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The 1960s

Oliver Goland and Patrick Melanson General Truth The sixties were a decade full of changing attitudes; whether it was civil rights, social welfare, the Cold War, or the limit of human expansion, Americans did what previous generations could not or would not. The developments that emerged as a result of this shift, including legislation and technology, are the legacy of the sixties. Overview

The 1960's were a dramatic time for America in many ways. The decade was full of competition with the United Soviet Socialist Republics, changing government responsibilities, and increased civil rights. As a result of the decade, America has been changed drastically in ways that can never be reversed. During the 60's a series of welfare programs were initiated, both by Kennedy and by Lyndon B Johnson. The programs were started mainly as part of a way to reform America and have an equalizing effect on Americans, and provide a safety net for its citizens. These programs were a new role that the government was fulfilling for America, and has lasting impacts, as the programs exist today. Another lasting effect of the decade were the accomplishments of the Civil Rights movement. Through the efforts of people like Martin Luther King Jr., many changes were made in American society. The establishment of laws such as the many Civil Rights Acts, and government enforcement of desegregation helped eliminate institutional prejudice. In addition to the direct effects of the civil rights movement, it led to the widespread use of peaceful protest as a way to get legal changes. Through actions such as the March on Washington, the sit-ins, and other measures the Civil Rights Movement helped change America for the better through peaceful demonstration. One of the most key parts of the 60's however was not domestic but foreign. The Cold War, while not unique to the 60's, dominated much of the foreign policy of the time. The competition between the US and the USSR led to many developments. One of the most exemplary is the Space Race; the two world super powers used all of their resources to try and beat the other to the domination of space and the Moon. While this happened, less peaceful contests occurred, such as the Vietnam War, a conflict started to try and contain the spread of Communism in south-east Asia. But while the Vietnam War had many conflicts, it was not the most tense part of the Cold War, that belongs instead to the Cuban Missile Crisis, which brought the two nations to the brink of nuclear war. Whether it was through domestic developments, like civil rights and welfare, or foreign involvements, the 60's would end up as a decade which forever changed the course of American history. The events of the decade have long lasting impacts both for America and the world.

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Table of Contents

Terms List………………………………………………………………………………………………..3-5 Documents…………………………………………………………………………………….…..……6-14 Gulf of Tonkin Resolution……………………………………………………………………..….6 Lyndon B Johnson's 1964 State of the Union Address……………………………………..…..…7 Kennedy News Conference on Steel Prices…………………………………………..………..…8 Kennedy Cuban Missile Crisis Speech…………………………………………….……………..9 Rachel Carson on Conservation…………………………………..……………………………..10 Delano Grape Strike…………………………………………..………………………………….11 Kennedy Inaugural Address……………………………………………..…….…………………12 Space Race……………………………………………………….………………………………13 “I have a dream” speech………………………………………….………………………………14 Quiz ………………………………………………………………………………………….….…… 15-16 References..…………………………………………………………………………………………….…17

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Terms

Events:

1960 Election of JFK - Democratic nominee JFK won narrow victory against Republican and incumbent Richard Nixon, becomes first Catholic in the White House, youngest president Greensboro sit-ins - series of lunch counter sit-ins in North Carolina at Woolworth's department store, catalyzed sit-ins in other US cities 1961 Freedom rides begin - initially organized by CORE and SNCC, the program sent groups of blacks and whites together on buses heading south in order to test southern transportation facilities that recently had been desegregated by a Supreme Court decision Bay of Pigs Invasion in Cuba (April 17) - failed invasion of communist Cuba, supported by CIA and approved by Kennedy, invasion force composed of US trained Cuban exiles 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis (October 16-28) -13 day confrontation between US and Soviet Union caused by US placement of missiles in Italy and Turkey and consequent Soviet missile placement in Cuba, US blockade on Cuba to prevent further military buildup, Khrushchev and Kennedy negotiate settlement, closest the Cold War came to nuclear war 1963 Assassination of President JFK (November 22) - JFK was shot in Dallas, Texas while riding in a motorcade, Lee Harvey Oswald was arrested for the shooting March on Washington - demonstrators gathered to stand for economic and civil rights for African Americans and support Kennedy's stronger civil rights bill, Martin Luther King, Kr., gave his "I have a dream," speech calling for an end to racism 1964 Civil Rights Acts Passed - landmark civil rights and labor act that outlawed racial discrimination in all public accommodations and authorized the Justice Department to act with greater authority in school and voting matters, initially poorly, later supplemented with other acts Gulf of Tonkin Resolution - authorized President Lyndon B. Johnson to use military force in Southeast Asia without officially declaring war 1965 Voting Rights Act - prohibited racial discrimination in voting, singled out the South for its restrictive practices and authorized the US attorney general to appoint federal examiners to register voters where local officials were obstructing the registration of blacks Selma to Montgomery Marches - series of three protests along the Alabama state highway organized by activists to campaign for equal voting rights 1966 Founding of the Black Panthers - founded in Oakland, California by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale, militant organization, vowed to eradicated racial discrimination and capitalism 1967 4

