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Home , Bisbee Deportation, Clara Fraser, Delano grape strike, Ludlow Massacre

VIVA : A HISTORY OF IDENTITY & RESISTANCE

Employees, called in sick or used vacation leave rather than cross the picket lines. These workers had the solidarity their union lacked. Index 5. In 1985, as a direct outgrowth of the SROC exposé of the reclassification system’s ingrained discrimination, WFSE won a landmark lawsuit that established comparable worth for state employees in Washington. Classi- fied Staff Association later became District 925 Service Employees, the feminist-inspired union for office workers. 6. Higher Education Personnel Board, State of Washington, “Hearing A America (ACWA) 112–113 Examiner’s Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law and Recommended De- Abortion rights 244, 250, 256, 264, American Center for International 267 Labor Solidarity 41 cision,” HEPB Nos. 648 and 683 (6 Mar. 1978), 12. Acosta, Josie 268 American Civil Liberties Union 7. Ibid., 12. Acuña, Rodolfo 51, 122 (ACLU) 234, 296 8. Ibid., 14. Acuña y Rossetti, Elisa 95 American Federation of Labor (AFL) AFL-CIO 40–41, 165; and United 98–99, 109, 114, 121, 132, 133– Farm Workers 158, 161, 162–163, 134 208 American GI Forum 66, 124, 245 African American movement: American Indian Movement (AIM) activism at University of Washing- 267 ton 310; civil rights struggle 75– American Institute for Free Labor 76, 181; nationalism/separatism in Development 41 41, 74–76, 186, 189–190 American Labor Union 140 37, 38, 65, 85, Anaya, Flores 215 90, 126, 208; nature of oppression Anderson, Benedict 30 75 Angel, Frank 226 Agricultural Labor Relations Act Anti-immigrant attacks 120, 121– (ALRA) 165–167, 169, 304 123, 163–165 Agricultural Workers Industrial Anti-Semitism 77–78, 174 League (AWIL) 139–140 Anzaldúa, Gloria 252, 273, 279 AIDS 67, 273, 278 Aragón, Paula 109 Alaniz, Ninfa Vasquez 289, 290– Archuleta, Manuel 226 292. See also Tanguma, Ninfa Argentina: Perón dictatorship 240 Alaniz, Ramón 289, 290–291 Farm Workers. See Maricopa Alaniz, Yolanda 14–15, 244–245, County Organizing Project 259, 266, 267, 268–270, 276, 276– (MCOP) 277, 278, 287, 291, 296, 297, 314, Arizona Rangers 85, 93, 99 320 Asian Americans 38, 40, 90 Alarcón, Norma 247 Asociación Nacional México-Ameri- Alianza Federal de Mercedes (La cana (ANMA) 123, 123–124 Alianza) 200–206, 209; relations Assimilation, forced 49, 62–63; with Native Americans 202; versus voluntary multiculturalism Tierra Amarilla courthouse raid 34–35 201–202, 205 August Twenty-ninth Movement 245 Alianza Hispano-Americana 124 Autonomous organizing 74 Alinsky, Saul 150, 213–214 Aztec empire 274 Allen, Robert 37, 45, 63 Aztlán 190, 195; El Plan Espiritual Almaguer, Tomás 37, 39, 63 de Aztlán 192–194, 210, 212, 217, Amalgamated Clothing Workers of 226

356 357 VIVA LA RAZA: A HISTORY OF CHICANO IDENTITY & RESISTANCE INDEX

B 271, 275, 279 181–182; employment and income (CSO) 124, 150, 214 Babbitt, Bruce 105 Católicas por La Raza 255 levels 66–67; English/Spanish Confederación de Uniónes de Bakke Case 265 Cavada, Armando 218 fluency 48–50; geographical Obreros Mexicanos (CUOM) 132, Barela, B.J. 264 Centro Campesino 307 distribution 54–55, 57, 59; health 136–137 Barrera, Mario 63, 64, 126, 128, Centro de la Raza 267, 323 67; media depictions 68; nature Congress of Industrial Organizations 217, 220 Chapa, Evey 230 of Chicano oppression 63, 69, 78, (CIO) 102, 109, 114–118, 114–119, Barrio Defense Committee 235 Chávez, César 149, 150–179, 208, 193, 281; population 