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Decades Final APUSH Project

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Decades Final APUSH Project !1 The 1960s Oliver Goland and Patrick Melanson General Truth The sixties were a decade full of changing attitudes; whether it was civil rights, social welfare, the Cold War, or the limit of human expansion, Americans did what previous generations could not or would not. The developments that emerged as a result of this shift, including legislation and technology, are the legacy of the sixties. Overview The 1960's were a dramatic time for America in many ways. The decade was full of competition with the United Soviet Socialist Republics, changing government responsibilities, and increased civil rights. As a result of the decade, America has been changed drastically in ways that can never be reversed. During the 60's a series of welfare programs were initiated, both by Kennedy and by Lyndon B Johnson. The programs were started mainly as part of a way to reform America and have an equalizing effect on Americans, and provide a safety net for its citizens. These programs were a new role that the government was fulfilling for America, and has lasting impacts, as the programs exist today. Another lasting effect of the decade were the accomplishments of the Civil Rights movement. Through the efforts of people like Martin Luther King Jr., many changes were made in American society. The establishment of laws such as the many Civil Rights Acts, and government enforcement of desegregation helped eliminate institutional prejudice. In addition to the direct effects of the civil rights movement, it led to the widespread use of peaceful protest as a way to get legal changes. Through actions such as the March on Washington, the sit-ins, and other measures the Civil Rights Movement helped change America for the better through peaceful demonstration. One of the most key parts of the 60's however was not domestic but foreign. The Cold War, while not unique to the 60's, dominated much of the foreign policy of the time. The competition between the US and the USSR led to many developments. One of the most exemplary is the Space Race; the two world super powers used all of their resources to try and beat the other to the domination of space and the Moon. While this happened, less peaceful contests occurred, such as the Vietnam War, a conflict started to try and contain the spread of Communism in south-east Asia. But while the Vietnam War had many conflicts, it was not the most tense part of the Cold War, that belongs instead to the Cuban Missile Crisis, which brought the two nations to the brink of nuclear war. Whether it was through domestic developments, like civil rights and welfare, or foreign involvements, the 60's would end up as a decade which forever changed the course of American history. The events of the decade have long lasting impacts both for America and the world. !2 Table of Contents Terms List………………………………………………………………………………………………..3-5 Documents…………………………………………………………………………………….…..……6-14 Gulf of Tonkin Resolution……………………………………………………………………..….6 Lyndon B Johnson's 1964 State of the Union Address……………………………………..…..…7 Kennedy News Conference on Steel Prices…………………………………………..………..…8 Kennedy Cuban Missile Crisis Speech…………………………………………….……………..9 Rachel Carson on Conservation…………………………………..……………………………..10 Delano Grape Strike…………………………………………..………………………………….11 Kennedy Inaugural Address……………………………………………..…….…………………12 Space Race……………………………………………………….………………………………13 “I have a dream” speech………………………………………….………………………………14 Quiz ………………………………………………………………………………………….….…… 15-16 References..…………………………………………………………………………………………….…17 !3 Terms Events: 1960 Election of JFK - Democratic nominee JFK won narrow victory against Republican and incumbent Richard Nixon, becomes first Catholic in the White House, youngest president Greensboro sit-ins - series of lunch counter sit-ins in North Carolina at Woolworth's department store, catalyzed sit-ins in other US cities 1961 Freedom rides begin - initially organized by CORE and SNCC, the program sent groups of blacks and whites together on buses heading south in order to test southern transportation facilities that recently had been desegregated by a Supreme Court decision Bay of Pigs Invasion in Cuba (April 17) - failed invasion of communist Cuba, supported by CIA and approved by Kennedy, invasion force composed of US trained Cuban exiles 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis (October 16-28) -13 day confrontation between US and Soviet Union caused by US placement of missiles in Italy and Turkey and consequent Soviet missile placement in Cuba, US blockade on Cuba to prevent further military buildup, Khrushchev and Kennedy negotiate settlement, closest the Cold War came to nuclear war 1963 Assassination of President JFK (November 22) - JFK was shot in Dallas, Texas while riding in a