Urban riots in 22 cities - Violent riots erupted in Rochester, New York City, New Jersey, Los Angeles, and other cities, showed that racial injustice was not a southern problem but an American one 1968 Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.(March 29) - MLK was in Memphis, Tennessee to support a sanitation workers' strike, he was shot on the balcony of his hotel by James Earl Ray Election of Richard Nixon - chaotic election, Democratic nominee Robert F. Kennedy assassinated, Hubert Humphrey became the nominee, former vice president and Republican nominee, Richard Nixon won a narrow victory 1969 Woodstock Festival - rock music festival attracting an audience of 400,000 people on a dairy farm in upstate New York, lasted four days Stonewall riots - series of violent demonstrations by members of the LGBT community against a police raid at the Stonewall Inn, birth of gay liberation movement and fight for LGBT rights Apollo 11 lands on the moon - spaceflight that landed the first two humans on the moon: Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin

People:

Betty Friedan - author, activist, feminist, wrote The Feminine Mystique, helped organize nationwide Women's Strike for Equality, first president of National Organization for Women Eugene McCarthy - politician from Minnesota, led mid-west democrats and Catholics, first proposed Immigration Act of 1965 before regretting it James Farmer - civil rights activist, worked for a non-violent end to racial segregation, initiated and organized Freedom Ride, Co-founded Congress of Racial Equality James Meredith - civil rights activist, first student at segregated University of Mississippi, led March Against Fear John F. Kennedy - 35th President of the US (1961-1963), youngest man ever elected (43), first Catholic in the White House, Democrat Lyndon B. Johnson - 36th President of the US (1963- 69), succeeded JFK after assassination, designed "Great Society", Democrat Malcolm X - Muslim minister, civil rights activist, was public face of Nation of Islam, after leaving was assassinated (1925-65) Martin Luther King Jr. - Non-violent civil rights activist, march on Washington, assassinated for activism (1929-68), Baptist minister Medgar Evers - civil rights activist, led movement to desegregate University of Mississippi, assassinated (1925-63) Rachel Carson - author and marine biologist, wrote Silent Spring among others, helped start conservation and EPA Richard Nixon - 37th President of the US(1969-74), Watergate scandal, ended Vietnam War, visited China 5

Robert F. Kennedy - politician, assassinated (1925-1968), authored The Enemy Within, campaign manager of JFK, advocated for Civil Rights Movement, fought against organized crime Thurgood Marshall - 96th Supreme Court Justice, first black Justice, as a lawyer won Brown v. Board of Education Joseph Heller - author of Catch 22, criticized war and bureaucracy

Organizations:

American Indian Movement - a civil rights organization for helping Native Americans be autonomous and eliminate prejudice against them COINTELPRO - (COunter INTELligence PROgram) a series of covert, and often illegal activities done by the FBI to eliminate groups it deemed subversive, such as the Black Panther Party and the Ku Klux Klan, through neutralization, disruption and other practices CORE - (Congress Of Racial Equality) an African-American civil rights movement, they are dedicated to achieving equality for all people, they organized things like the Freedom rides, and challenged school segregation in Chicago NAACP - (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) a civil rights movement for African Americans, worked for legislation to end racial discrimination such as the Civil Rights Act of 1965 NOW - (National Organization for Women) is a feminist organization founded in 1966 to advocate for the enforcement of Title VII and Civil Rights Act of 1964 New Left - a collection of political movements meant to reform society in areas such as civil rights, drugs, and abortion. In contrast with other previous social justice movements, the New Left rejected Marxist thinking New Right - a collection of libertarian, traditionalists, anti-communist, and populist ideas which often is related to the religious right, tried to get Barry Goldwater as president and would continue to influence politics in the future Peace Corps - established in 1961 by an executive order of JFK, they are a civilian group meant to help developing nations with trained manpower, it also was meant to stop rising sentiments against America in recently de-colonized nations SCLC - (Southern Christian Leadership Conference) a nonviolent organization that advocated for African American rights, its first president was Martin Luther King Jr. and organized protests against segregation such as the Albany Movement and Birmingham Campaign SNCC - (Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee) an organization of students that led movements for equality such as Freedom Rides, sit-ins, the March on Washington SDS - (Students for a Democratic Society) a student activism movement that was a main representation of the New Left UFW - (United Farm Workers) a union of farm workers across America, it led the Texas Strike Weathermen - an extremist group of leftists terrorists that caused bombings, riots, and jailbreaks starting in 1969

