Neuroscience and Mental Health UCL School of Life and Medical Sciences Creating Knowledge, Achieving Impact 3 PREFACE
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Neuroscience and Mental Health UCL SCHOOL OF LIFE AND MEDICAL SCIENCES Creating knowledge, achieving impact 3 PREFACE UCL’s School of Life and Medical Cluster (GMEC) for which we lead in Sciences encompasses arguably the the field of rare diseases. Our growing greatest concentration of biomedical collaboration with our Bloomsbury science and population health neighbours, the London School of expertise in Europe. Our performance Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, is in the UK’s last Research Assessment fuelling exciting developments in Exercise was outstanding, and for most genetic epidemiology and pathogen key measures the School comfortably research. tops UK league tables. The breadth and quality of our In part because of UCL’s size and research creates almost unique organisational complexity, the scale opportunities. Our recent merger with of the School’s achievements is not the London School of Pharmacy adds always apparent. This publication, to our capacity in drug development, one of four, seeks to address this. formulation and adoption. Our highly Our recent reorganisation, with the productive links to the health service, Basic Life Sciences: creation of four new Faculties, has through UCL Partners, provides 1 ‘Discovery’ research, from been designed to create a more access to unmatched clinical expertise molecules to ecosystems. coherent structure, of which the and large patient groups. We are Faculty of Life Sciences, headed by fortunate to be partners in three Translation and the Dean, Professor Mary Collins, National Institute for Health Research 2 Experimental Medicine: is a clear example. But the School’s (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centres restructuring has also placed great and a new NIHR Biomedical Research Driving translation to emphasis on cross-Faculty interactions Unit in dementia. benefit patients’ health and interdisciplinary research – and and well-being. The School’s academic environment indeed on interactions with UCL is one in which intellectual curiosity departments outside the School. can prosper, while a high priority is Neuroscience and Such interdisciplinary endeavour is 3 also given to the practical application Mental Health: promoted through ‘Domains’, inclusive of knowledge to improve health and The science of the brain strategically led fluid networks. This quality of life. This can take many and nervous system, approach allows us to connect all forms, including commercialisation from synapse to social our activities related to fundamental of new products as well as developing interactions. research, promoting collaboration and and informing health and social the sharing of expertise, platforms and policy, and engaging with important resources. Professor Michael Duchen Population Health: stakeholders, including the public. 4 and Dr Paola Oliveri are chairs of the Protecting and improving Basic Life Sciences Domain. This publication, one of four (see the health of populations, right), showcases some of the UK and globally. UCL is acutely aware that scientific outstanding research in translation advance of real relevance to society and experimental medicine being is not only aided by an interdisciplinary carried out within the School and with approach but also through collaborators across UCL and our collaborative strategic alliances with NHS partners, in London, nationally other research-intensive institutions and internationally. It is impossible to with complementary strengths. be comprehensive, but the stories give Our founding partner status in the new a flavour of the breadth, quality and Francis Crick Institute engages us in impact of the School’s research in this what will be the European powerhouse area. Looking forward, our aims are of biomedical research expertise. to enhance and expand our research Our links with our London Academic to ensure we remain a global leader, Health Science Centre partners also and to see more people benefit from include our joint engagement together the groundbreaking research being with the Medical Research Council in carried out across the School. a new imaging company, Imanova, and our commitment to the London Life Sciences Concordat. Wider linkage Sir John Tooke to the London and South East super- Vice-Provost (Health) and cluster is secured by our involvement Head of the UCL School of Life in the Global Medical Excellence and Medical Sciences. CONTENTS Overview: The grandest challenge 2 Understanding the brain and nervous is the most challenging problem in the whole of biology. Section 1: Signals and signalling 4 Neurotransmitters and their receptors lie at the heart of efforts to understand nervous system function. Section 2: All