VIVA LA RAZA: A HISTORY OF CHICANO IDENTITY & RESISTANCE Employees, called in sick or used vacation leave rather than cross the picket lines. These workers had the solidarity their union lacked. Index 5. In 1985, as a direct outgrowth of the SROC exposé of the reclassification system’s ingrained discrimination, WFSE won a landmark lawsuit that established comparable worth for state employees in Washington. Classi- fied Staff Association later became District 925 Service Employees, the feminist-inspired union for office workers. 6. Higher Education Personnel Board, State of Washington, “Hearing A America (ACWA) 112–113 Examiner’s Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law and Recommended De- Abortion rights 244, 250, 256, 264, American Center for International 267 Labor Solidarity 41 cision,” HEPB Nos. 648 and 683 (6 Mar. 1978), 12. Acosta, Josie 268 American Civil Liberties Union 7. Ibid., 12. Acuña, Rodolfo 51, 122 (ACLU) 234, 296 8. Ibid., 14. Acuña y Rossetti, Elisa 95 American Federation of Labor (AFL) AFL-CIO 40–41, 165; and United 98–99, 109, 114, 121, 132, 133– Farm Workers 158, 161, 162–163, 134 208 American GI Forum 66, 124, 245 African American movement: American Indian Movement (AIM) activism at University of Washing- 267 ton 310; civil rights struggle 75– American Institute for Free Labor 76, 181; nationalism/separatism in Development 41 41, 74–76, 186, 189–190 American Labor Union 140 African Americans 37, 38, 65, 85, Anaya, Flores 215 90, 126, 208; nature of oppression Anderson, Benedict 30 75 Angel, Frank 226 Agricultural Labor Relations Act Anti-immigrant attacks 120, 121– (ALRA) 165–167, 169, 304 123, 163–165 Agricultural Workers Industrial Anti-Semitism 77–78, 174 League (AWIL) 139–140 Anzaldúa, Gloria 252, 273, 279 AIDS 67, 273, 278 Aragón, Paula 109 Alaniz, Ninfa Vasquez 289, 290– Archuleta, Manuel 226 292. See also Tanguma, Ninfa Argentina: Perón dictatorship 240 Alaniz, Ramón 289, 290–291 Arizona Farm Workers. See Maricopa Alaniz, Yolanda 14–15, 244–245, County Organizing Project 259, 266, 267, 268–270, 276, 276– (MCOP) 277, 278, 287, 291, 296, 297, 314, Arizona Rangers 85, 93, 99 320 Asian Americans 38, 40, 90 Alarcón, Norma 247 Asociación Nacional México-Ameri- Alianza Federal de Mercedes (La cana (ANMA) 123, 123–124 Alianza) 200–206, 209; relations Assimilation, forced 49, 62–63; with Native Americans 202; versus voluntary multiculturalism Tierra Amarilla courthouse raid 34–35 201–202, 205 August Twenty-ninth Movement 245 Alianza Hispano-Americana 124 Autonomous organizing 74 Alinsky, Saul 150, 213–214 Aztec empire 274 Allen, Robert 37, 45, 63 Aztlán 190, 195; El Plan Espiritual Almaguer, Tomás 37, 39, 63 de Aztlán 192–194, 210, 212, 217, Amalgamated Clothing Workers of 226 356 357 VIVA LA RAZA: A HISTORY OF CHICANO IDENTITY & RESISTANCE INDEX B 271, 275, 279 181–182; employment and income (CSO) 124, 150, 214 Babbitt, Bruce 105 Católicas por La Raza 255 levels 66–67; English/Spanish Confederación de Uniónes de Bakke Case 265 Cavada, Armando 218 fluency 48–50; geographical Obreros Mexicanos (CUOM) 132, Barela, B.J. 264 Centro Campesino 307 distribution 54–55, 57, 59; health 136–137 Barrera, Mario 63, 64, 126, 128, Centro de la Raza 267, 323 67; media depictions 68; nature Congress