwf{n] PsftL/ xfdLnfO{ klg b]9 jif{ gfl3 ;s]sf] 5 . k|ltj]bgdf sf] s'/fdf s;}sf] ljdlt 5}g . g] ljZjdf cj;/x?sf] l;h{gf x'Fb} hfg] ;dfj]; ePsf ;'emfjnfO{ sfof{Gjogsf] kfnsf ;'ud tyf b'/b/fhsf If]qx?df qmd a9\bf] 5 eg] csf]{tL/ tLa| k|lt:kwL{ lbzfdf nUg ;lsPsf] 5}g . o; If] xjfO{ oftfoft ;]jf k|bfg u/L ko{6s ljZj;Fu s;/L k|lt:kwf{Tdsdf ?kdf qsf] tTsfnLg, dWosfnLg, bLw{sfnLg tyf ofq'x?sf] cfjfudg, lgdf{0f ;l/s aGg ;Sg] eGg] ;jfnn] r'gf}tL hl6n ;d:of / r'gf}tLx?nfO{ ;fdu|Lsf] 9'jfgL, cTofjZos cf}ifwL ylkFb} uPsf] 5 . ;'emfOPsf ;dfwfgsf sfo{lbzf tkm{ Pj+ vfBfGg, nQfsk8f, z}lIfs ;fdu|L tTsfn} sfof{Gjogdf nfUg' >]ois/ gful/s p8\8ogsf] If]q leq d"ntM tyf dfgjLo hLjgofkgsf ;fduL| x'g]5 . cGoyf ;do clg cfly{s xjfO{ If]q, jfo';]jf, ljdfg:yn cflb cfbLsf] cf];f/ k;f/ Pj+ If]qut /f] Jooef/ dfqsf] af]em af]s]sf] cg'ejdf kb{5g\ . o;} cGtu{t g]kfn gful/s huf/L l;h{gf u/L d'n'ssf] ;fdflhs l;ldt x'g'kg]{ jfWotf /xG5 .

40 I CAAN SOUVENIR 2019 blIf0f k"jL{ Pl;ofnL /fi6« leotgfd p8fg/cjt/0f ePsf] bl] vPsf] 5 . tyf ljb]zL jfo';]jf sDkgLx?nfO{ hxfF s'g} ;do ToxfFsf gful/ssf] o; l:yltnfO{ dWogh/ ug]{ xf] eg] df} cfslif{t ug{ cfly{s k|f]T;fxgsf] Kofs] hghLjg cToGt} si6k"0f{ lyof], Tof] h'bf cGt/f{li6«o ljdfg:ynsf] cj:yf hx? nfu' ug{ ;lsPdf o;n] ;sf/fTds b]z xfn ljZjsf lgof{t Jofkf/df gv:sg] u/L ljsNksf] cGt/f{li6o« lbzf tkm{ nUg] s '/fnfO{ dWogh/ u/L o; cfly{s pGglt u/L ;kmn /fi6«df ljdfg:yn ;+rfngdf tTsfn} Nofpg' ;DalGwsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ ljrf/flwg /xL kl/0ft alg/x]sf] 5 . ljZj ahf/sf ] h?/L e} ;s]sf] 5 . lg0f{osf] clGtd r/0fdf k'u]sf] ;+s]tn] ljb]zL nufgLsf] cfsif{s s]Gb|sf d'n'ssf] xjfO{ ;]jf ljsf;df 6]jf k'Ug] p;f]t g]kfnn] bf]>f] cGt/f{li6«o ?kdf leotgfd cfh cf}Bf]uf]Gd'v ;+s]t b]vfPsf] 5 . uf}tda'4 cGt/ ljdfg:ynsf] ?kdf ljsf; ug{ ] Wo]on] x'Fb} rLg / ef/t kl5sf] t];|f] pRr f{li6«o ljdfg:yn ;+rfngdf cfPkl5 lghu9 ljdfg:ynnfO{ c+lusf/ u/]sf] cfly{s j[l4 xfl;n ug]{ /fi6«sf ?kdf klg nfdf] ;do Joltt eO{ ;s]sf] 5 . j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf hfg/] cfpg] g]kfnL ;kmn alg/x]sf] 5 . 5f]6f] bzssf] df}h'bf lqe'jg cGt/f{li6«o ljdfg:ynsf] ofq'x?nfO{ o; ljdfg:ynaf6 dfq ug{ cGt/fndf l5d]sL d'n's ef/t / a9\bf] rfknfO{ 36fO{ d'n'ssf] xjfO{ ;] ;lsPsf] v08df o; ljdfg:ynn] ;g\ rLgn] u/]sf] ljsf;sf] km8\sf]nfO{ jfsf] ;d'lrt ljsf;, lj:tf/ ug{ w/] } @)@* df sl/a @) nfv ofq' lng ;lsg] ca xfdLn] x]/]/ dfq lrQ a'emfO{ cWoog, cg';Gwfgx? gePsf] klg xf]Og / lqe'jg cGt/f{li6«o ljdfg:ynsf] ga;L tL d'n'sn] c+ufn]sf ljsf;sf t/ o;n] d"t{?k xfn;Dd lng ;s]sf] ljBdfg rfk 36g uO{ ;xh 9+uaf6 /0fgLltx? tTsfn} k|f/De u/L 5}g . ca lemgf dl;gf ts{x?df cGt/f{li6«o Pj+ cfGtl/s ofq' wfGg cg';/0fdf nfUg' a'l4dfgL x'g]5 . gcNemLP/ d'n'snfO{ ;d[l4sf] lbzfdf ;lsg] dfq xf]Og oL b'a} cGt/f{li6«o d'n'ssf] ljsf;sf] k|j]z ljGb' dflgPsf] nfg cljnDa o;sf] lgbfg tkm{ nfUg'sf] ljdfg:yn cfTdlge{/ ;d]t aGg ko{6g tyf xjfO{ ljsf;sf] gf/fnfO{ s'g} ljsNk 5}g . ;Sg]5g\ . To;}u/L, lgdf0ffwLg kf]v/f cfh}af6 sfof{Gjog:t/df n}hfg' kb{5. cGt/f{li6«o ljdfg:yn tkm{ b[li6 lbg] ;g\ @)!& sf] cf+s8fn] d'n'ssf] Ps g]kfndf xfn $* j6f cfGtl/s xf] eg] o; ljdfg:yn /x]sf] e" k|s[lt dfq cGt/f{li6«o ljdfg:yn lqe'jg ljdfg:yn / & j6f lgdf{0fflwg agf}6 Pj+ ef}uf]lns l:yltn] x]bf{ ;fgf ljdfg:ynaf6 sl/a #( nfv cGt/f{li6«o cj:yfdf 5g\ . rfn' ljdfg:ynx? h]6 ljdfgnfO{ ;d]t Jofj;flos / @$ nfv cfGtl/s u/L ^# nfv xjfO{ dWo] kf]v/f, e/tk'/, n'Snf, l;ldsf6] ;d{ytfsf] ;d:of x'g] / o;n] vf;} ofq' cfjfudg ePsf] b]vfPsf] 5 . o; / tl' dª6f/ u/L % j6f ljdfg:ynx?n] cGt/f{li6«o ljdfg:ynsf] ?kdf ofq' tYon] cfufdL !) jif{df sl/a !#) dfq gfkmf pGd'v aGg ;kmn ePsf 5g\ tfGg ;lsg] b]lv+b}g . lgdf{0ffwLg nfv / @) jif{df sl/a ##) nfv ofq' eg] 3f6fdf /x]sf !! j6f ljdfg:ynx? 6ld{gn 9fFrfn] sl/a !% nfv eGbf cfjfudg k'Ug] ;+efjgf b]vfPsf] 5 . dWo] kxf8L If]qsf ljdfg:yndf ;/b/ sd ofq' Ifdtfsf] p2]Zo /fv]sf] o; df}h'bf cGt/f{li6«o ljdfg:ynsf] ofq' sl/a #) nfv k|lt ljdfg:yn / ljdfg:ynnfO{ cfGtl/s ofq' Ifdtf 6ld{gn ljBdfgdf #@ xhf/ au{ld6/ t/fO{ tkm{sf sl/a !=% s/f]8 k|lt lj:tf/df k|of]u ul/g' plrt x'g] b] If]qkmnsf] Ifdtf sl/a #) nfv ofq'sf] ljdfg:yn 3f6fdf ;+rfng /x]sf 5g\ lvG5 . d'n'ssf] lgdf{0ffwLg cGt/f{li6«o /x]sf] t/ ;g\ @)!& df #* nfv * xhf/ . ljdfg:ynaf6 ljdfg:ynnfO{ cfTdlge{/tfsf] b[li6n] x] cGt/f{li6«o ofq' cfjfudg b]lvPsf] 5 . k'¥ofpg' kg]{ ;]jf ;'ljwfdf a4f]Q/L ub} g{ ] xf] eg] kf]v/f cGt/f{li6«o ljdfg:yn To;}u/L, cfGtl/s p8fg tkm{ cfGtl/s { 3f6fdf ;+rflnt ljdfg:ynx?nfO{ cfTd lge{/ agfpg @) aif{ eGbf a9L 6ld{gn ejgsf] Ifdtf % nfv /x]sf] s]lGb|t u/L gfkmf pGd'v x'g] sfo{ nfUg], uf}tda'4 cGt/f{li6«o ljdfg:yn ;f]lx jif{df @$ nfv % xhf/ ofq' k|lqmofsf] yfngLdf ljnDa ul/g' x'+bg} sl/a !% jif{ leq / lghu9 cGt/f{li6o« cfjfudg ePsf] b]vfPsf] 5 . ofq' . o;} l;nl;nfdf d'n'ssf] ;du| xjfO{ ljdfg:yn ;+rfngdf cfPsf] ;'? jif{ cfjfudgsf] b[li6n] cfkm\gf] Ifdtf ljsf;nfO{ dWogh/ u/L uf}tdj'4 b]lv g} cfTdlge{/ x'g ;Sg] dfq xf] eGbf aflx/ ;+rfng ubf{ ljdfg:ynn] cGt/f{li6«o ljdfg:yn / kf]v/f If]qL Og lg/Gt/ o; ljdfg:ynsf] Ifdtf k'¥ofOg' kg]{ o;sf] ;]jf ;'ljwfdf :t/f] cGt/f{li6«o ljdfg:ynsf] lgdf{0f sfo{ clea[l4 ub}{ hfg ;lsg] cGt/f{li6«o GgtL ug{ lgSs} tLa| ?kdf cufl8 a9]sf] ;+s]tn] eg] s] ljdfg:ynsf] ?kdf klg /x]sf] cWoogn] r'gf}tL /x]sf] a'emfp+5 . ;fy}, o;n] df} xL cfzfsf] ls/0f b]vfPsf] 5 . uf}tda'4 b]vfPsf] 5. h'bf xfd|f] cGt/f{li6«o ljdfg:ynsf] cGt/f{li6«o ljdfg:yn tof/ eO{ ; +rfndf jf:tljstf b]lvPsf] 5 eg] csf]{tkm{ cfPkl5 o;n] sl/a !) nfv cGt/f{li6«o g]kfnn] xfn;Dd ljleGg #( j6f /g j] Ifdtfsf] bl[ i6n] jfo'ofgx?sf] ofq' lqe'jg cGt/f{li6«o ljdfg:ynaf6 d'n'sx?;+u xjfO{ ;]jf ;+Demf}tf u/L cfjfudg Ifdtf sl/a ! nfv () 36g hfg] b]lvG5 . uf}tda'4 ;s]sf] 5 t/ ;Demf}tfaf6 k|fKt ug{ xhf/ /x]sf]df ;f]lx jif{ -@)!&_ sf] cGt/f{li6«o ljdfg:yn ;DkGg kZrft ;lsg] nfe d'n'sn] k"0f{ lng ;lsPsf] tYof+sn] ! nfv @^ xhf/ $^* dfqsf] o;sf] ; +rfngdf ;'?jftL ;dodf :jb]zL 5}g . ljleGg b]z u/L hDdf !$

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42 I CAAN SOUVENIR 2019 Mechanism for coping stress in Emergency Responders

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CAAN SOUVENIR 2019 I 45 Aviation Professional in Sustainable Air Transportation

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Fig. Distributed Multi-Nodal ATFM Network Operational Environment(Ref. CANSO)

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52 I CAAN SOUVENIR 2019 Electric Propulsion Aircraft An emerging talks in Aviation

Er. Umesh Bhandari ”Ǥˆϐ‹ ‡”ǡ Background aircraft industries and concerned as well as opportunities for the air authorities to think of some better travel business to switch to viable The present commercially viable large environmental friendly options for alternatives with rapidly increasing air sized aircraft (or spacecraft) rely on th a more better tomorrow. The 55 passengers each upcoming year. fossil fuel for their operation. It is Conference of Directors General of estimated that these aircraft are one Civil Aviation Asia and Pacific Region To reduce overall CO2 emissions from of the largest contributors to climate held on Denarau Island, Nadi, Fiji on air travel, the choice may be either change worldwide due to emission of 22-26 October, 2018 had committed don’t fly or fly using alternative sources greenhouse gases like Carbon dioxide to reduce carbon emissions and that eliminates emission. Human are (CO ), Nitrogen Oxide (NO ) and 2 X noise from aircraft operations in line much habitual with air travel that the creation of persistent contrails by with ICAO’s carbon neutral growth they can’t think of not flying. So, the them. Statistics reveal that aircrafts goal, reducing cost saving in fuel alternatives could be emit about 2.4% of global greenhouse consumption. Aerospace companies gases ( 4 to 9% of anthropogenic 1. Using bio-fuel or hydrogen in the are thus joining hands to tackle their greenhouse gases) but the demand for aircraft, or industry’s growing contribution to flights is growing rapidlyy which may greenhouse gas emissions. As a result, result these gases emission to nearly 2. Using electric aircraft the goal of net zero carbon emissions triple by the middle of the century. is now being formulated worldwide. Bio-fuel, fuel derived from plants or At the same time, scientists, to limit For instance, UK has accepted the goal algae, when used in an aircraft though global warming to 1.5°C this century, of net zero carbon emissions by 2050, still produce CO2, don’t require say that the world will have to reduce European Aviation Safety Agency significant changes to existing aircraft. total emissions to half as soon as 2030. (EASA) is going to categorize aircraft It was first used on a commercial

The ongoing climate change issues, based on CO 2 emissions, while flight in 2008 and several airlines have awareness on environmental Norway and Sweden are aiming to performed trials with them. However, sustainability, study on carbon make short distance flights in their because of CO2 emission and impact footprint left yb the aviation industry airspace electric by 2040 and so on. on freshwater sources or food had compelled the developed nations, It is thus creating a hu ge challenge production, it had not been widely

Fig: Fuelling Aviation with Green Technology Fig: Graph showing Potential Energy gap of Kerosene versus battery: a factor of 8

CAAN SOUVENIR 2019 I 53 adopted and research is undergoing technology may reveal electric aircraft In 1973, Fred Militky and Heino on sustainable bio-fuel. as a best alternative. Brditschka converted a Brditschka HB-3 motor glider to an electric Hydrogen, on the other hand, is very Why Electric Aircraft? aircraft, the Militky MB-E1, the first light and contains three times more 1. Electric power is efficient and prototype. It flew for just 14 minutes energy per kilogram than kerosene to become the first manned electric reliable. Electric motors can be (consume up to 12% less energy than aircraft to y fl under its own power. placed anywhere on the plane kerosene when used in long-distance The recent trend involves many small to improve efficiency. They, thus flights) but its density is very low, even sized electric aircraft in different stages when stored as a liquid at -250�. This can unlock new aircraft design of their development as listed below: means, fuel can no longer be stored replacing the conventional engine in the wing but needs to be moved to to achieve extraordinary levels ➢ Alice, an unconventional looking relatively heavy and bulky tanks inside of aerodynamic, propulsive, electric aircraft, by Israeli firm the fuselage. Thus, when hydrogen control, and structural synergistic Eviation, carries nine passengers is used in an aircraft, a complete coupling. for up to 650 miles (1,040km) redesign of the fuelling infrastructure at 10,000ft (3,000m) at 276mph 2. Being clean source of energy, as well as redesign of the aircraft itself (440km/h). It is expected to fly in emits zero greenhouse gases is required, which is also less feasible. 2022 and forecasted to be ready 3. Mechanically less complicated for regional flight by mid-2020s. Can electric aircraft be the best design alternatives then? To understand this, ➢ The Slovenian based Pipistrel’s we shall first know what an Electric 4. Reduces operating costs (cost- Alpha Electro, is the world’s first Aircraft is, what recent technologies efficient alternative to commercial mass produced electric aircraft, are in practice and what are the jets) used for training of flight students shortcoming and remedies involved. and recreational fliers. 5. Reduces energy consumption Electric Aircraft ➢ X-57 Maxwell by NASA, An 6. Possibility of Emergency power Italian Tecnam P2006T aircraft An electric aircraft is an aircraft increase of 50-100% for 30 to 120 modified with an electric powered by electric motors. seconds propulsion system, is undergoing Electricity may be supplied to t hese testing for its first planned flight 7. Reduces aircraft noise and motors by a variety of methods in 2020. It will have 14 electric vibration including batteries, solar cells, fuel motors mounted on it. cells, power beaming, etc. Different 8. Drastic reduction in engine Electric Propulsion Architectures like ➢ The eFlyerX, by Bye Aerospace, is cooling and radiated heat All electric, Hybrid Electric (Series, being the first FAA and European Parallel, Series/parallel partial hybrid) 9. Results in low engine weight and Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) or Turboelectric (Full, Partial) may maintenance certified all-electric airplane by be used in an electric aircraft. These the end of 2021 to serve the pilot- architectures rely on different electric 10. Variable speed output at full training market. technologies (batteries, motors, power, for improved cruise generators, etc.) and the levels of efficiency at low tip-speed ➢ Some of the advanced hybrid CO2 reduction associated with the electric aircraft developed till now 11. Reduces engine-out penalties different architectures are a function are of the configuration, component 12. Because of these reason, electric ✓ Airbus E-Fan X demonstrator, is performances, and missions. aircraft find its application in a complex hybrid electric aircraft short flights, military or normal Batteries are the most common and expected to embark on its first flight trainings for students (in essential energy carrier component flight in 2021. comparison to using aviation fuel of any e lectric aircraft, due to for combustion engines). ✓ VoltAero Cassio, by a French their relatively high capacity. With company VoltAero, is a conversion advancement in battery technology, Recent Trend in Electric Aircraft of a Cessna 337 Skymaster to even nickel-cadmium (Ni-Cd) Technology make a Hybrid electric aircraft for rechargeable battery is being replaced 4-6 passengers utilizing a “push- History reveals that the use of by Modern lithium ion based pull” propulsion configuration. batteries, although they still have electricity for aircraft propulsion was limited endurance between charges first experimented in the latter part ✓ EEL, an Ampaire prototype, is and hence limited range to obtain the of the nineteenth century. On 8th a six-seat Cessna 337 Skymaster desired milestone in aviation industry. October 1883, Gaston Tissandier flew retrofitted with two engines: Continuous research in battery the first electrically-powered airship. conventional combustion engine

54 I CAAN SOUVENIR 2019 Fig: Hybrid Electric Flight Demonstrators Fig.1: Airbus E-Fan X demonstrator

and electric motor powered by a its mass by 35% means it needs aircraft could potentially be reached battery-pack. 35% more energy (all other things around mid-century. being equal). ✓ Royce E-Fan X, by Airbus, is a Hybrid Electric Aircraft: An large commercial Hybrid electric ✓ Aircraft travel much farther than Alternative to Small Electric aircraft having 2MW Engine ground vehicles and must store Aircrafts Power and 100 Passengers onboard all the energy needed carrying capacity, targeted to to move its mass for each flight A Hybrid-electric aircraft combine enter in service by 2030. (unlike a train connected to fuels with electric propulsion. This an electrical grid or a ve hicle combination is needed for airliners Short-Range Electric Aircraft which can recharge, if needed, as the energy density of lithium-ion at intermediate points of its batteries is much lower than aviation Though long distance voyaging large journey). fuel. The electric propulsion system sized electric aircraft (like 747s) are may serves to improve the thrust not feasible till date, small electric For aircrafts, mass is crucial. But, they efficiency, reducing the amount of fuel aircraft travelling short distance are need batteries with enough energy per needed or may provide extra power already invented. In such discoveries, kilogram of battery. While fulfilling in specific circumstances like take-off lithium ion battery are used which the energy requirement, quantity of provide 200 watt-hours (Wh) energy batteries is increased, boosting mass and landing to reduce emissions near per kilogram, about 60 times less tremendously. Increased mass of an airports. than current aircraft fuel. This type aircraft in no load conditionp im lies Challenges/Hurdles in the of battery can power small electric low passenger carrying capacity i.e., Development aircraft with up to four passengers higher operating cost. That’s why, over a distance of around 100km. For electric planes simply can’t fly long ✓ Improving new technologies in longer trips, more energy-dense cells distances and large electric aircraft batteries attaining specific power are needed. with such features is further complex and reliability reducing weight is to invent. Though we see electric cars, trains, time consuming. trams or boats commercially But, it does not mean that we cannot ✓ Design of small, compact and light operated, why don’t we have large make it happen. With time, if the weight electrical components ( electric aircraft? invention in battery technology foster like generators, motors, power rapidly in terms of weight reduction conversion electronics like ✓ It’s much simpler to radically (four- to tenfold reduction is required) inverters, rectifiers, etc.) and modify a car, train, tram or boat with increased energy density aerodynamics suiting the aircraft to cope with the extra mass from per kilogram, it will no more be a model is also critical to design. electrical propulsion systems but nightmare. The long-term historical aircraft are much more sensitive. rate of improvement in battery energy ✓ Certification process of electric Increasing the mass of a car by has been around 3-4% per year, aircraft is lengthy and expensive. 35% leads to an increase in energy doubling roughly every decades. Based usage of 13-20%. But for an on a continuation of this historical ✓ Safety protocols have to be aircraft, energy usage is directly trend, the fourfold improvement developed to govern batteries and proportional to mass: increasing needed for a fully electric commuter other components.

