UKPAItllAll PSEP 1 EP Vol. V No. 4 — 5 LONDON, APRIL — MAY 1953 Price 1 sh NEW NAME, OLD CONTENTS PROBLEMS OF UKRAINIAN FOREIGN POLICY A New Change in A.C.L.P.R. which does not solve the Problem It is certainly no simple matter in this Both tendencies, as Well as all the place to present the Ukrainian problems Ukrainian politicians, are one in prin­ The “American Committee for the of foreign policy in their entirety or even ciple. This principle is: the political in­ Liberation of the Peoples of Russia” to make a prognosis over their future dependence, sovereignty and unity of (A.C.L.P.R.) in New York changed re­ possibilities. An attempt that would lead Ukraine. cently its name into “American Com­ to clearly defined and also detailed for- mittee for Liberation from Bolshevism, The second principle which is generally mularisation would be, from the very Inc.” (A.C.L.B.). This was announced by recognised by all Ukrainian political beginning, doomed to failure. This state a sp:cial Press release of March 25th, 53, groups is the opinion of the necessity of of affairs is conditioned by the present dissolving the Soviet empire and realising sent to all interested circles. This is the general political situation in the first place the political independence of all peoples third change of the name of this organi­ and the status quo in the Ukrainian zation. At its inception in February 1951 of the present Soviet Union. S.S.R. in the second. The Ukrainian poli­ The third, and just as important, prin­ it was called: “American Committee for tical emigration is moreover confronted, Freedom for the Peoples of the U .S.S.R.” ciple which is likewise shared by all the in their position of representatives of Ukrainian political groups, is the integ­ These frequent changes of the name Ukrainian political interests in the West, rity of Ukrainian national interests. Apart of this institution reflect pretty accurately by a strong Russophile current in the from the way in which this or that Uk­ the inward American difficulties at the Western camp, and must therefore build rainian political group, party or organi­ programmatical solution of the so-called up their positions in the sphere of ex ­ zation formulates its programme they ail 'Russian problem” . In this respect the ternal politics from a quite different recognize the Ukrainian national interests American policy hovers unhappily till this starting point. From this, the single traits as the highest, most valuable, and most very day between the anvil and the ham­ of the Ukrainian foreign policy are more worth striving for goal. This Ukrainian, mer: the rightful demands of the non- comprehensible. national interest does not demand that Russian nations for liberty and freedom The Principles the Ukrainians should not live in peace inclusively the right for the secession If one proceeds from the preliminary with our neighbour nations, or even clo­ from the Russian empire, and the lordly condition that, firstly, the foreign policy sely co-operate with them. It may be claims and pretensions of the Great Rus­ arises out of the workings of the internal said that the Ukrainian nation enjoys sian nationalists and chauvinists in va­ policy, secondly, only an active and con­ great fellow-feeling for various neigh­ rious “ democratic” disguises who are centrated internal policy forms a genuine bours (e. g. Byelorussians, Slovaks, etc.). trying, after the expected downfal of the basis of power for a foreign policy pro­ The neighbours of the Russians, however, bolshevism, to secure with the help and mising of success, and thirdly, the latter can in no way be described as their concurrence of the Americans the unity has its specific forms, one can say that friends. and indivisibility of the Russian empire. the majority in the Ukrainian political It must, however,»be quite unequivo­ The first change of the “ American emigration are convinced of the necessity cally stated that, in all the political dea­ Committee” was enacted by the Ameri­ of a positive, but strong, foreign policy. lings of all Ukrainians, the Ukrainian cans under the pressure of the Russian There are in fact two tendencies in national interest will take priority, Where­ right-wi: g chauvinistic elements who Ukrainian policy: one counts on the by Ukraine’s relations with her neighbour could not stomach the name and even the possibility of war between the West and nations will remain a positive one. Out indication of the possible future union the U.S.S.R. which will bring about the of that national interest also arises the of the nations or the republics in these liberation of Ukraine. That is the inter­ present trends of Ukrainian policy. realms of the globe. They wished the ventionist conception. The other depends The Trends reestablishment of the “ traditional, his­ primarily on the own strength of the Uk­ torical, age-honored” name of Russia, as rainian nation and intends to bring about One of the most important aspects of to indicate by the name itself that the Ukrainian independence in a revolutio­ the Ukrainian foreign policy is the co­ coming, past-bolshevist State would have nary way. The overwhelming majority ordination and strengthening of the anti- to be one and undivided empire and un­ of Ukrainians incline to the second idea. bolshevist campaign among the subju­ doubtedly the property of the “ Big Bro­ It deserves to be mentioned that both gated nations. The attempt of American ther” —the Russians, or better to say, the tendencies are differentiated only on the circles to solve this problem by themselves Muscovites. And the Russian imperialists plane of the tactics and strategy of the has not yet been crowned with success. Continued on Page 16 Ukrainian liberation struggle. Continued on Page 16 Page 2 UKRAINIAN OBSERVER No. 4 - 5 THE PSYCHOLOGICAL WARFARE “Soldiers, ordinary citizens, mothers with their children, generals and dip­ THE DEATH OF STALIN lomats have been passing since 4 o’ or clock yesterdiy afternoon through the ‘WINNING THE RUSSIANS OVER’ Hall of Columns in the heart of Moscow. BY DNISTROVIUS “In the memory of the living Rus­ Two American Experiences they were forced, to make war and to sians there has been nothing before advance, the Americans would come to The American strategy of the anti­ like this spectacle. .. Russia as liberators and never as con­ bolshevik psychological warfare main­ “ The crowds converge on the Hall querors. All this boils down the slogan: tains to have appropriated two basic ex­ fo Columns from all points of the “ to crush the bolshevik regime, to win periences, both deriving from the history compass.. . and from all the streets the people o ver!" The best way to crush of the II World War. Both may prove that lead into the center of the city. . . the Soviet regime is seen in separating to be decisive for the whole future of The converging lines are led into the the ruled masses from the ruling com­ America’s foreign policy. hall in a procession eight abreast to munist party. file through the solemn chamber where The first experience won by America’s All this sounds very fine. It is not the Stalin lies in state. . . own mistake stems from the allegedly task of this article to analyse how far “The deeper one penetrates into the wrong and unjust identification of the the present American opinion is justi­ place of mourning the stronger be­ German population with the Hitlerite re­ fied that the identification of Hitler’s re­ comes the ceremonial atmosphere of gime. This identification, as later events gime with the German people was Wrong. grief. . . the air is laden with the per­ inferentially proved, had devastating con­ Still the truth remains that as long as fume of thousands of mass blooms sequences. It led to America initiating the Hitler won his wars, the crushing mass banked together with red purple and demand for Germany’s unconditional of Germans supported Hitler with deli­ orange flowers of paper, wax and silk. surrender. This unnecessarily prolonged rious enthusiasm. But let us take for “Enormous flood lights have been the war, as the Germans, seeing no chance granted that in the case of the Germans placed to illuminate the shuffling for a honourable truce and peace, fought this identification of the nation with the throng... On a stage to the left a desperately to the last cartridge. This de­ regime was wrong. Does this constitute symphony orchestra plays funeral mu­ prived American policy of a chance to the cogent proof that the identification sic. drive a dividing wedge between the Nazi of bolshevik regime with the Russians, “Stalin lies with his face quiet and rule and the non-Hitlerite mass of the or better to say with the Muscovites, peaceful, surrounded by banks of flo­ population. Germany was deprived of would be wrong, too? her lawful government. Hence the four- wers. On the breast of his generalis­ Living already now under the Ame­ simo’s uniform gleam multicoloured partite occupation of the country be­ rican psychological suggestion that “the ribbons and many orders and medals. came unavoidable. This allowed Russia Russian people are right, the regime is “Stalin’s hands lie before him, and to become firmly entrenched in the midst wrong” the average