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Documents

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution (Political)

Under the Kennedy administration, advisory support for South Vietnam was expanded in order to contain communism in Southeast Asia. But by 1964, the collapse of South Vietnam at the hands of communist North Vietnam and the Viet Cong was imminent. The Johnson administration believed that the escalation of the American role in Vietnam was the only solution. In August 1964, following a purported attack in the Gulf of Tonkin by North Vietnamese torpedo boats on two intelligence gathering US destroyers, Johnson obtained a resolution from Congress giving him authority to "take all necessary measures to repel any armed attack against the forces of the United States and to prevent further aggression."

While the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution was the official response to the Gulf of Tonkin Incident, it was also an unofficial declaration of war. The document references the Gulf of Tonkin Incident as justification for US intervention, declaring that it constituted a “serious threat to international peace.” The resolution allowed military escalation to begin in Vietnam, resulting in over 500,000 American soldiers on the ground by 1968.

This document is important because it demonstrates the attitude of the United States at this time. As was the typical course of America at the time, whenever it saw an increase in Communism's field of influence it would interfere and attempt to limit or destroy it, disregarding the document's claim of lacking any political ambitions, it was meant as strengthening the sphere of influence of the US while limiting that of the USSR and other communists. This document is part of the United States' plan for containment of communism. Containment was in this case enforced through the Vietnam War despite the document's calls for peace. This exemplifies the attitude of the United States at the time, as one of trying to stop communism's spread at any cost, while justifying it through euphemisms describing it as peace. (we could also talk about the war powers act which repealed the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, after Congress reevaluated how much power they had given to the president) I thought it was implemented too late, it was passed in 1973

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Lyndon B Johnson's 1964 State of the Union Address (Social, Economic, Political)

During the Kennedy Administration a number of reform initiatives were set in place. Lyndon B. Johnson took office in 1964, only weeks after the assassination of Kennedy and wanted to continue Kennedy's efforts to expand the welfare state. His vision for America was motivated by the widespread poverty and racial injustice that were present in the country at the time.

In his 1964 State of the Union Address, Johnson outlined his goals for America before Congress and the American people. His main aspirations were an "unconditional war on poverty" and an end to racial discrimination. Johnson's plans for these reforms involved a series of legislation supported on national, state, and local levels. He called upon Congress to demonstrate effective "legislative leadership" and to "make this year's session the best in the nation's history." Johnson's plan was extremely ambitious, and he conceded that it would require a large level of cooperation. Nonetheless, Johnson pursued his plan energetically and ultimately achieved much of what he set out to do, with 226 out of his 256 legislative requests fulfilled by Congress.

This document is important because it framed the overarching goals of the Johnson administration, many of which came to fruition through legislative measures. The reform program that he discussed, later referred to as the "Great Society," became fundamental to Johnson's administration and a guideline for his presidency. The Economic Opportunity Act of 1964, which provided training and education to disadvantaged youth, was passed as part of the antipoverty program he had discussed in his speech. Similarly, the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965, which sought to end racial discrimination, were envisioned in his speech. Medicare and Medicaid were other Great Society programs.

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Kennedy News Conference on Steel Prices (Economic)

When Kennedy took office in 1960, the country was still recovering from the recession of 1958. As promised by his campaign slogan, "getting America moving again," Kennedy sought to strengthen the economy. His plan to end the recession involved working the business community while controlling price inflation. To this end, JFK negotiated a deal in which the US Steel Union agreed to restrain their wage demands in return for promises that the US Steel Company would not raise their prices. However, crisis struck in April 1962 when steel companies decided to increase prices instead.