CAAN SOUVENIR 2019 I 55 ✓ Attracting and convincing deep- a majority of the fuel is required for 1. Green, J. E. “Civil aviation and pocketed investors is not so easy. take-off and landing. So, even if short the environmental challenge .” The haul flights switches completely to Aeronautical Journal 107.1072 ✓ Convincing frequent and electric and long haul flights switch (2003): 281-299. infrequent passengers to embrace to hybrid electric (using electric or use electric plane takes time. power during take-off and landing), 2. Carmel, Jay. “The Quiet Revolution.” (2004). Conclusion it could be a great achievement, both economically and environmentally While electrical motors, generators, 3. ICAO published data and official (CO2 emission could be significantly power distribution and controls website. reduced which is usually maximum have advanced very rapidly, battery during take-off and landing). 4. ICAO Conventions. technology hasn’t developed in the same pace. Even assuming huge With advancement in technology 5. Different Google Images. advances in battery technology, with i.e., after significant weight reduction 6. http://theconversation.com/ batteries that are 30 times more and improvement of energy density climate explained efficient and “energy-dense” than of commercial batteries, bigger size today, it would only be possible to fly electric aircraft could be a viable 7. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ an A320 aircraft for a fifth of its range option. However, Hybrid aircraft, Electric_aircraft with just half of its payload. So, Unless combining electricity and fuel, could 8. www.bbc.com/news/business there is some radical paradigm shift be even more viable option. Hence, in energy storage, electric long-haul electric aircraft (hybrid electric or 9. w ww.vo x. flights are difficult and we are going electric) could be a big opportunity but com/2019/10/9/20903205/nasa- to rely on a mixed air travel: using committing the commercial operation electric-airplane-x-57-aviation- to a specific date is challenging. And, hydrocarbon fuels, electric or hybrid emissions electric system as well. It means, the if electric propulsion for commercial future aviation industry will not have aircraft, once become viable, could 10. w ww.nap.edu/read/23490/ to exclusively rely on jet fuel as hybrid result in massive changes in aircraft chapter/7 and electric aircraft will replace industry eliminating the presently 11. www.universetoday.com/143656/ existing short range air travel. existing disruption in technology. nasa-is-working-on-electric- In an airplane relying on hydrocarbon, References airplanes

Fig 5: Development of Lithium Ion Batteries Fig.6: Energy Density Trend in Batteries

56 I CAAN SOUVENIR 2019 ICT IN AIRPORT

Er. Ram Pathak ”Ǥˆϐ‹ ‡”ǡ WHAT IS ICT? Information and Communications common-use ICT infrastructure Technologies (ICT) plays a vital is installed, it is necessary to have Information and Communications role in the operation of airports and adequate IT security procedures and Technology or ICT, is often used as the facilitation of traffic, passenger operational contingency planning an extended synonym for information processing and security. The role of technology (IT), but is a more specific the airport operator is to coordinate The airport operator should discourage term that stresses the role of unified development of automated systems. the use of dedicated systems, wherever communications and the integration clearly defined benefits can be achieved of telecommunications (telephone The role of the airport operator from applying economies of scale for lines and wireless signals), computers should be to promote and implement the provider and users of the facilities, as well as necessary enterprise standardized shared solutions and thus avoiding unnecessary and costly software, middleware, storage, and systems. Centralized management of capital investments in airport and ICT audio-visual systems, which enable these systems by the airport operator infrastructure. is suggested wherever possible. users to access, store, transmit, and Common use systems provide various manipulate information. All data processing and benefits for both the airport and communications activities and airline, including standardized, cost- ROLE OF ICT IN AIRPORT requirements at an airport which affect efficient operations, and optimization airport management and operations of airport infrastructure. These When considering airports, most should be coordinated, and/or aspects produce economies of scale people think of the airfield, terminals, approved by, the airport operator. for the provider and user of the people movers, roadways, and rail facilities, avoiding unnecessary and used to flow passengers to baggage, The development and installation costly capital investments in airport cargo, large and small aircraft, buses, of shared use data communications infrastructure. Economies of scale shuttle vans, automobiles, trucks, systems at an airport should be the can be realized by applying a “one trains, etc. Often overlooked, however, result of careful coordination between to many” vs. “one to one” approach, is the hidden infrastructure of all parties involved (users, suppliers, where it is more cost effective to Information Technology and Systems operators) in order to achieve the distribute the initial investment and which enables the airport and all of its most cost effective and operationally recurring costs amongst the users intricate facets to efficiently and safely desirable technical and functional of ICT infrastructure as opposed function minute-by-minute and day- solutions for all airport users and to investing in and maintaining to-day. customers. different ICT solutions. The airport operator should take a leading role in Airport managers and operators have Airport operators should develop standards and install a general multi- promoting these systems to the airline become increasingly dependent on community. Information Technology and Systems purpose infrastructure, in order to avoid heterogeneous and incompatible to increase their airport’s capacity APPLICATION AREAS operations and information.. In order and security. Information Technology to ensure optimal, economic use of Resource management and Systems has become a critical airport physical infrastructure, the component of airports, supporting airport operator should promote and Resource management systems all phases of their lifecycle— prioritize the use of common-use are key to effective planning for an from development to operations, systems. airport’s operation, especially as a maintenance, and renewal and facility reaches capacity. Examples of replacement. In environments where a shared critical assets that affect an airport’s

CAAN SOUVENIR 2019 I 57 capacity include runway capacity, means of communicating them. electronic data Interchange (EDI) stand or gate capacity, passenger concourse standing capacity, numbers Security Systems In order to maximize the benefit from new technology, the airport of check-in desks, and number and Airport operators should take a size of security posts. Specialized community has a need to share certain leading role in the implementation data relating to flights, including flight Resource Management Application of automated security systems, in are needed for managing resources. schedules and updates, airport facility close collaboration with the entities allocation (such as aircraft stands, Below are some examples of resource responsible for airport security. The management applications. gates, check-in desks and baggage implementation of CCTV, access belts), including real-time updates, ➢ Gate Management System: These control, fire detection and building aircraft details, actual times, delays system assigns and allocates management systems in particular and aircraft load data. Most such passenger and freight flights to must take into account security exchanges are currently implemented specific gates, catering for remote requirements and any infrastructure by technically obsolete means. In stands, jet ways, gate lounges, modifications which are being order to ensure optimal airport buses and other services. Gates planned or executed so as to optimize resource allocation, cover all security can be common use (shared) airport security. The implementation requirements in and around the or dedicated (assigned to one of these systems should be centrally airport environment, ensure orderly airline). coordinated and managed to maximize airport passenger flows and customer economies of scale, ensure adhesion service, it is essential to establish safe ➢ Ticket Counter Management to airport and/or government-defined and reliable information exchange System: This system assigns ticket requirements and policies, as well as between the partners. counters to airlines, whether to ensure a uniform level of service. common use (shared) or dedicated To meet the ever-growing (assigned to one airline) Airport Web Sites requirements for on-time, real- time information, it is important Airport web sites provide an attractive Flight Information Displays Systems that airport operators take a leading and practical solution to the diffusion (FIDS) role and guide concentrated efforts of airport information. The natural Centralized management of these to ensure the maximum level of attraction of flight information integration between all informational systems by the airport operator is generates a high level of visits by local suggested. All the parties involved and operational systems, ensuring and international users alike. Airport data integrity and delivery within in the operation of flights, including operators should consider web site airlines and air traffic control the airport environment. In this content in such a manner that the respect, Airport Operational Data authorities, should provide on a timely airport environment is adequately and rapidly updated basis the relevant Bases (AODBs) provide a powerful represented, working closely with all and practical solution for the information on flights, including airport partners to ensure consistent, last-minute changes, to the authority centralization of airport information up-to-date and compatible content for and should be considered as a single responsible for the operation of the informational as well as commercial flight information display system. This repository for all aircraft movement purposes, taking into account both information - planned and real-time. authority should be responsible for local and international site visitors. establishing the list of data elements Common use Wireless Infrastructure needed for this operation and the Airport-Airline Data processing and at Airports In order to avoid potential security and control deficiencies, duplication of investment, disturbance and interference, a “shared-use” approach is essential. Airport operators should coordinate and manage the development and implementation of an integrated WLAN service infrastructure. Computerized Maintenance Management System (CMMS) A CMMS software package maintains a computer database of information about an organization’s maintenance operations. CMMS organizes planned (preventative) and unplanned maintenance tasks, usually referred

58 I CAAN SOUVENIR 2019 to as tickets or work orders. A CMMS the linking of the asset to its service throughout the airport; faster sharing can also perform inventory and asset entitlement. It tracks who owns it of data between different departments management and will produce a and who repairs it and under what and stakeholder in airport; processing wide variety of reports. A CMMS is service agreement. It is like a catalog of enormous amounts of data; easy sometimes referred to as an enterprise of everything in the airport. Careful accessibility of information at any time; asset management system. consideration needs to be given to enforced checks and balances across how assets are identified—by location, the different sections in the airport Airport Administration Systems ownership, value, etc. It is also vital to in terms of well-defined workflows thus enhancing accountability and Airport administration systems keep an asset register up to date. efficiency in carrying out the day to include all Information Technology ADVANTAGES day tasks at the various departments and System required for “back office” in airports; accuracy, speed and airport business administration, from ICT will provide following advantages volume of work done; improved financial management to human to all the stakeholder of Airport process management; improved lead resources. (Airport Operator, Airlines) as well as times in service delivery; improved travelers visiting the airport. communication flow access to Financial Management System real time information; reduced ➢ Improved decision making This computerized management communication costs; data accuracy and cost accounting system allows ➢ Great productivity through the use of industry standard costs and revenues to be identified communication platforms and using and tracked on a per-product, per- ➢ Faster processing of passengers applications that validate against business rules; reduced fraud cases project, and/or per-customer basis, ➢ Immediate available information developing customized reports as and paperless environment reduces required. The system needs to perform ➢ Sharing of data between different costs robust systems to support customer billing and to hold and track stakeholders in airport operations. Airport operators should budgets and forecasts. All normal promote implementation of ICT in ledgers should be supported, and the ➢ Reduction in fraud cases airport for improved performance system should comply with prevailing and greater customer satisfaction. CONCLUSION financial accounting standards. References: ICT will improved efficiency in Asset Inventory Management ➢ ACC Best Practice Guidelines for the airports include; increased Systems the Airport Industry productivity and efficiency; faster An asset management system is processing of passengers hence greater ➢ h ttps://www.acad emia. important for a number of reasons, customer satisfaction; immediate edu/30595689/THE_ROLE_OF_ not the least of which is that this drives dissemination of information ICT_IN_AVIATION TIA Radars

CAAN SOUVENIR 2019 I 59 g]kfndf ko{6gM ljsf; / sfof{Gjog s[i0f s'df/L clwsf/L j= clws[t, g]=gf=p=k|f= Jofkf/, dgf]/~hg jf /dfO{nf]sf nflu 5 . ✓ h}ljs ljljwtf k|r'/ dfqfdf x'g' . ul/g] ofqfnfO{ ko{6g elgG5 . cfly{s xfnsf lbgdf ljleGg vf]h cg';Gwfgsf] ko{6g ljsf; u/L cy{tGqnfO{ ljsf; Pj+ ;d[l4sf] nflu cy{tGqdf ✓ nflu klg ko{6sx? cfpg] ub{5g\ . xfdf| alnof] agfpg] ;/sf/sf] gLlt x'g' . ko{6gsf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /xG5 . b'O{ l5d]sL b]zx?df hg;+Vof w]/} ePsf] cfGtl/s Pj+ jfXo ko{6sx? ljleGg gful/s ;r]tgf a9\b} hfg' . / cfly{s ljsf; x'Fb} uPsf]n] g]kfndf ✓ wfld{s kof{j/0fLo, ;f+:s[lts Pj+ ko{6g cfudg / a;fO{ cjlwdf j[l4 xg' ] k|fs[lts If]qx?sf] cjnf]sg ug{ k'Ug] ✓ /fli6«o cy{tGqsf] dxTjk"0f{ cfwf/ ;Defjgf /x]sf] 5 . cf=a= @)&$.&% :ynnfO{ ko{6g If]q elgG5 . snf, sf] ?kdf kof{j/0f cg's'n ko{6g df ko{6g cfudg ( nfv $) xhf/ /x] ;+:s[lt, /xg;xg, jftfj/0f / ljsf; pBf]usf] ljsf; ug]{ gLlt /fHon] sf] 5 eg] o;sf] of]ubfg s'n ufx:y{ Pj+ kof{j/0fsf ;DaGwdf hfgsf/L lng] lng' . pTkfbgdf @=^ k|ltzt k'u]sf] 5 . Pj+ dgf]/Ghgsf] nflu e|d0f ug]{ o;sf] To:t} #! xhf/n] /f]huf/L kfPsf 5g\ ✓ ko{6gd}qL ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; ug{ d'Vo p2]Zo /x]sf] x'G5 . ljz]if u/L bf];|f] eg] k|ltko{6s vr{ k|ltlbg %$ cd] cfjZos jftfj/0f Pj+ gLlt lgdf{0f ljZjo'4kl5 ljsf; k|zf;gsf] nx/;Fu} l/sL 8n/ / cf};t a;fO{ !# lbg /x] x'Fb} hfg' . ljleGg d'n's tyf If]qsf] e|d0f ug ]{ sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] ;l+ jwfgn] k|fsl[ ts, k|rng a9]sf] xf] . ko{6g pBf]usf] ✓ ko{6g pBf]usf] ljljlws/0f u/L wfld{s, ;f+:s[lts tyf k'/ftflTjs ljsf;n] /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x? ;[hgf k|fKt nIo ljt/0fdf :yfgLo ;Dkbfsf] ;+/If0f, k|j4{g / ljljwLs/0f ug,{ u/LaL 36fpg, hgftfsf] hLjg:t/ hgtfnfO{ k|fyldstf lbg' . ub}{ ko{6sLo :ynsf] ?kdf ljsf; u/L df ;'wf/ u/L cfly{s ;d[l4sf] nIo /fli6«o cy{tGqsf] k|d'v cfwf/sf] ?kdf dfly pNn]lvt ko{6gsf] clws ;Defjgf xfl;n ug{ dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg k'Ub5 . o; If]qnfO{ ljsl;t ug]{ gLlt c+uLsf/ x'bfFx'Fb} klg o;sf gLltut, ;+/rgfut, g]kfndf ko{6gsf] ljsf;sd x]bf{ k|ToIf u/]sf] 5 . kof{j/0fLo / Joj:yfksLo kIf sdhf]/ Pj+ ck|ToIf ?kdf /fHosf] :yfkgfb]lv x'Fbf Pj+ ;|f]t;fwgsf] plrt sfof{Gjog g]kfndf ko{6gsf] ;Defjgf g} eP tfklg ljz]if u/L @))& ;fnsf] x'g g;Sbf ;f]r] h:tf] ;kmntf xfl;n ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . cg'udg, d"Nof+sg Pj+ /fhgLlts kl/j{tgkZrft ljsf; ✓ ;+3Lo ;+/rgfcg'?k tLg txsf ;/ x'Fb} uPsf] xf] . @)!# ;fnb]lv of] sf/af6 ko{6g If]qdf pT;fxhgs cGo k4tLdf ;'wf/ ug{ g;Sbf b]xfosf hgfa4 ljsf;qmd;Fu} ko{6g If]qsf] sfd ug]{ jftfj/0f tof/ x'g' . ;d:ofx? /x]sf 5g\ . klg ljsf; xF'b} uof] . @)## ;fndf ✓ ko{6g ljsf;df ko{6g pkh / ko{6g dGqfnosf] :yfkgfkl5 eg] ✓ e"–sDkaf6 Ifltu|:t ;fF:s[lts ;Dkbfx?sf] k'gMlgdf{0fn] ult lng' . lqmofsnfksf] ljsf; / ljljlws/0f ;+:yfut?kd} sfo{qmdx? cufl8 a9\g x'g g;Sg', yfn] . k|hftGqsf] k'gM:yfkgfkl5 ;/ ✓ gofF ko{6sLo uGtJox?sf] ljsf; sf/n] cfly{s pbf/Ls/0fsf] gLlt xF'b} hfg' . ✓ cGt/f{li6«o:t/df ko{6g k|j4{g ck] lnPkl5 eg] lghL If]qsf] klg o;df lIft ?kdf ug{ g;lsg', ✓ cGt/f{li6«o ljdfg:ynx? nufot ;+nUgtf a9\b} uof] . @)%# ;fndf ✓ ko{6g k"jf{wf/sf] sdL x'g', ko{6g jf]8{ P]g / @)%% ;fndf ko{6g ko{6g k"jf{wf/x?sf] lgdf{0fn] ult af]8{sf] :yfkgf ul/of] . xfnsf lbgx?df lng' . ✓ wfld{s tyf ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfx?sf] ;+/If0f ;Da4{g / k|rf/k|;f/ x'g eg] ko{6g If]qx?sf] klxrfg u/L gofF ✓ /fhgLlts ;+qmd0fsfnsf] cGTo x'g' uGtJox? ljsf; u/L k|rf/k|;f/ klg . g;Sg' ul/Psf] 5 . ljz]if u/L dgf]/~hg, ko{6g ljsf;df lghL If]qnfO{ ✓ zflGt ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe'lt x'g' . ✓ kbofqf tyf kj{tf/f]x0f Pj+ lty{ofqLsf] k|of{Kt ;xefuL u/fpg g;Sg' ?kdf ko{6sx?sf] cfudg x'g yfn]sf] ✓ k|fs[lts ;'Gb/tf k|of{Kt x'g' . ✓ ko{6g If]qsf] ljsf;df pBdzLntf