23, 58, 289; 119, 148–149; and workers of Beckmann, George 311–312 214, 273, 295, 297; pacifism 155– racism toward 61, 65–69, 125– color 115, 116; “Operation Dixie” Berdache 274 156, 161, 307 126, 193; strategies for liberation 117 Bilingual education 67 Chávez, Ernesto 194 27, 281–284; youth 50–52, 181– Congress of Spanish-Speaking People Bisbee 101–102 Chávez, Helen 153 182 116 “Black Belt” theory of African Chávez, Manuel 164 Chinese Exclusion Act 97, 127 Continental Congress of Workers and American liberation 43 Chávez, Richard 305 Chispa 272, 273, 276–277 Farmers 293 Black Panther Party 74, 184, 186, Chicana activism 183, 247–248, Cinco de Mayo 52 Cornish, Megan 15 217 256–258, 266–267, 299 Classified Staff Association 319, 356 Corona, Bert 116, 208, 210, 234, 243 Black Student Union 314 Chicana 54, 244, 246, Cleaver, Eldridge 76 Cortés, Hernán 247 Blacks. See African Americans 247, 248, 249–251, 256, 260–261, Coalition Against Police Abuse Cortina, Juan “Cheno” 91, 207 130–131, 289 267–268; analysis of oppression (CAPA) 235–237; Campaign for a Cotera, Martha 111, 214, 229–231, Brinson-Pineda, Barbara 279 251–254 Citizens’ Review Board 236 248, 254, 266, 271 184–185, 186, 297 Chicano, defined 24–26 Cobos, Daniel 240–241 Cristal (Crystal City), Texas 210–211, Brown, Jr., Jerry 165–166 Chicano labor 94, 97–98; and WWII Colonialism 64, 79, 331; and racism 215–216, 216–217, 227; 1963 voter Brubaker, Rogers 30 102; Chicana militancy 109, 116; 37–38, 64 revolt 208–209, 210 Bulosan, Carlos 288 mining struggles 98–106; textile 83 Crusade for Justice 186, 190, 191– industry 107–114 Comité Homosexual 192, 196–197, 201, 210, 211, 221 C Chicano lesbians, gays, bisexuals, Latinoamericano 272 Cuba 238, 239, 243, 255 Caballeros de Labor 92, 207 transgenders 155, 244, 246, 260– Committee for a Los Angeles Police Cultural nationalism 72–73, 74–77, California: colonization of 83, 88–89 261, 267, 271–279 Review Board 234 193, 204, 218, 248, 265, 278, 309; California Migrant Ministry 151 181; anti- Committee in Solidarity with the and male supremacy 76, 189– Camejo, Peter 227 activism 181, 185– People of El Salvador (CISPES) 190, 194–196; versus Marxism Cananea mine strike 93, 100 188, 200, 309; college and high 277 196–197, 222 Cannery and Agricultural Workers school organizing 181–185, 210– Committee to Aid Mexican Workers Industrial Union (CAWIU) 132, 211, 309–310; internationalism of 116 D 140–148 206, 237–240; platform for Communist International. See Third Dallas Gay Alliance Hispanic Task Cannon, James P. 42, 329 (Note 20) liberation 281–284; sexism in International (Comintern) Force 272 Capitalism 35; and oppression 27, 194–196, 248–249 Communist League of America 43 Daniel, Cletus 133–134, 139, 142, 35, 270, 271; and racism 73, 79 Chicano nationalism 41, 60, 71–72, Communist Party (CP) - U.S. 43, 147, 149 Cárdenas, Encarnación “Chenita” 96 73, 188–189, 190, 192–194, 204, 103, 115, 116, 118, 124, 152, 243, Dávila, Alberto 48 Carmichael, Stokely 63, 76 261–262, 271, 309, 322; and male 245, 293; and McCarthyism 119– De la Cruz, Jessie López 153 Carter, Jimmy 168 supremacy 194–196, 261; 120; dual union strategy 138, De la Peña, Terri 279 CASA (Centro de Acción Social hostility to radicals 196–197 320; farmworker organizing 137– Debs, Eugene V. 94 Autónomo) 243–245, 262–264, Chicano Studies 183; at University 139, 144, 147–148, 164, 172; in Del Castillo, Adelaida 249, 262–263, 322–323; position on Chicano of Washington 310, 316–317, 322 LA garment strikes 108; position 271 liberation 244; sexism 244, 263– 