American imagines of Europe—with further detrimental con­ about his figure there is an air of the Russians as a silent, reticent, evasive peace and repose. sequences which soon enough became crowd all continuously scared, with sullen only too obvious. “The mourning columns pass from eyes and dreary faces, circling the next the room where Stalin lies and go out The second experience was not by Ame­ cop if possible in half a mile distance. to the back of the building into the rica’s but by Germany’s even more de­ The idea is that the regime is deeply open air again.” vastating experience. Hitler allegedly lost hated, only the people dare not to express his war against bolshevik Russia because this openly. The further idea is that every­ They reasons to be agrieved he advanced and behaved like a con­ thing that happens in the U.S.S.R. hap­ So they marched past Stalin’s bier day queror, not like liberator. Beside his pens only under the constraint, the direc­ and night, through interminable hours, racism, debasement of human dignity, tion, the impulse from above, that this is a nearly 4 million of them. This, at least, extermination of millions and severe eco­ community of slaves and robots, hence is the estimate of Moscow’s foreign press­ nomic exploitation, Hitler allegedly enter­ —the American liberation of the Russians men. They report that many people, and ed upon the course of the dissolution of from their tyrant rulers would be accept­ not only women cried openly and quite Russian empire. Especially this last design ed with open arms. infelicitly. The Russian grief, sorrow should have been, the contention goes, one An unexpected spectacle and affliction seemed to be quite spon­ of the main reasons of the popular hatred But the death of Joseph Stalin must taneous and genuine. It can hardly be and the resistance that soon arouse have revealed to the Americans a new assumed that they all marched past Sta­ against the Germans throughout the shocking experience. They had to learn lin’s bier being driven by the terror and whole Russia. Soon strong armed par­ that the reaction of the Muscovite at the the anguish before the retaliation of tisan movements were developed which news of the death of the tyrant was by M .G.B. if somebody dared not to come. at last submerged vast regions in the far not that of an overwhelming joy and They marched voluntarily, and they rears of the German armies. These mo­ exuberance as it ought to have been. would have marched some another 60 vements proved to be codecisive for the Quite the contrary. But let us have the hours—if they were allowed. ultimate outcome of the war. testimony of an eyewitness. We learn These Russians, the Muscovites, the “We would make it quite differently” from a special correspondence to the New inhabitants of the Russian metropolis If America was forced by Moscow York Times of March 8th, 1953 under had. all reasons to be grieved and openly to a large decisive armed struggle, taught the title “Crowds 8 abreast pass Stalin’s to cry. Before Stalin no other tsar nor by the above experiences, the further con­ bier" the following: tyrant has ever procured for the Russians tention goes, the U.S.A. would know to ‘Procession surpassing the throng proper, the master nation of the Soviet avoid the both described main mi takes. that honored Lenin in 1924 streams empire, so many new territories, conquer­ The present American psychological by, day and night. ed so many new peoples, brought in so “know-hows” are eager to stress that in “Hour after endless hour, Moscow’s much booty, gained so great an influence handling the Russians, first, they would mourning millions march past the bier and world-wide fame—and nobody was refuse to identify the bolshevik icgime to the man they revered as their great so terribly feared as he was, he simply with the Russian people, and sec nd, if leader Stalin. satisfied all natural, all deepest wishes of Ne- 4 -5 UKRAINIAN OBSERVER Page 3 this nation, except maybe the personal allowed to restore under the German to dismember Russia, it never would try liberty—the latter never being too highly protection their independent national to provoke by this the wrath of the whole rated in the history of Muscovy. states. A ll these nations had been trans­ Russian nation”. formed in various sorts of German Only upon such a psychological back­ The beloved Tyrant “ Kommisariats” . The Germans needed ground can be understood one of the Strange as it may seem to Americans, no liberated, free countries. A ll what they most strange pronouncements ever voic­ Stalin was a tyrant, but although super - needed were colonies, the whole of the ed in the U .S.A .. By this is meant the stitiously feared one, still a loved, res­ U.S.S.R. was seen as only one large co­ declaration of President Eisenhower is­ pected, even highly venerated tyrant. This lony, at best separated in its interior only sued immediately after the death of Sta­ picture of the mourning Moscow’s mil­ by the administrative boundaries of the lin. Here it is! lions never ought to be forgotten in the “Kommisariats”. Russia as a colony was “ At this moment in history when U.S.A. Facing this fact, it is hard to find to be kept whole and undivided. Later multitudes of Russians are anxiously out how American psychological “ know­ on, as the Germans tried to secure the concerned because of the illness of the hows” will “alienate” this people from co-operation of the so-called “ local po­ Soviet ruler the thoughts of America its regime? How will they not identify pulation” and embarked upon the at­ go out to all the people of U.S.S.R.— the one with the other? At this mourn­ tempts of winning over the collaborators, the men and women, the boys and ing, sorrowful hour all of the Muscovites their choice fell upon the Muscovite Ge­ girts,, —in the villages, cities, farms identified themselves with Stalin and his neral Andrey. Vlassov, a staunch Great- and factories of their homeland. regime only too openly and too evidently. Russian chauvinist, who agreed to co­ “ They are the children of the same There can hardly be seen even a small operate with the Germans oniy under the God who is the father of all peoples split anywhere between the one and the express condition that the non-Russian everywhere. And like all peoples, Rus­ other, where an American psychological nations of the U.S.S.R. never would be sia’s millions share our longing for weapon could be driven. Stalin carried freed and that Russia would never be a friendly and peaceful world. out. his terrible, world endangering policy divided. The Germans acquiesced. Prac­ “Regardless of the identity of go­ not alone, but with the help, the knowing tically, all credit and support was given vernment personalities the prayer of support and the ready concurrence of all in the further course of events to the us Americans continues to be that the this mourning Muscovite people. He, Unitarian Vlassov movement. On the Almighty will watch over the people who cannot see and understand this open other hand the true leaders of the non- of that vast country and bring them, political language of the Russians is po­ Russian nations were kept immobilised in their wisdom, opportunity to live litically blindfolded. in the German concentration camps. their lives in a world where all men, It is their national constitption The course of history would have been women and children dwell in peace and comradeship.” The possibility of psychologically split­ different ting up the Russo-bolshevik regime lies And now, in the face of all these abso­ Leaving to Russian Masters their never between the tyrannical Russian re­ lutely indisputable facts come the Rus­ Em pire gime and the Russian nation, as perhaps sian propagandists maintaining that one In this official American document it may have tain between the regime of of the reasons of the anti-German wrath there exist no many peoples of the Soviet Nazis and the masses of Gnrmans. The of the “ entire Soviet populace” were the Union but only “all the people of the Russians are different. The bolshevik re­ German attempts to “dismember Russia” . U.S.S.R.” , just one people, there exist gime is the genuine, natural, national Quite the contrary, the Ukrainian inde- no many nations but just only “ the mul­ regime of Russians. The only real psy­ pendists now maintain that, had Ger­ titudes of Russians” , consequently all chological split which need not be pro­ many honestly and faithfully embarked are “Russians” and nothing save “Rus­ duced because it exists already, but which upon the course of the liberation of the sians” , the multitudes living in this vast could and should be developed, exists non-Russian nations from under the iron “one country” are just ‘Russia’s millions’, only between the master nation of the t>ee!. of Moscow, the Germans would “ the identity of government personali­ Russians, and non-Russian nations sub­ have won the support of 100 million ties” is not so much important as the jugated and enslaved by Moscow. Who people. In that case the course of the one Russian people itself, these are only counts upon a possibility of winning over World War II in all probability would the Russians who count. real