of Industrial Organizations 217, 220 Chapa, Evey 230 of Chicano oppression 63, 69, 78, (CIO) 102, 109, 114–118, 114–119, Barrio Defense Committee 235 Chávez, César 149, 150–179, 208, 193, 281; population 23, 58, 289; 119, 148–149; and workers of Beckmann, George 311–312 214, 273, 295, 297; pacifism 155– racism toward 61, 65–69, 125– color 115, 116; “Operation Dixie” Berdache 274 156, 161, 307 126, 193; strategies for liberation 117 Bilingual education 67 Chávez, Ernesto 194 27, 281–284; youth 50–52, 181– Congress of Spanish-Speaking People Bisbee Deportation 101–102 Chávez, Helen 153 182 116 “Black Belt” theory of African Chávez, Manuel 164 Chinese Exclusion Act 97, 127 Continental Congress of Workers and American liberation 43 Chávez, Richard 305 Chispa 272, 273, 276–277 Farmers 293 Black Panther Party 74, 184, 186, Chicana activism 183, 247–248, Cinco de Mayo 52 Cornish, Megan 15 217 256–258, 266–267, 299 Classified Staff Association 319, 356 Corona, Bert 116, 208, 210, 234, 243 Black Student Union 314 Chicana feminism 54, 244, 246, Cleaver, Eldridge 76 Cortés, Hernán 247 Blacks. See African Americans 247, 248, 249–251, 256, 260–261, Coalition Against Police Abuse Cortina, Juan “Cheno” 91, 207 Bracero Program 130–131, 289 267–268; analysis of oppression (CAPA) 235–237; Campaign for a Cotera, Martha 111, 214, 229–231, Brinson-Pineda, Barbara 279 251–254 Citizens’ Review Board 236 248, 254, 266, 271 Brown Berets 184–185, 186, 297 Chicano, defined 24–26 Cobos, Daniel 240–241 Cristal (Crystal City), Texas 210–211, Brown, Jr., Jerry 165–166 Chicano labor 94, 97–98; and WWII Colonialism 64, 79, 331; and racism 215–216, 216–217, 227; 1963 voter Brubaker, Rogers 30 102; Chicana militancy 109, 116; 37–38, 64 revolt 208–209, 210 Bulosan, Carlos 288 mining struggles 98–106; textile Colorado 83 Crusade for Justice 186, 190, 191– industry 107–114 Comité Homosexual 192, 196–197, 201, 210, 211, 221 C Chicano lesbians, gays, bisexuals, Latinoamericano 272 Cuba 238, 239, 243, 255 Caballeros de Labor 92, 207 transgenders 155, 244, 246, 260– Committee for a Los Angeles Police Cultural nationalism 72–73, 74–77, California: colonization of 83, 88–89 261, 267, 271–279 Review Board 234 193, 204, 218, 248, 265, 278, 309; California Migrant Ministry 151 Chicano movement 181; anti- Committee in Solidarity with the and male supremacy 76, 189– Camejo, Peter 227 Vietnam War activism 181, 185– People of El Salvador (CISPES) 190, 194–196; versus Marxism Cananea mine strike 93, 100 188, 200, 309; college and high 277 196–197, 222 Cannery and Agricultural Workers school organizing 181–185, 210– Committee to Aid Mexican Workers Industrial Union (CAWIU) 132, 211, 309–310; internationalism of 116 D 140–148 206, 237–240; platform for Communist International. See Third Dallas Gay Alliance Hispanic Task Cannon, James P. 42, 329 (Note 20) liberation 281–284; sexism in International (Comintern) Force 272 Capitalism 35; and oppression 27, 194–196, 248–249 Communist League of America 43 Daniel, Cletus 133–134, 139, 142, 35, 270, 271; and racism 73, 79 Chicano nationalism 41, 60, 71–72, Communist Party (CP) - U.S. 43, 147, 149 Cárdenas, Encarnación “Chenita” 96 73, 188–189, 190, 192–194, 204, 103, 115, 116, 118, 124, 152, 243, Dávila, Alberto 48 