60 I CAAN SOUVENIR 2019 ljsf;nfO{ hf]8\g g;Sg' ✓ ko{6g pBf]u / ko{6g cy{tGqsf] ug]{, k|rf/k|;f/ ug]{, ;"rgf k|jfx ug]{, ?kdf ljsf; ug]{ ;f]r tof/ ug'{ ;DalGwt lgsfox?;Fu ;dGjo ug]{, ko{6g If]qaf6 k|fKt nfesf] Gofof] ✓ o'jf hgzlStsf] kl/rfng ug]{ h:tf lrt ljt/0f x'g g;Sg' ✓ cfjZos bIf hgzlQmsf] k|of{Kttf sfo{qmdx? k|efjsf/L x'g ;S5g\ . sfod /fVg' ✓ ko{6sLo ultljlw k|ljlwd}qL gxg' ' o;af6 ;du| ko{6gdf ;s/fTds ;'wf/ ✓ hnjfo' kl/jt{g hGo hf]lvdaf6 cfO{ /fHo / ;/sf/n] /fv]sf nIox? o; If]qdf bIf Pj+ Ifdtfjfg ✓ cfpg] c;/ sd ug'{ xfl;n ug{ ;lhnf] x'G5 . o;sf nflu hgzlQmsf] sdL x'g' . ;DjlGwt kIfx?n] cf–cfˆgf] If]qaf6 ✓ u'0f:t/Lo ko{6s cfudg j[l4 ug'{ Dfly pNnlv] t ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu k|ltj4tf Pj+ sfof{Gjodf hf]8 lbg' ;du| ko{6gsf] ljsf;df k"jf{wf/sf] ✓ ko{6g ;]jfnfO{ 5l/tf] ko{6s d}qL, cfjZos 5 . ljsf; Pj+ ko{6sx? Ps7fFpaf6 csf ]{ ;'/lIft / ljZjfl;nf] agfpg' o;/L ;/sf/n] agfPsf gLlt 7fFp hfgsf] nflu k|of{Kt ;"rgf ;+rf/ ✓ cfw'lgs k|ljlw / pks/0fx?sf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu ;3,+ k|b]z / :yfgLo sf] Joj:yf x'g'k5{ . k"jf{g'dfg ug{ ;Sg] k|of]u x'g g;Sg' txx? ljr ;dGjo u/L sfo{ of]hgf df};d;DjGwL ;+oGqsf] ljsf; u/L agfO{ sfd ug'{ k5{ . k|b]z / :yfgLo vfg], a:g] / :jf:Yo;DaGwL ;'ljwfsf] ✓ ko{6ssf] a;fO{ cjlw / vr{ j[l4 ug'{ txaf6 ko{6g If]qsf] gofF 7fpFx? klxrfg ;DaGwdf :HE6 L W H d f ; "rgf /flvlbPdf ub{} 7KLQN*OREDOO\$FW/RFDOO\µ sf] ;lhn};Fu ;'ljwf lng ;S5g\ . ljleGg g]kfnsf] cy{tGqsf] ljsf;sf nflu l;4fGtnfO{ cfTd;fy u/L o"jf zlStnfO{ uGtJodf k'Ugsf nflu xjfO{ ;]jfsf] kxF'r ko{6g If]qsf] ljsf; x'g cfjZos 5 . g]kfndf g} >d ug]{ jftfj/0fsf] l;h{gf ;'/lIft / e/kbf]{ ?kdf k'¥ofpg' k5{ . o; If]qsf] ljsf;n] ahf/sf] ljsf; / ub}{ ljleGg 7fFpdf v'n]sf +RPH6WD\ vf]hd"ns cg';Gwfgsf] nflu h}ljs lj:tf/ ug{, :yfgLo ;|f]t ;fwgsf] pkof] sf] plrt Joj:yfkg / :yfgLo:t/ ljljwtf, snf;+:s[lt cflbnfO{ c;/ u ug{, /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x?sf] ;[hgf df pTkflbt j:t'x?sf] pkof]u u/L gkg]{ u/L gLltut Joj:yfsf] cfwf/df ug{, ;|f]t ;fwgsf] clwstd pkof]u :yfgLojf;Lsf] hLjg:t/df ;'wf/ u/L k|jGw ldnfpg] / ;j} lgsfox?n] cf– ug{ Pj+ gjLg snf, ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; dfgj ljsf;df dxTjk"0f{ ;xof]u k'Ug] cfkm\gf] If]qaf6 sfd u/L ko{6saf6 ug{ ;du| cy{tGqsf] plrt Joj:yfkg b]lvG5 . o;af6 ljb]zL d'b|f cfh{g eO{ x'g ;Sg] unt sfdnfO{ lg?T;flxt ug{ cfjZos 5 . ;/sf/n] lj=;+= /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x? klg a9b} hfG5g\ . ug{ sfg'g agfO b08 ;hfosf] Joj:yf @)&( ;Dddf cltsd ljsl;t b]zaf6 ug'{kb{5 . o;f] u/]df ko{6gsf] ljsf;df ljsl;t b]zdf :t/f]GtL ug]{ nIo lgisif{ yk ;xof]u k'Ug] b]lvG5 . /fv]sf] 5 . cem} klg lg/k]If u/LaL !*=& k|ltztnfO{ 36fpFb} tLa| cfly{s j[l4 xfl;n ug{, ko{6g ljsf;df b]lvPsf r'gf}tLx? To;}u/L lj=;+= @)*& ;Dddf bLuf] ljsf;sf nIox? xfl;n ug{ ] cGt/f{li6«o a]/f]huf/L b/ 36fpg, ;fdflhs Gofo ✓ ljZj ko{6g ahf/df g]kfnnfO{ k|ltj4tf /x]sf] Pj+ @)*& ;Dddf dWod / ;dfgtf cg'?k /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x? cfsif{s ko{6sLo uGtJosf] ?kdf cfo ePsf] d'n'ssf] :t/df k'¥ofpg] nIo a9fpFb} ko{6gnfO{ pBf]usf] ?kdf ljsf; :yflkt ug'{ /x]sf] / lj=;+= @!)) ;Dddf g]kfnnfO{ ug{ TolQ ;xh 5}g . To;sf nflu ;'/lIft ;d'Ggt d'n'ssf] :t/df k¥' ofpg] nIo xjfO{ ;]jfsf] ljsf; u/L ljkb Pj+ ✓ xjfO{ ;]jfsf] ;'/Iff, ljZj;gLotf / /x]sf] x'Fbf æ;;d[4 g]kfn, ;'vL g]kfnLÆsf] ;+s6 Joj:yfkgdf ;/sf/n] plrt lj:tf/ ug'{ ;+sNkcg'?k bL3{sfnLg ko{6g ;dGjosf/L e"ldsf v]Ng' kb{5 . gofF ✓ ko{6sLo ;]jf ;'ljwfsf] u'0f:t/ ljsf;sf] ;f]r agfO{ @)@) sf] g]kfn ko{6g uGtJosf] klxrfg u/L ljleGg j[l4 ug'{ e|d0f jif{nfO{ ;kmntfk"j{s ;DkGg sfo{qmdx? to ug]{ gLlt lng' k5{ . ug{sf] nflu ;DalGwt kIfx?n] lhDd] ;fy} gful/s ;r]tgf a9fpg], gLltut ✓ gofF uGtJo :ynx?sf] klxrfg / jf/Lk"0f{ ?kdf sfd ug'{ kg]{ cfjZostf ;+oGq alnof] agfpg], b08 / k'/:sf/ ljljwLs/0f ug'{ b]lvG5 . ko{6gsf] a;fO{ cjwL a9fpg sf] Joj:yf u/L plrt jftfj/0f l;h{gf ✓ ko{6g k"jf{wf/ ljsf;df lghL If]qsf] / vr{ ug]{ Ifdtf a9fpgsf] nflu ug{ ;s]df ko{6g If]qsf] ljsf;n] ult nufgL cfslif{t ug'{ ljleGg lsl;dsf sfo{qmdx? ;+rfng lng ;S5 .

CAAN SOUVENIR 2019 I 61 g]kfndf /f]huf/Lsf] cfodf s/s§L ;DaGwL Joj:yf ;[hgf kf}8]n j= clws[t, g]=gf=p=k|f=

kfndf cfos/sf] cjwf/0ff ;j{k|yd @)!& ;fndf 5gf}6 ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf P]gdf /x]sf] 5 . t/ cfl>tnfO{ e/0fkf] gk] |f/De ePsf] lyof] . la=;= @)#! ;fndf nfu' ePsf] if0f ug{'kg{] ljw'jf jf ljw'/nfO{ bDktL ;/x dflgg] Joj:yf cfos/ @)%* df gofF P]g cfpg'eGbf klxn] k|rngdf /x] /x]sf] 5 . cfly{s aif{ @)&^.&& sf] ah]6 aQmJodfkm{t s/sf] sf] lyof] . cfos/ P]g @)%* cfos/sf] cfw'lgs cjwf/0ff b/df s]xL kl/jt{g ul/Psf] 5 . ;f] cg';f/ ?= !,))) eGbf af]s]sf] s/ k|0ffnL xf] . s/sf] b/df j[lb ug'{ eGbf s/sf] dflysf] e'QmfgLdf 3$1 3HUPDQHQW$FFRXQW1XPEHU bfo/f a9fP/ /fh:jdf j[lå ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] dfGotf o; P] df btf{ x'g'kg{] Joj:yf u/sf] 5 . o; Joj:yfdfkm{t ;s];Dd gn] lnPsf] 5 . cfos/sf] ;}4flGts cfwf/ eg]sf] cfosf] ;a}nfO{ s/df ;dflxt ug{ vf]h]sf] b]lvG5 . ljt/0fd'vL Gofosf] k|Tofe'lt lbg] ;dli6ut cfly{s :yfloTj Psn JolQmsf] nflu s/sf] b/ sfod ug{] tyf /fHosf] ljQLo ;+/rgfnfO{ ;Gt'lnt / cg's'n Particulars Tax Rate agfO{ kf/bzL{ ;dfhsf] lgdf0f{ ug{] /x]sf] x'G5 . JolQmsf First Slab 4,00,000/- 1% ;a} k|sf/sf cfox? -h:t}M /f]huf/L, >d, ;DklQ x:tfGt/0f Next 1,00,000/- 10% Next 2,00,000/- 20% cflb_ nfO{ o; P]gn] ;d]6]sf] 5 . 3D\DV\RXHDUQ 3$<( Next 13,00,000/- 30% sf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ o;n] cfTd;ft u/]sf] 5 . h;n] hlt a9L Balance Exceeding 20,00,000/- 36% cfDbfgL ub{5 To;} cg';f/ a9L s/ ltb{5 eGg] dfGotfdf bDktLsf] nflu s/sf] b/ cfwfl/t 5 . o;n] 5HVLGHQFH3ULQFLSOH nfO{ c+ufn]sf] 5 Particles Tax Rate h;cg';f/ g]kfnsf] afl;Gbfsf] cfo ;+;f/e/ hxfF ePklg First Slab 4,50,000/- 1% g]kfndf s/ ltg{'kg{] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . Next 1,00,000/- 10% Next 2,00,000/- 20% /f]huf/Laf6 ePsf] cfosf] u0fgf Next 12,50,000/- 30% /f]huf/L cfo eGgfn] s'g} klg k|fs[lts JolQmn] /f]huf/Lsf] Balance Exceeding 20,00,000/- 36% zt{cg';f/ cfkm\gf] 1fg, cg'ej ;Lk hfFu/ tyf >d k|of]u sfof{no cfpg hfg ;jf/L ;fwg ;'ljwf k|fKt ug{] u/L ;]jf k|bfg u/] jfkt k|fKt ug{] gub, lhG;L tyf cGo sd{rf/Ln] tnasf] )=% k|ltzt /sdnfO{ cfodf u0fgf u/L ;'ljwfnfO{ hgfpF5 . u0fgfdf ;dfj]z x'g] /sddf k|fs[lts s/of]Uo cfodf u0fgf ug{' kg{] Joj:yf 5 . JolQmn] Hofnf tyf tna jfkt k|fKt /sd, ljbf jfktsf] / /f]huf/Lsf] cfoaf6 36fpg kfpg] /sd sd, sldzg, af]g;, k'/:sf/, pkxf/, dx+uL eQf, hLjg lgj{fx vr{, ef8f, dgf]/Ghg, oftfoft eQf, cfjf;, :6]zg != cjsfz sf]ifsf] /sd eQf / /f]huf/Lsf] cGTodf k|fKt x'g] e'QmfgLx? kb{5g\ . s'g} k|fs[lts JolQmn] s'g} cfo aif{df :jLs[t cjsfz sf] ifdf of]ubfg u/]sf] /sdnfO{ cfoaf6 36fpg kfpg] Joj:yf s/sf b/x? /x]sf] 5 . p;n] ?= # nfv jf cfkm\gf] cfosf] Ps ltxfO{df k|To]s k|fs[lts JolQm a]Un} s/bftfsf] ?kdf dflgG5 . h'g 36L x'G5 ;f] /sdnfO{ gg3fO{ cfkm\gf] cfoaf6 36fO{ ;fdfGotof s'g} k|fs[lts AolQm ljjflxt ePklg lghsf] 5f]/f, kfpg] bfaL ug{ ;Sg]5 . 5f]/L, afa', cfdf, ;uf]nd} ePklg lgh, lghsf] klt jf kTgL 5f]/f, 5f]/L, afa', cfdf ;a} j]Unfj]Un} JolQm dflgG5 . k|fs[lts @= rGbf vr{ JolQm jf ;f] JolQmsf] afl;Gbf klt jf kTgL b'a}n] lnlvt s'g} JolQmn] cfkm\gf] s/of]Uo cfo u0fgf ubf{ cfGtl/s ;"rgfåf/f Pp6} k|fs[lts JolQm dflgg] u/L bDktL ;'ljwf /fh:j ljefuaf6 :jLs[tL k|fKt s/ 5'6 kfpg] ;+:yfnfO{

62 I CAAN SOUVENIR 2019 rGbf, pkxf/ lbPsf] /sdnfO{ s/of]Uo cfoaf6 36fpg kfpg] s/ 56' ;DaGwL Aoj:yf Joj:yf 5 . t/ ;f] /sd ! nfv ?k}ofF jf ;f] JolQmsf] ;f] cfos/ P]g @)%* sf] cg';'rL ! df cfos/df lgDgfg';f/ aif{sf] ;dfof]lht s/of]Uo cfosf] % k|ltztdWo] h'g 36L sf] s/ 5'6 sf] Aoa:yf ul/Psf] 5 . x'G5 Tof] dfq 36fpg kfpg] 5 . ➢ k|fs[lts JolQmsf nflu ?= $ nfv;Dd / bDktLsf #= aLdf lk|ldod nflu ?=$ nfv %) xhf/;Dd s/ of]Uo cfodf ! s'g} JolQmn] aLdf u/]sf] /x]5 eg] ;f] jfkt e'QmfgL u/] k|ltzt dfq s/ nfUg] . sf] lk|ldod jf @% xhf/ ?k}ofFdf h'g 36L x'G5 ;f] /sd ➢ b'u{d If]qdf sfd ug{] JolQmn] b'u{d eQfjfkt a9Ldf s/of]Uo cfoaf6 36fO{ kfpg bfaL ug{ ;Sg]5 . %),))) ;Dd s/of]Uo cfoaf6 36fpg kfpg] . $= bu' {d If]q ;'ljwf ➢ s'g} JolQm ckfË ePsf] v08df p;n] ! k|ltzt s/ g]kfn ;/sf/n] b'u{d If]q tf]s]sf] :yfgdf sfd ug{] JolQmn] nfUg] cfosf] %) k|ltztn] x'g] /sd s/sf] u0fgf ubf{ b'u{d eQfjfkt tf]lsP adf]lhd a9Ldf %) xhf/ ?k}ofF;Dd s/ of]Uo cfoaf6 36fpg kfpg] . s/of]Uo cfoaf6 36fpg kfpg] Aoj:yf 5 . ➢ /f]huf/Lsf] cfodf cfh{g ug{] k|fs[lts JolQm dlxnf ePdf s/ ltg'{ kg{] /sdsf] !) k|ltzt /sd 5'6 h;cg;' f/ – kfpg] . If]q 5'6 /sd ➢ lga[lQe/0f cfodf ! k|ltzt s/ gnfUg] / ! k|ltzt s ju{ %),))) s/ nfUg] cfosf] @% k|ltzt] x'g] /sd s/sf] u0fgf v ju{ $),))) ubf{ s/of]Uo cfoaf6 36fpg kfpg] . u ju{ #),))) :jLs[t cf}ifwL pkrf/ vr{jfkt a9Ldf ?= &%) ;Dd 3 ju{ @),))) ➢ ª ju{ !),))) s/ ldnfg ug{ kfO{g] . ➢ g]kfnsf] ljb]zl:yt s'6g}lts lgof]udf sfo{/t %= cf}ifwL pkrf/ vr{ sd{rf/Ln] a}b]lzs eQfsf] &% k|ltzt /sd s/of]Uo s'g} /f]huf/Ldf ePsf] JolQmn] cf}ifwL pkrf/jfkt s/ cfoaf6 36fpg kfpg] . ldnfg ug{ kfpg] Joj:yf 5 . pQm s/ ldnfgsf] /sd ➢ k|fs[lts JolQmn] hLjg aLdf u/]sf] /x]5 eg] ;f]jfkt :jLs[t cf}ifwL pkrf/ vr{ /sdsf] !% k|ltztsf] b/n] x'g] e'QmfgL u/]sf] aflif{s lk|ldod jf @% xhf/ ?k}ofFdf h'g /sddf ljut jif{df ldnfg x'g g;s]sf] s'g} /sd eP ;f] 36L x'G5 ;f] /sd s/ of]Uo cfoaf6 36fpg kfpg] . ;d]t hf]8L u0fgf ug{‘kg{]5 . t/ Ps cf=a= df ?= &%) ➢ k|fs[lts JolQmn] :jf:Yo aLdf u/]sf] /x]5 eg] ;f] jfkt eGbf a9Lsf] cf}ifwL pkrf/ vr{ 36fpg gkfO{g] k|fjwfg e'QmfgL u/]sf] aflif{s lk|ldod jf @) xhf/ ?k}ofFdf hg' 5 . sd x'G5 ;f] /sd 36fpg kfpg] . Construction Works at TIA

CAAN SOUVENIR 2019 I 63 Work- Life Balance of Dual Earning Couple “Together We Stand, Divided We Fall”

