Sanitation Promotion in Developing Countries

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Sanitation Promotion in Developing Countries ABSTRACT This dissertation examines the decision of private households to install a pit latrine in rural Benin, West Africa. A conceptual framework for understanding sanitation choices in developing countries is derived from behavioral and consumer choice theories. Cultural foundations of consumption and defecation-related beliefs and behavior are integral parts of this explanatory framework. Findings from a qualitative investigation of household behavior in rural Benin are synthesized to construct a schematic model of the decision to adopt a latrine. The model asserts that the key conditions for latrines to be chosen in rural Benin are the presence of at least one active drive or dissatisfaction from among the 11 found to motivate adoption (concerning prestige, well-being, and two particular situations), and the absence of constraints on adoption among 13 related to awareness, physical implementation, and psycho-social issues. Lifestyle and village environment influence the presence of drives. Latrine adoption and other data for 520 villages in the study area are analyzed in models of village-level adoption to test hypotheses from the qualitative work about the factors that arouse desires for latrines. Village-level conditions and characteristics that stimulate demand for improved sanitation are identified. Finally, data on the adoption behavior of 320 households are collected in a survey, analyzed, and used to develop regression and logit models of preference for latrines, stated intention to adopt, and observed choice to install a latrine. These models indicate that the most important motives for adoption are distance to open defecation and prestige, in particular a desire to express new experiences and a new lifestyle acquired outside the ii village. The most important constraints are lack of finance, misunderstanding of latrines, and poor latrine design and performance. The research methodology and results have widespread implications for assessing sanitation demand and for developing demand- responsive and marketing approaches to promote improved sanitation in developing countries. iii CONTENTS FIGURES ........................................................................................................................... vi TABLES...........................................................................................................................viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................... xi CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 2: UNDERSTANDING LATRINE ADOPTION AND SANITATION CHOICE IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 9 Models of Behavior and Consumer Decision Processes............................................... 11 Implementing Behavioral Models of Consumer Choice............................................... 29 Innovation Adoption and Diffusion .............................................................................. 39 Latrine Diffusion in Rural Benin .................................................................................. 44 Cultural Dimensions of Latrine Adoption Behavior..................................................... 49 Summary ....................................................................................................................... 57 CHAPTER 3: MOTIVES AND BARRIERS OF LATRINE ADOPTION IN RURAL BENIN Abstract ......................................................................................................................... 63 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 64 Understanding Latrine Adoption and Sanitation Choice Behavior............................... 66 The Data........................................................................................................................ 72 Motives for Adoption.................................................................................................... 80 Barriers to Adoption.................................................................................................... 113 Past Latrine Exposure and Experience........................................................................ 124 A Conceptual Model of Latrine Adoption Choice...................................................... 129 Summary ..................................................................................................................... 137 CHAPTER 4: VILLAGE MARKET SEGMENTS FOR PROMOTING LATRINE ADOPTION IN RURAL BENIN Abstract ....................................................................................................................... 143 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 144 Background ................................................................................................................. 147 The Data...................................................................................................................... 152 Village Factors and Variables ..................................................................................... 160 Regression Results ...................................................................................................... 172 Discussion ................................................................................................................... 181 Village Market Segments for Latrine Adoption.......................................................... 190 Summary ..................................................................................................................... 201 -iv- CHAPTER 5: RESULTS FROM A HOUSEHOLD SURVEY OF LATRINE ADOPTION CHOICE BEHAVIOR Executive Summary .................................................................................................... 205 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 208 Background and Survey Design .................................................................................. 212 Sampling Design and Data Collection ........................................................................ 218 Results......................................................................................................................... 223 Summary and Conclusions.......................................................................................... 