88; and criminal justice on Black liberation 42, 43, 76; Democratic demands 32, 35–36 264 system 68; and criteria for position on Chicano liberation Democratic Party 124, 158–159, Castro, Fidel 238, 239, 270 nationhood 59–60, 193; aspects 45–46, 225, 329 167–168, 191, 207–209, 212, 216, Castro, Sal 185 of national oppression against Communities Allied for Better Law 222, 226, 230–231, 245, 278, 281 Catholic Church 53, 80, 83, 124, 62–63; cultural influences and Enforcement 235 Devreux, Don 232 151, 156–157, 250, 255–256, 261, elements 50–54; education 67, Community Service Organization Díaz, Porfirio 93

358 359 VIVA LA RAZA: A HISTORY OF CHICANO IDENTITY & RESISTANCE INDEX

Dubinsky, David 109 Flores, Francisca 195 H J Dumoulin, John 254 Flores Magón, Enrique 93–94, 135, Happy Valley Parents Association James, C.L.R. (J.R. Johnson) 44 Durham, Stephen 278 207, 238 234–235 Jencks, Clinton and Virginia 103 Flores Magón, Ricardo 69, 93–94, Jewish labor radicalism 109 E Hay, Henry 273 95, 135, 207, 238 Haywood, William “Big Bill” 100 Jewish oppression 76–77 East Los Angeles incorporation effort Flores Salinas, Juan 90–91 Hernandez, Diana 271 Jiménez y Muro, Dolores 96 32–33, 222–224, 225 Flynn, Elizabeth Gurley 293 Hijas de Cuauhtémoc 95–96 Jones, Virginia and Nick 170–171 Ejido (communal land) 56, 83, 198– Forced sterilization 67, 234, 244, Hill, Monica 320 Juárez, Benito 333 (Note 2) 199, 333 (Note 2) 250, 264, 267, 328 (Note 12) Hispanic Gay Caucus 272 Empire Zinc strike 102–105; Fraser, Clara 44 Historical materialism 27–28 K women’s demands and leadership Fraser, Richard 44 Hobsbawn, Eric 30 Kelly, Sam 313–314 103 (FSP) 236, Hogness, John 311, 313, 314 Kennedy, Edward 158 Engels, Frederick 229, 263 244–245, 259, 265, 266, 276, 277, Hollywood Film Council 121 Kennedy, John F. 158, 191, 208, English colonization of North 278, 320; position on Black Homophobia 39, 119, 120, 249, 255, 344–345 (Note 238); “Viva America 81–82 liberation 44–45, 329 (Note 21); 261, 271, 275, 322, 323, 353 (Note Kennedy” campaign 158, 208 Enríquez, Evangelina 25, 253 position on Chicano liberation 400); origins 274–275 Kennedy, Robert 156, 158, 344 Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) 15, 197, 281–285 House Un-American Activities (Note 238) 244, 250, 259–260, 265, 267 Committee (HUAC) 119, 121, 122 King, Coretta Scott 162, 344 (Note G Huerta, Dolores 149, 150, 151, 153, 238) F King, Jr., Martin Luther 307, 344 GALA (Gay Latino Alliance) 272, 156, 159, 214, 248, 297, 304; Farah strike and 112–114, (Note 238) 276–277 opposition to Vietnam War 152 248, 257, 271 Knights of Labor 92 Gallegos, José 300 Hyde, Frederick W. 322 Farm Labor Organizing Committee Ku Klux Klan (KKK) 260 Gamboa, Erasmo 287 (FLOC) 179, 257 I Farmworkers 120–121, 125–149; Gamboa, Guadalupe “Lupe” 296, L DiGiorgio strike 120–121; El 298, 299, 300–302, 303 Immigration and Naturalization La Malinche 246–247 Monte berry strike 143–144; García, George 223 Service (INS) 68, 122, 123, 159, La Raza Unida (19th century Texas ethnic origins 127, 288; Mexi- García, Richard A. 188, 221, 245 176 party) 207 cano/Chicano labor 127–131; García-Bahne, Betty 254 Immigration Reform and Control Act La (LRUP) 204– racial divisions 133, 135, 139– Gay and Lesbian Latinos Unidos 41 205, 206, 211–232, 236, 245; and 140, 145; San Joaquin cotton (GLLU) 272, 273 Imperialism 30, 31, 331 (Note 51) women 206, 229–231, 248; strike 144–148; Wheatland strike GI Forum. See American GI Forum Industrial Workers of the World California party 212, 221, 222– 135–136; women 142. See