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Access provided by University of Michigan @ Ann Arbor (21 Apr 2013 13:19 GMT) Notes Introduction 1. Anek Laothamatas, “A Tale of Two Democracies: Conflicting Perceptions of Elections and Democracy in Thailand,” in The Politics of Elections in Southeast Asia, ed. R. H. Taylor (Washington, D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 1996). 2. “Red Rage Rising,” Bangkok Post, 13 March 2010. 3. Partha Chatterjee, The Politics of the Governed: Reflections on Popular Politics in Most of the World (New York: Columbia University Press, 2004). 4. James C. Scott, The Moral Economy of the Peasant: Rebellion and Subsistence in Southeast Asia (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1976), 1. 5. Eric R. Wolf, Peasants (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1966), 2–4; Teodor Shanin, “Introduction,” in Peasants and Peasant Societies, ed. Teodor Shanin (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1971), 14–15. 6. Michael Kearney, Reconceptualizing the Peasantry: Anthropology in Global Per- spective (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1996), 141; Chris Baker, “Thailand’s Assem- bly of the Poor: Background, Drama, Reaction,” South East Asia Research 8, no. 1 (2000): 26. 7. Lucien M. Hanks, “Merit and Power in the Thai Social Order,” American Anthro- pologist 64, no. 6 (1962); Lucien M. Hanks, “The Thai Social Order as Entourage and Circle,” in Change and Persistence in Thai Society: Essays in Honor of Lauriston Sharp, ed. G. William Skinner and A. Thomas Kirsch (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1975). 8. Lauriston Sharp and Lucien M. Hanks, Bang Chan: Social History of a Rural Community in Thailand (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1978), 46. 9. Hanks, “The Thai Social Order as Entourage,” 207. 10. Herbert P. Phillips, Thai Peasant Personality: The Patterning of Interpersonal Behavior in the Village of Bang Chan (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1965), 38, 39. 233 234 Notes to Pages 11–15 11. Ibid., 143. 12. Stephen B. Young, “The Northeastern Thai Village: A Non-participatory Democ- racy,” in Modern Thai Politics, ed. Clark D. Neher (Cambridge, Mass.: Schenkman Publishing, 1979). 13. Clark D. Neher, “The Politics of Change in Rural Thailand,” Comparative Poli- tics 4, no. 2 (1972): 201. 14. Ibid., 216. 15. Ibid., 205–6. 16. Michael Moerman, “A Thai Village Headman as Synaptic Leader,” in Modern Thai Politics, ed. Clark D. Neher (Cambridge, Mass.: Schenkman Publishing, 1979). 17. The collection edited by Ruth McVey is an important contribution to discus- sions of provincial strongmen and vote buying: Money and Power in Provincial Thailand (Copenhagen: Nordic Institute of Asian Studies, 2000). 18. Anek, “A Tale of Two Democracies,” 223. 19. Michael J. Montesano, “Market Society and the Origins of the New Thai Poli- tics,” in Money and Power in Provincial Thailand, ed. Ruth McVey (Singapore: Institute for Southeast Asian Studies, 2000); Yoshinori Nishizaki, Political Authority and Pro- vincial Identity in Thailand: The Making of Banharn-Buri, Studies on Southeast Asia (Ithaca, N.Y.: Southeast Asia Program, Cornell University, 2011). 20. Anek, “Tale,” 206–8; Daniel Arghiros, Democracy, Development and Decentral- ization in Provincial Thailand (Richmond: Curzon, 2001), 114, 125. 21. Peter F. Bell, “‘Cycles’ of Class Struggle in Thailand,” in Thailand: Roots of Con- flict, ed. Andrew Turton, Jonathan Fast, and Malcolm Caldwell (Nottingham: Spokes - man, 1978), 60. 22. Andrew Turton, “The Current Situation in the Thai Countryside,” in Thailand: Roots of Conflict, ed. Andrew Turton, Jonathan Fast, and Malcolm Caldwell (Notting- ham: Spokesman, 1978), 121. 23. Ibid., 133. 24. Ibid., 125. 25. Katherine A. Bowie, Rituals of National Loyalty: An Anthropology of the State and the Village Scout Movement in Thailand (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997). 26. Andrew Turton, “Limits of Ideological Domination and the Formation of Social Consciousness,” in History and Peasant Consciousness in South East Asia, ed. Andrew Turton and Shigeharu Tanabe (Osaka: National Museum of Ethnology, 1984). 27. Andrew Turton, “Thailand: Agrarian Bases of State Power,” in Agrarian Trans- formation: Local Processes and the State in Southeast Asia, ed. Gillian Hart, Andrew Tur- ton, and Benjamin White (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989). 28. Philip Hirsch, Development Dilemmas in Rural Thailand (Singapore: Oxford University Press, 1990). 29. James C. Scott, Weapons of the Weak: Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1985). Notes to Pages 15–21 235 30. Somchai Phatharathananunth, Civil Society and Democratization: Social Move- ments in Northeast Thailand (Copenhagen: Nordic Institute of Asian Studies, 2006), ix. 31. Baker, “Thailand’s Assembly of the Poor.” 32. Ibid.; Bruce D. Missingham, The Assembly of the Poor in Thailand: From Local Struggles to National Protest Movement (Chiang Mai: Silkworm Books, 2003). 