‡—ƒƒ–›ƒŽ Introduction ”Ǥˆϐ‹ ‡”lookǡ after a child or the elderly migh t remains the primary earner while the sometimes have to risk their career by wife retains most of the responsibility he concept of work life balance is shortening their working hours, which for the home and children. Tall about balancing work and other becomes a source of stress for them. On aspect of life within given frame of the other hand, those without children Until the beginning of the twenty-first time. The term w ork life balance i s or any e lderly to look after at ho m e century, work-life balance did not get not that older term it was firstly used experience less work-life imbalance. much attention and was perceived as less in UK and US in 1970’s and 1980’s challenging as compared to t he current respectively. Today, the working trend Today, one experience of family life perception because of two suppositions. has been changed drastically, in past shared by most children under the First, mostly employment limited itself to there was a trend o f husband an d age of eighteen is that their fathers a male full-time worker. Second, it was a male member w ere considered to be and mothers are both working. This is trend that women were involved in more the breadwinners whereas, wives and not only the situation for families with unpaid work such as nurturing, caring female members mainly engaged in limited resources struggling to make and domestic work (Crompton, 1999). bringing up their children and doing ends meet; rather it is pre dominant household chores. But nowadays, both pattern for middle c lass families. Yet dual career couple faces a unique husband and wiv es have their own Working mothers and fathers are now set of challenges and tradeoffs. In my career aspirations and its becoming splitting three jobs between two people role as a female officer, it’s becoming an harder to manage together. Work life as they divide responsibilities for t he increasingly common for all to seek the balance has recently taken the attention family in a ddition to managing their advice concerning not just the work place of both researchers and executives. This own pro fessional careers or jo bs. but the home as well. When both you and subject interests almost everyone with Time is often a scarce commodity fo r your partner have busy, demanding career, a professional career. This widespread working families as they stru ggle to how can you reap the benefits of being a interest is partly due to its reflection balance work an d home life. Parents dual career couples and show up as your on all aspects of life. For those who find themselves multitasking in order best self at work and at home. Negotiating think that the main objective in life is to meet job demands and ensure whose career takes prominence at any to work, their career becomes the core quality time at home. Several factors given time juggling two work schedules of life. However, people have limited contributing to mana ge the household and households and family duties and time and therefore have to perform tasks as well as career tasks, first the maintaining healthy boundaries between many other activities other than their amount of time s pent in mental labor home life and work life are often the jobs. Without a balance between the of household work and office works most difficult areas to navigate. While two, many mishaps can be experienced time spent thinking about planning, each household is different, the couples in both. In this study work –life balance coordinating, and managing household I’ve seen overcome these challenges have is analyzed from organizational context. task i s often hidden and therefore developed systems that optimize their This study has the potential to enable unmeasured, and these task is usually time and energy- as a unit. the working people to consider their performed by women. Secondly, women Women as a part of dual career couple: stand point in terms o f wor k –life are more likely to mu lti-task. C hildren Nepalese context balance and the executives to gain are also affected yb work experiences of new perspective in order to cope with both their mothers and fathers. Since, Nepal being a predominantly patriarchal such a problem. The demands that one the “breadwinner” role is now being society where the social dogmas like experience in family life and that have shared by both parents in dual career chhaupadi, witch- hunts are still in effects on life balance can be given as couple the ideas about how they organize practice, to become career oriented the demand of workload and time, role their life, particularly with respect to woman is more challenging. Still for expectations in family and support to b e who have the ma jor responsibility for the positive note women are shattering given to the spouse. It is also included earning an income, taking care of the these status-quo notion of women being in the literature that such variances children, and doing household chores. confined within home only, our honorable as marriage, child rising, caring of the The strengths of children’s egalitarian president Bidhya Devi Bhandari and other elderly at home have effect on work-life orientation might be expected to vary ladies in top of the organizations are some balance since they demand more family depending in whether parents are equal of the example who are splintering the responsibilities. Those who have to partners, or whether the husband traditional description of women.

64 I CAAN SOUVENIR 2019 In countries with strong policy support the shakti is always the power and support will help you both, stay actively involved for work-family reconciliation and less and without the support there is no output in big decisions about career changes, traditional gender norms, women are no action. So, the earning couples should projects, promotions, and about job expected to be equally integrated into complement each other for the better satisfaction and dissatisfaction as a whole. the labor as men, and men to be more balance of work and life together. Some involved in household. This institutional of the ways to accomplish the better work Conclusion context may therefore weaken gender life balance of the dual career couples are It is the fact that nowadays that the number differences in the division of housework, as follows: of dual- career couples is increasing and especially among dual working couples. Taking your family as a team the trend is worldwide. This is further In countries with weaken policy support enhancing the increasing role and rights for work family reconciliation and more When you have demanding career, it can of woman in society and changing family traditional gender norms. Women are be easy to become so wrapped up in your values. From economic point of view expected to be the prime career and men work that your time at home gets shuffled also, dual career couples as well as parent the prime earner. down the priority list. To overcome this, employees is considered to be a positive The proportion of women who were you need to give your family or partner tendency, because this will positively employed was only 30% in 2006 the same level of dedication that you give contribute to the life status, education, compared to 50% in 2016”, among to your team at work. Coming up with a health and national economy as a whole. employed respondents, women are almost name for your home team or your family Balancing both of these responsibilities three times more likely than men not to is a fun way to shift your mindset. Doing proves to be highly challenging task to be paid (52% versus 16%) according to so can help remind you and your partner accomplish and may cause pressure and the demographic and health survey by that it should never be “my career versus stress for employees that will consequently government of Nepal. Women are not your career”. Rather you should view lead to lower performances at work, as getting appropriate working environment yourselves as allies. well as, issues in maintaining good family due to socio-cultural responsibility at relationships. So, the organizations today home, and it’s also hard to find the work Start Saying “No” need to be proactive rather than reactive in terms of assisting their employees to place with women friendly environment As you and your partner’s career advance, deal with these issues. and child care home facilities. Women you may gain more influence and receive have to go through lots of compromising an increasing number of requests beyond References factors to balance the career and life your day-to-day work responsibilities. To together definitely it is the tougher for maintain a healthy work-life equation, Alcorn, K, 2011, Survey: 88% of them who is having demanding career. you’ll need to get comfortable saying “no”. working Parents Suffer Stress-Related Health Problems, Available at:http:// As a demanding Career seeking and But knowing when to turn down a request customfitworkplace.org/section/blog- having a badass perception woman, I, isn’t always easy. catagories/dual-career-couples Accessed, myself have experiences of facing lots of Knowing and coping up with each other’s July 13, 2011 problems and challenges as well, being strength and interests a woman to perform the job of both as Aswathappa, K & Dash, S, 2007, a employee and typical Nepali society With both partners working, staying International Human Resource daughter is of course is not an easy task. on top of household and family Management, Tata McGraw-Hill To get fit into household task, hypocritical responsibilities is a continuous struggle. Education society transitional working culture, itself More often than not you have to be is a work of provocation in the society like strategic and disciplined about who does Bohlander, G & Snell, S, 2009, Managing ours where discriminatory practices begin what, especially as your work and family Human Resource Management, Cengage even before birth of the child. roles grow. Learning

Ways to better balance the work & life Divvying up responsibilities according to Byars, LL & Rue, LW, 2006, Human together: men and woman as the two each other’s strength and interests can be Resource Management, Prentice Hall wheels of the chariot a life saver. Dobbin, F, 2009, Inventing Equal Female is the male’s counterpart like the Regular Meetings to meet the each other’s Opportunity, Princenton University Press opposite wheels of the chariot. According expectation to hindu mythology also the female is the Sims, PR, 2007, Human Resource shakti the famine the one that nourishes There will inevitably be times when Management: Contemporary Issues, or supplies the energy, it’s like the mother you and your partner have to negotiate Challenges and Opportunities, IAP earth, we put the seed into the mother expectations and make decisions about Wilton, N, 2010, An Introduction to earth, the seed grows, it’s all done in an whose career takes the front seat. To do this, Human Resource Management, SAGE unseen modest way, everyone admires dual-career couples need to be in constant Publications the outcome, the flowers but the mother communication. A simple solution is to earth does all the unseen work. The schedule regular meetings to plan and the Wood, G, 2009, Human Resource mother is the kinetic energy and the male set expectations. These meetings are times Management: A Critical Approach, aspect is the action, the male is the doer, for open, honest communication, which Taylor & Francis

CAAN SOUVENIR 2019 I 65 Electrical Power Saving with Increasing Passengers Movement Scenario in Tribhuvan International Airport, Kathmandu, Nepal

Er. Ratan Das ˆϐ‹ ‡”ǡ Abstract—Tribhuvan International Airport is the only international airport in Nepal as being a landlocked country, PRVWRIKLOO\UHJLRQWKHUHLVHOHFWULFDOSRZHUGHÀFLWWRRVRHOHFWULFDOSRZHUV\VWHPHQKDQFHPHQWLQDLUSRUWVHHPV logical and necessary. There is possibility of implementing power system enhancement technologies such as using VWDUUDWHGHOHFWULFDODSSOLDQFHV VXFKDVFHLOLQJIDQURRPKHDWHU$&XQLWVDQGHWF HQHUJ\HIÀFLHQW/('OLJKWLQJV IUHH IURP LQGXFWLYH OLJKWLQJ OLNH ÁXRUHVFHQW WXEH OLJKWV PHWDO KDOLGH DQG VRGLXP YDSRU OLJKWV DQG EXON HQHUJ\ consumable halogen lamps) and proper demand side load balance to sub-consumers end in order to reduce earth leakage current(neutral return current) to meet the space electric power requirements and reduce the electricity and fossil fuel consumption. The factors affecting consumption variations are envisaged to include seasonality, QXPEHURIÁLJKWSDVVHQJHUIRRWIDOOWUHQGVDQGVXEFRQVXPHUVLGHFRQVXPSWLRQYDULDWLRQV5HODWLRQEHWZHHQ\HDUO\ passenger movement and electrical energy consumption study data gives electrical consumable energy will be in 2024 will be 7389248.85 kWh DVSHUVFHQDULRRIHOHFWULFDOV\VWHPEXWDIWHUHQKDQFHPHQWXVLQJ/('LQOLJKWLQJV\VWHP LQJHQHUDOOLJKWLQJ$HURQDXWLFDO*URXQG/LJKWLQJ $*/ V\VWHPVDQGVWDUUDWHGHOHFWULFDODSSOLDQFHVHOHFWULFDO consumable energy in 2024 will be 6,881,842.05 kWh as per regression analysis and Trend method of forecast in solver. After enhancement annual energy will save 507,407.8 kWh in total electrical energy consumption

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CAAN SOUVENIR 2019 I 67 < (QHUJ\&RQVXPSWLRQ; 3DVVHQJHU Note:-Equation obtained of double Variable after enhancement from regression analysis was same as BAU scenario analysis and showed large deviation as compare to single variable i.e. for base year 2012 and passenger 4283872 gave electricity 5,405,483.26 kWh as BAU state. )RUHFDVWHG GDWD RI  HOHFWULFDO HQHUJ\ FRQVXPSWLRQ DQG SDVVHQJHU PRYHPHQW DV HQKDQFHG  VWDWH RI  7,$ XVLQJ VROYHU 75(1' FRPPDQG UHJUHVVLRQ DQDO\VLV VLQJOH YDULDEOHHTXDWLRQDVEHORZ

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CAAN SOUVENIR 2019 I 69 ;fj{hlgs lgsfodf vl/b Joj:yfkg

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70 I CAAN SOUVENIR 2019 9 bz s/f]8 ;Dd /fli6«o :t/ / bz ahf/sf] cfk;L ldn]dtf] afF8kmfF8 ug]{, 9nfut cg'dfg tof/ ubf{ km/s s8f]/ eGbf dfly cGt/fli6«o :t/sf] kfn}kfnf] af]nkq lng] / lbg], cflb h:tf km/s gD;{sf] k|of]u ug]{, af]nkq u/L . ;d:of cfhsf lbgdf klg eO/x]sf] 9 k|fou/L ;+EffJotf cWoog gug]{ kfOG5 . o;/L cg}lts sfo{ ug{sf af]nkq cfXjfgsf] ;"rgf k|sfzg u/L xfn] klg xr'jfsf e/df u/L nflu k|f]T;fxg ug]{ sfd /fhgLlts ubf{ /fli6«o :t/sf] af]nkq jf ;f]xL cg'?d cfof]hgf th{df' ug]{, k"j{ lgwf{/0fsf] k|:tfj cfXjfgsf] bn / k|zf;gsf] pRr txdf cfl;g lglZrt a|fG8;Fu ldNg] u/L :k] ;"rgfsf] xsdf slDtdf tL; lbg / JolQmx?af6 g} ePsf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs 9 lzlkms];g tof/ kfg]{ ;f]xL cg'?k cGt/fli6«o :t/sf] af]nkq jf k"j{ of] vl/bdf sdhf]/ / u'0f:t/Lo sfo{ x'bfF Uotf lgwf{/0fsf] k|:tfj cfXjfgsf] klg sf/afxL k|lj|mof cufl8 a9fpg vl/b k|lj|mof cuf8L a9fpg], ;lsPsf] 5}g . To:t} k'/:sf/ / b08nfO{ ;"rgfsf] xsdf sDtLdf k}+tfnL; lbgsf] 9cfr/0f ;DjlGw Joj:yfnfO{ ;j} cjlw lbg' kg]{ 5 . l;naGbL b/efpsf] sfo{ ;+kfbg;Fu cfa4 ug{ g;lsFbf klg kIfaf6 kfngf x'g g;s]sf] cj:yf ;DjGwdf kGw| lbgsf] cjlw lbg'kg]{ 5 . utn sfd ug]{nfO{ k|f]T;fxg ldn]sf] 5 . 5, ;fj{hlgs lgsfon] vl/b ;Demf}tf ef}lts ;+/rgf agfpgsf nflu 7]Ssf kZrft cfk'tL{stf{, lgdf{0f Joj;foL jf k|fKt 7]s]bf/x? cu|Ld sfo{ k]ZsL lnP/ 9cdfgtaf6 x'g]sfo{ :jLst[ ;]jf k|bfosaf6 cu|Ld a}s hdfgt lnO{ /fhgLlts / k|zf;gaf6 cflzjf{b kfP/ gu/fO{ vl/b sfo{ ug]{, vl/b ;Demf}tf /sdsf] aL; k|ltztn] j]kQf ePsf 5g\ . 9;fj{hlgs vl/b P]gn] w]/} j6f vl/b ga9\g] u/L k]ZsL lbg ;Sg] Joj:yf u/] ;fj{hlgs vl/b k|lj|mofdf clwsf+z lalwx? pNn]v u/]tf klg vl/b sf] 5 . klxnf] k6s k]ZsL k|fKt u/]sf] ;Gb{edf ;a} eGbf Go"g c+s saf]n ug ]{ ljlwsf] 5gf}6 a}1flgs ?kdf 5gf}6 ldltn] tL; dlxgf leq sfo{ z'? ug'{ ;]jf k|bfos 5gf}6 x'g] ;Defjgf /xG5 . x'g g;s]sf], kg]{ Joj:yf vl/b P]gn] u/]sf] 5 . Go"g saf]n ePsf] ;]jf k|bfosaf6 9vl/b P]gdf Joj:yf ePsf] cfr/0f ;fj{hlgs vl/bnfO{ kf/bZfL{ agfO{ g}lts sfo{ ;DkGg ubf{ kl5 Go"g u'0f:t/sf] ;DjGwL Joj:yfnfO{ k|efjsf/L Df"No sfod ug{sf nflu ;fj{hlgs vl/bdf sfd x'g], e]l/P;gdf hfg' kg]{, ;dodf ?kdf nfu' ug{ g;lsPsf], ;+nUg kbflwsf/L / af]nkqbftf jf g} sfo{ ;DkGg gx'g] h:tf ;d:ofx? k|:tfabftfnfO{ cfr/0fsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] ljBdfg 5g\ . ;fj{hlgs vl/b sfg"gsf] 9af]nkq cfXjfg ubf{ ;"rgfdf 5 . af]nkqbftf jf k|:tfjbftf, ;]jf dfWodaf6 w/} sfdx? x'g] u5{g . ;a} v'nfpg' kg]{ Joxf]/f :ki6 ?kdf k|bfos, cfk"lt{stf{, lgdf{0f Joj;foL, sfo{x?sf nflu Pp6} sfg"g sltsf] gv'nfpg], cflbnfO{ Ps aif{ b]lv tLg aif{ ;Dd k|efjsf/L / a}1flgs 5 eGg] ;Gbe{df 9df]ljnfO{h];g k]ZsL lnP/ cGo If] sfnf] ;"rLdf /fVg ;Sg] Joj:yf 5 . ax; / 5nkmn cfjZos 5 . ;fj{hlgs qdf nufgL ug]{ / ;+emf}tf cg';f/ ;fj{hlgs lgsfoaf6 x'g] vl/b sfo{sf] vl/bsf] ;DjGwdf :k]lzlkms];g tof/ ;dodf sfd ;'? gug]{, cg'udg, lgodg / ;fj{hlgs vl/b ug{df a9L ;do nufpg], ;dodf g} k|0ffnLnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ k|wfgdGqL vl/b k|lj|mof z'? gug]{, d"Nof+sgdf 97]Ssf ;emf}tf ubf{ 7]Ssf sfof{Gjog tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no cGtut{ cfjZostf eGbf a9L ;do nufpg], sfo{ tflnsf k]z gug]{, Ps ;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{no w}/] ;+Vofdf af]nkq kmf/d laj|mL x'g] 9nfut cg'dfg 6'j|mofO{ ;f]fem} vl/b /xg5] . ePtf klg Go"gtd :f+Vofdf dfq af]nkq ug]{, ;fj{hlgs vl/bsf] at{dfg ;ldIff M bflvnf x'g], ;Demf}tf Joj:yfkgdf l9nfO{ x'g], cflb klg vl/bsf] ;Df:ofsf] 9 sfg"gdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhd ;a} ;fj{hlgs vl/b lgdf{0f sfo{n] g} d'nt ?kdf cfhsf lbgdf klg ljBdfg 5g\ . k|sf/sf vl/b ljlwx?sf] gd"gf af] /fHosf] efjL ;+/rgfsf] vfsf tof/ kfg]{ nkq ;DjGwL sfuhft tof/ gx'g', xf] t/ u'0f:t/Lo vl/b / lgdf{0f sfo{ ;fj{hlgs vl/b Joj:yfkgdf b]lvPsf 9;fj{hlgs lgsfodf ljB'tLo vl/b cfhsf lbgdf r"gf}tLk'0f{ aGb} uPsf] ;d:ofx? M k|0ffnL af/]df k|ofKt hfgsf/L gx'g' 5 . ljutaf6 kf7 l;s]/ cufl8 j9g 9vl/b ug'{ kg]{ dfn;fdfg, lgdf{0f / ljB'tLo vl/b k|0ffnL ;+rfng g;Sg] xf] eg] elaiosf] lk9Ln] klg lbuf] sfo,{ ;]jf jf k/fdz{sf] ljj/0f lgb]{lzsf,@)&$ sf] af/]df hgsf/L ljsf;sf] cg'e"lt ug{ kfpg] 5}gg\ . ;dodf g} tof/ gkfg]{, gx'g', ;fj{hlgs vl/bnfO{ bf]if b]vfP/ @! j6f /fli6«o uf}/jsf cfof]hgf ;dodf 9clwsf+z ;fj{hlgs lgsfodf 9w}/] ;fj{hlgs lgsfodf xfn ;Dd ;DkGg x'g ;s]sf 5}gg\ . e|dk"0f{ aflif{s vl/b of]hgf / vl/b u'? of] klg vl/b dxfzfvf, zfvf, OsfO{sf] lj1fkg, lje]bsf/L af]nkq sfuh kq, hgf agfPsf] kfO{b}g, cjwf/0ffsf] k|efjsf/L ePsf]