In a news conference, Kennedy discussed how he was upset at the sudden and apparently unanimous decision of various steel companies to increase their prices by six dollars per ton of steel. He told the nation how he believed the steel executives were abusing their power by increasing the prices arbitrarily, and how it has been the duty of Americans to serve their nation and that the steel companies had failed. This decision by the steel companies was described by Kennedy to have powerful negative effects against the public, such as an increase in costs of living, automobiles, and other things becoming standard for Americans.

This document is important because it illustrates the tension between the business community and JFK. Although the steel businesses eventually rescinded their price increases, they became distrustful of Kennedy's forceful approach and viewed his actions as an attack on the free market system. Although Kennedy rejected excessive government regulation and control of the economy, he was not shy of pressuring people and businesses in non-legal ways such as this speech. The steel crisis and the animosity it provoked set the economic trajectory for the remainder of Kennedy's presidency.

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Kennedy Cuban Missile Crisis Speech (Political)

The Cuban Missile Crisis occurred in the middle of the Cold War, over the span of two weeks in October 1962. It began when US surveillance planes were sent over Cuba and returned with images revealing ballistic missiles which could reach major US population centers in a matter of minutes. With the lingering memory of failure during the Bay of Pigs Invasion still fresh, Kennedy was determined to emerge out of this confrontation successfully. On October 22, he held a meeting with members of the Executive Committee of National Security Council.

Kennedy later described the situation and informed the nation of his plans in a televised address. He declared that the Soviet's "rapid offensive buildup" in Cuba was a "definite threat to peace" and could not be tolerated. Kennedy was determined to meet the confrontation with strength and discussed a comprehensive plan for dealing with the Soviet threat. A major aspect of this plan was the decision to enact a naval quarantine around Cuba to prevent the Soviets from importing more "offensive military equipment" to Cuba. However, early on Kennedy's advisors had urge a full-scale invasion of Cuba. Kennedy, realized the potential for Soviet retaliation in Europe and decided against this. In addition, he knew that it would be unwise to carry out a full-scale blockade since it would not only be considered an act of war, but it would also be inhumane to the Cuban people. After the disaster at the Bay of Pigs, Kennedy could not afford to be submissive to the Soviets.

This address on the US position during the Cuban Missile Crisis is important because the conflict was the biggest confrontation of the Cold War, bringing the world to the brink of nuclear war. The idea of mutually assured destruction had promoted an arms buildup, resulting in a crescendo in tension between the US and the Soviet Union. But the Cuban Missile Crisis was also a turning point in the Cold War. A Soviet-American hotline was installed as a result of the crisis to prevent similar confrontations in the future. In addition, the Limited Test Ban Treaty of 1963 was negotiated between the rivals, prohibiting atmospheric tests of nuclear weapons. Although the Cold War continued after the Cuban Missile Crisis, tensions began to ease between the US and the Soviet Union.

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Rachel Carson on Conservation (Environmental, social)

The environmental movement in America had its roots in the 1960s. Naturalist, Rachel Carson was a principal figure in the movement and was famous for her book Silent Spring which warned the public of the dangers of pesticides and environmental pollution. The publication of the book in 1962 had ripple effects across America. Her book was well received by many, but also received a fair amount of criticism, especially by the chemical industry. Congress responded by holding a hearing on the issue of environmental pollution in June 1963.

Carson appeared before Congress to deliver a testimony during this review. Her statement addressed the environmental hazards control of pesticides and other poisons. In her speech, Carson described the sources of environmental pollution, including pesticides, "chemical wastes from factories, detergents from homes and industries." She explained how the shortsightedness of businesses who are concerned with making a profit causes irreversible damage to the environment. Her main purpose was to show how disturbing the environmental situation was in order to convince Congress to take action.

This speech is important because it was delivered by a leading figure of the environmental movement and helped to make the issue of environmental pollution public. Carson's research led the President's Science Advisory to issue a report on pesticide poisoning. In addition, her work helped convince Congress to pass the Wilderness Preservation Act in 1964 and promoted several other legislative measures to protect the environment. Carson's work was crucial to setting the environmental movement on course.

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Delano Grape Strike (Economic)

In the 1960s, laborers and management clashed frequently. Several labor unions were formed to organize strike in order to gain improvements in working conditions and pay. In September 1965, César Chávez and Dolores Huerta led the National Farm Workers Alliance (NFWA) in a strike against the grape growers in the Delano area of California. The NFWA hoped to organize a consumer boycott of grapes.