267 CHAPTER 6: FACTOR ANALYSIS OF DRIVES AND CONSTRAINTS Introduction ................................................................................................................. 275 Methodological Considerations .................................................................................. 276 Demographic Characteristics of the Unweighted Sample........................................... 281 Drive Factors............................................................................................................... 285 Constraint Factors ....................................................................................................... 295 Stability of Factor Solutions........................................................................................ 303 Summary and Conclusion ........................................................................................... 307 CHAPTER 7: MODELING HOUSEHOLDS’ LATRINE ADOPTION BEHAVIORIN RURAL BENIN Introduction ................................................................................................................. 309 Variables and Model Formulations............................................................................. 311 Models of Preference for Latrines............................................................................... 321 Models of Intention to Adopt...................................................................................... 326 Models of Choice ........................................................................................................ 337 Heterogeneous Behavior and Data Collection Problems ............................................ 350 Discussion ................................................................................................................... 352 Summary and Conclusion ........................................................................................... 364 CHAPTER 8: CONCLUDING INSIGHTS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR SANITATION PROMOTION Insights for Understanding Sanitation Demand .......................................................... 369 Policy and Program Implications for Sanitation Promotion ....................................... 376 Methodological Contributions and Lessons................................................................ 383 REFERENCES................................................................................................................ 391 APPENDIX A: LATRINE DESIGN AND USE PREFERENCES IN THE STUDY AREA................................................................................................................ 401 APPENDIX B: SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE .............................................................. 417 -v- FIGURES 1-1. Map of Benin.............................................................................................................. 4 1-2. Latrine
Recommended publications
  • B E N I N Benin
    Birnin o Kebbi !( !( Kardi KANTCHARIKantchari !( !( Pékinga Niger Jega !( Diapaga FADA N'GOUMA o !( (! Fada Ngourma Gaya !( o TENKODOGO !( Guéné !( Madécali Tenkodogo !( Burkina Faso Tou l ou a (! Kende !( Founogo !( Alibori Gogue Kpara !( Bahindi !( TUGA Suroko o AIRSTRIP !( !( !( Yaobérégou Banikoara KANDI o o Koabagou !( PORGA !( Firou Boukoubrou !(Séozanbiani Batia !( !( Loaka !( Nansougou !( !( Simpassou !( Kankohoum-Dassari Tian Wassaka !( Kérou Hirou !( !( Nassoukou Diadia (! Tel e !( !( Tankonga Bin Kébérou !( Yauri Atakora !( Kpan Tanguiéta !( !( Daro-Tempobré Dammbouti !( !( !( Koyadi Guilmaro !( Gambaga Outianhou !( !( !( Borogou !( Tounkountouna Cabare Kountouri Datori !( !( Sécougourou Manta !( !( NATITINGOU o !( BEMBEREKE !( !( Kouandé o Sagbiabou Natitingou Kotoponga !(Makrou Gurai !( Bérasson !( !( Boukombé Niaro Naboulgou !( !( !( Nasso !( !( Kounounko Gbangbanrou !( Baré Borgou !( Nikki Wawa Nambiri Biro !( !( !( !( o !( !( Daroukparou KAINJI Copargo Péréré !( Chin NIAMTOUGOU(!o !( DJOUGOUo Djougou Benin !( Guerin-Kouka !( Babiré !( Afekaul Miassi !( !( !( !( Kounakouro Sheshe !( !( !( Partago Alafiarou Lama-Kara Sece Demon !( !( o Yendi (! Dabogou !( PARAKOU YENDI o !( Donga Aledjo-Koura !( Salamanga Yérémarou Bassari !( !( Jebba Tindou Kishi !( !( !( Sokodé Bassila !( Igbéré Ghana (! !( Tchaourou !( !(Olougbé Shaki Togo !( Nigeria !( !( Dadjo Kilibo Ilorin Ouessé Kalande !( !( !( Diagbalo Banté !( ILORIN (!o !( Kaboua Ajasse Akalanpa !( !( !( Ogbomosho Collines !( Offa !( SAVE Savé !( Koutago o !( Okio Ila Doumé !(
    [Show full text]
  • S a Rd in Ia
    M. Mandarino/Istituto Euromediterraneo, Tempio Pausania (Sardinia) Land07-1Book 1.indb 97 12-07-2007 16:30:59 Demarcation conflicts within and between communities in Benin: identity withdrawals and contested co-existence African urban development policy in the 1990s focused on raising municipal income from land. Population growth and a neoliberal environment weakened the control of clans and lineages over urban land ownership to the advantage of individuals, but without eradicating the importance of personal relationships in land transactions or of clans and lineages in the political structuring of urban space. The result, especially in rural peripheries, has been an increase in land aspirations and disputes and in their social costs, even in districts with the same territorial control and/or the same lines of nobility. Some authors view this simply as land “problems” and not as conflicts pitting locals against outsiders and degenerating into outright clashes. However, decentralization gives new dimensions to such problems and is the backdrop for clashes between differing perceptions of territorial control. This article looks at the ethnographic features of some of these clashes in the Dahoman historic region of lower Benin, where boundaries are disputed in a context of poorly managed urban development. Such disputes stem from land registries of the previous but surviving royal administration, against which the fragile institutions of the modern state seem to be poorly equipped. More than a simple problem of land tenure, these disputes express an internal rejection of the legitimacy of the state to engage in spatial structuring based on an ideal of co-existence; a contestation that is put forward with the de facto complicity of those acting on behalf of the state.