Carmichael, Stokely 63, 76 261–262, 271, 309, 322; and male 245, 293; and McCarthyism 119– De la Cruz, Jessie López 153 Carter, Jimmy 168 supremacy 194–196, 261; 120; dual union strategy 138, De la Peña, Terri 279 CASA (Centro de Acción Social hostility to radicals 196–197 320; farmworker organizing 137– Debs, Eugene V. 94 Autónomo) 243–245, 262–264, Chicano Studies 183; at University 139, 144, 147–148, 164, 172; in Del Castillo, Adelaida 249, 262–263, 322–323; position on Chicano of Washington 310, 316–317, 322 LA garment strikes 108; position 271 liberation 244; sexism 244, 263– Chicanos 88; and criminal justice on Black liberation 42, 43, 76; Democratic demands 32, 35–36 264 system 68; and criteria for position on Chicano liberation Democratic Party 124, 158–159, Castro, Fidel 238, 239, 270 nationhood 59–60, 193; aspects 45–46, 225, 329 167–168, 191, 207–209, 212, 216, Castro, Sal 185 of national oppression against Communities Allied for Better Law 222, 226, 230–231, 245, 278, 281 Catholic Church 53, 80, 83, 124, 62–63; cultural influences and Enforcement 235 Devreux, Don 232 151, 156–157, 250, 255–256, 261, elements 50–54; education 67, Community Service Organization Díaz, Porfirio 93 358 359 VIVA LA RAZA: A HISTORY OF CHICANO IDENTITY & RESISTANCE INDEX Dubinsky, David 109 Flores, Francisca 195 H J Dumoulin, John 254 Flores Magón, Enrique 93–94, 135, Happy Valley Parents Association James, C.L.R. (J.R. Johnson) 44 Durham, Stephen 278 207, 238 234–235 Jencks, Clinton and Virginia 103 Flores Magón, Ricardo 69, 93–94, Jewish labor radicalism 109 E Hay, Henry 273 95, 135, 207, 238 Haywood, William “Big Bill” 100 Jewish oppression 76–77 East Los Angeles incorporation effort Flores Salinas, Juan 90–91 Hernandez, Diana 271 Jiménez y Muro, Dolores 96 32–33, 222–224, 225 Flynn, Elizabeth Gurley 293 Hijas de Cuauhtémoc 95–96 Jones, Virginia and Nick 170–171 Ejido (communal land) 56, 83, 198– Forced sterilization 67, 234, 244, Hill, Monica 320 Juárez, Benito 333 (Note 2) 199, 333 (Note 2) 250, 264, 267, 328 (Note 12) Hispanic Gay Caucus 272 Empire Zinc strike 102–105; Fraser, Clara 44 Historical materialism 27–28 K women’s demands and leadership Fraser, Richard 44 Hobsbawn, Eric 30 Kelly, Sam 313–314 103 Freedom Socialist Party (FSP) 236, Hogness, John 311, 313, 314 Kennedy, Edward 158 Engels, Frederick 229, 263 244–245, 259, 265, 266, 276, 277, Hollywood Film Council 121 Kennedy, John F. 158, 191, 208, English colonization of North 278, 320; position on Black Homophobia 39, 119, 120, 249, 255, 344–345 (Note 238); “Viva America 81–82 liberation 44–45, 329 (Note 21); 261, 271, 275, 322, 323, 353 (Note Kennedy” campaign 158, 208 Enríquez, Evangelina 25, 253 position on Chicano liberation 400); origins 274–275 Kennedy, Robert 156, 158, 344 Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) 15, 197, 281–285 House Un-American Activities (Note 238) 244, 250, 259–260, 265, 267 Committee (HUAC) 119, 121, 122 King, Coretta Scott 162, 344 (Note G Huerta, Dolores 149, 150, 151, 153, 238) F King, Jr., Martin Luther 307, 344 GALA (Gay Latino Alliance) 272, 156, 159, 214, 248, 297, 304; Farah strike and boycott 112–114, (Note 238) 276–277 opposition to Vietnam War 152 248, 257, 271 Knights of Labor 92 Gallegos, José 300 Hyde, Frederick W.