In 1969, Dolores Huerta issued a proclamation to explain why the striking laborers wished for consumers to boycott grapes. In the statement, she described how the farmers who first started working the fields of California hundreds of years ago endured suffering and hunger similar to the conditions for farmers at her time. She asserted that grapes must remain an "unenjoyed luxury," until the workers who picked them were fairly treated. Huerta hoped that a successful boycott by the NFWA would encourage other American farmers to follow suit.

This document is important because the Delano Grape Strike was one of the most innovative and influential strikes of the time. Besides boycotts, the strike involved other tactics, such as marches, and performing art to protest the farming conditions. These strategies allowed the strike to last over five years, ending with a collective bargaining agreement that promised more representation to farm workers. As Huerta had hoped, the success of the Delano Grape Strike inspired a series of strikes by the United Farm Workers Union, resulting in the 1975 Agricultural Labor Relations Act which established collective bargaining for California farmworkers.

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Kennedy's Inaugural Address (Political)

This speech given by President Kennedy during his inauguration, helps exemplify the spirit of Kennedy's presidency, that being one of a collection of efforts both domestically and foreign in order to face the common enemy of man, namely, "tyranny, poverty, disease, and war itself". This speech lays the groundwork for many of the goals both sought after and accomplished in the 60's.

The speech starts with a prioritization of liberty over all other subjects linking to the foundation of America. This s not too far from the connection made in the welfare policies made by both President Kennedy and Johnson in the Great Society. This can be seen by the focus on poverty which had been made as a new form of oppression. The increase in welfare under President Kennedy was meant to combat this, and lay the groundwork for Lyndon B. Johnson's Great Society. Kennedy's idea of increased government involvement did not stop at spending but also a hands-on approach to the economy, as can be seen through his dealings with US Steel.

This speech also sets a focus on science and its potential for international cooperation, "Let both sides seek to invoke the wonders of science instead of its terrors" being a key idea throughout the speech. Kennedy ad a presidency that tried to have international efforts focus on science and liberty. He did this through the United Nations and agreements like the Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty. However, his focus on liberty would sometimes contradict itself as was done in this speech, "one form of colonial control shall not have passed away merely to be replaced by a far more iron tranny" setting an idea of stopping the spread of communism. Which would lead to foreign policies like the Bay of Pigs Invasion attempt. Despite the hope being set for world peace and an end to war, Kennedy did think it was necessary to maintain the arms race saying, "only when our arms are sufficient beyond doubt can we be certain beyond doubt they will never be employed" continuing a policy of mutually assured destruction with the USSR.

These statements made in President Kennedy's inaugural address would establish policy not only for his presidency, and the 60's but forever changing American history and thinking politically. Making the inaugural address of President Kennedy an important and representative document for the 60's in the United States.

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Space Race (Political, Economic)

The 60's were, like much of the latter half of the 20th century, obsessed with the competitions of the Cold War between the United States and the United Soviet Socialist Republics. One of the most important of these was the Space Race, which was started by the USSR's Sputnik 1 being the first artificial satellite. However, the US responded in kind with its own space program as detailed in this document. The US founded the National Aeronautical and Space Administration (NASA), to make develop the advancement in the race for the moon.

This document has information describing the intent and results of the space program, particularly after the successful Apollo 11 landing. This document describes how it is hoped that this is "a beginning – and not an end to the exploration and use of space" placing an emphasis on the continuation of the space program. The document lists the many benefits of the program. With economic benefits of both "applications of space systems to services for man" and "increased productivity resulting from advancing technology".

Another emphasis in this is the military advantage of having space dominance. The document lists things like, "Department of Defense space activities" as a potential future of the space program. One of the clear objectives was to advance national defense through military space programs. The document openly declares that competition with the USSR was "one of the several strong motivations of the U.S. space program". When talking about the victories of the space program it also says "the race with the Soviets has been won". That is because even though in the National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958 said the purpose was for all mankind, the post-Apollo project was meant to demonstrate American leadership in science. In an international frame, the Apollo programs were meant to "win extensive admiration and respect for American achievements", as no other project could.

This program was another example of how the competing forces of the United States and United Soviet Socialist Republics were competing for spheres of influence. The motivation of everything became layered with nationalism and competition with the other in the US. This document also demonstrates how the US repeatedly won these competitions with the USSR not only in the 60's but for the rest of the Cold War.