    [Show full text]
  • The Geography of Welfare in Benin, Burkina Faso, Côte D'ivoire, and Togo
    Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized The Geography of Welfare in Benin, Burkina Faso, Côte d’Ivoire, and Togo Public Disclosure Authorized Nga Thi Viet Nguyen and Felipe F. Dizon Public Disclosure Authorized 00000_CVR_English.indd 1 12/6/17 2:29 PM November 2017 The Geography of Welfare in Benin, Burkina Faso, Côte d’Ivoire, and Togo Nga Thi Viet Nguyen and Felipe F. Dizon 00000_Geography_Welfare-English.indd 1 11/29/17 3:34 PM Photo Credits Cover page (top): © Georges Tadonki Cover page (center): © Curt Carnemark/World Bank Cover page (bottom): © Curt Carnemark/World Bank Page 1: © Adrian Turner/Flickr Page 7: © Arne Hoel/World Bank Page 15: © Adrian Turner/Flickr Page 32: © Dominic Chavez/World Bank Page 48: © Arne Hoel/World Bank Page 56: © Ami Vitale/World Bank 00000_Geography_Welfare-English.indd 2 12/6/17 3:27 PM Acknowledgments This study was prepared by Nga Thi Viet Nguyen The team greatly benefited from the valuable and Felipe F. Dizon. Additional contributions were support and feedback of Félicien Accrombessy, made by Brian Blankespoor, Michael Norton, and Prosper R. Backiny-Yetna, Roy Katayama, Rose Irvin Rojas. Marina Tolchinsky provided valuable Mungai, and Kané Youssouf. The team also thanks research assistance. Administrative support by Erick Herman Abiassi, Kathleen Beegle, Benjamin Siele Shifferaw Ketema is gratefully acknowledged. Billard, Luc Christiaensen, Quy-Toan Do, Kristen Himelein, Johannes Hoogeveen, Aparajita Goyal, Overall guidance for this report was received from Jacques Morisset, Elisée Ouedraogo, and Ashesh Andrew L. Dabalen. Prasann for their discussion and comments. Joanne Gaskell, Ayah Mahgoub, and Aly Sanoh pro- vided detailed and careful peer review comments.
    [Show full text]
  • Zou Couffo Atlantique Mono
    ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 1°40'E 1°50'E 2°0'E 2°10'E MA-009 Boudiavi ! Atri ! Ametchonoui ! Dagu!i ! ! Zinkame ! Honvi ! Aobe!gon ! Passagon Mono Bodolo Agbotavou Sakpeta ! ! Konfokpa Honve Agonme Ouko ! ! ! ! ! ! Benin Hogbahie Oukpa Hontonou Dra Assankanme Paoulakpa Bohe Mougnon ! ! ! Ag!behe ! ! ! Honhoun Bavou Pakpakan Honve Amou Ahihome Houo Sovi Ahevi Avocanzou Savakon Departement du Zou ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Onhoun 0 0 Vome-Vegame Agban Volli-Latadji Agougan Djaho Zakanme 0 Kodji Gnassata Tindji Assanline Zouto 0 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0 Benin: Flooding – Atlantic 8 Vivime Oki Kalachi Ouriagbi Diagbeto Baffan Detohou Sotta Hizan Ko g e Odecean ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Couffo Departement Atome-Ahevi Atome-Avegame Kogbitokoe Levourhoe Bagborhoe Sodjagotoe Lagborche Dra Gome Allomakanme Sonou Djime Bohicon Lisse-Sokodome orientation map ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Oky Tafan Houo Ketekpa Ketekpa Abomey ! ! ! ! ! ! ! N ' 0 Azime Anfin Poludji Ouakpe Adjahakpa ! ! ! ! ! Bekonkoli Davougon Lokokanme Ouahoue Bohicon Allahe 1 ! ! ! ! ! ! ° 7 Fagigarhoe Dolome Sinlito Dotota 0 SUMMARY: Orientation map ! ! ! Tohoueta Hodja Agnangnan ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0 0 Legbaholli 0 displaying departements Maougberhoe 9 Donoume Lonkly Oui Globoui Rhomte Agougan Sahoua Adjahakpa Dekanme Tanve 7 boundaries, settlements and russian ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! topographic background. Delli Zou Esuime Klikoue Zame Dagoudikoe Afanai Akonhoum Akpeto Gboli Lissazoume ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Haou!la ! Badjame Aboukoue Togba Kologbe Djohoue Lanta-Kechikoe
    [Show full text]
  • Disposal of Persistent Organic Pollutants and Obsolete Pesticides and Strengthening Life-Cycle Management of Pesticides in Benin”
    Project evaluation series Mid-term evaluation of “Disposal of Persistent Organic Pollutants and Obsolete Pesticides and Strengthening Life-cycle Management of Pesticides in Benin” Project evaluation series Mid-term evaluation of “Disposal of persistent organic pollutants and obsolete pesticides and strengthening life-cycle management of pesticides in Benin” GCP/BEN/056/GFF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Rome, 2019 Required citation: FAO. 2019. Mid-term evaluation of “Disposal of Persistent Organic Pollutants and Obsolete Pesticides and Strengthening Life-cycle Management of Pesticides in Benin”. Rome. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of FAO. © FAO, 2019 Some rights reserved. This work is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO licence (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO; https://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo/legalcode/legalcode). Under the terms of this licence, this work may be copied, redistributed and adapted for non-commercial purposes, provided that the work is appropriately cited.