Russians in their expected but never have taken a thoroughly different direc­ The political logic of the careful word­ proved opposition to their own regime, tion. But the Germans “ knew it better” : ing of this presidential pronouncement and who by such a poiicy jettisons from they counted upon the Unitarian General is only too obvious. Not in vain, nor his bandwagon the non-Russian nations, Vlassov who, by the way, betrayed the even the slightest hint is made of the makes a wrong policy. The Russians ne­ Germans at the first occasion, and they existence of non-Russian peoples in “ that ver can be won over, except in case of jettisoned the non-Russian “ nationalists” . vast country”, one country. The obvious the promised further aggrandizement of The balance was: they never won over aim is to reasure the Russians that Ame­ their empire. the Russians, but they lost the “ natio­ rica does not intend in that critical hour nalists” . Germans promoted no Dismemberment to question the entity and the unity of of the Russian Empire American standpoint at Stalin’s death their empire. All the peoples once pressed some way or other into this empire are One of the most brazen lies of the Strange as it is the truth still remains simply moulded and melted into one Russian political propaganda lies in the that the American public opinion swal­ mass of “ Russians”—whether they like contention that during the Forld War II lowed the Russian lie about the German it or not. The declaration of President the Germans allegedly pursued the policy “dismemberment of Russia” without the Eisenhower just simply recognizes and of the dismemberment of Russian empire. criticism and resistance worth mentio­ in positive terms accepts this status of This was never the case. On the contrary. ning. The average American is really con­ Russian domination. This is a political Advancing into the U.S.S.R., the Ger­ vinced that “Hitler tried to dismember pronouncement of very far reaching im­ mans unwittingly quenched from the very Russia” and “ because of that suffered portance. beginnings all hopes of the non-Russian a crushing defeat” . In further consequen­ nations for their political and social li­ ce, should there come an involuntary A Bad Balance in Making beration. Neither the Balts, nor the Bielo- war with bolshevism, the American po­ Of course, it is very reassuring for the russians, nor the Poles, nor the Ukraini­ licy would arrange all this “ in a quite Russians as the master nation of the em­ ans, nor the Caucasus peoples were ever different way” , i. e. “ it never would try pire. But it is far less reassuring for the Page 4 UKRAINIAN OBSERVER No. 4 - 5 A MISSION TO MOSCOW: or not. The Western Big Two do excuse themselves now that they “ trusted Stalin” . CHARLES E. BOHLEN Yet in 1945, after more than 30 years OR of the rule of Stalin and his Bolshevik THE CAREER OF AN AMERICAN IMPERIALIST Party, the Western Powers ought to have known suffiiciently with whom they are One more Act of Appeasement the names of Messrs. Edward E. Stetti- arranging their deals. They ought to have The free Ukrainian public opinion in nius, Harry E. Hopkins, W. Averall Har- known—and practically they knew— that exile pursued with attention and ever riman and all the others, Mr. Bohlen’s the peoples thus entrusted to the “ care growing concern the fights and debates name, too, became history—and a prog­ and protection” of Moscow inevitably in the Congress of the U.S.A. regarding ramme. would be enslaved and mistreated. And the appointment and the confirmation of Much fuss had been made about the even if the Western Powers did not know Mr. Charles E. Bohlen to the highly question whether Mr. Bohlen is a ‘career’ it, the ignorance does not deliver from responsible post of the U.S.A. ambassa­ or a ‘political’ diplomat. The underlying resposibility. dor in Moscow. The free Ukrainians idea of this “ distinction” is that being There never was a more blatant breach could not help to regard this unfortunate a professional diplomat, Mr. Bohlen is of the principle of the self-determination appointment as one American step more, not expected to possess his own opinions of nations than was knowingly applied this time one of eminently Republican but instead is expected to do and to re­ in Yalta. Still, Mr. Bohlen finds even to­ brand, on the long and bitter road of present what he is told by his superiors. day, after the 8 years of Cold War which the consequent American appeasement of Consequently, Mr. Bohlen will represent originated from the spirit of Yalta, that Moscow. the Republican line of thinking with the this Pact with its principles of the “ extra The Ukrainian public opinion was the same vigour and adroitness as previously responsibilities” and the “ upper-hand” of more startled and depressed, as the con­ he represented the Democratic policy the Big Powers, was morally all right, firmation of Mr. Bohlen followed im­ conception. “ only the execution was a bit wrong” . mediately after the Presidential resolu­ This line of reasoning is not convin­ Mr. Bohlen knows exactly that the basic tion proposing the repudiation of the cing. Mr. Bohlen is not simly a mecha­ principle underlying the Yalta agreements enslavement deals of Yalta and Potsdam, nical transmitter. He started his diplo­ is the Western legitimation of the exis­ had been killed and buried in one of the matic career in early thirties with the tence of the Russian bolshevik empire; many Congressional subcommittees. In Democratic ascension to power. During it involves especially the Western acknow­ both these tightly interlocked moves the the 20 years of his professional advance­ ledgement and acquiescence for Moscow free Ukrainians believed to be justified ment he owes everything to Democrats to keep its so-called “ sphere of influence” , to see not only the unexpected abrupt and has clear emotional and the intellec­ i. e. its booty, i. e. so many nations in cancellation of the once planned Repub­ tual identity with the Democratic Party obedience and submission. lican policy of liberation, but also a ideology. He cannot be expected to stand The Imperialistic Angle clear return to the policy of appeasement politically for something different than The most frightful thing about the as symbolized by the names of Yalta and the Democrats stood for. Mr. Bohlen nomination of all people just of Mr. Potsdam. does not even try to deny this. Bohlen to Moscow, is that he is a man This has a special bearing with regard Co-Responsible for Yalta who till this very day supports the ideas The degree of Mr. Bohlen’s personal to the American policy towards Russia. of these ‘extra responsibilities’ and ‘extra Being interrogated by the Senate Foreign responsibility for Yalta is of small ac­ rights’ of Big Powers, i. e. sees the world Relations Committee on March nd count. What matters is that along with 2 ,1953 with the eyes and from the angles of in matters of the Pact of Yalta, Mr. the Big Empires—among them, of course, Bohlen made it plain to the U.S.A. se­ the Russian Empire. If there ever was A Bad Balance in Making nators that he never would join in Repub­ a man thoroughly imbued with the clas­ (Continued from Page 3) lican condemnation of the wartime Yalta sically imperialistic way of thinking, Mr. non-Russians. The Americans intended agreements. Mr. Bohlen asserted absti- Bohlen is the one. He belongs quite “ to make it all in a quite dtfferent way” . natedly that neither the Yalta arrange­ openly to the category of the so-called Still they repeat the old mistakes. They ment in itself nor any interpretation of it “ sceptical realists” from the ideological are trying to separate the Russian ruled was to blame for the subjugation of the school of Mr. George F. Kennan, who from their bolshevik rulers—where no peoples that followed Yalta. The Russians advise the American nation— against all such separation is possible. And leaving and the Russians alone were to be blamed her noble liberty traditions—“ to stick to to the Russian master nation her empire, —maintained Mr. Bohlen. New York realities” , i. e. to the existing powers, and they are trying in vain to win the Rus­ Times writes about these Committee “ not to hunt idealistic imageries” . sians over. They cannot be won over, hearings: — “Mr. Bohlen minced no exactly as the General Vlassov could not words in his defence of Yalta pact”. The power and the dominance of the have been. Even by America’s “ different Russians, or better to say, of the Musco­ approach” the final results would be ex­ In Defence of Slavery vites in the U.S.S.R., is for Mr. Bohlen— actly what they were in the case of the But for all nations and 100 million as it was for his friend and predecessor Germans: they never won over the Rus­ European people who in consequence be­ Mr. Kennan—such an “obvious reality”. sians, but they lost the “ nationalists” . Yet came the prey of Moscow’s imperialism, But is it indeed? Mr. Bohlen’s nomination only the non-Russians of the U.S.S.R. not “ Russians alone” were to be blamed. was “justified” by his sponsors and sup­ could be the real and reliable allies of The proper source of all evil in Yalta porters with the indication that he “ speaks the U.S.A. lay in