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"I Have a Dream" - Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. (Social)

This speech has a lot of what was happening socially during the 1960's socially. A new wave of progressive change was going through America, wanting social change especially towards the rights of racial minorities. Martin Luther King Jr.'s speech is known for setting the standard of conduct for protest and social change. In addition, his famous quote, "a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character" showed the new movement in America towards a future against racism.

The speech was given after a march on Washington DC, and served as a call both for the rights of people of color and a peaceful means of achieving it. The speech made multiple references to the founding of America, with its Bill of Rights, and how the dream would be that since "all men are created equal" they would all have equal rights under the law. The march was made during this civil rights movement chiefly in protest against segregation in many southern states, but also against the police brutality of the time. The Jim Crow laws were put in place in many southern states, and led to the dehumanization of blacks in those states, as well as unequal opportunity for them.

The speech also made clear that the elimination of things like Jim Crow laws was going to be fought against until they were destroyed. They went to the nation's capital to "remind America of the urgency of the Now" that no blacks were going to fight for their rights. That the time had come, and gradual change would not be enough. The fight for equality was going to continue until it was resolved, earning things like the Civil Rights Acts of 1964 and 1965.

However, the speech also made it clear that the struggle for liberty was not going to devolve into violence. Martin Luther King Jr. was clear in saying that "in the process of gaining our rightful place, we must not be guilty of wrongful deeds" demanding that the movement remain peaceful. This was to stop teachings like that of the Nation of Islam form spreading.

Martin Luther King Jr.'s "I Have a Dream" speech showed what the civil rights movement was focused on, that being equality achieved through peaceful demonstrations. That who people are is more important than what someone is. The movement achieved many great things and is critical to both the 1960's and American history.

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Quiz

1) Who were the three Presidents of the United States during the 1960's? A) Eisenhower, Kennedy, Nixon B) Johnson, Khrushchev, Goldwater C) Kennedy, Jackson, Nixon D) Kennedy, Johnson, Nixon

2) Which of the following was a Civil Rights organization during the 1960's? A) COINTELPRO B) SCLC C) Peace Corps D) dUFW

3) Which of the following events led to the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty? A) The Vietnam War B) The Cuban Missile Crisis C) The March on Washington D) The Space Race

4) The culture of the sixties was a(n)... A) Counter-culture B) Continuation of the fifties C) Regressive culture D) Anti-drug culture

5) "Some folks inherit star spangled eyes Ooh, they send you down to war, Lord And when you ask 'em "How Much should we give?" Ooh, they only answer "More! More! More!", y'all" The previous quote is from the song "Fortunate Son" written in 1969, what does it tell you about the attitude of the youth in the 1960's? ______6) All of the following occurred in the 1960s except... A) Bay of Pigs Invasion B) Founding of the Black Panthers C) Brown v Board of Education D) Apollo 11 mission 7) Which of the following is not a Cold War term? A) The Anaconda Plan B) The Domino Theory C) Mutually Assured Destruction D) Containment

8) Which of the following was a result of Lyndon Johnson's "Great Society" programs? A) Peace Corps program B) March on Washington C) Social Security Act D) Medicare law

9) The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution... 16

A) Officially declared war against North Vietnam B) Was a response to South Vietnamese aggression C) Gave the president authority to use military force in Vietnam D) Was an naval blockade of southeast Asia

10) Who said, "Ask not what your country can do for you—ask what you can do for your country"? A) Malcom X B) JFK C) Martin Luther King Jr. D) Ho Chi Minh

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References https://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=false&doc=98&page=transcript http://www.lbjlibrary.net/collections/selected-speeches/november-1963-1964/01-08-1964.html https://www.jfklibrary.org/Research/Research-Aids/Ready-Reference/Press-Conferences/News- Conference-30.aspx https://www.jfklibrary.org/Asset-Viewer/sUVmCh-sB0moLfrBcaHaSg.aspx https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/hisnps/NPSThinking/nps-oah.html http://rachelcarsoncouncil.org/about/about-rachel-carson/rachel-resources/rachel-carsons-statement- before-congress-1963/ http://chavez.cde.ca.gov/ResearchCenter/DocumentDisplayRC.aspx?rpg=/chdocuments/ documentdisplay.jsp&doc=6212dd%3Aead754e3ce%3A-7f60&searchhit=yes