CAAN SOUVENIR 2019 I 71 kfO{b}g, tyf k|fljlws dfu{bz{gsf] tof/L ljsf; Joj:yfkg ug]{ lhDdf ;/sf/ ug]{, sf] dfq x}g, To;}n] lghL If]qn] klg 9 d"No ;dfof]hg j}1flgs / e/kbf]{ ;dfh / /fi6«kl| t cfkm\gf] bfloTj k'/f gePsf], 9 ljB'tLo vl/b k|0ffnL ;DjGwL ubf{ OdfGbfl/tf, kf/blz{tf, g}ltstf / bIftf clej[l4, tflnd tyf 9u'0f:t/ k/LIf0f ubf{ u'0f:t/Lo sfo{ ;bfrfl/tf b]vfpg' kg]{ a]nf ePsf] 5 . cled'lvs/0fnfO{ a[xt Jofks gu/]sf]df ;d]t sfo{ :jLsf/ ug{,] ;fj{hlgs vl/b sfg"gsf] k|efjsf/L agfpb} ;a} ;/f]sf/jfnfx?nfO{ sfof{Gjogsf] nflu vl/b of]hgf Pp6f 9k"a{ lgwf{l/t Ifltk"lt{ glnO{ Dofb ;d]6\g], cfwf/ xf] . ;'zf;g, ;fj{hlgs hjfkmb] yk ug]{ u/]sf] kfOG5, 9;fj{hlgs vl/bsf ;DjGwdf cGt/ lxtf, ei6«frf/ lgoGq0f ;/sf/sf] pRr 9sfg"gL, cfly{s, k|fljlws Df"Nof+sg fli6«o c;n cEof;x? cg'z/0f ub}{ k|fyldstfsf] ljifo xf] . ;fj{hlgs eGbf klg Go"gtd saf]n u/]sf]df at{dfg vl/b k|0ffnLnfO{ a}1flgs vl/bnfO{ ;bfrf/o'Qm agfP/ dfq ;f] sf] pko'Qm k':6\ofO dfu gug]{, agfpb} n}hfg], ;'zf;gsf] nIo xfl;n ug{ ;lsG5 . ljsf;nfO{ u'0f:t/Lo / lbuf] agfpg 9af]nkqdf x'g] ldn]dtf] Go'gLs/0fdf 9;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg vl/b k|lj|mofsf] VWUXFWXUDOSDUW eGbf ck]lIft ?kdf pknAwL xfl;n ug{ sfof{nosf] ;+:yfut Ifdtfdf a[l4 klg EHKDYLRXUDO / HWKLFDOSDUW nfO{ sl7gfO{ ePsf], u/L clwsf/ If]qdf a9f]Q/L ug{,] alnof] agfpg' kg]{ b]lvG5 . 97]Ssf / vl/b ;+emf}tfsf] 9k'j{ lgwf{l/t Ifltk"lt{ clgafo{ ?kn] ;Gbe{ ;fdfu|Lx? M sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yf sdhf]/, nfu' ug]{, gfh's / ;d:of u|:t /x]sf], 9;fj{hlgs lgsfodf vl/b 9g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)&@ 9vl/b sfo{df ;+nUg sd{rf/Lx?sf] dxfzfvf, zfvf, OsfO{sf clgafo{ 9kGwf}+ of]hgfsf] cfwf/ kq u/L g}ltstf / ;bfrf/sf] kf6f]nfO{ g}ltstf / ;bfrf/sf] kIf sdhf]/ 9;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g, @)^# x'g' / vl/b ;DjGwL kof{Kt 1fg / alnof] agfpg], 9;fj{hlgs vl/b lgodfjnL, @)^$ ;Lksf] cefj x'g', 9af]nkq cfXjfg ubf{ ;"rgfdf 9;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{nosf] v'nfpg' kg]{ Joxf]/f :ki6 ?kdf 9;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx?sf] jflif{s ;+:yfut Ifdtf sdhf]/ x'gsf ;fy} v'nfpg], l:ylt ;dLIff, @)&% clwsf/df sdL x'g', cflb . 9;fj{hlgs lgsfodf aflif{s vl/b 9k|zf;g ;'wf/ ;'emfj ;ldltsf] vl/b Joj:yfkgnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg] of]hgf / vl/b u'? of]hgf clgjfo{ k|ltj]bh, @)&) agfpg] / ;f]xL cg'?k vl/b sfo{ efjL sfo{ lbzf 9 ;f]kfg dfl;ssf ljlEfGg c+sx? cuf8L a9fpg], 9ljB'tLo vl/b k|0ffnLsf] ;do ;fk] 9/fhg vgfn, ;fj{hlgs 9/fhgLlts bnsf] cfGtl/s nf] If ;'wf/ u/L k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog Joj:yfkgsf ;fdlos ax;, bf];|f] stGqnfO{ alnof] agfO{ r'gfjnfO{ ug]{, kl/dflh{t ;+:s/0f, ;f]kfg dfl;s, sd vlr{nf] agfpg], cflb . 9;+3Lo ;+/rgf cg's"nsf] ;fj{hlgs l8NnL ahf/, sf7df08f}+ lgrf]8 M vl/b k|0ffnLsf] :yfkgf / ;f] sf] 9cfly{s ;j]{If0f, cfly{s jif{ a:t'ut 9Ën] sfof{Gjog ug]{, at{dfg ;+ljwfgn] ;xeflutfd"ns @)&$÷)&% ljsf;sf dfWodaf6 nf]s sNof0fsf/L 9;fj{hlgs vl/b sfg"gdf ;do 9/fi6«;]js bk0f{, @)&! /fHo x'b} ;dfhafb pGd'v cy{tGqdf ;fk]If ;'wf/ ug]{, hf]8 lbOPsf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs vl/bdf 9lji0f' ;'j]bL, k|zf;g, Joj:yfkg, 9vl/b P]gdf Joj:yf ePsf ;a} dfq /fHosf] sl/a &) k|ltzt vr{ ;dfj]zL nf]stGqsf gljg vl/b ljlwx?sf] gd'gf af]nkq x'g] x'bfF of] ljifodf ;/f]sf/jfnf ;a} cfofdx?, k}/jL k|sf;g, ;DjlGw sfuhft, sfo{ljlw, lgb]{zg sf] Wofg hfg' cfjZos 5 . /fHodf k'tnL;8s, sf7df08f}+

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76 I CAAN SOUVENIR 2019 Energy Saving in Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF) Air Conditioning System

Shankar Lal Das Sr. Assistant, CAAN Introduction system what superheat you want and it will set it up. The primary characteristic of EEV is its ability to rotate a prescribed small VRF systems are similar to the multi-split systems which angle (step) in response to each control pulse applied to its connect one outdoor section to several evaporators. However, windings. EEV consists of a synchronous electronic motor that multi-split systems turn OFF or ON completely in response to can divide a full rotation into a large number of steps, 500 steps/ one master controller, whereas VRF systems continually adjust rev. With such a wide range, an EEV valve can go from full open the flow of refrigerant to each indoor evaporator. The control is to totally closed and closes down when system is satisfied. EEV achieved by continually varying the flow of refrigerant through a in a VRF system functions to maintain the pressure differential Pulse Modulating Valve (PMV) whose opening is determined by and also distribute the precise amount of refrigerant to each the microprocessor receiving information from the thermistor indoor unit. It allows for the fine control of the refrigerant to the sensors in each indoor unit. The indoor units are linked by a evaporators and can reduce or stop the flow of refrigerant to the control wire to the outdoor unit which responds to the demand from the indoor units by varying its compressor speed to match individual evaporator unit while meeting the targeted superheat. the total cooling and/or heating requirements. VRF systems Design consideration for VRF system promise a more energy-efficient strategy at a somewhat higher VRF systems are typically distributed systems – the outdoor cost. The modern VRF technology uses an inverter-driven scroll unit is kept at a far off location like the top of the building or compressor and permits as many as 48 or more indoor units to remotely at grade level and all the evaporator units are installed operate from one outdoor unit (varies from manufacturer to at various locations inside the building. Typically, the refrigerant manufacturer). The inverter scroll compressors are capable of pipework (liquid and suction lines) is very long, running in changing the speed to follow the variations in the total cooling/ several hundreds of feet in length for large multi-story buildings. heating load as determined by the suction gas pressure measured Obviously, the long pipe lengths will introduce pressure losses on the condensing unit. The capacity control range can be as low in the suction line and, unless the correct diameter of pipe is as 6% to 100%. Refrigerant piping runs of more than 200 ft are selected, the indoor units will be starved of refrigerant resulting possible, and outdoor units are available in sizes up to 240,000 in insufficient cooling to the end user. So it is very important to Btuh. make sure that the pipe sizing is done properly, both for the main A VRF schematic arrangement is indicated below: header pipe as well as the feeder pipes that feed each indoor unit. Electronic Expansion Valve (EEV) in VRF System The maximum allowable length varies among different With an e lectronic expansion valve (EEV), you can tell the manufacturers; however the general guidelines are as follows:

Figure 1: VRF Layout - (Source: Fujitsu)

CAAN SOUVENIR 2019 I 77 » The maximum allowable vertical distance between an Grand Total heat 396014.11 (33.00 TR) (115.5KW) outdoor unit and its farthest indoor unit is 164 ft; (40HP) » The maximum permissible vertical distance between two (1 TR (tons) = 12000 BTU/HR, 200 BTU/MIN, 1.21HP, 3.5 KW..) individual indoor units is 49 feet, Energy Efficiency of Air Conditioner:

» The maximum overall refrigerant piping lengths between Efficiency of a room air conditioner is normally measured as outdoor and the farthest indoor unit is up to 541 ft. Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER), which is the ratio of the cooling output, measured in British thermal units (Btu) per hour, to the » L1: Maximum height difference between outdoor unit and power input (in Watts, and includes all inputs to compressor, indoor unit = 50m fan motors and controls) to operate AC at standard rating » L2: Maximum height difference between indoor unit and conditions. This means a higher the EER, the more efficient the indoor unit = 15m air conditioner is. At times, EER is defined a little differently. » L3: Maximum piping length from outdoor unit to first The cooling capacity instead of being denoted in Btu/hr is separation tube = 70m also denoted in Watts (1Btu/ hr = 0.293 Watts). Thus EER is represented as Watts/ Watts or as a number without any units. » [L3+L4+L5+L6]: Maximum piping length from outdoor unit to last indoor unit = 100m » EER = cooling capacity / Power consumption (both in Watt)

» L6 & L7: Maximum piping length from header to indoor » EER of 33 TR (about 115500 W) capacity air conditioner unit = 40m consuming power 52000 W = 115500/52500 = 2.2

» Total piping length = 200m (Liquid pipe length) » Star Rating System based on EER – No star:2.2,1-Star: 2.3, 2-Star: 2.5, 3-Star: 2.7, 4-Star: 2.9 and 5-Star: 3.1

Table 1: Heat load calculation » EER of 33 TR For VRF system in a space house maximum cooling capacity 115500W as per outdoor unit and air Q (Btu/hr) Q (Btu/hr) Latent Component conditioner consuming power 21300W = 115500/21500= Sensible 5.37 Walls 16878.32 Annual Energy Cost Calculation: Glass 4409.82 We can use following steps to calculate energy consumption of Partition, Ceilings And 68144.8 Floors your air conditioner on basis of power input required by it. Infiltration 26655.05 27303.8 » Assuming 8 hours normal working hours of air conditioner People 15300 12300 in a day.

Light 23390.64 » Assuming electricity rate per unit (In Nepal) = Rs. 10 Appliances 72276 Annual Energy Cost of VRF System:

Outside air 46116 47238.4 Working hours of compressor in “cut-in & cut-out” condition is Total heat 273170.63 86842.2 70%. That means 70% of 8 hours = 5.6 hours/day. 360012.83 Total Heat (sensible+latent) » Electricity consumption of a 33 Ton VRF air conditioning Safety factor at 10% 36001.28 system is 22.51KW

Figure 1. 5: VRF design data (Source: Fujitsu)

78 I CAAN SOUVENIR 2019 » Actual Units of electricity consumed per day = (5.6 x 22.5) lesser. The maintenance cost also is lower than of Split ys stem. In =120.4 units split types AC, as the number of star rating increases, the initial » Electricity consumed per day in price = (120.4 x 10) = Rs. 1204 cost will increase but running cost will decrease. The energy

» Electricity consumed per year = (Rs. 1204 x 365) = Rs. efficiency ratio of VRF system is quite high than split system. It 439460 was found that the annual energy cost of VRF system is 42.66% Annual Energy Cost of Split AC:

Working hours of compressor in “cut-in& cut-out” condition is and 19.21% less as compared to no star rating of split AC and

50%. That means 50% of 8 hours = 4 hours/day. five-star rating of split AC respectively. This implies that using » Electricity consumption of a 33 Ton Split air conditioning VRF system, we can save Rs 327,040 annually instead of using system is 52.5KW

» Actual Units of electricity consumed per day = (4 x 52.5) = 33-ton capacity split AC. 210units Among different star rating of split AC and VRF system, the VRF » Electricity consumed per day in price = (210 x 10) = Rs. 2100 system shows better economy during its operational cost and » Electricity consumed per year = (Rs. 2100 x 365) = Rs. 766500 energy consumption rate for the same capacity of the cooling Annual Energy Cost for 33 tons Split AC at Different Star Ratings and VRF System. load. Above all VRF have least energy cost.

f f - ) f ) ) Recommendation:- ear y ) use o use o watts in % y ( ( by b g g cost/

y VRF system requires less equipment, there’s potentially a Ratio (EER) Ratio stem ( in Rs. stem stem (KWH) y y y y ) a d nit consumption nit ost Savin ost Savin lectricit cienc apacity (watts apacity in Rs

nput power power nput lower cost to installing a VRF systems over Split AC. A single Minimum energy ef Minimum fi c I U E ( C C per Maximum cooling cooling Maximum VRF S VRF S

No 2.2 115500 52500 210 766500 327040 42.66 condensing unit can serve multiple indoor VRF units, while star 1 star 2.3 115500 50217.39 200.86 733139 293679 40.02 separate condensing unit is required for each indoor unit for 2 star 2.5 115500 46200 184.8 674520 235060 34.84 other applications in split AC. When a VRF system is designed 3 star 2.7 115500 42777.77 171.11 624551.5 185091.5 29.63 4 star 2.9 115500 39827.58 159.31 581481.5 142021.5 24.42 and installed correctly, it also can be a fit for retrofit applications 5 star 3.1 115500 37258.06 149.03 543959.5 104499.5 19.21 VRF that lack room for additional air ducts or large cooling units. It is system 5.37 115500 21500 120.4 439460 recommend to use VRF system if there are more than 5 Indoor

units.

Reference:-

» Alshatti, R. A. (2011). Analyses of Variable Refrigerant Flow

and Exergy in Air Conditioning Systems.

» Bhatia, A. (2011). HVAC variable refrigerant flow systems.

CED Engineering Course, (M03-014).

» Patel, K. M., Jain, P. K., & Koli, D. K. (2015). Design of Conclusion:- HVAC with VRF system for a space house in Ahmedabad. VRF system uses lower energy than that of the different star rating of split system. The energy consumption by VRF system is People, 15300, 12300.

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80 I CAAN SOUVENIR 2019 ko{6sLo k"jf{wf/sf] lasf; ljljwLs/0f ljsf; / lj:tf/ ug{, klxrfg, ljsf; tyf ko{6sLo / Jofj;foLs/0f ug{ ;/sf/sf] PSnf] k"jf{wf/x?sf] ljsf; ug{ g;Sg', gofF ko{6sLo :yn / pkhx?sf] k|of;n] ;Dej 5}g . To;sf nflu ➢ klxrfg, ljsf; tyf ko{6sLo wfld{s tyf ;fF:s[lts ;Dkbfx?sf] ;fj{hlgs lghL / ;fem]bf/Lsf] ljsf; ➢ k"j{fwf/x?sf] ljsf;df 6]jf k'¥ofpg, ;+/If0f ;Da4{g / ljsf;df lghL If] ug'{k5{ . qnfO{ kof{Kt dfqfdf ;xefuL u/ ko{6sLo uGtJox?sf] dfWodaf6 ko{6g;DaGwL jt{dfg tYof+sLo ➢ fpg g;Sg', cGt/f{li6«o d+rx?df ;DaGw lj:tf/ hfgsf/L ug{, ➢ ko{6g If]qnfO{ pBdlzntf ut cfly{s jif{ @)&%.&^sf] ;j{] /f]huf/L;Fu hf]8\g g;Sg', kof{ko{6gsf] dfWodaf6 u|fdL0f If] If0fcg';f/ ef/tLo afx]s !! nfv &# ➢ qsf gful/ssf] lhjg:t/df ;'wf/ ➢ u'0f:t/Lo ko{6s leqfpg]df eGbf xhf/ &@ hgf ko{6s g]kfn e|d0fdf NofO{ Gofok"0f{ ;dfhsf] lgd{f0f ug{, ;+VofnfO{ hf]8 lbg', cfPsf 5g\ . of] ;+Vof cl3Nnf] cfjsf] eGbf @%=% k|ltztn] a9L xf] . b]zut ➢ lbuf] ljsf;sf] nIox? xfl;n ug{, ➢ kof{ko{6g / u|fdL0f ko{6gnfO { cfwf/df x]bf{ ;a}eGbf a9L ko{6s cfpg] ul/aL lgjf/0f;Fu cfj4 ug{ g;Sg', ko{6g If]qsf] ljljwLs/0f / lj:tf/ d'n'sdf qmdzM ef/t !^=^%, rLg ➢ ug{, ➢ ko{6g If]qaf6 k|fKt nfesf] Gofof] !#=!%, cd]l/sf &=*%, >Ln+sf %=(% / lrt ljt/0f ug{ g;Sg', j]noft %=$% /x]sf 5g . cf};t a;fO{ ➢ df}lns klxrfg af]s]sf k|fs[lts, cjlw !@=$ lbg, k|ltlbg k|lt ko{6s wfld{s, ;fF:s[lts tyf k'/ftflTjs ➢ ko{6s:t/Lo xf]6n, nh tyf l/;f]6{ vr{ cd]l/sL 8n/ $$ /x]sf] 5 . To;} ;Dkbfx?sf] ;+/If0f, ;Da4{g / ;+Vof kof{Kt dfqfdf gx'g', u/L, g]kfn e|d0fdf cfpg] ko{6s ;a} k|j4{g ug{, ➢ cltly b]jf] ejsf] dGqnfO{ XboËd eGbf a9L dgf]/~hgsf] p2]Zon] cfpg] ;dfhjfb pGd'v ;d[b / ;'vL g] gul/g', u/]sf] kfOG5 . cf=j= @)&%.&^ sf] ➢ kfnLsf] gf/fnfO{ ;fsf/ kfg{ kmfu'g d;fGt;Dd ko{6g If]qaf6 ¿ ➢ cfGtl/s ko{6g k|j4{g ug{df vf;} $& ca{ %( s/f]8 a/fa/sf] lab]zL d'›f g]kfndf ko{6g If]qdf b]lvPsf ;d:of kxn sbdL gx'g', cfh{g ePsf] 5 . cf=a= @)&$.&% df ➢ ko{6gd}qL k"j{fwf/x?sf] sdL, ➢ ko{6g If]qsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ s'n ufx:y{ pTkfbgdf ko{6g If]qsf] of] ug{ df}h'bf P]g lgod sfggsf ] ubfg @=@ kl| tzt /x]sf] lyof] . ➢ cGt/f{li6«o:t/df ko{6g k|j4{g ck] ;do;fk]If ;+;f]wg ug{ g;Sg' . lIft ?kdf ug{ g;Sg', ko{6gsf] cfjZostf lsg < ko{6g If]qsf] ;d:of ;dfwfgsf pkfox? ;'/lIft xjfO{ oftfoftsf] ko{fKt lab]zL d'›f cfh{g u/L cy{tGqnfO{ ➢ ➢ Joj:yf ug{ g;Sg', ;a} ljdfg:yn ➢ g]kfndf /x]sf k|fs[lts / ;fF:s[lts ;an agfpg, ;a} df};ddf ;~rfng ug{ g;Sg', ;Dkbfx?nfO{ ljZj ahf/df k|rf/ /f]huf/Lsf cj;/ l;h{gf u/L k|;f/ ug{], ➢ ;x/s]lG›t ko{6g Jofj;foLx?nfO{ laBdfg a]/f]huf/L ;d:of ;dfwfg ➢ u|fdL0f tx;Dd k'¥ofpg g;Sg' ➢ gful/s p•og ;]jf / ;'/IffnfO{ ug{, h;n] ubf{ ;x/df ko{6ssf] rfk cGt/fli6«o dfkb08cg'?k ;~rfng tyf ;'lglZrt u/L xjfO{ oftfoftsf] ➢ ul/aL lgjf/0f u/L hgtfsf] cTolws x'g' / cGo If]qsf ko{6sLo hLjg:t/df ;'wf/ NofO{ cfly{s ;Defjgf af]s]sf 7fpFx? cf]em]ndf kx'Fr clej[l4 ug{], cfGtl/s ;d[4Lsf] nIo xfl;n ug{, kg'{, ljdfg:ynx? ;a} df};ddf ;+rfng ug,{] g]kfndf /x]sf k|fs[lts, ;fF:s[lts ➢ ;'/Iff Joj:yf r':t / b'?:t gx'g', ➢ ko{6gd}qL k"j{fwf/x?sf] ljsf; / ;Dkbfx?nfO{ ljZj;fd' lrgfpg, ➢ ➢ ko{6sLo ;"rgf s]G›sf] ;a} 7fpFdf lj:tf/ ug{], g]kfnsf P]ltxfl;s, wfld{s, lj:tf/ ug{ g;Sg', ko{6sLo ➢ ko{6sLo ultljlw k|ljlwd}qL ;fF:s[lts, k'/ftflTjs / k|fsl[ ts ultljlw k|ljlwd}qL gx'g', ➢ agfpg] ko{6g;Fu ;DalGwt ;Dk"0f{ ;Dkbfx?sf] klxrfg, ;+/If0f, ko{6g;Fu ;DalGwt bIf hgzlQm / ultljlwnfO{ cgnfOg k|0ffnLaf6 k|j4{g Pj+ k|rf/k|;f/dfkm{t /fli6«o ➢ ko{6g 1fgsf] ljsf;df sdL, pknAw u/fpg] Joj:yf ldnfpg], cy{tGqsf] dxTjk"0f{ cfwf/sf] ?kdf kof{j/0f cg's'n ko{6g pBf]usf] ➢ gofF ko{6sLo :yn / pkhx?sf] ➢ gofF ko{6sLo :yn / pkhx?sf]