    [Show full text]
  • Identification 2- Education
    CURRICULUM VITAE 1- Identification Name (First, Family) : Constant Kodjo, ADJIEN Sex : Male Date and place of birth : April,9th 1962, Lomé (TOGO) Civil status : Married, four children Nationality: : Beninese Permanent address : 08 BP 1045 Tri postal, Cotonou Tél : + 229 95 56 10 76 Email : [email protected] 2- Education ✓ Professor of Neurology of African and Malagasy Universities/Council for Higher Education (CAMES), Bangui, July 2019 ✓ Senior Lecturer in Neurology at CAMES, Yaounde, 2014 ✓ Certification of registration on the Aptitude List for The Functions of Master Assistant Côte A. Ouagadougou, 2010 ✓ Inter-University Diploma (IUD) of Epileptology, Nancy, 2007 ✓ In-depth Specialized Training Certificate in Neurology, Marseille, 2006 ✓ Certificate of Clinical and Epidemiology Research Methodology, Limoges,2001 ✓ University Diploma (UD) of Clinical Neurophysiological Explorations, Paris VI, 2001 ✓ Certificate of Special Studies (CES) in Neurology, Abidjan, 2002 ✓ State PhD in Medicine, Cotonou, 1994 1- Employement record - Since February 2018: Head of Training and Medical Research at the of Medical Affairs Direction (MAD) of CNHU-HKM - Since November 2014: Associate Lecturer at the University Neurology Clinic (CUN) at CNHU-HKM in Cotonou - 2010-2014: Master - Assistant Clinic Manager at the CUN at CNHU- HKM in Cotonou - 2009 2007: Assistant Head of Clinic at the University Clinic of Neurology (CUN) at CNHU-HKM in Cotonou - 2006-2007: Neurologist, Neurophysiologist and Epileptologist at CNHU in Cotonou - 2005-2006: Doing Intern function (FFI) at the Centre Saint Paul- Henri Gastaut Hospital (AFSA internship in Neurology and IUD in Epileptology, 2 semesters, in Marseille, France) - 2002-2005: Neurologist at C.N.H.U in Cotonou, Benin - 2000-2001: Associate In the Neurology Department, CHRU Dupuytren de Limoges (France) 2- Research fields 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Monographie Des Départements Du Zou Et Des Collines
    Spatialisation des cibles prioritaires des ODD au Bénin : Monographie des départements du Zou et des Collines Note synthèse sur l’actualisation du diagnostic et la priorisation des cibles des communes du département de Zou Collines Une initiative de : Direction Générale de la Coordination et du Suivi des Objectifs de Développement Durable (DGCS-ODD) Avec l’appui financier de : Programme d’appui à la Décentralisation et Projet d’Appui aux Stratégies de Développement au Développement Communal (PDDC / GIZ) (PASD / PNUD) Fonds des Nations unies pour l'enfance Fonds des Nations unies pour la population (UNICEF) (UNFPA) Et l’appui technique du Cabinet Cosinus Conseils Tables des matières 1.1. BREF APERÇU SUR LE DEPARTEMENT ....................................................................................................... 6 1.1.1. INFORMATIONS SUR LES DEPARTEMENTS ZOU-COLLINES ...................................................................................... 6 1.1.1.1. Aperçu du département du Zou .......................................................................................................... 6 3.1.1. GRAPHIQUE 1: CARTE DU DEPARTEMENT DU ZOU ............................................................................................... 7 1.1.1.2. Aperçu du département des Collines .................................................................................................. 8 3.1.2. GRAPHIQUE 2: CARTE DU DEPARTEMENT DES COLLINES .................................................................................... 10 1.1.2.