motorcade, Lee Harvey Oswald was arrested for the shooting March on Washington - demonstrators gathered to stand for economic and civil rights for African Americans and support Kennedy's stronger civil rights bill, Martin Luther King, Kr., gave his "I have a dream," speech calling for an end to racism 1964 Civil Rights Acts Passed - landmark civil rights and labor act that outlawed racial discrimination in all public accommodations and authorized the Justice Department to act with greater authority in school and voting matters, initially poorly, later supplemented with other acts Gulf of Tonkin Resolution - authorized President Lyndon B. Johnson to use military force in Southeast Asia without officially declaring war 1965 Voting Rights Act - prohibited racial discrimination in voting, singled out the South for its restrictive practices and authorized the US attorney general to appoint federal examiners to register voters where local officials were obstructing the registration of blacks Selma to Montgomery Marches - series of three protests along the Alabama state highway organized by activists to campaign for equal voting rights 1966 Founding of the Black Panthers - founded in Oakland, California by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale, militant organization, vowed to eradicated racial discrimination and capitalism 1967 !4 Urban riots in 22 cities - Violent riots erupted in Rochester, New York City, New Jersey, Los Angeles, and other cities, showed that racial injustice was not a southern problem but an American one 1968 Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.(March 29) - MLK was in Memphis, Tennessee to support a sanitation workers' strike, he was shot on the balcony of his hotel by James Earl Ray Election of Richard Nixon - chaotic election, Democratic nominee Robert F. Kennedy assassinated, Hubert Humphrey became the nominee, former vice president and Republican nominee, Richard Nixon won a narrow victory 1969 Woodstock Festival - rock music festival attracting an audience of 400,000 people on a dairy farm in upstate New York, lasted four days Stonewall riots - series of violent demonstrations by members of the LGBT community against a police raid at the Stonewall Inn, birth of gay liberation movement and fight for LGBT rights Apollo 11 lands on the moon - spaceflight that landed the first two humans on the moon: Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin People: Betty Friedan - author, activist, feminist, wrote The Feminine Mystique, helped organize nationwide Women's Strike for Equality, first president of National Organization for Women Eugene McCarthy - politician from Minnesota, led mid-west democrats and Catholics, first proposed Immigration Act of 1965 before regretting it James Farmer - civil rights activist, worked for a non-violent end to racial segregation, initiated and organized Freedom Ride, Co-founded Congress of Racial Equality James Meredith - civil rights activist, first student at segregated University of Mississippi, led March Against Fear John F. Kennedy - 35th President of the US (1961-1963), youngest man ever elected (43), first Catholic in the White House, Democrat Lyndon B. Johnson - 36th President of the US (1963- 69), succeeded JFK after assassination, designed "Great Society", Democrat Malcolm X - Muslim minister, civil rights activist, was public face of Nation of Islam, after leaving was assassinated (1925-65) Martin Luther King Jr. - Non-violent civil rights activist, march on Washington, assassinated for activism (1929-68), Baptist minister Medgar Evers - civil rights activist, led movement to desegregate University of Mississippi, assassinated (1925-63) Rachel Carson - author and marine biologist, wrote Silent Spring among others, helped start conservation and EPA Richard Nixon - 37th President of the US(1969-74), Watergate scandal, ended Vietnam War, visited China !5 Robert F. Kennedy - politician, assassinated (1925-1968), authored The Enemy Within, campaign manager of JFK, advocated for Civil Rights Movement, fought against organized crime Thurgood Marshall - 96th Supreme Court Justice, first black Justice, as a lawyer won Brown v. Board of Education Joseph Heller - author of Catch 22, criticized war and bureaucracy Organizations: American Indian Movement - a civil rights organization for helping Native Americans be autonomous and eliminate prejudice against them COINTELPRO - (COunter INTELligence PROgram) a series of covert, and often illegal activities done by the FBI to eliminate groups it deemed subversive, such as the Black Panther Party and the Ku Klux Klan, through neutralization, disruption and other practices CORE - (Congress Of Racial Equality) an African-American civil rights movement, they are dedicated to achieving equality for all people, they organized things like the Freedom rides, and challenged school segregation
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