CAAN SOUVENIR 2019 I 81 klxrfg, ljsf; tyf ko{6sLo /f]huf/L l;h{gf, kof{ko{6g tyf u|fdL0f xf]d:6]sf] ;+rfngdf Jofks lj:tf/ k"j{fwf/x?sf] ljsf; ug{ lghL If] ko{6gnfO{ ul/aL lgjf/0f;Fu cfj4 ePsf] qnfO{ clek|]l/t ug{], ug{], ko{6gnfO{ /fli6«o cy{tGqsf] k|d'v cfwf/sf] ?kdf ljsf; ug]{, ➢ ko{6s:t/Lo xf]6n, nh tyf l/;f]6{ g]kfnnfO{ ko{6sLo b[li6n] cfsif{s / cGTodf ;+Vof a9fpg], k|d'v uGtJo :ynsf] ?kdf ljsf; ug{], ko{6g Joj;fo sd nufgLdf dgUo ➢ ko{6g If]qaf6 k|fKt nfenfO{ nlIft xjfO{ oftfoftnfO{ ;'/lIft, e/kbf{] / cfDbfgL k|fKt ug{ ;lsg] ;]jfd"ns If]q If]q / ;d'bfodf Gofof]lrt ljt/0f ljZj;gLo agfpg] cflb . xf] ko{6gsf] ljsf;lj:tf/ / ;Da4{gsf] ug{], u_ ko{6g P]g, @)#% dfWodaf6 :yfgLo /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ ➢ u|fdL0f If]qsf] ko{6g k|j4{g ug{ l;h{gf ug{] ul/aL lgjf/0f ug{] / 3_ ko{6g ljsf; u'?of]hgf, !(&@ cfjZos k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf; ug{], lab]zL d'›f cfh{g ug{] lbuf] dfWod ko{6gnfO{ ul/aL lgjf/0f;Fu hf]8\g] ª_ kG„f}+ of]hgf @)&^.&& b]lv @)*).*! klg xf] . o; If]qaf6 k|fKt x'g] nfe / vfnsf] gLlt, of]hgf / sfo{qmd cj;/sf] vf]hL ug{], ;d:of / r'gf}tLnfO{ ;F:yfut Joj:yf th{‘df u/L To;sf] k|efjsf/L klxNofO{ ;dfwfg ug{] vfnsf] ko{6g;Fu sfof{Gjog ug{], ➢ ;F:s[lt, ko{6g tyf gful/s p•og ;DalGwt bL3{sfnLg of]hgf agfO{ dGqfno sfof{Gjog ug{‘ clxn]sf] cfjZostf xf] . ➢ ko{6g ;Da4 gLltlgod tyf g]kfndf ko{6g If]qsf] ljsf; / la:tf/ sfg"gdf ;do;fk]If ;'wf/ ug{], g]kfn ko{6g af]8{ ➢ ug{ ;s]df d'n'sn] cfly{s ?kdf pNn]Vo ➢ ko{6g pkhsf] ljsf;df :yfgLo ➢ g]kfn gful/s p•og k|flws/0f k|ult xfl;n ug]{ lglZrt 5 . g]kfndf ;fwg / pTkfbgnfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug{], /x]sf k|fs[lts, ;fF:s[lts, h}ljs, g]kfn ;fF:s[lts ;:yfg, ljsf; ➢ wfld{s / dfgjlgld{t ;Dkbfsf] klxrfg, ➢ ko{6g k|j4{g ug{ ;fj{hlgs lghL ;ldltx?, ;fF:s[lts kl| ti7fg, ;+/If0f / k|j4{gdfkm{t ljZj hutdf ;fem]bf/LnfO{ k|fyldstf lbg] / ;+u|xfnox? k|ToIf j}b]lzs nufgL cfslif{t Pp6f cToGt} cfsif{s, dgf]/d, ;'/ ug{ ljb]zl:yt g]kfnL /fhb't, u}/ ➢ g]kfn ko{6g tyf xf]6n Joj:yfkg lIft / cg'kd uGtJosf] ?kdf lrgfpg cfj;Lo g]kfnL ;+3;Fu ;xsfo{ k|lti7fg ;Sg] xf] eg] jt{dfg ;/sf/n] cfTd;ft u/]sf] …;d[4 g]kfn, ;'vL g]kfnLÚsf] gf/ ug{] . g]kfn jfo' ;]jf lgud ➢ fnfO{ ;fsf/ kfg{, ;g\ @)@) df @) g]kfndf ko{6g k|j4{gsf nflu ePsf ➢ lghL If]q;Fu ;DalGwt ;+3 ;+:yfx? nfv ko{6s g]kfn Nofpg, g]kfn ko{6g sfg"gL, ;F:yfut Joj:yf / gLlt tyf /fli6«o /0fgLltn] to u/]sf nIo xfl;n sfo{qmdx? sfo{qmdx?M ug{, kG„f} of]hfgfsf] cGTo;Dd #% nfv s_ ;+lawfgdf ePsf] Joj:yfM ;g\ !((* df g]kfn e|d0f jif{ ko{6s g]kfn Nofpg, ko{6ssf] cf};t a;fO{ !% lbg k¥' ofpg, k|lt ko{6s ;g\ @))@ / @))# df uGtJo g]kfn wf/f %! -&_ n] g]kfnsf P]ltxfl;s, k|ltlbg vr{ !)) 8n/ k¥' ofpg, $ nfv cleofg wfld{s, ;fF:s[lts, k'/ftflTjs / %) xhf/ k|ToIf /f]huf/L l;h{gf ug{ k|fs[lts ;Dkbfx?sf] klxrfg, ;+/If0f, ;g\ @))& df kf]v/f e|d0f cleofg / s'n ufx:y{ pTkfbgdf ko{6g If]qsf] k|j4{g Pj+ k|rf/k|;f/dfkm{t /fli6«o of]ubfg !) k|ltzt k¥' ofpg ;Dej cy{tGqsf] dxTjk"0f{ cfwf/sf] ?kdf ;g\ @))!! df g]kfn ko{6g jif{ 5 . To;sf] nflu ;/sf/sf] PSnf] kof{j/0fcg's'n ko{6g pBf]usf] ljsf; ;g\ @)!@ df n'lDagL e|d0f jif{ k|of;n] k'Ub}g . ltg txsf ;/sf/ ug{ cfjZos jftfj/0f Pj+ gLlt lgd{f0f ljr ;dGjo, ;xsfo{ / ;xcl:tTj ug{] tyf ko{6g pBf]usf] nfe ljt/0fdf ;g\ @)!^–@)@% g]kfn ko{6g /fli6«o k"j{ zt{ x'g]5 . To:t}, ;fj{hlgs lghL :yfgLo hgtfnfO{ k|fyldstf lbg] /0fgLlt sfof{Gjogsf] r/0fdf /x]sf] ;fem]bf/Lsf] klg ljsNk 5}g . /fli6«o gLlt cjnDag u/]sf] 5 . ;g\ @)@) nfO{ g]kfn e|d0f jif{ dgfpg -e08f/L t]lGhª lxnf/L ljdfg:yn v_ ko{6g gLlt, @)^&M yflnPsf] gful/s p•og sfof{no, n'Snfdf ko{6g If]qsf] ljljwLs/0f tyf lj:tf/, dfO; 6'l/hdsf] cjwf/0ff nfu' ul/Psf], sfo{/t 5g\_

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dGh' k|hfktL ;xfos t];|f] :t/, g]=gf=p=k|f= kmf]x/d}nfsf] kl/efiff @_ cf}Bf]lus kmf]x/ #_ lrlsT;fhGo ug]{ . 3/, pBf]u tyf Jofkfl/s ;+:yfx?, kmf]x/ ^_ lgdf{0f ;fdu|Lx? hxLFtxLF gy'kfg{ ] . ahf/ tyf ;fj{hlgs:ynx? tyf $_ cGo kmf]x/M s_ s[lifhGo kmf]x/ v_ &_ ;]ˆ6L 6\ofÍLsf] Joj:yf ug]{ . ;8s ;/;kmfO{af6 lgisfl;t t/n lgdf{0fhGo kmf]x/ u_ hLjhGt'hGo *_ kl/jf/sf ;b:o tyf l5d]sLnfO{ tyf cw{t/n afx]ssf j:t'x?nfO{ kmf]x/ kmf]x/ Joj:yfkgsf nflu pTk|]/0ff kmf]x/d}nfsf] ?kdf kl/eflift ul/Psf] kmf]x/d}nf Joj:yfkgdf xfd|f] bfloTj hufpg] . 5 . h;/L 3/ agfpg, vfg nfpg, (_ s;}n] jftfj/0f laufg]{ sfd kmf]x/d}nfsf] juL{s/0f afnaRrf k9fpg cflb sfdsf] nflu u/]sf] b]v]df ;Demfpg] / ;DemfpFbf leGgleGg cfwf/df kmf]x/d}nfnfO{ xfdL ;a} lrlGtt x'G5f}F / lgtfGt cfˆgf] gx'g] ePdf ;DalGwt lgsfodf va/ lgDgfg';f/ juL{s/0f ug{ ;lsG5M sfd 7fG5f}F t/ To;/L g} cfkm"n] pTkfbg ul/lbg] jf ;hfFo lbg] Joj:yf ug]{ . u/]sf] kmf]x/ cfkm} tx nufpg] sfddf k|s[ltsf] cfwf/df Tolt rf;f] lbPsf x'Fb}gf} . a? pN6} !)_ 3/, k;n, xf]6n, /]i6'/]G6 cflbaf6 !_ h}ljs kmf]x/ M s'lxg] jf uNg] kmf]xf]/ gsf/fTds c;/ k'¥ofO/x]sf x'G5f}F . lg:sg] kmf]x/x? /fVgnfO{ 5'§f5'§} h:t} t/sf/L of kmnkm"nsf af]qmf, afFsL o:tf la8Dagfn] xfd|f ;x/x? hsl8Psf 8i6ljgsf] k|of]u ug]{ . /x]sf] vfgf, au}Frfsf] emf/kft, d[t hLj 5g\ / jftfj/0f k|b"lift alg/x]sf] 5 . kmf]x/ Joj:yfkgdf ;fd'lxs bfloTj cflb . t;y{ x/]s JolQmn] kmfx] / Joj:yfkgdf jftfj/0f ;'wf/ cleofgsf] nflu @_ ch}ljs kmf]x/ M gs'lxg] gf guNg] JolQmut tyf ;fd'lxs ?kn] ;xL dfu{ ;fd'lxs ?kdf ul/g] k|of;n] w]/} g} 7"nf] ;dfTg l9nf] e};s]sf] 5 . kmf]x/, h:tM} wft', Knfli6s, l;;f, /a/ e"ldsf v]Nb5 . ;x/L kmf]x/d}nfn] u|:t cflb . kmf]x/ Joj:yfkgdf JolQmut bfloTj aGb} uO/x]sf] xfd|f ;x/x?nfO{ dgf]/d Joj:yfkgsf] cfwf/df agfpg] xf] eg] lgDgfg';f/sf ;fd'lxs JolQmut ?kdf lgDgfg';f/sf s'/fx?df sbddf xfdL cufl8 a9\g'k5{ M– !_ k'gM k|of]uLo kmf]x/ M k'gM k|of]u ug{ Wofg lbg] xf] eg] kmf]x/d}nfsf] plrt !_ 6f]n6f]ndf ;d"x u7g u/L ldn] ;lsg] h}ljs jf ch}ljs kmfx] / . Joj:yfkg x'g;S5 M— dtf]af6 kmf]x/ Joj:yfkg ug{ ;'? u/L @_ k|zf]wgof]Uo kmf]x/ M k|zf]wg ug{ !_ ahf/af6 ;fdfg lsg]/ NofpFbf lg/Gt/tf lbg] . ;lsg] h}ljs jf ch}ljs kmfx] / . e/;s Knfli6s emf]nf gNofpg] . @_ ;fd'bflos sDkf]i6 dn KnfG6sf] #_ Nof08lkmn kmf]x/ M k'gM k|of]u jf k|zf] @_ afWotf jz Knfli6ssf] k|of]u ul/ :yfkgf u/L h}ljs kmfx] /af6 wg ug{ g;lsg] h}ljs jf ch}ljs kmf] Pdf Ps} 7fpF hDdf kf/]/ /fVg] / kl5 sDkf]i6 dn agfpg] . x/ . h:t}M lkmNd /f]n, Aof6«L, Koflsª laqmL ug{ ] . #_ cfˆgf] 6f]nnfO{ t'ngfTds ?kdf vf]n, rfprfpsf] vf]n, nl] dg]6]8 sfuh #_ pTkflbt h}ljs kmf]xf]/nfO{ sDkf]i6 ;'Gb/ agfpg lgoldt ?kdf hgr]tgf cflb . agfpg] . d"ns ;/;kmfO{ sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng ;|f]tsf] cfwf/df $_ k'gM k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] kmf]x/nfO{ ug]{ . !_ gu/Lo kmf]x/ M s_ 3/fo;L kmf]x/ ztk|ltzt k'gk|{of]u ug]{ . $_ ljBfno tyf sn]hx?df jftfj/0fLo v_ Jofkf/Lo kmf]x/ u_ k|lti7fgut %_ k|zf]wgof]Uo kmf]x/nfO{ hDdf kf/]/ Sna u7g u/L To;dfkm{t r]tgf kmf]x/ k|zf]wg:yndf k'¥ofpg] af6f] cjnDag clej[l4sf sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{ . h:t}