    [Show full text]
  • Socio-Demographic and Economic Characteristics, Crop-Livestock Production Systems and Issues for Rearing Improvement: a Review
    Available online at http://www.ifgdg.org Int. J. Biol. Chem. Sci. 12(1): 519-541, February 2018 ISSN 1997-342X (Online), ISSN 1991-8631 (Print) Review Paper http://ajol.info/index.php/ijbcs http://indexmedicus.afro.who.int Socio-demographic and economic characteristics, crop-livestock production systems and issues for rearing improvement: A review Daniel Bignon Maxime HOUNDJO1, Sébastien ADJOLOHOUN1*, Basile GBENOU1, Aliou SAIDOU2, Léonard AHOTON2, Marcel HOUINATO1, Soumanou SEIBOU TOLEBA1 and Brice Augustin SINSIN3 1Département de Production Animale, Faculté des Sciences Agronomiques, Université d’Abomey-Calavi, 03 BP 2819 Jéricho, Cotonou, Benin. 2Département de Production Végétale, Faculté des Sciences Agronomiques, Université d’Abomey-Calavi, 03 BP 2819 Jéricho, Cotonou, Benin. 3Département de l’Aménagement et Gestion des Ressources Naturelles, Faculté des Sciences Agronomiques, Université d’Abomey-Calavi, 03 BP 2819 Jéricho, Cotonou, Benin. *Corresponding author; E-mail : [email protected]; Tél: (+229) 97 89 88 51 ABSTRACT This paper reviews some characteristics of crop-livestock production systems in Benin with a special focus on the issues for enhance pasture production and nutritive value which in turn will increase animal productivity. Benin is located in the Gulf of Guinea of the Atlantic Ocean in West Africa and covers 114,763 km2. The population estimated in 2017 is 10,900,000 inhabitants with an annual population growth rate of 3.5%. The country is primarily an agro-based economy, characterized by subsistence agricultural production that employs more than 70%. The climate ranges from the bimodal rainfall equatorial type in the south to the tropical unimodal monsoon type in the north.
    [Show full text]
  • Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of The
    Clément et al. Universal Journal of Pharmaceutical Research Available online on 15.9.2019 at http://ujpr.org Universal Journal of Pharmaceutical Research An International Peer Reviewed Journal Open access to Pharmaceutical research This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial Share Alike 4.0 License which permits unrestricted non commercial use, provided the original work is properly cited Volume 4, Issue 4, 2019 RESEARCH ARTICLE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF THE ESSENTIAL OILS OF FOUR VARIETIES OF LIPPIA MULTIFLORA IN BENIN GANDONOU Dossa Clément1*, BAMBOLA Bouraïma2, TOUKOUROU Habib3 , GBAGUIDI Ahokannou 2 1 4 5 1 Fernand , DANSOU Christian , AWEDE Bonaventure , LALEYE Anatole , AHISSOU Hyacinthe 1Laboratory of Enzymology and Biochemistry of Proteins, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Abomey-Calavi, 01BP: 188, Cotonou, Benin. 2Pharmacognosie Laboratory /Institute of Research and Experimentation in Traditional Medicine and Pharmacopoeia (IREMPT) / Benin Center for Scientific Research and Innovation (CBRSI) / Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Abomey-Calavi, 01 BP 06 Oganla Porto-novo, Benin. 3Laboratory of Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Abomey- Calavi, Fairground Campus, 01 BP: 188, Cotonou, Benin. 4Unit of Teaching and Research in Physiology Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin. 5Cellogenetics and Cell Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Abomey-Calavi 01BP 188 Cotonou, Benin. ABSTRACT Objective: Present study involves the study of the chemical composition of the essential oils extracted from the leaves by gas chromatography and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry of Lippia multiflora harvested in the regions of Kétou, Savalou, Bohicon and Mono and tested by the well diffusion method against pathogenic microorganisms.