join together 10 The complex functions of the nervous system reflect the coordinated activity of networks of cells. Feature: Making sense: The neuroscience of sensory perception 18 Section 3: The inner world 20 The secrets of the most complex structure in the Universe – the human brain – are gradually being revealed. Feature: Making connections: The Sainsbury–Wellcome Centre 28 Section 4: Decline and fall 30 Loss of neurons underlies a range of devastating diseases affecting mental and physical capacities. Feature: Neurodegeneration: A path towards earlier intervention 38 Section 5: Brains and behaviour 40 The brain both shapes and is shaped by social interactions. UCL institutes, support services, partners, funding and sponsors. 46 NEUROSCIENCE AND MENTAL HEALTH UCL School of Life and Medical Sciences 1 The Grandest challenGE: Neuroscience and Mental Health Understanding the brain and nervous system is perhaps the most challenging problem in the whole of biology – but the rewards could be substantial. Dorsal view of the zebrafish brain. s056 Image lorem ipsum dolors sit amet The brain has been Others favour a ‘top down’ described as the most perspective, examining Mental health conditions are predicted to have complex structure in the regional brain structure and the greatest health burden globally by 2020. known Universe, and function through imaging understanding how it techniques such as magnetic common – their economic while imaging techniques works is one of the greatest resonance imaging (MRI) costs presenting an are providing a more challenges facing science. and functional MRI, alongside enormous challenge to refined view of the nervous Even simple numerical ‘tractography’ – mapping already hard-pressed system damage associated descriptions boggle the the connections between families and healthcare with neurodegenerative mind: 100 billion neurons; regions. Furthermore, there is systems. conditions. 1000 trillion synapses; 1000 growing interest in the ‘social km of wiring connections. brain’, recognition of the fact Many conditions remain Neuroscience may also From the mundane matter that humans are uniquely poorly served by modern be able to provide a of moving from A to B to the social animals and much medicine. Chronic pain is deeper understanding of most profound philosophical brain activity is devoted to poorly controlled, regain of neuropsychiatric conditions. questions – ‘who am I?’ – managing relationships with function after nerve injury Psychiatry, unlike most the brain lies at the heart others. is rarely successful, and disease areas, continues of human existence and pharmacological treatments to depend primarily on As well as the intellectual consciousness. for psychiatric conditions, categorisation by symptoms. challenge of understanding despite some successes, are The diagnostic criteria for Neuroscientists are chipping nervous system function, far from perfect. Treatment many conditions remain away at the function of the neuroscience has the options are similarly limited opaque and controversial, brain, approaching the potential to make a profound for neurodegenerative and generally bear little challenge from multiple impact on health. Diseases diseases, and other relationship to objective directions. Some are studying affecting the nervous system conditions linked to damage pathological measures the molecular properties of already impose an enormous to brain tissue such as stroke or reflective of genetic key nervous system proteins, burden on individuals, and multiple sclerosis. causes. There is thus a particularly the receptors society and our health great need to develop On the other hand, there of neurotransmitters. This infrastructure, and their a better understanding are reasons to be optimistic. work is leading to a greatly impact is likely to increase of disease mechanisms Advances in a wide range increased understanding still further. Mental health – a challenge likely to of areas are providing of how neurons operate conditions are predicted require insight at multiple new insight into disease and signal transmission is to have the greatest health levels of organisation, processes and novel leads controlled. Other teams are burden globally by 2020. genetic, molecular, for new interventions. examining how the activities As populations age, cellular, neurological and Genetic studies are revealing of neurons are integrated neurodegenerative conditions neuropsychological. in microcircuits and larger such as Alzheimer’s disease new contributory factors neural networks. will become increasingly for numerous conditions, 2 NEUROSCIENCE AND MENTAL HEALTH UCL School of Life and Medical Sciences 15large Lorem ipsum dolosr sit amet consequat ti tiempolo 186_neuron Lorem ipsum dolosr sit amet consequat ti tiempolo ReachinG out UCL’s neuroscience community is at the forefront in engaging lay audiences.