The Geography of Welfare in Benin, Burkina Faso, Côte D'ivoire, and Togo
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Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized The Geography of Welfare in Benin, Burkina Faso, Côte d’Ivoire, and Togo Public Disclosure Authorized Nga Thi Viet Nguyen and Felipe F. Dizon Public Disclosure Authorized 00000_CVR_English.indd 1 12/6/17 2:29 PM November 2017 The Geography of Welfare in Benin, Burkina Faso, Côte d’Ivoire, and Togo Nga Thi Viet Nguyen and Felipe F. Dizon 00000_Geography_Welfare-English.indd 1 11/29/17 3:34 PM Photo Credits Cover page (top): © Georges Tadonki Cover page (center): © Curt Carnemark/World Bank Cover page (bottom): © Curt Carnemark/World Bank Page 1: © Adrian Turner/Flickr Page 7: © Arne Hoel/World Bank Page 15: © Adrian Turner/Flickr Page 32: © Dominic Chavez/World Bank Page 48: © Arne Hoel/World Bank Page 56: © Ami Vitale/World Bank 00000_Geography_Welfare-English.indd 2 12/6/17 3:27 PM Acknowledgments This study was prepared by Nga Thi Viet Nguyen The team greatly benefited from the valuable and Felipe F. Dizon. Additional contributions were support and feedback of Félicien Accrombessy, made by Brian Blankespoor, Michael Norton, and Prosper R. Backiny-Yetna, Roy Katayama, Rose Irvin Rojas. Marina Tolchinsky provided valuable Mungai, and Kané Youssouf. The team also thanks research assistance. Administrative support by Erick Herman Abiassi, Kathleen Beegle, Benjamin Siele Shifferaw Ketema is gratefully acknowledged. Billard, Luc Christiaensen, Quy-Toan Do, Kristen Himelein, Johannes Hoogeveen, Aparajita Goyal, Overall guidance for this report was received from Jacques Morisset, Elisée Ouedraogo, and Ashesh Andrew L. Dabalen. Prasann for their discussion and comments. Joanne Gaskell, Ayah Mahgoub, and Aly Sanoh pro- vided detailed and careful peer review comments. Acknowledgments iii 00000_Geography_Welfare-English.indd 3 11/29/17 3:34 PM 00000_Geography_Welfare-English.indd 4 11/29/17 3:34 PM Abbreviations and Acronyms AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome CGIAR Consultative Group for International Agricultural Research CMU Country Management Unit ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States EMC Continuous Multi-Sectoral Survey (Enquête Multisectorielle Continue) EMICOV Integrated Modular Household Well-Being Survey (Enquête Modulaire Intégrée sur les Conditions de Vie des Ménages) ENV Household Living Standards Survey (Enquête sur le Niveau de Vie des Ménages) FAO Food and Agriculture Organization PFR Rural Land Plans (Plans Fonciers Ruraux) FEWSNET Famine Early Warning Systems Network GADM Global Administrative Area Database GDP Gross Domestic Product HI Herfindahl Index HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus ICT Information and Communication Technology IFPRI International Food Policy Research Institute LMI Low and Middle Income NEG New Economic Geography OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development PAD Project Appraisal Document PFR Rural Land Use Plan (Plan Foncier Rural) PID Project Information Document PPP Purchasing Power Parity QUIBB Basic Well-Being Indicator Questionnaire (Questionnaire des Indicateurs de Base du Bien-être) R&D Research and Development SCD Systematic Country Diagnostic SHIP Survey-Based Harmonized Indicators Program SMS Short Message Service SSA Sub-Saharan Africa TFP Total Factor Productivity UN United Nations WAEMU West African Economic and Monetary Union WDI World Development Indicator Abbreviations and Acronyms v 00000_Geography_Welfare-English.indd 5 11/29/17 3:34 PM 00000_Geography_Welfare-English.indd 6 11/29/17 3:34 PM Table of Contents Acknowledgments . iii Abbreviations and Acronyms . .v Executive Summary . .xi Chapter 1: Location and Prosperity . 1. Motivation and Objectives ............................................................... 2 Regional Context ....................................................................... 3 Data . 4 Chapter 2: Geography of Welfare—Three Building Blocks . 7 Natural Endowment ....................................................................8 Agglomeration Economies ...............................................................11 Market Access ..........................................................................12 Chapter 3: Spatial Disparities in Welfare and Poverty . 15 Leading and Lagging Areas ...............................................................17 Poverty Rates, Poverty Mass, and Poverty Density ........................................20 Access to Services .....................................................................23 Quality of Life and Characteristics of Poor People .........................................26 Chapter 4: Geographical Differences in Agricultural Activity . 