the outrageous haughtiness, the ar­ Russian fluently” , is a man who devoted The old Romans maintained that “his- rogance, the contempt for the weak and much of his life to the study of the toria vitae magistra est” , history is the powerless, with which the Big Three, all Soviet problem” and is rated as “an out­ teacher of life. But they added: “that of them concurrently, took upon them­ standing Russian specialist” . But how teacher gets always unserviceable pupils” . selves to decide and to settle among much does he really understand of the There are reasons to be afraid that the themselves singlehandedly and onesidedly U.S.S.R. in general, and Russia proper, truth of the above maxim Would be once the lots and destinies, of a hundred of the Muscovy, in particular? The Ukrai­ more corroborated in the case of Ame­ million people—Without ever asking any­ nians doubt very deeply his expertness ricans body whether they liked their decisions, and knowledge. If he knew the world No. 4 - 5 UKRAINIAN OBSERVER Pag2 5 behind the Iron Curtain well he would have never advocated and supported the TIIE G fll E A T GAME rightness and the sagacity of the Yalta By A. Kaminsky agreements. He would have known that UKRAINIAN PUBLIC OPINION DOES NOT BELIEVE IN THE this Pact was begotten and born with FUNDAMENTAL CHANGE OF RUSSIAN POLICY AND REGARDS IT the incurable cancer of evil and selfdest­ ONLY AS A TACTICAL MOVE ruction. “Be cautious: Russia is only, No interpretation of recent happenings, A Step Backwards exclusively only propaganda. . .” however, could be more incorrect, and it This is now' for the seventh time that L. Michelet, 1864 is just the very aim of the Russian govern­ Mr. Bohlen goes to Moscow. But except ment to give rise to such an explanation for this show-window of the Russian Kremlin’s Peace Offensive in the West in the West. empire, he obviously has not seen and The latest transformation of Russian There are, unfortunately, people in the experienced very much else of that count­ command, caused by the death of Stalin, West who wish nett only to prophesy fu­ ry. It apparently escaped him thoroughly and the subsequent peace offensive of ture for the status quo, but also want to that this is no free federation of peoples the Kremlin, have given occasion for a believe in the possibility of a further wea­ but a prison of nations dominated by the series of varying political speculations in kening of the U.S.S.R. which would be Russians and that their liberty can never the West whereby, in the opinion of many accomplished, through the sui generis be won and established upon the basis circles, especially in France and not least “ Titoisation” of the satellites without any of the “ one and indivisible” Russian em­ in England and the U.S.A., the condi­ special efforts on the part of the West, pire. For instance, there is not one trace tions have been created for the re-birth and possibly also a liberation and démoc­ in all his career that Mr. Bohlen under­ of a new appeasement-containment policy. ratisation, perhaps even Titoisation, of the stands and evaluates properly the prob­ Although there has been, until now, no Soviet Republics themselves. In this case, lem of the enslaved nationalities in the rapture in most of the responsible circles all further endeavours of the West to U.S.S.R. Mr. Bohlen has some working in the western politics over these advances make itself a strong bulwark against the knowledge of the town of Moscow and which are, at least temporarily, peaceful Russian imperialism, nature lly, appear of some side-scenes of Kremlin, lesser of and conciliatory, there continues to exist, superfluous, and this is just the target at Russia herself, scarcely of the whole em­ however, the danger of the change of which the Rusians are aiming. pire. He has seen, encountered and ex­ policy in the West, particularly in the perienced only the Bolshevik displays of event of a further intensifying of the What has actually happened in the the Russian state power—the N.K.V.D., Russian peace offensive. This, moreover, U.S.S.R.? M.V.D., M.G.B., the Communist Party, can safely be expected. There are many According to sociological laws, it would the Army. But there are absolutely cogent politicians in the West who seem to be be quite wrong to expect Stalin to be reasons to maintain that he never peered prepared to regard the arrival of Mr. succeeded by someone exactly similar. It behind this outer wall. He never saw Bohlen in Moscow as the beginning of a would, however, also be wrong to over­ another powers existing in the U.S.S.R. new phase in the East-West relations and estimate, after his death, the part played behind this outer wall, powers much more are convinced that it will nett be long by one single man, and likewise to over­ compatible to the American ideals of li­ before peaceful co-existence can be realised look the importance of the Soviet system berty and humanity than the imperialistic in a world split into two camps. with powerful machinery, which is still “ideals” as expressed by the settlements It is self-evident that there is a general functioning. of Yalta. The non-Russian nations of lack of the erewhile trusting, made in The structure of this system, and its the U.S.S.R. are such a power. 1942-47 by admirers of “ mighty Russia” , attitude, has in no way been robbed of Mr. Bohlen’s tenacious support of Yal­ her social “ progress’ and “ part in the its basis by the death of Stalin. Stalin’s ta betrayed and uncovered him as a de­ common victory” , as well as “ her govern­ collaborators and likewise his successors, termined Russophile and a staunch im­ ment” . bound together by a common crime, were, perialist. It is not much of a question An attempt is being made, however, by reason of their high positions, peaceable what place Mr. Bohlen would represent: to inquire by coldly-reasoning and sober and docile among themselves, and the the American ideals of liberty before the methods into the causes of the recent whole apparatus which the U.S.S.R is peoples of the U.S.S.R., or vice versa, trends in Russian policy and to find 'these ruled remains unchanged and unaltered. the imperialistic Yalta “ideals” of Mos­ in the weakness and re-organization of This system of force with all its factors cow before the American nation. He the new regime. will not totter for a long time. chose Yalta. Malenkov’s “ ceding” of the post of the It would be incorrect to assume that The Ukrainians have no doubts about First Secretary of the C. P. to Nikita S. it can be shattered by any kind of internal the leanings, symphaties and the future Khrushchev and other replacements and differences in the Kremlin in 'the present policies of Mr. Bohlen. This nomination appointments in many of the highest mi­ situation, even on the part of the army. instead of being a step ahead towards the litary and administrative posts, then the Moreover, it would be rather naive to liberation, in reality is a step backwards re-organization of some of the highest look for some big anti-regime conspirators towards the reaction and the affirmation organs, the new amnesty, the release of within the regime, say, for a Russian of the Russian slavery. The Ukrainians the doctors, severe censure of Ignatiev Stiilpnagel of the necessary stature in this regret it deeply. and Ryumin and much else, is interpreted matter, and even more to look for a Rus­ as being the product of an internal, if sian Canaris. The mental and social struc­ not weakness, then of an unstability of ture, the historical development and the Read! Read! the new regime, which will lead to a new psychological attitude of the German army “A.B.N.-CORRESPONDENCE” course, not only in the internal policy, towards the Nazi Party (N.S.D.A.P.) Published by but also, as a consequence, in the external. were quite different from those of the Central Committee of Antibolshevik The recent trends in Russian foreign po­ Red Army towards the C. P. of the Bloc of Nations licy are therefore regarded as functions Soviet Union. The Soviet Army has been Dachauerstr. 