also Gompers, Samuel 133 (IWW) 42, 94, 100, 101, 132, 225, 229; Colorado party 211–212, Gonzales, Rodolfo “Corky” 190–191, 134–136 216, 221–222; cultural nationalism Farmworkers in WA State 287, 288– 192, 195, 205, 208, 210, 221–222; Internal colony theory 63–65 206, 217–218, 220, 221–222; 308; IWW organizing 292–295; disagreements with José Angel International Ladies’ Garment government attacks on 215–216, UFWA/UFW organizing 295–296, Gutiérrez 212, 218–221; “Yo soy Workers’ Union (ILGWU) 107– 233; influence of Saul Alinsky 298–308 Joaquín” 54, 191 112; racism in 111–112 213, 214–215; international Feminist Coordinating Council 260 Gorras Blancas 92, 199 International Longshoremen’s and outreach 220, 239; Feminist movement 258–260, 270– Govea, Jessica 153 Warehousemen’s Union (ILWU) party 212, 216, 221, 226–227, 271; racism in 249–250, 264, 279 Greater Liberated Chicanos 272 116, 117 228; Texas party 211, 212, 215– Filipino workers 139–140, 150, 150– Guevara, Che 238 International Union of Mine, Mill 217, 218, 227–228, 229–231; 151 Gutiérrez, Armando 311 and Smelter Workers (IUMMSW) Texas/Colorado split 218–221, 222 Finch, George 307 Gutiérrez de Mendoza, Juana 95 102–103, 104, 123 Labor Committee of Los Angeles First Hispanic Feminist Conference Gutiérrez, José Angel 209, 210, 213, Internationalism 34–35 225 267 214–215, 216, 230; disagreements Israel 77–78 Labor movement (U.S.) 75–76; First National Chicana Conference with Corky Gonzales 212–213, Itliong, Larry 149, 150–151, 152, bureaucracy 39–41; racism in 40, 250 218–221 160 78, 133

360 361 VIVA LA RAZA: A HISTORY OF CHICANO IDENTITY & RESISTANCE INDEX

Lambda (Mexico) 277 Marxism 221, 228–229, 254–255 Moraga, Cherríe 261, 271, 278–279 34; in labor movement 143; Land grants 82–83, 88, 89, 207 MASA (Mexican-American Student Morales, Rosa 244, 266, 268–270, progressive 34–35, 74 Larguía, Isabel 254 Association) 183, 296 271, 311, 312, 315, 316–318, 320– Nationhood: defined 28–31, 47; Las Chicanas 323 MASC (Mexican-American Student 325, 321 historical origins 30, 60 Latino, defined 27 Confederation) 183 Morenci, AZ mine strikes 99–100, Native Americans 37, 38, 50, 81, 82, League of United Latin American MAYO (Mexican American Youth 101 83, 88–89, 89, 127, 198, 228–229; Citizens (LULAC) 207, 245 Organization) 209, 210, 229–230 Moreno, Luisa 116, 234 and national liberation 34, 328 Left organizations (U.S.) 45–47, McCarran Internal Security Act 121– Morgan, Lewis Henry 229 (Note 12); pre-conquest gender 134; debates over Black liberation 122 MUJER 259–260, 265, 266–270, 316, and sexual relations 274–275; 41–46; responsibilities toward McCarthyism 75, 117, 118–120, 181; 323 relation to La Alianza 202 movements of color 284–285 impact on Chicanos 118, 120– Mujeres en Lucha 257 New Deal 146, 147, 148 Lemos, Jesús 287, 296, 299, 301, 123, 207 Mujeres Huelgistas 257 151, 213, 231, 248 302, 304 McCrone, David 30 Muñíz, Ramsey 215, 218, 219, 345 New Mexico 89, 207; colonization Lenin, Vladimir I. 28, 41, 42–43, McWilliams, Carey 125, 234 (Note 251) of 82–83, 198; land grant struggle 263; on cultural-national au- Meany, George 158, 162, 163, 176 Muñoz, Carlos 217, 220, 311 56, 197–199 tonomy 72; on democratic MEChA (El Movimiento Estudiantil Murieta, Joaquín 90 Nicaragua 239, 240, 242 struggles 36; on labor aristocracy Chicano de Aztlán) 183, 297; at Murray, Philip 117 Nixon, Richard 121, 165, 220 40; on national liberation 31; University of Washington 310– Musquiz, Virginia 230 theory of nationhood 28–31 311, 312–313, 314–315, 316, 317– O Lesbian and Gay Raza