33. Somchai, Civil Society and Democratization, 16. 34. Chatthip Nartsupha, The Thai Village Economy in the Past (Chiang Mai: Silk- worm Books, 1999). 35. Nicholas Farrelly, “Tai Community and Thai Border Subversions,” in Tai Lands and Thailand: Community and State in Southeast Asia, ed. Andrew Walker (Singapore: National University of Singapore Press, 2009). 36. Chang Noi, “A New Cold War Underway in Thailand,” The Nation, 29 Novem- ber 2007; Sonthi Boonyaratglin, “Sarup Kan Banyai Phiset, 26 Kanyayon 2550” [Sum- mary of the special lecture, 26 September 2007] (secret Thai government document circulated by e-mail, 2007). 37. Attachak Sattayanurak, “Let’s Reassess the Issue of Class,” On Open, 30 April 2010, accessed 15 November 2010, http://www.onopen.com/attachak/1-04-30/5360; Kengkij Kitirianglarp, “Kan Tosu Khrang Ni Khue Songkhram Thang Chonchan Thi Pranipranom Mai Dai” [The fight this time is class war without compromise], Prachatai, 31 March 2010, accessed 12 November 2010, http://www.prachatai3.info/ journal/2010/03/28605. 38. Niels Mulder, Everyday Life in Thailand: An Interpretation (Bangkok: Duang Kamol, 1979), 25. 39. Benedict R. O’G. Anderson, “The Idea of Power in Javanese Culture,” in Cul- ture and Politics in Indonesia, ed. Claire Holt, Benedict R. O’G. Anderson, and James Siegel (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1972), 7. 40. Nicola Beth Tannenbaum, Who Can Compete against the World? Power-Protection and Buddhism in Shan Worldview (Ann Arbor, Mich.: Association for Asian Studies, 1995). 41. Ibid., 79. 42. Nancy Eberhardt, Imagining the Course of Life: Self-Transformation in a Shan Buddhist Community (Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press, 2006), 83–84. 43. One excellent example is Shu-Yuan Yang, “Imagining the State: An Ethno- graphic Study,” Ethnography 6, no. 4 (2005). I also find Peter Evans’s work on “syn- ergy” very useful: “Government Action, Social Capital, and Development: Reviewing the Evidence on Synergy,” World Development 24, no. 6 (1996): 1121. 44. Chatterjee, The Politics of the Governed. 45. This notion is rather different from the concept of “political society” used by some political scientists to refer to “the arena where citizens are represented and their views, therefore, are aggregated and packaged into specific policy demands and pro- posals.” Goran Hyden, Jusius Court, and Ken Mease, Political Society and Governance in Sixteen Developing Countries, World Governance Survey Discussion Papers, no. 5 236 Notes to Pages 21–35 (London: Overseas Development Institute, 2003), 2. This more formal political soci- ety is seen as being made up of political parties, the electoral system, and the legislature. 46. Chatterjee, The Politics of the Governed, 116. 47. Partha Chatterjee, “Peasant Cultures of the Twenty-First Century,” Inter-Asia Cultural Studies 9, no. 1 (2008): 125. 48. Ibid. 49. Chatterjee, The Politics of the Governed, 41. 50. Mayfair Mei-Hui Yang, “The Gift Economy and State Power in China,” Com- parative Studies in Society and History 31, no. 1 (1989): 50. 51. Chatterjee, The Politics of the Governed, 47–48. 52. Kasian Tejapira, “Toppling Thaksin,” New Left Review 39 (May–June 2006): 14. 53. John Holt, Spirits of the Place: Buddhism and Lao Religious Culture (Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press, 2009), 175. 54. A. Thomas Kirsch, “Complexity in the Thai Religious Sytem: An Interpreta- tion,” Journal of Asian Studies 36, no. 2 (1977): 262. 55. Holt, Spirits of the Place, 236. 56. R. E. Elson, The End of the Peasantry in Southeast Asia: A Social and Eocnomic His- tory of Peasant Livelihood, 1800–1990s (Houndmills, Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1997), xii. 57. Anthony P. Cohen, The Symbolic Construction of Community (London: Tavis- tock, 1985), 16. 58. Chatterjee, The Politics of the Governed, 56. Chapter 1. Thailand’s Persistent Peasantry 1. V. I. Lenin, The Development of Capitalism in Russia (Moscow: Progress Pub- lishers, [1899] 1960), 174. 2. E. J. Hobsbawm, Age of Extremes: The Short Twentieth Century, 1914–1991 (London: Michael Joseph, 1994), 292. 3. Kearney, Reconceptualising the Peasantry, 3. 4. Elson, The End of the Peasantry, 241. 5. Deborah Fahy Bryceson, “The Scramble in Africa: Reorienting Rural Liveli- hoods,” World Development 30, no. 5 (2002). 6. Ibid. 7. Deborah Fahy Bryceson, “Disappearing Peasantries? Rural Labour Redundancy in the Neo-liberal Era and Beyond,” in Disappearing Peasantries? Rural Labour in Africa, Asia, and Latin America, ed. Deborah Fahy Bryceson, Cristóbal Kay, and Jos E. Mooij (London: Intermediate Technology Publications, 2000), 309. 8. Warwick E. Murray, “From Dependency to Reform and Back Again: The Chilean Peasantry during the Twentieth