CAAN SOUVENIR 2019 I 83 tflnd, lgoldt ;/;kmfO{ sfo{qmd, log} $ j6f ljlwx? Reduce, Reuse, j:t' k'gM pkof]usf s]xL pbfx/0fx? z}lIfs sfo{qmd cflb . Recycle, Recovery nfO{ 4R cjwf/0ff o; k|sf/ 5g\ M– %_ ;/sf/L jf u}/;/sf/L lgsfox?n] elgG5 . s_ sf]sfsf]nf, ldg/n jf6/ cflbsf ;+o'Qm kxn u/L ljz]if sfo{qmd !_ Go"gLs/0f cjwf/0ff -Reduce af]tnaf6 ;hfj6sf ;fdfgx? agfpg] . rnfpg] . Concept_ v_ b"w, t]n cflbsf] Kofs]6af6 efF8f ^_ kmf]x/ Joj:yfkgsf nflu bl/nf] / /f]u nfu]kl5 pkrf/ ug'{eGbf /f]u} nfUg df‰g] hfnL, 9SsL, lksf{ cflb agfpg] . bL3{sfnLg gLlt Nofpg ;fd'lxs ?kdf glbg' j'l4dQfk"0f{ sfo{ eP em}+ kmf]x/ u_ gfO{ng tyf h'6sf 8]/Lx?af6 ;/sf/nfO{ ;'emfj tyf bafa lbg] . ePkl5 To;sf] Joj:yfkg ug{‘eGbf kmf] u'l8of, lksf{, emf]nf cflb agfpg] . x/ pTkfbg gug{‘ g} ;jf]{Qd pkfo xf] . 4R cjwf/0ff -4R Concept_ t;y{ kmf]x/ pTkfbg sd ul/ ;d:ofsf] 3_ sf]sfsf]nf, k]K;L cflbsf] lasf]{af6 lsl/Ë agfpg] . a9\bf] hg;+Vof tyf cf}Bf]lus hu g} a:g glbg] ;f]rnfO{ -5HGXFH k|lti7fgx?sf] j[l4n] lbgfg'lbg ;x/L &RQFHSW_ Go"gLs/0f cjwf/0ff elgG5 . ª_ rfprfp, r'/f]6sf vf]naf6 ;hfj6sf jftfj/0f lau|g] ub5{ . b}lgs ?kdf cfhsf] ;'ljwfef]uL ;dfh jt{dfgsf] km"n agfpg] . dflg;n] pkef]u u/L s'g} klg j:t' ;fgf] ;lhnf]sf] nflu eljiodf x'g] 7"nf] r_ sfuhaf6 ;hfj6sf ljleGg cfkm"nfO{ cg'kof]uL nfu]kl5 kmfNg] jftfj/0fLo IfltnfO{ a'‰b}g . o;sf/0f ;fdfgx? agfpg] . ub{5g\ / ToxL j:t' kmf]x/df ?kfGtl/t kmf]x/ Joj:yfkgdf hl6n ;d:of x'G5 . ljleGg lsl;dsf kmf]x/x? g} 5_ k"/fgf 6fo/nfO{ udnf, 6]a'n jf kg{ uO{ jftfj/0fdf k|lts"n c;/ s';L{ agfpg] . ;x/L jftfj/0f k|b'if0fsf] d'Vo sf/s kl//x]sf] 5 . o;/L v:sFbf] cj:yfdf ag]sf 5g\ . ;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L /x]sf] jftfj/0fnfO{ ;Gt'ngdf Nofpg #_ k'gM k|zf]wg -Recycle Concept_ lgsfox?sf] lg/Gt/ k|of;sf] afah'b kmf]x/nfO{ >f]taf6} 36fpg] ;f]rnfO{ Ps k6s k|of]u e};s]sf] j:t'nfO{ k|zf] klg ;x/L kmf]x/sf] k|sf]k sfod} cleofgsf] ?kdf cufl8 a9fpg cfh wg u/]/ ef}lts u'0ff kl/jt{g u/L km]l/ /xsf] 5 . efjL lk+9Lx?nfO{ ;d]t u|:t lgs} g} l9nf] eO;s]sf] 5 . o;f] ug{ klg k|of]uof]Uo agfpg] l;4fGtnfO{ k'gM agfpg] o; lsl;dsf] k|sf]kn] hLjg ;lsg] pkfosf sx] L pbfx/0fx? o; k|zf]wg cjwf/0ff -5HF\FOH&RQFHSW_ hutnfO{ 7"n} gf]S;fgL k'¥ofpF5 . t;y{ k|sf/ 5g\ M– elgG5 . s'g} klg j:t' cfkm"nfO{ sfd s;}sf] d'v tfSg'eGbf x/]s JolQmn] s_ ahf/df lsgd]n ug{ hfFbf h'6 nfUb}g eGg] 7fgL ˆofFSg' eGbf klxn] Tof] o; ;d:ofnfO{ cfˆg} ;d:ofsf] ?kdf j:t' k'gM pTkfbg of]Uo 5 ls 5}g eg]/ lnO{ ;dfwfgsf nflu sbd rfNg' h?/L jf sk8fsf] emf]nf n}hfg] h;n] ubf{ Knfli6ssf] emf]nf 3/df cfpFb}g . Ps k6s ;f]Rg' ;fGble{s x'G5 . xfdLn] ePsf] 5 . kl/jf/sf x/]s ;b:on] k|of]u ug]{ k|fo ;fdfgx? k'gM k|zf]wg of] /fd|f] Jojxf/ u/] Tof] 3/ cjZo /fd|f] v_ xfdLn] b}lgs k|of]u ug]{ j:t'x?df Uo 5g\ . s]xL pbfx/0fx? aGb5 . eGg vf]lhPsf] d"n s'/f s] xf] ;s];Dd sd Kofs]lhª ePsf] ;fdfg eg] xfd|f] jftfj/0f ;'wf/ u/L xfd|f] dfq k|of]u ug]{ h;n] ubf{ pkef]Uo s_ k"/fgf Knfli6saf6 Knfli6ss} ;fduL| wtL{ x/fe/f /fVg' x/]s gful/ssf] ;fdu|L ;Fu} cfpg] kmf]x/sf] dfqf 36\g jf efF8fs'F8f aG5g\ . k/d st{Jo tyf cfhsf] cfjZostf ;S5 . v_ l;;faf6 l;;fs} / /a/af6 /a/s} xf] . t;y{ x/]s JolQmn] hfGg} kg]{ / u_ rflxg]eGbf a9L vfgf ksfpg] / ;fdu|L aG5g\ . kmfx] / Joj:yfkgdf dflg;sf] Jojxf/ kl:sg] ugf{n] klg ˆofFlsg] vfgfsf] dfqf u_ yf]qf sfuhaf6 k'gM k|of]uof]Uo af6 ;d:of xn ug{ ;lsg] ;lhnf] a9]/ kmf]x/ a9\g] x'Fbf rflxg] hltdfq sfuh pTkfbg x'G5 . dfWod 5 cjwf/0ff -5 &RQFHSW_ vfgf ksfpg' kl:sg' h?/L x'G5 . sf] 5f]6f] lrgf/L oxfF k|:t't 5 . 3_ k"/fgf] sk8f w'NofP/ 8:gfsf] nflu @_ k'gM k|of]u -Reuse Concept_ ?jf agfpg ;lsG5 . kmf]x/d}nfsf] ;d:ofnfO{ xn ug{ xfdL;Fu s'g} klg j:t'nfO{ kmf]x/ dfGbf dfq $_ k'gnf{e cjwf/0ff -Recovery rf/j6f pkfox? 5g\ . kmf]x/ x'G5 . To;nfO{ pkof]uL j:t' dfg]/ Concept_ !_ kmf]x/sf] pTkfbg sd u/]/ . s'g} klg sfddf pkof]u ul/of] eg] Tof] kmf]x/ x'Fb}g . t;y{ s'g} Ps lsl;dsf] h'g;'s} v]/ hfg] j:t'nfO{ k|zf]wg @_ kmf]x/sf] k'gM k|of]u u/]/ . sfddf j:t' pkef]u u/L kmfNt' j:t' u/]/ jf gu/L k'gM csf]{ kmfO{bf lng] #_ kmf]x/af6 k'gM j:t' pTkfbg u/]/ . lgl:sP kl5 csf]{ s'g} k|of]hgsf nflu sfddf c? j:t'sf] ;§fdf k|of]u jf $_ j:t'nfO{ csf{ ] zlQmsf] ?kdf k|of] k'gM pkof]u ug{ ] ;f]rnfO{ k'gM k|of]u pkof]u ul/G5 eg] Tof] k'gnf{e cjwf/0ff u u/]/ . cjwf/0ff -5HXVH&RQFHSW_ elgG5 . -5HFRYHU\ &RQFHSW_ xf] . o;n]

84 I CAAN SOUVENIR 2019 j:t' k'gM k|of]u / k'gM k|zf]wg b'j}nfO{ d'Vo ;|f]tx?df 6ld{gn ejg, Po/lkmN8, ;f] kmf]x/d}nfsf] Joj:yfkg ug{‘ cToGt ;Daf]wg ub{5 . o; cjwf/0ff cg';f/ hxfh dd{t ug]{ 7fpF cyjf Xofªu/, h?/L x'G5 . ;f]eGbf klxnf To:tf kmf]x/nfO{ ;|f]t jf zlQmsf] ?kdf /]i6'/]G6, sfof{no tyf lgdf{0f:yn kmf]x/d}nfx?sf] pTkfbgdf sdL Nofpg' lnOG5 . s]xL pbfx0fx? M– cflb . ;fdfGotof ljdfg:yn If]qdf g} ;a}eGbf /fd|f] pkfo xf] . o;sf ;fy} To:tf kmf]x/d}nfsf] Joj:yfkg ug]{ s_ h}ljs kmf]x/af6 sDkf]i6 dn k}bf x'g] kmf]x/x? lgDg cg';f/sf] plrt tl/sf tyf pkfox? ckgfpg' agfpg' . x'G5g\ M– kb5{ . v_ sf7sf] w'nf] / uf]a/ ld;fP/ ;'sfO{ !_ 6ld{gn ejgaf6 lg:sg] h}ljs kmf]x/d}nf, kmlg{r/, sk8f, af]Qn, vfg] ljdfg:ynaf6 lg:sg] kmf]x/d}nfx?sf] bfp/f agfpg] . s'/f, sfuhx? cflb . Joj:yfkg klg dfly plNnlvt 5 u_ h}ljs kmf]x/af6 afof]UofF; pTkfbg cjwf/0ff -5 &RQFHSW_ cg';f/ @_ ef}lts ;+/rgfsf] lgdf{0fsfo{af6 ug{' . ug{ ;lsG5 . To:sf nflu ;j{k|yd cfpg] lgdf{0f ;fdu|Lh:tf kmf]x/ d}nfx? kmf]x/d}nfx?sf] klxrfg u/L juL{s/0f o;/L s'g} klg j:t'af6 clwstd nfe cflb . lng ;s]df cfly{s ?kdf kmfO{bf x'g'sf] ug{'kb{5 . cyf{t\ kmf]x/d}nf pTkfbgdf #_ ljdfg:yn j/k/sf] If]q ;/;kmfO{ sdL Nofpg] . k'gM k|of]u ug{ ldNg] ;fy} kmf]x/ ;|f]td} Go"gLs/0f eO{ :jR5 ubf{ lg:sg] 3fF;kft, af]6la?jf cflb . ;fdfgx? k'gM k|of]u ug]{ . k'gM k|zf] / :j:y jftfj/0fsf] ;Gt'ng sfod $_ ljdfg:yndf /x]sf vfhf3/ tyf wg ug{ ldNg] ;fdfgx? 5'6\ofO{ k'gM /fVg ;xof]u ldNg]5 . xf]6nx?af6 lg:sg] vfB kbfy{x? . k|zf]wgsf nflu k7fpg] Joj:yf ljdfg:yn / kmf]x/d}nf ldnfpg] / clGtd cjwf/0ff cg';f/ ;f] %_ hxfhleq ;'ljwfsf nflu k|of]u cgfjZos ;fdfgx?af6 k'gnf{e lng] . h;/L xfdLn] xfd|f] jftfj/0f ;kmf ul/;s]kl5 cfpg] cgfjZos ;fdfgx? o;sf ;fy} kmf]x/d}nfsf] Joj:yfkgsf /fVg'k5{ To;/L g} ljdfg:yn klg ;kmf h:t} af]Qn, kqklqsf, Knfli6s sk, nflu ljleGg lsl;dsf sfo{qmdx? /fVg' cToGt h?/L 5 . ljdfg:yn cgfjZos vfg]s'/f tyf sk8fx? . cfof]hgf ug]{ . gofF gLlt lgodx? If]q kmf]x/ x'Fbf w]/} If]qdf To;sf] c;/ agfpg] . kmf]x/d}nf Joj:yfkgsf nflu ljdfg:ynaf6 lg:sg] kmf]x/d}nfx?sf] kg{ hfG5 . klxnf] t b]zsf] O{Hhtdf ;a}hgfnfO{ lhDd]jf/L af]w u/fpg] . Joj:yfkg bfu nfUb5 . ;kmf tyf Jojl:yt o;sf nflu ;a} hgfn] ;j{k|yd cf– ljdfg:ynsf] sf/0f ljZjdf Voflt s'g} klg If]qaf6 lg:sg] kmf]x/d}nfn] cfˆgf] kIfaf6 ;sf/fTds e"ldsf lgjfx{ sdfPsf ljdfg:ynx?sf] pbfx/0f jftfj/0f tyf dflg;sf] :jf:Yodf c;/ ug'{k5{ . o;/L ;a} If]q tyf kIfaf6 cgluGtL 5g\ . o;sf ;fy} ljdfg:ynsf] kg]{ s'/fdf s;}sf] b'O{ dt gxf]nf t;y{ ;sf/fTds ;xof]u ePdf cfly{s kmfO{bf kmf]x/ jftfj/0fn] ;]jfu|fxLx?sf] ljdfg:ynaf6 lg:sg] kmf]x/d}nfn] klg x'g'sf ;fy} kmf]x/ ;|f]td} Go"gLs/0f eO{ :jf:Yodf klg uDeL/ c;/ k'¥ofpF5 . jftfj/0f tyf dflg;sf] :jf:Yodf kfg ]{ :jR5 / :j:y jftfj/0fsf] ;Gt'ng ljdfg:yndf k}bf x'g] kmf]x/d}nfx?sf] gsf/fTds c;/nfO{ sd ug{sf] nflu sfod /fVg ;xof]u ldNb5 .

Runway Overlay Bharatpur Airport

CAAN SOUVENIR 2019 I 85 NonviolentNonviolent CommunicationC t

Bhagawaty Kalikotay Lecturer, TU Introduction: Communication is we enjoy doing more than to use that words contribute to connection or a basic human activity. It involves power we have to enrich lives. So isn’t distance, touching a deep place within that we it wonderful that we have this power share. It is a process of coming into and the joy it brings when we use it? Communication Skills: knowing perfect communion with another, That’s to be celebrated. Wow! And the how to ask for what we want or with a group of others. It is more we celebrate that, the less we without threatening, demanding indeed a valuable skill that must be will be willing to do anything else.” or coercing, how to hear others learned in most cases. Nonviolent (Marshall B. Rosenberg, 2005). (even if in disagreement) without Communication, (NVC) is based NVC emphasizes that needs are absorbing self-criticism or blame, on the principles of nonviolence-the central to re lationships and that the and how to move toward mutually natural state of compassion when key to avoid destructive conflict is to EHQH¿FLDO DQG SRVLWLYH RXWFRPH no violence is present in the heart. make requests instead of demands. IRU DOO SDUWLHV LQYROYHG LQ DQ NVC begins by assuming that we are Criticisms are seen as requests to all compassionate by nature and that interaction and situations and meet needs at their core, so the key violent strategies—whether verbal to avoiding conflicts is stating needs Means of Influence: learning how to or physical—are learned behaviors positively. When there is a conflict, share our power with others instead of taught and supported by the prevailing Rosenberg suggests that you find using our power over others, in order culture. the feelings and needs behind your to facilitate an environment where all NVC also assumes that we all share reactions while also finding the parties feel equally honored, valued, the same, basic human needs, and feelings and needs behind the words respected and safe. that all actions are a strategy to meet of others. He also advocates self- Components of Nonviolent one or more of these needs. People compassion, taking responsibility Communication: 7KHFRPSRQHQWV who practice NVC have found greater for your communications and to say of Nonviolent Communication authenticity in their communication, things positively instead of negatively increased understanding, deepening (e.g., saying “I want” instead of “I don’t GHYHORSHGE\0DUVKDOO5RVHQEHUJ connection and conflict resolution. want”). are:

Integration of Nonviolent ➢ Observation: A description to enrich life. We can use words to Communication: NVC is the of “what’s actually happening” as contribute to people’s enjoyment, integration of 4 elements reported by our senses (sight, hearing, their wisdom. We can use words that touch, taste, and smell), plus our Consciousness: a set of principles that can make life miserable for people. So “inner” senses (e.g. our inner voice, support living a life of compassion, our words are very powerful. We can vision, thoughts, etc.). It includes: collaboration, courage, and touch people in ways that give great Direct, Sensory Experience, “Just the authenticity, pleasure, great nurturing, support. We facts’’, Specific to time and context, The are powerhouses, and there’s nothing Language: understanding how highest form of human intelligence,

86 I CAAN SOUVENIR 2019 Free of judgment, criticism or other feedback and action key. trust, create a quality of connection forms of analysis, The trigger of our that embodies unconditional love, Distinctions: Request vs. demand; experience SURWHFW DQG QXUWXUH WKH DXWRQRP\ request vs. wish (Demands includes a Key Distinction: Observation vs. threat of punishment or the promise of children and motivate using observation mixed with evaluation. of reward linked to a behavior. Wishes ³SRZHUZLWK´UDWKHUWKDQ³SRZHU Evaluations are “moral” judgments of tend to be vague, future oriented, and RYHU´VWUDWHJLHV good-bad, right-wrong, appropriate- non-specific.) Education and Schools: 19&KHOSV inappropriate that tend to be fixed or NVC serves our desire to do three toPD[LPL]HWKHLQGLYLGXDOSRWHQWLDO static. things: of all students, strengthen students’ ➢ Feeling: Physical sensations interest, retention and connection 1. Increase our ability to live with and emotions WRWKHLUZRUNLPSURYHVDIHW\WUXVW choice, meaning, and connection Feelings are universal. They are the and connection in your classroom, signals we receive from our body 2. Connect empathically with self LPSURYH FODVVURRP WHDPZRUN alerting us to the state of our needs. and others to have more satisfying HI¿FLHQF\ DQG FRRSHUDWLRQ DQG relationships Feelings are composed of physical strengthen classroom and teacher- sensations (e.g. tight jaw, queasy 3. Sharing of resources so everyone SDUHQWUHODWLRQVKLSV stomach, smile, etc.) and/or emotions is able to benefit (e.g. sad, glad, mad, disappointment, Personal Growth and Healing: frustration, guilt, etc.). The Life-Changing Benefits of NVC NVC can transform shame DQG GHSUHVVLRQ LQWR SHUVRQDO Key Distinction: Feeling vs. thought Conflict Resolution HPSRZHUPHQW ,W LV XVHIXO IRU (thoughts are cognitive or mental, NVC helps to resolve conflicts - including beliefs, ideas and opinions) KHDOLQJROGSDLQDQGWUDQVIRUPLQJ personal or public, domestic or XQKHDOWK\ KDELWV ,W KHOSV WR VWD\ ➢ Need: Resources required international – peacefully, and get connected to your own needs and sustaining and enriching life. to the heart of conflict and disputes SUHIHUHQFHV(DWE\FKRLFHQRWE\ quickly. It improves cooperation Needs are universal and transcend KDELW through listening, so others are cultural mores and conditioning. really heard and transform criticism NVC Needs make no reference to any Organizational Effectiveness: and blame into compassionate specific person doing any specific LV XVHG WR LPSURYH WHDPZRUN connection. It prevents future pain thing, “Values” are generally HI¿FLHQF\ DQG PRUDOH LQFUHDVH and misunderstanding in personal equivalent to needs. PHHWLQJ SURGXFWLYLW\ PD[LPL]H relationships as well as deepens your WKHTXDOLW\RIVHUYLFHVRUSURGXFWV Key Distinction: Need vs. strategy (a emotional connections, transforms and maximize organization’s strategy is a specific method to fulfill judgment and criticism into EHQH¿WWRWKHFRPPXQLW\ a need) understanding and connection. Listen so others are really heard and get what ➢ Request: An opportunity to Anger Management: Transform you want more often without using contribute to the well-being of our self anger before it leads to behavior demands, guilt or shame and hear the and/or others you’ll regret, discover the needs needs behind whatever anyone does behind your anger, learn to A concrete offering with the intention or says. DSSUHFLDWH ZKDW WULJJHUV \RX DQG of contributing to fulfilling a need. Requests are specific actions stated Parenting and Families: NVC others, identify solutions that are in the positive (what we DO want), KHOSV WR UHGXFH IDPLO\ FRQÀLFWV VDWLVI\LQJWRHYHU\RQHDQGH[SUHVV immediately doable way. There and sibling rivalry, move beyond anger in ways that connect us to are three types of requests: clarity, SRZHUVWUXJJOHVWRFRRSHUDWLRQDQG RWKHUV