of 318, 322 N Obregón, Álvaro 333 (Note 2) 272 Mendez, et al. v. Westminster 66 Nation of Islam 44, 76 Orendain, Antonio 178–179 Lesbian Gay Latino History Project Mestizo, defined 24 National Association for the 272 Mexican American Citizens Commit- Advancement of Colored People P Lesbian separatism 249, 260, 267, tee 234 (NAACP) 234 51 278, 279 Mexican American Political Associa- National Chicano and Latino Padilla, Gary 311, 312, 315 Lesbian/gay rights 264, 267 tion (MAPA) 207–208 Immigration Conference 244–245 Padilla, Gilberto 152 Liberation Theology 256 Mexican Independence Day 53 National Palestine 77–78 Liga Obrera de Habla Española 102 Mexican migration to the U.S. 26, Committee 186 Pallares, Jesús 102 Line of March 264 58 National Chicano Youth Liberation Parsons, Lucy Gonzales 94, 100, 248 López, Frank 109 Mexican Mutual Aid Society Conferences 186, 192, 195, 210, Partido Constitucional del Pueblo/ López, Sonia 73, 256 (MMAS) 139–140 211, 249 People’s Constitutional Party Los Angeles garment strikes 107– Mexican Revolution 69, 92–94, 96, National demands 32; equality of (PCP) 203, 204, 209, 226 110, 248; CP involvement 108 100, 127, 207, 238, 255, 333 (Note languages and culture 32; local Partido del Pueblo Unido 92, 207 101 2); role of women 95–96, 248 autonomy 32–33; self-determina- Partido Liberal Mexicano (PLM) 93, Mexican-American War 86, 198, 207 tion 33 94, 95, 100, 207 M Mexicano, defined 26–27 National Farm Labor Union (NFLU) Partido Revolucionario de los Machismo 252, 261 Mexicano workers: discrimination’s 120–121 Trabajadores (Mexico) 277 Maestas, José Alfredo 203 divisive effects 125–126; treat- National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) Partido Socialista de los Trabajadores Maestas, Roberto 323 ment in U.S. 61–62, 90, 97, 122 148, 154–155, 161, 165 (Mexico) 227, 239 Magón, Ricardo and Enrique. See Mexico: conquest by Spain 80–81; National Labor Relations Board Peace and Freedom Party 202, 212 Flores Magón, Ricardo and indigenous peoples 24, 80, 96, (NLRB) 106, 113 Pecan shellers strike 114–115, 248 Enrique 198, 333 (Note 2); relation to U.S. National minorities: in comparison Peña, Juan José 226, 228 Mano Negra 199 38, 61, 79, 84 to Chicanos 61–62 People’s front 243–244, 350 (Note Maricopa County Organizing Project Mirandé, Alfredo 25, 253 National Organization for Women 337) (MCOP) 173, 177–178 Montoya, Alfredo 123 (NOW) 258, 264, 265, 267 Perez, Janie 259, 266, 267, 268 Martínez, María Elena 217, 228, 232 Montoya, Joseph 226 National Question (strategy for Pesotta, Rose 109 Martínez, Reyes 235, 236 Mora, Irene 268, 270 national liberation) 35, 45, 47 Phelps-Dodge mining struggles 101– Marx, Karl 27, 228, 263 Mora, Marie 48 Nationalism: bourgeois/chauvinist 102, 105–106; women’s leadership

362 363 VIVA LA RAZA: A HISTORY OF CHICANO IDENTITY & RESISTANCE INDEX

in 1983 strike 105–106, 248 33, 60 38, 56, 63, 86, 87, 98, 198 Color Conference 277–278 Police abuse 68, 184, 187–188, 212, Russian Revolution 33, 42, 293 Soviet Union (USSR) 28–29, 137, Tijerina, Patsy 203 232–235, 237 243; detente with the West 137, Tijerina, Reis López 199–206, 210, Political Association of Spanish- S 336 (Note 67) 226, 232; on nature of Chicano Speaking Organizations (PASSO) Sabadado, Marie 153 Spain: colonization of Northern movement 202; rejection of 208 Salazar, Antonio 296, 307 Mexico 82; conquest of Mexico nationalism 204 Poma, Edgar 279 Salazar, Rubén 187, 235 79–80, 81–82 Transitional demands 205, 281 Poor People’s March 202 Salinas, Frank 297, 298 Staff Rights Organizing