9/H of this internal indisposition of the regime, formed by the Party, developed, “ school­ München 2 in which is to be sought real reason for ed” , infiltrated and purged by it. This Germany the new and peaceful form of East-West should not be forgotten. Nor the fact that ^ relations. it was Stalin himself who clung firmly Page 6 UKRAINIAN OBSERVER No -4 -5 to the old tradition of Russian, that is, men. This applies primarily to the Ukra­ military policy, the consequence of which inian Insurgent Army (U.P.A.). was complete elimination of the so-called This goes also, in the long run, for W liKPAIVjlATJ international line everywhere, especially the aggresive foreign policy, which, in the army. Through Stalin the Russian without its imperialistic trend, would imperialistic-chauvinistic elements were have to climb down, which would inevi­ decisively established in power, which tably mean its end. of the gained for the regime support from the One should also not forget that, in i'ts Russian nation. And this conditions still relatively short, 35 years history, the Rus­ UKRAINIAN INFORMATION exist. sian post-revolutionary government has SERVICE (U.I.S.) The fact that Khrushchev, according to made, in internal policy, so many zig­ Published by Russian insinuation is said to be an Uk­ zags from one opposed line 'to another, UKRAINIAN PUBLISHERS LTD. rainian is less expressive than the fact that there is no sense in ascribing any Liverpool Road that Stalin was a Georgian by birth. particular meaning and value to the latest 237 Comrade Khrushchev, moreover, has changes in the Kremlin. The sudden, London, N.I. Tel. NORth 1828 shown by the ruthless things he has done sometimes apparently “ radical” breaks of to the Ukrainian people in Ukraine that 'the years 1929-30 and 1936-38, as well as such a position was primarily to his per­ of 1942-45, were certainly not of less im­ as for instance, the continuous prosecu­ sonal advantage. In connection with this, portance and significance as those of to­ tion of the Church in the East Zone. we are not of the opinion that, in the day. The negotiations in Korea were only event of the centre of gravity of the The reversions of policy, coming one instituted when the U.S.A. made it clear Communist Party power passing to the after the other and accompanied by all 'that it was in earnest in combatting the Presidium of the C. P., this would also the familiar innovations, re-organization, red danger in Asia. In conclusion, an mean weakening of Malenkov’s position. purges and 'the like, have already become armistice and a complete cease-fire in Korea would find a good echo for the In short, the general situation of the indivisible characteristics of the system U.S.S.R. in the U .S .A ., yet there still internal forces in the U.S.S.R. upon which and will remain so. As regards the severe the structure of the regime is based have censure bestowed upon Ignatiev and Ry- remain Formosa and Indochina to con­ experienced no considerable changes. They umin, incidentally, this causes no parti­ nect Moscow with Peking in the same consist, on the one hand, of the system cular indication in 'the Russian firmament, way. Even 'the liberation of the imprisoned and its machinery supported by the great- and it is perhaps right to mention in this in Moscow doctors, which is regarded Russian people, and, on the other hand, place that, shortly before Stalin’s death, as a sign of the “ end of anti-semitic the front of the nations subjugated by a good friend of 'the comrades Ignatiev campaign” in Russia, is only for export, Russia, and of the satellites. and Ryumin—comrade Abakumov, chief particularly to the U.S.A. No Real Liberalization Possible of the recently reunited M .V.D., was What is actually the matter with Russia liquidated. is the potential power of N .A .T.O ., even­ It would also be foolish to expect the tually of E.D .C. with the inclusion of new rulers to feel compelled to a new Where is the Rub? Japan and Germany which looms heavily internal policy of relaxation and libera­ Russian policy is always accustomed over the heads of the Kremlin dictators. lization, or even a certain N.E.P. policy. The overthrowing of the U.S.A. new de­ to act on the principle of killing several There exist no reason for it and a policy fence and mobilisation plans and the ac­ birds with one stone. An amnesty, the like that would bring about a situation companying wresting of the newly- lowernig of prices (from which, by the which would have dangerous consequen­ way, the working man or peasant has acquired initiative from the hands of 'the ces for the Kremlin that cannot be little to expect), and suchlike are self- West—that is real task of all the internal ignored. evidently not at all superfluous at the and external events of la'te in the Soviet The Kremlin remembers only too well present moment, or ever. They are useful, Union. No peace but the demobilization the N.E.P. times previous to the thirties, however, for underpinning the new fo­ of the West, pure and simple. Thus, as in every great and good game, all factors, and knows quite well that they led, in reign policy and aim at lulling into se­ all spheres of life, and particularly in curity the newly awakened western ini­ including Stalin’s death, are being ex­ those of culture and politics, to the de­ tiative. ploited. velopment of separation from Russia of It is, therefore, no coincidence that, in Caution hidden the non-Russian republics. It was the the course of the new career of the Soviet Should the West join in the latest game leading intellectual Ukrainian communist Union, 14 liberated Frenchmen and 7 of the Russians, the consequence of such Khvylovy, who demanded at that time British, with a few women from North a step would be of far greater importance a reorganization of the Ukrainian Soviet Korea, came to Paris and London via for the whole world 'that those of 1941 /45. Republic towards the West, and created Moscow, and the pardoned English sai­ the slogan: “Away from Moscow” . lor, George Robinson, arrived in London The present Russian warpotential It cannot be excluded that further de­ too. It is exactly the same with the new should in no way be regarded as weaken­ velopment of that kind would have led “ conciliatory” tone of the Russian Press ed. Therefore the present period of the to the dissolution of the U.S.S.R. and towards the West, which Press is simul­ Cold War should be regarded as the it is Stalin and his present successors who taneously attecking most brutally the Ger­ most dangerous for the West. have, by means of a ru'thles centralistic man Federal Republic and its Chancellor For we must expect more Russian policy, put an end to this process. Dr. Konrad Adenauer. This may be con­ “ peace-advances” , with every possible and That is also why this category of nected with the Russian comments on mysterious combination, whereby the eye people have been excluded from the re­ 'the possibility of the talks of the Four of the Kremlin is especially trained on cent amnesty, i. e. those, who were con­ Occupying Powers on air security and Paris. demned for so-called “ banditry” and the expanding of the conversations on It would, therefore, be fatal should the “ counterrevolutionary crimes” , and Germany as a whole. It would be foolish, West cease to build up its strength. It is among whom were many members of by valuing the bare-handed saluting by now, at this time, that it must be ready, the underground movements of the sub­ a Russian military policeman of an Ame­ not only to negotiate with strong words, jugated nations, and their fellowcountry- rican, to overlook the serious facts, such but also to fight with strong weapons. No. 4-5 UKRAINIAN OBSERVER Page 7 beggars. These results of the Stalinist national policy did not, however, preserve POST-STALINIST EPOCH OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE the empire from defeat in the national question during the past war. The whole world, both within and out­ list” . Stalin’s and his successors’ state­ At that time there were directly in­ side the frontiers of the U.S.S.R., is ments concerning the Soviet Union’s ef­ corporated in the U.S.S.R. (besides the watching with intense interest the deve­ forts towards “peaceful co-existence are satellites) millions of the populations lopment of affairs in the U.S.S.R. and in this sense true and sincere, for Russia 23,5 of Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania, and the is attempting to forsee the future con­ needs some time of “ peace” , in order to western parts of Byelorussia and Ukraine, ditions in that area. I have considered reduce the social political life of the pros­ i. e. non-Russians. One thing, however, Stalin and his epoch to be the era of pective victims of this “ liberation” to such cannot be disputed, and that is this na­ the greatest achievements in the history chaos that the average person will get to tionality problem in the empire has be­ of the Russian empire, with regard to the stage of saying to himself: “ even come more intense and complicated in expansion, but it must be taken into worse, but at least different” . When such the succeeding 10 or 15 years, and a account that, through this, the internal political-moral conditions prevail within certain time is necessary before the “ ge­ forces have been weakened, as well as a nation, it is then ripe for “ liberation” . nial Stalinist national policy” is carried alliances. It was, moreover, clear that Moscow needs peace in order to be out and everything is in the same state Stalin, in his lifetime, had withdrawn able to create dissension in the nations as in 1939. from the “accomplishing of the Moscow and peoples by which it is surrounded, mission” , which for centuries had been and then operate correspondingly. We The nationality question in the empire the manual of Moscow policy. In the shall not, in this place, reiterate the ge­ is at the moment so critical that is acting course of the last war, Moscow attempted nerally well-known facts that the “Union as a preventive of open war and promp­ to leave troops in Persia after it had of Socialist Nations” has revealed itself ting endeavours towards “a peaceful co­ the chance of ordering them there, in to be a soup-bubble or that the ‘socialist’ existence of two systems” . order to employ them in a “ liberating- economy suffered a crisis after