32 Employment in Agriculture . .35 Agricultural Productivity ................................................................36 Assets, Inputs, and Output Markets .....................................................43 Chapter 5: Putting It All Together . 48 Relationship between Welfare and Agricultural Productivity ................................49 Three Sets of Explanatory Variables for Three Building Blocks ..............................50 Correlates of Welfare ....................................................................51 Correlates of Agricultural Productivity ...................................................53 Chapter 6: Policy Recommendations and Further Studies . .56 Urbanization...........................................................................57 Agricultural Productivity ................................................................58 Fiscal Transfers ........................................................................59 Safety Net Programs ...................................................................60 Limitations and Further Studies .........................................................60 References . 63 Table of Contents vii 00000_Geography_Welfare-English.indd 7 11/29/17 3:34 PM Appendix A: Agroecological Zones . 68 Appendix B: Market Accessibility Index—Methodology . 71 Appendix C: Extra Materials . 73. Appendix D: Summary of Findings on Agricultural Activities across Countries, by Zone . 83 Appendix E: Agricultural Data—Notes on Model Construction . 85 Maps, Tables, Figures, and Boxes Map 1.1: Climate Classification ...............................................................3 Map 2.1: Abundant in Terms of Precipitation Levels ........................................... 9 Map 2.2: Agroecological Zones, by Country ...................................................10 Map 2.3: Concentration of Agglomeration Economies in the South .............................12 Map 2.4: Road Networks ...................................................................13 Map 2.5: Concentration of High Market Access in the South, around Capitals and Economic Capitals .....................................................................14 Map 3.1: Cluster of Leading Areas in the South, around the Capitals and the Economic Capitals, or along Country Borders ...................................................................17 Map 3.2: In Three out of Four Countries, the North is Remarkably Poorer than the South .........21 Map 3.3: Lower Poverty Rates in Areas around the Capitals and the Economic Capitals, and along the Country Border...............................................................21 Map 3.4: High Poverty Density in and around the Capitals and the Economic Capitals, and in the South.......................................................................... 23 Map 3.5: High Variation in Access to Public Services across Space (except cellphone coverage) ... 25 Map 3.6: Low Service Coverage in Areas with High Poverty Incidence ..........................26 Map 3.7: Higher Diversity in Food Consumption Basket and Lower Food Share from Own Production in the South . 27 Map 3.8: Variation in Key Food Consumed across Space ......................................28 Map 4.1: Employment in Agriculture Relative to Other Sectors ................................35 Map 4.2: Cash Crops across Agroecological Zones............................................39 Map 4.3: Cash Crops across Côte d’Ivoire’s Agroecological Zones ..............................40 Map 4.4: Maize Yields across Agroecological Zones............................................41 Map 4.5: Cash Crop Yields across Agroecological Zones ...................................... 42 Map 4.6: Use of Inputs and Farm Land across Agroecological Zones ........................... 44 Map 4.7: Land Tenure Security across Agroecological Zones...................................46 Map 4.8: Sale of Agricultural Produce........................................................47 Table 1.1: Economic per Capita Growth by International Standards...............................4 Table 1.2: Geographical Data Sources ........................................................ 6 Table 3.1: Better Housing Conditions for Poor Households in Urban Areas or in Favorable Agroecological Zones......................................................................29 Table 3.2: Fewer Family Members, Lower Dependency Rates, More Likely to be Female-Headed Households, and Less Likely to Have No Education among Poor Households in Urban Areas and Favorable Zones ......................................................................30 Table 5.1: Statistical Summary ..............................................................51 viii The Geography of Welfare in Benin, Burkina Faso, Côte d’Ivoire, and Togo 00000_Geography_Welfare-English.indd 8 11/29/17 3:34 PM Table 5.2: Factors Associated with Spatial Differences in Poverty: Coastal