Committee Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 56, Progressive Party 117, 124 Salt of the Earth 102, 104 (SROC) 319–320 86–88, 198–199, 207 Proposition 187 62 Sánchez, Juan 311, 312, 313, 315, Stalin, Joseph 28, 42–43, 43; Treviño, Roberto 296, 297, 300, Puerto Rican Socialist Party 243 316 Marxism and the National 300–306 Puerto Rico and national liberation Sánchez, Lupe 173, 177–178 Question 29 Trotsky, Leon 41, 42–43, 60, 242; 34, 267, 328 (Note 12) Sánchez, Rosaura 70 /Stalinists 43, 118, 119– fight against Stalinism 43; on Sandinistas 239, 240, 242 120, 224, 225, 227, 241–244, 255, Black struggle 42, 329 (Note 21); R Santa Anna, Antonio López de 85 263, 350 (Note 337); and Rosa on labor bureaucrats 40, 46; on Racism 36–38, 64–65, 73, 75; Santillan, Richard 216, 232 Morales case 322; homophobia Lenin’s theory of nationhood 29; defined 36, 65; impact on U.S. Reproductive Rights Alliance 275–277; labor strategies 137– on Stalin’s writing on nations 29 working class 38–41; in contrast (SRRA) 264 138; undermining of MUJER 268– 16, 43, 244, 265, 266, to national oppression 36, 38, 45, Segade, Gustavo V. 196 270 268, 276 193–194; origins and role 36–41, Segregation 39, 66 Stonewall Riot 272 Trujillo, Carla 279 44–45, 80, 81 Self-determination 33 Students for a Democratic Society 259, 260, 265, 266, Silex, Humberto 102, 122 (SDS) 183 U 276, 296, 320 Simpson-Mazzoli immigration bill UMAS (United Mexican-American Ramírez, Sara Estela 96 40 T Students) 183, 209–210, 296–297, Ramos, Juanita 272, 279 Sleepy Lagoon case 233–234 Taft-Hartley Act 119, 121 310 Rangel, Rubén 322 Smith Act 120 Talamante, Olga 239–240 Undocumented workers 40–41, 58, Raza Unida Party. See La Raza Unida Smith, Anthony 30 Tanguma, Esteban 292 61–62, 110, 131 Party (LRUP) Smith, Patrick 48 Tanguma, Ninfa 67, 259, 299, 351 Unemployed Workers of Yakima Reed, John 42 27, 34; and national (Note 354). See also Alaniz, Ninfa County 293 Regeneración y Concordia 96 liberation 34, 35 Vasquez Unidos 272 Renteria, José 174 265–266, 267, Teamsters Union 116, 208; and United Auto Workers 152 Republican Party 231 269, 281 United Farm Workers 152, 160– United Cannery, Agricultural, Revolutionary Integration theory 44, Socialist Labor Party 42 161, 162, 163, 166–167, 168 Packing & Allied Workers of 76, 329 (Note 21) Socialist Party 42, 94, 293 Tenayuca, Emma 115, 248 America (UCAPAWA) 115, 148 Revolutionary Union (RU): position Socialist Workers Party (SWP) 109, Tenépal, Malintzin. See La Malinche United Farm Workers 149–180, on Chicano liberation 46; 258; and Chicano movement Texas 84–86, 207; colonization 82– 190, 233, 240, 248, 340 (Note position on gay liberation 275– 196–197, 221, 223, 224–225, 226, 83 157); Agricultural Workers 276, 353 (Note 400) 227, 244–245, 265; approach to Texas Farm Workers (TFW) 178– Organizing Committee (AWOC) Rivera, Sylvia 272 Black movement 43–44, 76, 265; 179, 257, 323 150, 150–151, 152, 158, 160; and Rodriguez, Arturo 179 position on Chicano liberation Texas garment worker organizing ALRA 165–167, 169; attacks on Romo, Ricardo 212 46, 224, 265; prosecution under 111–114 undocumented workers 158, Roosevelt, Franklin D. 43, 146 Smith Act 120 Texas Rangers 85, 91, 92, 207, 210, 159, 163–165, 176; Rosenberg, Julius and Ethel 119 Soliz, Juan 322 233, 289 154–155, 159–160, 161, 161–162, Rubalcava, Roberto 239 Southwestern U.S. states: agricul- Texas Women’s Political Caucus 162, 163, 169, 175, 273, 307, Ruiz, Raúl 222, 224 tural industry 125; armed 230–231 310; campaign for Proposition 14 Ruiz, Vicki L. 116 resistance to U.S. domination 90– Third International (Comintern) 167–168, 177, 304; campaign to Ruiz, Virginia 124 92; question of reunification with 118, 138, 148 defeat Proposition 22 165, 177, Russia, national minorities in 28, Mexico 69–71; seizure by U.S. Third World Lesbian/Gay People of 303; 151,