only a In the years between the two world action” against Persia. This had already few month of war and then had to be wars, there was much ado in the U.S.S.R. been began by means of “ national libe­ balstered by the “ capitalist” allies. These about the ‘solution of the bread problem’ . ration movements” in the North of that facts have a decisive effect upon the pre­ There was hardly any speech or writing country. sent policy of Moscow, and the post-war, of Stalin in which there was not to be found Stalin’s thesis, “ we have solved The western allies of the U.S.S.R. quite hysterical fight with the “ Ukrainian the wheat problem” . What are the real proposed the withdrawal of the troops bourgeois nationalism” and the national facts? As revealed to us by the B.S.E. from Persia quite unmistakeably; other­ feeling of the other subjugated people (Bo'shaya Sovietska Encyklopedia), the wise there would have been war. Russia is a result of the former obvious and situation was as follows: “ In year withdrew; Stalin had put up with Tito’s convincing experiences in the last war. 1913 were exported from the empire such agri­ “rebellion” and relinguish the “liberation” The Moscow population statistics of cultural products as: million pud of the rest of the Balkans; the same thing the U.S.S.R. for the year 1926 were as 648 (pud— kg) wheat, million flax applies to the attempt to incorporate follows: total population 147 millions, 16.4 18.4 fibre, m. pud hemp, m. pud but­ Finland into the Russian empire. In the of which 77 millions, or 53 p. c. of the 3.4 4.7 ter, m. pud eggs. Stalinist epoch a peace offensive was be­ total, were Russians; in the year 1939 3.5 gun by Stalin himself, the saviour of the the total population was 170 millions, of At the present moment practically no empire in the years 1917/20 and its grea­ which 99 millions, or 58.4 p. c. were agricultural products are being exported test ‘expander’; temporary cessation of Russians; i. e. the number of Russians from the empire. armed expansion, for the purpose of in­ has increased by 22 millions. The Mos­ The reason for this is not, as Moscow ternal imperial stabilisation and ‘mastica­ cow statistics for Ukraine for the same propaganda asserts, that the population tion’ of the conquered, as well as simulta­ period are as follows: in the year 1926, has began to live better and that life has neous ‘peaceful penetration’, the analysis 32 millions, or almost 22 p. c. of the become happier, but that the general and internal preparation for his succes­ total population; in the year 1939 (within output of agricultural products has fallen. sors, and then, after some time, the ‘libe­ the territories of the U.S.S.R. in the year Even if the Stalinist propaganda regarding ration’ of more nations and countries. The 1939), 28 millions or 16 p. c. of the the “ solution of the wheat-problem” is chief of the general staff of the Red Army, total of the U.S.S.R. It is obvious from correct when it states that the general Sapozhnikov, declared in his analysis of this that, the population of Ukraine has wheat-output of the empire has scarcely the cause of the failure in the war with decreased by 4 millions. Without further reached the level of the year 1913 only Poland in 1920, that Poland had not comment regarding the well-known Mus­ in proportion to the increase in popula­ been sufficiently prepared by Russia (by covite methods of calculation and the tion, it should be mentioned that all other the fifth column) in political — moral falsification associated with them, and branches of agricultural production, es­ spheres. considering the normal growth of popu­ pecially cattle-rearing have fallen by a Moscow needs a certain time for the lation which, in this empire, has been third, or even a half. preparation of new areas for the “libera­ 1.8 p. c. annually, there would have been This fact is no secret to anyone in tion” that will follow. The regions that 94,7 million Russians in 1939, and not the West, and Moscow is very well aware have been most actively prepared in this 99 millions. of the fact, especially after the experien­ way are those of Persia, the Asiatic count­ This statement is valid, even when one ces of the last war, when even the army ries, and Africa. This political moral remembers, on considering the matter, was so occupied with the problem of hun­ preparation of the fresh areas and na­ the fact that, in the Stalinist epoch, fear­ ger, to say nothing of the civil population. tions in readiness for the Muscovite “ li­ ful massacres and weakening of the po­ After the last war, Moscow began to beration” is, as far as we can see, being pulation in Ukraine and other non- expand and establish the great system carried out by quite peaceful means, and Russian lands were carried out on the of “building up Communism and recon­ Without direct military intervention from ground of the “Stalinist national policy” . structing nature” . All these reconstruc­ Moscow. Therein lies the meaning of That was physical elimination, limi­ tions were carried out primarily in the the “Cold War” or that which Moscow tation of the normal increase in number territories of the subjugated peoples (Uk­ names the “ peaceful co-existence” of the of the non-Russian peoples by collectivi­ raine, Caucasus, Central Asia and lower two systems— “ the capitalist and socia- sation and reducing them to the level of Volga) and have as. their aim the mecha- Page 8 UKRAINIAN OBSERVER No- 4 - 5 nical raising of the productive capacity MEMORABLE DAYS ol' the farms in those lands, which have been undermined and destroyed by col­ lectivisation, and the subsidiary aim is COLONEL EUGEN KONOVALETS the increase of the production of food­ The Ukrainians all over the world nations. Put he v/as not beaten, nor eli­ stuffs. have to commemorate a sad anniversary: minated by his premature death. Simultaneously with the daily struggle, 15 years ago— on May 23, 1938—just on Kremlin rejoiced far too early. Colonel in all spheres of life, with “ bourgeois the eve of the outbreak of the World Konovalets continued to live and to fig'nt nationalism” , and especially the Ukrai­ War II., Colonel Eugen Konovalets one after May 23, 1938, by his plans and nian, Moscow’s whole attention is di­ of the most outstanding Ukrainian natio­ ideas, and first, by the settlements and rected towards the increase of food-stuff nal leaders in modern times, fell the vic­ organizations he erected during his life­ production in the peripheral areas. If tim of a devilishly engineered bolshevic time of 54 years, all of them created to one takes the annual meeting of any plot. He was literally blown to pieces continue the struggle for the liberation Soviet newspaper in Ukraine, especially in one of the streets of the Dutch Rot­ of Ukraine. of the area—or district-newspapers, no terdam. by a time-bomb, practiced into Eugen Konovalets, the son of a Wes;- other problems are discussed there but his pocket in the form of a large packed Ukrainian teacher, was born in the vil­ the “ annihilation of the nationalists” and of cigaretts. lage of Zashkiv, near Lviv, capital of the “ production of more bread, milk, In this way Moscow got rid of a man Ukrainian Galicia. Very early, already meat, sugar and eggs” . The whole activity as a college student, he devoted his life of the Soviet party-machinery is con­ whom Stalin and his Russians had all the reasons to fear as the most intelligent to the cause of the liberation and inde­ centrated on these two problems. and potentially the most dangerous ene­ pendence of Ukraine. The smart, intel­ Moscow must have been convinced my of the Russian-bolshevik empire. The ligent, energetic brown-eyed boy soon during the last war that the defficiencies Kremlin always knew that if there is a betrayed his natural leaning towards a in its economy, especially as regards food man large enough to cope with the tre­ soldierly life. The World War I and the production were even greater and more mendous task of the destruction of the Great Eastern Revolution opened before perilous than had ever been imagined. Russian prison of nations, Colonl K o ­ him adequate chances. 