CAAN SOUVENIR 2019 I 87 Business Relationships: Strengthen SUDFWLFH DFWLYH OLVWHQLQJ EDVHG RQ • Kasthan, I. and Kashtan, M. Key employee morale and loyalty, resolve PXWXDOXQGHUVWDQGLQJ assumption and intentions of workplace conflicts quickly and NVC. Baynvc.org/keyassumption Satisfying Personal Relationship effectively, reduce office stress and with Passengers in Airlines or • Khan, A. a comparative analysis absenteeism, maximize the potential Immigrations or Customs : NVC of concept of non- violent of all employees, hear and address ZDJHUV RQ WKH FRQFLVH SUHFLVH communication of Marshall customer needs more effectively, offer DQG DFFXUDWH H[SUHVVLRQ RI D Rosenberg and Theravada employee evaluations that promote Buddhism. http://Mcu.academia.p PHVVDJH ,W¶V JRDO LV WR LPSURYH personal growth and improve the edu/Aandruskhan. effectiveness of job and college XQGHUVWDQGLQJ 7KDW NLQG RI interviews. H[SUHVVLRQ OHDYHV OHVV URRP IRU • Joine, V. Cannors (2013) FULWLFLVP DQG PRUH VSDFH IRU DQ Constructive communication. The Benefits of NVC in Civil HIIHFWLYH H[FKDQJH RI PHVVDJHV Desert exposure, www. Service, Aviation and other constructive communication. ,I \RX VKDUH \RXU FRQFHUQV LQ Organization: Communicating acedemia.edu an assertive way, you are giving HIIHFWLYHO\ LVQ¶W DOZD\V VLPSOH WKH RWKHU SHUVRQ WKH FKDQFH WR • Micheal, J. Gel (2017). The art 7KHUHWHQGWREHPRUHDVVXPSWLRQV XQGHUVWDQGDQGVKDUHWKHP of connection: 7- Relationship and misunderstandings than Building Skills every leader clear messages and accurate Conclusion: The nonviolence needs now. New world library 14 LQWHUSUHWDWLRQV LQ SXEOLF FRQWDFW communication model is useful pamaron way, Novato, California SODFHVWKDW¶VZK\LWQHHGVWRSUDFWLFH in our everyday lives; it can 94949. The art of connection HPSDWKHWLF FRPPXQLFDWLRQ ,Q KHOS IDFLOLWDWH DQ HPSDWKLF DQG Ocean of PDF.com VXSSRUWLYHHPRWLRQDOHQYLURQPHQW VXFKSODFH ZH QHHG to relate to • Non Violent communication , each other in a more collaborative IRURXUVHOYHVDQGWKRVHZHYDOXH Wekipedia, eu.wikipedia.org ZD\DQGLQKDUPRQ\ZLWKRXUYDOXH This model can effectively be HPSOR\HG WR HQULFK DQG QXUWXUH • Jim & Jori Manske, CNVC ,Q DGGLWLRQ WR DYRLGLQJ SRVVLEOH Trainers in Nonviolent SDUHQWLQJ DQG IDPLO\ UHODWLRQV FRQÀLFWV DQGPLVXQGHUVWDQGLQJV Communication 505.344.1305 IULHQGVKLS DQG UHODWLRQVKLS it allows us to resolve emotional nonviolentcommunicationr@ ZRUNSODFH LQWHUDFWLRQV WKH DQG UDWLRQDO FRQÀLFWV :LWK gmail.com radicalcompassion. HGXFDWLRQDOSURFHVVDQGDQ\RWKHU nonviolent communication, we can com cnvc.org nvc-nm.org situation in which we interact with abandon more traditional forms (Kalikotay teaches at the Tribhuvan RWKHUV RI FRPPXQLFDWLRQ (PSDWKHWLF University Institute of Medicine, FRPPXQLFDWLRQVHWVRXWWRKHOSXV 5HIHUHQFHV Maharajgunj Nursing Campus)

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CAAN SOUVENIR 2019 I 91 ;~rfngdf hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . ;~rfng ul//x]sf] 5 . ko{6sLo ko{6g k"jf{wf/ ultljlw / ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfo;Fusf] ko{6g jif{sf] cleofgnfO{ lg/Gt/tf g]kfnsf] ;du| ko{6sLo k"jf{wf/ ;xsfo{ clej[l4 ub}{ ko{6g k|j4{gdf lbg 8fi:kf]/f dfkm{t g]kfnsf] ;f:s[lts, lgdf{0fsf nflu blIf0f PlzofnL ko{6g h'6]sf] 5 . kof{j/0f / ko{6g ;DaGwL wfld{s, ;fxl;s Pjd\ ko{6g k|j4{g ug]{ k"jf{wf/ ljsf; kl/of]hgf g]kfnsf] d'2fx¿ ;fj{hlgs ax;, ko{6g of]hgfsf;fy g]kfn ;/sf/;Fu ;xsfo{ If]qLo kl/of]hgfsf] Ps lx:;f xf] . pBf]unfO{ lhDd]jf/ agfpg ko{6sLo ul//x]sf] 5 . g]kfndf ko{6sx?nfO{ b]v] h;n] aunfb]z, ef/t / g]kfndf z}lIfs sfo{qmdx¿sf] k|j4{gaf6 kl5 k|To]s dflg;n] xf;]/ gd:sf/ u/f} / ko{6g ;DaGwL k"jf{wf/ ljsf; / ;'wf/ g]kfnsf] cgf}7f] jftfj/0f / ;:s[ltsf] ljb]zdf klg g]kfnLn] dL7f] d':sfg;lxt ul//x]sf] 5 . of] blIf0f Plzofdf /Iff ug]{ k|0f u/]sf] 5 . gd:t] u/f}F . o;f] ubf{ xfd|f] ;:sf/ rog ul/Psf] pRr k|fyldstf b]v]/ klg ko{6s xfd|f] d'n'sdf 3'Dg] lghL ko{6g;Fu ;DalGwt Joj;flos pk–If]qLo ko{6g ;ls{6df k|d'v k|s[lt / /x/ hfuf]; eGg] k|rf/ ljleGg d'n'ssf ;+:yfx¿ Ps -csf{;Fu hf]l8Psf] ;+:s[ltdf cfwfl/t ko{6g ;]jf / uGtJo /fli6«o ;dGjo kl/ifbx?n] sfd jftfj/0fLo, ;fdflhs ;f:s[lts k"jf{wf/df sg]lS6le6L ;'wf/ ug{ ] ul//x]sf 5g\ . / ko{6gsf] cfly{s kIfnfO{ Wofgdf ;]jfx¿df s]lG›t 5 . /flv Jofj;flostfdf k|fyldstf lbPsf] ljb]zsf ljleGg s'gfdf 5l/P/ /x] pQm kl/of]hgfsf] g]kfn zfvfsf] 5 . dfG5] a:gsf] nflu pQd 7fpFx¿, sf o'jfx¿ s'g} ljb]zLn] sxfFaf6 p2]Zo n'lDagLdf æeujfg a'4sf] / e|d0f ug]{ /fd|f] 7fpFx¿ klxrfg cfPsf] eGg] k|Zgdf uj{sf;fy d kfOnfæ ;ls{6sf] ljsf; ug]{, d'n'ssf] ub{5g . o;sf] pb]Zo Osf]6"l/Hd, g]kfnaf6 cfPsf] x'F eG5g\ . k|foM cy{Joj:yf / /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x¿df lhDd]jf/ ko{6g / lbuf] ko{6g cEof;sf] ljb]zLn] km]l/ k|ltk|Zg u5{g\ . sxfF k5{ ko{6gsf] a[l4 x'g] k|ltljlDat x'g]5 . k|j4{gsf nflu cfjZos ;dy{g k|bfg Tof] < b'Mvb kIf klg emlNsG5 . clwsfz g]kfndf k|s[lt / ;:s[ltdf cfwfl/t ug{‘ xf] . lghL If]qn] xft]dfnf] ug]{5 . ljb]zLnfO{ g]kfn /fi6« 5 eGg] ;Dd yfxf ko{6g uGtJosf s]xL pkIf]qLo ;ls{6x¿ 5}g . o;sf] sf/0f xfd|f] s'6gLlts tyf ko{6g pBf]udf k|j]z ug{ rfxg] x'g\ . k|fs[lts ;f:s[lts ;Dkbfsf] lbuf] /fhgLlts ;~rf/ / ;jfb :yfkgf x'g dflg;x¿nfO{ 1fg / cg'ejsf] cfwf/ ljsf; Joj:yfkgn] ko{6g nfedf g;Sg', ;u/dfyf jf dfpG6 Pe|]i6 / k|bfg ug]{ ;Gbe{df ko{6g lzIffsf] ;d'bfox¿sf] a9L ;nUgtf /xg] kl/of] xfd|f k|fs[lts ;f}Gbo{tfsf] hfgsf/Lsf] ljsf; ug{‘ dxTjk"0f{ 5 . cfjZos hgsf] pb]Zo 5 . cefjn] xf] . ljb]zl:yt :yflkt g]kfnL hgzlQm pTkfbg ug]{, tflnd k|bfg ug]{, g]kfn e|d0f jif{ ;g\ @)@) sf] pTs[i6 s'6gLlts lgof]u b"tfjf; / dxfjfl0fHo ;DefJotf cg';f/ gofF ko{6g ultljlw ko{6sLo wfld{s uGtJodWo] sf7df8f} b"tfjf; ko{6sLo d'n's g]kfnsf] k|rf/ :sL–8fOleª, ;fk{–;'l6ª, ;kmf/L, :sfO{– g} d'Vo ePsf] ;o'Qm /fi6« z}lIfs k|;f/df yk ;lqmo x'g'kg]{ b]lvG5 . ˆnfO{ nufotsf] ;~rfngn] e|d0f j}1flgs Pj ;f+:s[lts ;u7g -o'g]:sf]_ cfsif{0f a9fpF5 . kbofqf ko{6g, ;/sf/n] u}/–cfjf;Lo g]kfnLaf6 ljz]if n] hgfPsf] 5 . e|d0f jif{nfO{ ;kmn hnofqf, ;fxl;s ko{6g, ;f:s[lts ;xof]u lng'k5{ . g]kfnL ljb]zdf sfo{/t agfpg uGtJo k|j4{g, k"jf{wf/ ljsf; ko{6g, Sofl;gf], :jf:Yo ko{6g cflbdf ;‹÷;+:yfx¿ dfkm{t cGo d'n'ssf / ;]jf :t/Ls/0fnfO{ k|fyldstfsf;fy Joj;flos of]ubfg k'u]sf] 5 . dflg;nfO{ ;Gb]z lbFb} e|d0fdf pT;fxL cl3 a9fPsf 5g\ . ;‹Lo, k|b]z / ug{‘k5{ . ljb]zdf ePsf Ps g]kfnLn] kbofqf dfu{x? hf]ufpg] / j}slNks :yfgLo ;/sf/sf;fy lghL If]qsf] Ps ko{6s k7fpg ;Sbf nIosf] tLg kbofqf dfu{x?sf] vf]h, klxrfg, ;lqmotfdf e|d0f jif{nfO{ eJo¿kdf u'0ff ;kmntf ldNg ;S5 . ko{6g k|j4{g, u|fdL0f If]q;Dd k'Ug] oftfoft ;~rfng z'ef/De ul/g'k5{ . cGt/f{li6«o ahf/Ls/0f tyf e|d0f jif{ / ljsf;df :ki6 gLlt cfpg'k5{ . /0fgLlts of]hgf @)@) sf] k|rf/ k|;f/df ljleGg b]zdf ko{6sx?sf] cfudg ;Vof, a;fO{sf{ ] cjl:yt g]kfnsf b"tfjf;, ko{6g b"t cjlw, k|lt ko{6s vr{ cflb a9fpg kG„f}F k~rjifL{o of]hgfn] ko{6gnfO{ tyf u}/–cfjf;Lo g]kfnLx¿;Fusf] yk ko{6sLo ;Dkbf / j:t'x?sf] j}1flgs /fHosf] k|d'v k|fyldstfo'Qm If]qsf ;dGjofTds ;xsfo{ h?/L 5 . ljljwLs/0f tyf :yfgLo snf, ;flxTo, ¿kdf lnPsf] / clxn]sf] s'n ufx{:Yo wd{, ;F:s[ltsf] ;/If0f Pj+ ljsf; ub}{ pTkfbgdf ko{6g If]qsf] tLg k|ltzt lghL If]qsf] k|of; ljZj ko{6g ahf/df ahf/Ls/0f ug{‘k5{ of]ubfgnfO{ pQm of]hgf cjlwe/ !) lghL If]qn] cfˆgf] ;fem]bf/LnfO{ eg] ko{6sLo bIf hgzlQm ljsf;df k|ltzt k'¥ofpg] nIosf;fy sfd cl3 km/flsnf] agfP/ k|j4{gfTds ultljlw klg plts} Wofg lbg'k5{ . a9fOPsf] 5 .

92 I CAAN SOUVENIR 2019 ;/sf/n] k|:t't u/]sf] ko{6g;DaGwL csf]{tkm{ ko{6sx? eg]sf k};f vr{ ug{ xf]d:6], u|fdL0f ko{6g, :yfgLo k|ljlw /0fgLlts of]hgf -@)!^–@)@%_ nfO{ cfpg] kfx'gf x'g\ . pgLx?n] dgf]/~hg, / ;fwgdf k|fyldstf lbPsf] 5 . yk kl/0ffdd'vL . u|fdL0f ko{6gsf] ;'/Iff / ;lhnf] vf]H5g\ . xfdLsxfF ljZj hutdf g]kfn ;'/lIft, zfGt / ljsf;sf nflu s'g} 7f]; of]hgf ko{6sn] rfx]h:tf] k"jf{wf/ ag]sf ;'Gb/ b]z xf] eGg] k|rf/fTds ;Gb]z agfOPsf] 5}g . ko{6g gLlt, @)^% nfO{ 5}gg\ . cem, ljnf;L ko{6sx?sf ;Dk|]if0f ePsf] 5 . o;sf nflu ko{6g yk Jojxf/df 9fNg h¿/L 5 . nflu t xfd|f k"jf{wf/x? nfhdbf{ 5g\ . If]q nlIft :jb]zL tyf ljb]zL nufgL ;u/dfyf cf/f]x0fn] dfq ko{6g / sfo{qmdx¿ leq\ofpg /fHon] :k:6 lxdfnx? cf/f]x0f ug{, kbofqf ug{, If]q wflgFb}g . j}1flgs ko{6ssf] gLlt, of]hgf th{‘df / dfu{bz{g to wfld{s ko{6g ug{ clg cGo ljleGg ;'/Iff, ko{6sLo k"jf{wf/df nufgL / ug{k5{ . s'/fx? cjnf]sg ug{ nfvf}F ko{6sx? Jofks k|rf/sf] cleofg yfNg'k5{ . g]kfn cfpg] ub{5g, t/ ko{6gsf] clws ;+;f/sf] ;a}eGbf cUnf] lxdlzv/ ;+efjgf xF'bfxF'b} klg g]kfnn] ko{6gaf6 u|fdL0f ko{6gsf] ljsf;af/] ljrf/ ubf{ ;u/dfyf tyf * j6f *))) dL6/ eGbf dflysf lxdfn;Dd k'Ug] xjfO{ tyf plrt nfe lng ;s]sf] 5}g . ljZjdf :yfgLo >f]t ;fwgsf] cfwf/ alnof] :yndfu{sf] yk ljsf;, t/fO{sf kmfF6 / g} ko{6gn] Pp6f k|d'v pBf]usf] ¿k ePkl5 g} u|fdL0f ljsf;n] 7f]; ¿k lng 3gfh+un 3'Dg] Joj:yf, wfld{s:yn, lnb} uPsf] 5 . ljleGg b]zx¿df ;Sg]5 / To;af6 u|fdL0f ko{6gnfO{ klg kjtf{/f]x0f, kbofqf, ¥ofkml6ª, hun pTkfbg jf cfoft lgof{t x'g] kbfy{x¿ d2t k'Ug]5 . cfly{s ljsf;sf] nflu ;kmf/Lsf nflu pko'Qm jftfj/0f, jf ;fdflhs ;]jfsf] Pp6f 7"nf] efu ;/sf/L :t/af6 ljleGg of]hgfx¿ nfu" ug{ k|oTg ug{‘sf ;fy} hg:t/df Kof/fUnfOl8ª, cN6«fnfO6, ;fx;L ko{6gsf] If]qdf vr{ x'G5 / ko{6gaf6 klg Tof] lbzfdf ljsf;sf sfo{qmdx¿ ultljlwsf] cGt/f{li6«o ;ud:yn, nfvf} dflg;x¿nfO{ /f]huf/L klg k|fKt cufl8 a9fpg k|f]T;flxt ug]{ / ;xof]u 5ª5ª em/gf, tfntn}of, u'kmf xG5' . ug]{ ;/sf/sf] gLlt x'g'kb{5 . P]ltxfl;s 7fpFsf] k|a4{gdf hf8] k|fljlws r'gf}lt lbg'k5{ . ko{6sLo If]qsf] ljsf; b]zsf] cl:y/ /fhgLlts cj:yfn] ;du|df g]kfn e|d0f aif{ @)@) n ] ljZjsf] ;jf]{Rr lzv/ ;u/dfyf / lynlynf] ePsf] ko{6g If]qnfO{ pBf] g]kfnnfO{ ljZj ;fd' lrgfpg] df} ljZjsf zflGtsf cu|b"t eujfg\ uf}td usf] ?kdf ljsl;t ug{‘ xfdL ;a}sf ] sf lbg]5 . ljz]ifu/L ko{6sLo If]qsf] a'4 hGd]sf] 7fpF n'lDagLsf] ljsf;, lhDd]jf/Lk"0f{ bfloTj xf] . ;f:s[lts d"Vo uGtJo eg]/ lrlgPsf :yfgx? kf]v/fsf] If]lqo cGt/f{li6«o ljdfg:ynsf] ;Dkbfsf] Jofks k|rf/dfkm{t ko{6snfO{ dfq geO{ g]kfndf cGo y'k} | dgdf]xs, lgdf{0fdf tLj|tf kfPsf] 5 . u|fdL0f /d0fLo tyf cfsif{s If]qx? klxrfg cfslif{t ug{‘ / g]kfnsf] ;d[l4df ko{6g cGtu{t x/]s :yfgLo txn] u/L ;f] If]qsf] k|j4{g ug{ ;lsG5 . logsf] pkof]u ug{‘ cfjZos 5, h;sf ko{6g ljsf; If]qx¿sf] lgdf{0fdf g]kfn h:tf] ljsf;zLn d'n'snfO{ ;Defjgfsf] plrt pkof]u ePs} 5}g . ko{6gsf nflu ah]6 s}of} u'0ff a9fpg' cfly{s ;d[l4sf] lbzftkm{ bf]¥ofpg k/Dk/fut ko{6gdf dfq lge{/ geO{ kg]{ b]lvG5 . cfGtl/s tyf afXo ko{6gn] pNn]vgLo …d]l8sn ko{6gÚ / …Osf] ko{6gÚdf klg ko{6gsf] cjwf/0f s]G›df ;Lldt gu/L e"ldsf v]Ng]5 . Wofg lbg ;Sg'k5{ . xfd|f] cGt/f{li6«o :yfgLo txdf klg ljsf; ug{kg]{ ;Gbe{ >f]t ljdfg:yn, cWofudg, xf]6n k6Ss} ePsf] x'gfn] ;Defljt :yfgLo If]qx¿ k|ljlwd}qL 5}gg\ . ko{6sn] xftdf kf]v/f, lrtjg, ;f]n'v'Da', Onfd, d':tfª kG„f}F k~rjifL{o of]hgf tyf ko{6g af]s]sf] 8]la6 jf qm]l86 sf8{ nufotsf 7fpFnfO{ ko{6gsf] xasf] gLlt, @)^% g]kfndf grn]/ x}/fg ePsf b[i6fGtx¿ ?kdf ljsl;t ug{k5{ . k"j{, klZrd, ko{6g ;DaGwL /0fgLlts of]hgf 5g . cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ;'/Iff xfd|f] lxdfnL If]q, s0ff{nL If]q nufotsf -@)!^–@)@%_ lhDd]jf/L xf] . ;jf/L–;fwgsf] ;f:tL 7fpFdf ;]jf s]G› :yfkgf u/L ;f]xL ;+o'Qm /fi6« z}lIfs j}1flgs Pj plQs} 5 . cf/f]x0f ko{6sx¿sf] b'3{6gf cg';f/sf] jftfj/0f / k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f ;f+:s[lts ;u7g -o'g]:sf]_ xF'bf tTsfn p4f/ x'g g;Sbf cGt/f{li6«o ug{k5{ . lbuf] / bL3{sfnLg ko{6g nHhfsf] ljifo ag]sf] 5 . ljsf; ug{ ;x/b]lv ufpFufpF;Dd JolQmut 8fO/L / :jcWogaf6

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TIA Arrival

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