364 365 VIVA LA RAZA: A HISTORY OF CHICANO IDENTITY & RESISTANCE

152, 153–155, 159–160; influ- V ence of Alinskyism 214; Valdez, Juanita 257 influence of Catholic Church Valdez, Luís 51, 237, 239, 348 156–157, 162; influence of Vasquez, James 266, 317–318, 321, Democratic Party 152, 156, 158– 322, 323 159; leadership of women 153; Vásquez, Tiburcio 90 lettuce strike 161–162; National Velasco, Pete 149 Farm Workers Association The Radical Women Manifesto: Velasquez, Uvaldo 205 Socialist Feminist Theory, Program (NFWA) 150, 152; relations Venceremos Brigade 268, 270 and Organizational Structure with AFL-CIO 152, 161, 162– Vera Cruz, Philip 149, 174 $8.00 • En Español - $5.00 163; role of Teamsters 157, Vietnam War 185–186, 250; Chicano 160–161, 162–163, 166–167, 168; casualties 186 The Emancipation of Women: staff purges and redbaiting 150, Vigil, Ernesto B. 195 Female Leadership in the Southern 152, 168, 169–172, 173–174; Villa, Pancho 238, 333 Civil Rights Struggle support movement 183, 303– Villanueva, Tomás 296, 298, 300 by Clara Fraser • $2.50 304; United Farm Workers Villarreal, Andrea and Teresa 96 Organizing Committee (UFWOC) Voting Rights Act 231 Lesbianism: A Socialist 152, 160, 161–162; Yakima Feminist Perspective Valley organizing 295, 301–308. W by Susan Williams, M.D. • $2.50 See also Farm Labor Organizing Walter-McCarran Immigration and En Español - $2.50 Committee (FLOC); Maricopa Nationality Act 121–122 County Organizing Project War of the Reform 333 (Note 2) Three Asian American Writers (MCOP); Texas Farm Workers War on Poverty 214 Speak Out on Feminism (TFW) Ward, Margaret 264 by Nellie Wong, Merle Woo, and Mitsuye Yamada • $3.50 United Farm Workers Association Washington Federation of State (UFWA) 298, 300–301; affiliates Employees (WFSE) Local 1488 with UFW 301 319, 356 (Notes 4 and 5) Which Road towards Women’s United Farm Workers Cooperative Washington State Conference for Liberation: A Radical Vanguard 296, 297, 298 or a Single-Issue Coalition? Women 258–260 by Clara Fraser • $2.50 United Farm Workers of Washington Watsonville cannery strike 248, 271 307–308 Western Federation of Miners Woman as Leader: Double United Feminist Front (UFF) 267, (WFM) 98–101, 103 268 Jeopardy on Account of Sex Wheeler, Edwin 323–324 by Clara Fraser • $3.00 United front 244 White workers 39, 39–40, 120, 140 United Furniture Workers of America Women’s oppression 39, 255, 261 117 Women of Color: Workers Alliance 122–123 Front-runners for Freedom 101 by Nancy Reiko Kato • $3.50 United Packinghouse Workers 158 Y United States: conquest and Yakama Nation 287–288 Women’s Psychology: absorption of Northern Mexico Young Socialist Alliance 196 Mental Illness as a Social Disease 38, 56, 63, 69, 83–90, 207; by Susan Williams, M.D. • $2.50 relation to Mexico and Latin Z America 238, 240, 349 (Note Zapata, Emiliano 95–96, 238, 333 Yellow Woman Speaks: 324); role of racism in 38 (Note 2) Selected Poems United Workers Union-Independent Zinzun, Michael 237 by Merle Woo • $4.00 (UWU-I) 318, 318–321, 323, 324, Zionism 76–78 356 (Note 4) Riots 233–234 Order from RADICAL WOMEN PUBLICATIONS USSR. See Soviet Union 5018 Rainier Ave. S., Seattle, WA 98118 • Phone (206)722-6057 [email protected] • www.radicalwomen.org 67 366 367