1918 he became On account of the disorganization of novalets was such a man. In the mortal one of the top organizers of the Ukraini­ Soviet economy in the sphere of agri­ combat between him and the Kremlin, an “Sichovi Striltsi" (“ The Sich Rifle­ culture, this has not yet improved. The led for the most part in the darkness men”), a shock troup of the Ukrainian B.S.E. writes the following on the post­ of the anti-communist revolutionary con­ national revolution. He fought valiantly, war problems in agriculture: ‘The ex­ spiracy, he was personally annihilated be­ acted further as the liberator of Kyiv, pansion of the cultivated areas in the fore having obtained his ultimate goal: the capital of Ukraine, from the resurgent post-war Five Years’ Plan (1946-1950) along with the liberation of Ukraine also Russian occupation. At one time he was took place at the cost of the renewal of the liberation from the Russian yoke of the garrison’s Commander of K yiv and the areas of cultivation which had al­ all othtr non-Russian nations of the took care for undisturbed and peaceful ready existed before the war and less Soviet empire. deliberations of the Ukrainian national at the cost of the new areas of cultiva­ Colonel Eugen Konovalets had in him parliament, the Rada. tion’. Thus the fact of a profound crisis the stuff to become the Leader and the After the collapse of the Ukrainian li­ in agricultural production is quite obvious Liberator of the enslaved non-Russian beration wars 1917/20, Colonel Kono­ when one considers that a whole Five valets refused to accept the defeat. Along Years’ Plan is necessary to restore the with innumerable Ukrainian patriots and pre-war cultivated areas. in these matters he gained in the highest symphatizers he decided to continue the Agricultural production, which even position in Ukraine. The national ques­ liberation struggle in form of under­ before the war was inadequate and in tion, of which Ukraine forms the most ground. revolutionary liberation of Uk­ a state of decline, is today in a still worse dangerous aspect, and also the problem raine. At the position of Ukraine in condition, and the constant foodstuffs of fodd-production for the empire, is 1920, Poland got the second large chunk crisis which arises out of that is one of fundamental, very important and dange­ with 8 million Ukrainian inhabitants. the causes of the “ peace offensive” of rous, as also, in this connection, is the Here Colonel Konovalets organized in Moscow. collectivisation of Ukraine and that is 1920 the “ Ukrainian Military Organiza­ The alterations which have taken placs one of the reasons why this post has been tion” , the later famous “ U.V.O.” ; soon in the Kremlin since the death of Stalin, given to the greatest expert in these ques­ these three capitals became a dread and particularly the nomination of Khrushcev tions, Nikita Khrushchev. a terror for the bolshevik and Polish oppressors. as first secretary of the C, C. of the Moscow needs time in which to “ in­ Soviet Communist Party, induce various tensify” the “ Stalinist national policy” in The revolutionary activities of U.V.O. trains of thought, sometimes shadowy, Ukraine; that means the solution of the grew in scope and nature so fast and which look for rivalry among the indi­ problem of the unity of the empire— spanned so large territories that soon it vidual despots in the Kremlin. The post liquidation of the Ukrainian nation and became necessary to complete the U.V.O. of General Secretary of the Communist the assurance of Russia’s food-supply. with a political overstructure. Thus 1929 Party is one of the most important in the “Organization of Ukrainian Natio­ In the post-Stalinist epoch the Russian the whole system of the U.S.S.R. Stalin’s nalists" (O.U.N.) was born, during a clan­ empire needs some time of rest for the position was, among other things, due to destine Congress in Vienna, at which improvement of “ internal affairs” and the fact that he was the “specialist" in the delegates from all parts and corners the preparation of the areas outside the the national question from the very be­ of Ukraine attended. In the course of borders of the U.S.S.R. for further ginning, even in the time of Lenin. The the next years the O.U.N. developed “ liberation” . 10 decision to transfer this post to Khrush­ to the most powerful, and undoubtedly chev after the death of Stalin is the The nomination of N. Khrushchev to the leading Ukrainian national non­ cleverest thing that Moscow clique could this post in the Kremlin symbolises that communist political organization. have done, because Khrushchev is the best of all. Between 1920 and 1938 Colonel Kono­ greatest “ specialist” in the national ques­ A. O. valets led the life of an eternally hunted tion and collectivisation. His experience (From Ukrainian Thought, No. 14-15) political exile. He was forced to change No. 4 - 5 UKRAINIAN OBSERVER Page 9 THE DAY OF THE SEA DEATH OF A PATRIOT: PROF. DR. h. c. The twenty-ninth day of April is one sionists efforts. These years and the fol­ of particularly solemn remembrance in lowing were confirmation that the Rus­ BORYS Y. IVANYTSKY the consciousness of free Ukraine. On sian strivings for the domination of the this day 35 years ago, the Ukrainian natio­ Black Sea were continuous. When, at the Ukrainian Scientist, Man of Letters nal flags were hoisted up on the ships Congress of Paris, certain embankment and Politician of the Black Sea Fleet, in accordance measures were undertaken against Russia, (1878-1953) with the decree of the Government of 'the latter did not wait long before break­ the Ukrainian National Republic. This ing the treaty ( i 8 7 i ). In their ambitious The free Ukrainian scientifical and po­ historic event is of special importance also plans they always employed 'the Black litical world suffered a most deplorable to all the other nations in this quarter Sea as a means of making further con­ loss: on April 4th, 1953 died in Detroit, of the globe, for here begins a new era quests : they were impelled by the mysti­ 111., U.S.A. 75 years of age, one of the of 'their living-together. From this mo­ cal urge to posses Constantinople and the outstanding leaders of the contemporary ment the Black Sea was not to be any political 'to obtain mastery of the Mediter­ free U kraine: Prof. Dr. h. c. Borys У. more the instrument of Russian imperia­ ranean Sea. The importance of the Sea IvanytsXy. lism, but a peaceable connecting path reached its climax in recent times in con­ The deceased was born on March 21st, between the nations that live on its shores. nection with the plans of the red rulers, i 878 in the town Gumy, province Khar­ to whom i't presented a means of sub­ Peter the ist was the first to discover kov, Eastern Ukraine. He was the des­ jugating the world. In the 19th century 'the importance of the Sea for Russian cendant of an ancient Ukrainian family the Great Powers of Europe were able expansion. He not only broke through of warriors, priests and scientists, a family to take suitable security-measures, which “the window to Europe” on the Baltic which always tended and nursed 'the tra­ is to-day not so simple to do. Sea, but also attempted to gain a second ditions and reminiscences of the Ukra­ inian life in a free, from Moscow indepen­ “ little window” on the Sea of Asow. His The geographical position of Ukraine dent, democratic, Cossack national State. plans were begun to be realised by Cathe­ is very closely bound up with the Black rine II and later Tsars. The war-years Sea. The longest part of its shore is Uk­ This is why from the incipient years of 1787/91, 1828 and 1853 are witnesses rainian territory and almost all the rivers of his adolescence, just starting in his to the development of the Russian expan­ of this country flow into it. One must school bench, he led a cognizant and de­ also take into account its position, which voted Ukrainian political life directed to­ makes it the way to the ocean for the wards the liberation of Ukraine from the eastern peoples which secures also those Russian dominance. Very early he joined constantly the place of his residence. His on the Don, Volga and the Arabian Sea. the Ukrainian student’s fighting liberation name became a symbol, a synonim of These vital interests see to it that none circles and was repeatedly arrested by the liberty throughout the whole of Ukraine of these nations treads in the steps of the organs of the Okhrane, i. e. the tsarist —and far beyond Ukraine. With passing Russians. The aims of the future Ukrai­ political secret police. 1901-1902 he was years and growing tasks it became ap­ nian foreign policy in this area can and personally confined to live in the town parent that Colonel Konovalets was not must be only of a peaceable nature. The Poltava under constant police surveil­ only a good soldier but also a good, or permanent armed readiness against 'the lance. maybe, even better diplomat. Innume­ Russian arch-enemy in the North carries Borys Y. Ivanytsky studied forestry of rable threads united in his hands; he was with it, automatically and necessarily, a the Imperial High Institute for Forestry the center of a widely spread net of con­ sincerely peaceful attitude towards 'die in St. Petersburg and absolved his studies nections throughout the whole world, and South. In this way the Black Sea would 1902 with the title of a “ learned forester” , he had his stakes wherever he saw a be transformed from an instrument of the practical forestry from 1903 till 1917 chance to work and to gain friends for conquest into a way to understanding in leading posts in vast regions of the pre­ Ukraine. and alliance with all southerly neighbours. revolutionary Russian “ imperial forests” , The more the inevitability of the out­ In this, equality of rights and common and in the recent times there was scarcely break of the World War II became ap­ control of the straits would be pre-condi­ a scientist, but also a practitioner, who knew the forestry in U.S.S.R. better 'than parent, the more reasons had the Kremlin tional. he did. to fear the personal qualities and the connections of Colonel Konovalets. Sta­ The problems which would remain to At the outbreak of the Revolution 1917 lin knew exactly that Colonel Konovalets be solved would be the expansion of