    [Show full text]
  • International Journal of Advanced Engineering and Management Research Vol
    International Journal of Advanced Engineering and Management Research Vol. 3 Issue 6; 2018 www.ijaemr.com ISSN: 2456-3676 DETERMINATION OF EXPLANATORY FACTORS OF THE DYNAMICS OF LAND OCCUPANCY IN THE COMMUNITY OF DJIDJA Brice SèvègniTCHAOU1, Calixte HOUSSOU1, José Edgard GNELE3et Odile DOSSOU GUEDEGBE1 Laboratoire d’Aménagement du Territoire, d’Environnement et de Développement Durable (LATEDD) / FLASH / Université d’Abomey-Calavi Université de Parakou Abstract The population explosion and the intensification of economic activities have led populations to occupy the land in different ways and for different reasons. The objective of the study is to determine the explanatory factors of the dynamics of the land occupation in the municipality of Djidja. The research methodology is based on data collection, manual and statistical processing of data and analysis of results. Surveys are made from 271 heads or representatives of households and resource persons. From this field work, it appears that the expansion of charcoal and firewood production activities is widespread throughout the municipality of Djidja. The total annual production of wood for the whole commune is 113 91, 2704 m³ of wood which corresponds to 50,889,515 kg equivalent of wood, or 175,203,222 tons of wood equivalent. The factors of land-use dynamics are natural, socio-economic and political. The evaluation of the dynamics of the land occupation in Djidja Commune in 1986, 2000 and 2016 revealed a regression of natural formations in favor of mosaics of fields and fallows and agglomerations even inside the two classified forests of Atcherigbe, Dan and the communal forest of Kolobi which practically no longer exists.
    [Show full text]
  • BENIN FY2020 Annual Work Plan
    USAID’s Act to End NTDs | West Benin FY20 WORK PLAN USAID’s Act to End Neglected Tropical Diseases | West Program BENIN FY2020 Annual Work Plan Annual Work Plan October 1, 2019 to September 30, 2020 1 USAID’s Act to End NTDs | West Benin FY20 WORK PLAN Contents ACRONYM LIST ............................................................................................................................................... 3 NARRATIVE ..................................................................................................................................................... 6 1. National NTD Program Overview....................................................................................................... 6 2. IR1 PLANNED ACTIVITIES: LF, TRA, OV ............................................................................................... 8 i. Lymphatic Filariasis ........................................................................................................................ 8 ii. Trachoma ..................................................................................................................................... 12 iii. Onchocerciasis ............................................................................................................................. 14 3. SUSTAINABILITY STRATEGY ACTIVITIES (IR2 and IR3) ...................................................................... 16 i. DATA SECURITY AND MANAGEMENT .......................................................................................... 16 ii.
    [Show full text]
  • En Téléchargeant Ce Document, Vous Souscrivez Aux Conditions D’Utilisation Du Fonds Gregory-Piché
    En téléchargeant ce document, vous souscrivez aux conditions d’utilisation du Fonds Gregory-Piché. Les fichiers disponibles au Fonds Gregory-Piché ont été numérisés à partir de documents imprimés et de microfiches dont la qualité d’impression et l’état de conservation sont très variables. Les fichiers sont fournis à l’état brut et aucune garantie quant à la validité ou la complétude des informations qu’ils contiennent n’est offerte. En diffusant gratuitement ces documents, dont la grande majorité sont quasi introuvables dans une forme autre que le format numérique suggéré ici, le Fonds Gregory-Piché souhaite rendre service à la communauté des scientifiques intéressés aux questions démographiques des pays de la Francophonie, principalement des pays africains et ce, en évitant, autant que possible, de porter préjudice aux droits patrimoniaux des auteurs. Nous recommandons fortement aux usagers de citer adéquatement les ouvrages diffusés via le fonds documentaire numérique Gregory- Piché, en rendant crédit, en tout premier lieu, aux auteurs des documents. Pour référencer ce document, veuillez simplement utiliser la notice bibliographique standard du document original. Les opinions exprimées par les auteurs n’engagent que ceux-ci et ne représentent pas nécessairement les opinions de l’ODSEF. La liste des pays, ainsi que les intitulés retenus pour chacun d'eux, n'implique l'expression d'aucune opinion de la part de l’ODSEF quant au statut de ces pays et territoires ni quant à leurs frontières. Ce fichier a été produit par l’équipe des projets numériques de la Bibliothèque de l’Université Laval. Le contenu des documents, l’organisation du mode de diffusion et les conditions d’utilisation du Fonds Gregory-Piché peuvent être modifiés sans préavis.
    [Show full text]