traf­ Borys Ivanytsky put himself forthwith at was great enough, to revert the first defeat fic on the most important rivers of this the disposal of the Ukrainian National Government which was formed in Kyiv. of communism in Ukraine into the grea­ region, such as the Danube, Dnieper and Here he helped substantially at the orga­ test victory of Ukrainian liberty and Don, and also the organization of close independence. Colonel Konovalets was a nization of 'the Department of the Forestry cultural and economical relations. born, predestined leader for Ukraine’s of Ukraine; in May 1918 he headed the Department. As during the revolutionary final fight for liberation. Consequently The contrasting attitudes of the Ukra­ Kremlin had to try everything to annihi­ events the Ukrainian National Govern­ inians and Russians to the Black Sea in­ ment was forced to leave Kyiv and 'trans­ late him timely. fluence the form of future conditions. itory to settle down in the town Kamya- But, as was already stressed, Stalin The common endeavour of all Black Sea nets Podolsk Borys Ivanytsky became si­ multaneously first the lecturer, then the succeeded only a small degree. The tes­ nations should, in our opinion, be the tament of Colonel Konovalets continues teacher at the Ukrainian University of complete exclusion of the Russians from Podilya. This started his proper scientific to live and to work among Ukrainians. these waters, in order to secure peace career, Its contents being: to fight and to strive here and equality of rights for all interest­ After the Russians and the bolsheviks incessantly till the very last verstiges of ed nations, conquered Ukraine in 1919, Borys Ivan­ the Russian domination are for ever re­ ytsky went with the Ukrainian National moved from the earth of Ukraine, R. ]endy\ Government in exile. At first he lived in Page 10 UKRAINIAN OBSERVER No. 4 - 5 Poland, in the town Tarnov, Western Galicia. Here he became the co-founder Prof. Dr. Volodymyr Derzhavyn of a “ Ukrainian Society of Aerocultural Technicians” ; later on 'this Society deve­ NE0-CLASIC1SM IN THE MODERN UKRAINIAN loped to the size of the Ukrainian Eco­ nomic Academy, since 1922 with the seat NATIONAL POETRY in Podebrady, near Prague, Czecho­ slovakia. Anyone who has not already, 'to a cer­ it was the Muscovite Soviets who brought with 'them the social revoluion “ on the In April 1922 Borys Ivanytsky reaches tain extent, studied the Ukrainian intel­ lectual history of 20th century, can ge­ points of their bayonets” in the course the title and 'the position of the ordinary of an armed invasion—it is true, not with­ professor of the forestry at this Academy; nerally no't fail to be amazed when he out certain support from de-nationalised 1923 he became its pro-rector. From now discovers that, in the Ukrainian literature (and therefore russified) and thoroughly on, in the course of the next 26 hard of the early twenties (thus in the very first demoralised elements of the Ukrainian working years, Professor Ivanytsky attains years of 'the Bolshevist Soviet domination) there had been formed an expressly clas­ population, particularly the socialistic left the status of one of the higher qualified wing. That does nc/t in any way alter scientist in specialists in the realm of the sically-inclined school of poets under the name of Kyiv Classicism. This school, the fact that the creative forces of the agriculture and the forestry of Ukraine. despite of the short duration of its literary Ukrainian cultural life were markedly na­ He left behind him 36 specialised scien- efficacy, which was only conditionally tionally inclined, and it is from this very tifical works, some of them translated in half-tolera'ted by the Soviet authorities, attitude that Kyiv neo-classical school of German, English and Czech. With special exerted no less than an immense influence poetry is to be recognised as a powerful care he worked on the problems of the on the later development of Ukrainian upsurge of national literature, which en­ forestrial policy and the conservation of poetry and prose and, at least abroad and riched Ukrainian poetry wi'th an abun­ vastly devastated forests of Ukraine. in the political emigration, still continues dance of artistic expression and philoso­ In 1928 Prof. Ivanytsky was first elected to do so. At the first glance, the historical phical depth of thought which were on the Rector of the Academy; he kept this connection seems paradoxical enough; level with the modern west-European li­ post till 1935. Concurrently he worked at there seems to be no reason why classicism terary art. the “Ukrainian Technical Husbandry and the Bolshevist social revolution should Institute” in Prague. He was the co­ The rise of 'this school of poetry in the be able to be united. From the beginning founder and 1934-1935 the first President Pan-Ukrainian political and cultural me­ they have had nothing in common and of the “ Society of Professors of the Ukra­ tropolis of Kyiv has, therefore, no direct have been irreconcilable enemies—as the inian Economic Academy” . connection with the Bolshevist social re­ expressions and developments of a Natio­ His basic scientific work is : “ The fo­ volution which was forcibly imported nal Ukrainian and of a Muscovite way rests and the forestrial economy of Ukra­ from 'the North by the Muscovite Red of thinking and attitude towards life. ine” published as the Vol. X IV of the Army, but with the restoration of the In contrast to what happened in the “ Works of the Ukrainian Scientific Insti­ Ukrainian Sovereign National State (1918 actual Russian (i. e. ethnically “ Great tute” in Warsaw. Of outstanding and 1921)—the National State which was de­ Russian” ) lands of the Tsarist empire, lasting value are his manuals: “ Course in stroyed by the military supremacy of the the chief process in Ukraine, just as in Forestry” , 3 Vol., and “ Dendrology” 1 Soviet-Russian Communism only after- a all the non-Russian territories which were Vol. He contributed heartly at 'the publi­ heroic four-years’ campaign for liberty. robbed of their freedom and independence cation of the “ Ukrainian General Ency­ The historical connection between that by the Tsars (and even in Wes't-Ukraine, clopedia” , 3 Vol. 1949-1952. new, absolutely “ westerly” and aestheti­ which was incorporated until 1918 in the The World War years 1939-1945 heavily cally inclined Renaissance movement in Habsburg empire), was not a social revo­ impeded the Ukrainian scientifical work the Ukrainian poetry and the political lution, but a struggle for liberty which in the exile in Czecho-Slovakia. The Ger­ restoration of the Ukrainian State is ob­ was prepared and introduced by the entire man Nazi regime hampered sorely the vious. It is true that one must take into cultural movement of the second half of development of the free Ukrainian scien­ consideration the fact that here lies more the 19th century; and thus the total col­ tifical work. 1940-1944 Prof. Ivanytsky of a relationship of identity rather than lapse of the Tsarist rule in 1917 let loose, lived transciently in Lublin, Poland. one of causation. The same generation, in all the non-Russian lands of the enor­ The “Ukrainian Economic Academy” the same national ‘elite’ who restored the mous empire, an anti-Russian national as well as the “ Ukrainian Technical Hus- sovereignty of the State, created simul­ fight for liberty and independence, but bandany Institute” were reviewed only af­ taneously the literary neo-classicism, ter the downfall of Nazi Germany, 1945- brought it into the foreground of 'the 1953 in Munich, Bavaria. Alternately he Germany. Here, among the 6 participant Ukrainian intellectual life of that time was the Rector, resp. President of these exile Ukrainian political parties he re­ and supported it in 'the battle of public Ukrainian scientific institutions. In appre­ garded his duties mainly as those of an opinion. Naturally there belonged to this ciation of his scientific achievements, on impartial referee. group also the artistically valuable expo­ occasion of his 70th birthday, 1947 was In 1950 Prof. Ivanytsky resettled as one nents of other varieties of style in the bestowed upon him the title of the “ Doc­ among more than 40.000 Ukrainian DP/ Ukrainian poetry of the same fertile pre­ tor honoris causa” of the Academy. Refugees, to the U.S.A. Here he lived revolutionary years—the same national- Much less important and outstanding and dosed his life at the home of his political and cultural opinions. The in­ were his political activities and contribu­ son, an engineer. Till his very last days tellectual-aristocratic culture-ideal of the tions. He always remainded faithful to he worked incessantly at the revival and neo-classical literature, which is worthy the Ukrainian political camp as represent­ the building up of the Ukrainian insti­ of being placed on the same level as Euro­ ed by the remnants of the Ukrainian Na­ tutions and the scientific life in the U.S.A. pean art, influenced numerous represen­ tional Government, 'the so-called “ U kra­ Except bolsheviks he had no enemies. tatives of other literary tendencies, either inian National Republic” (“Ukrainska Professor Borys Ivanytsky faded away true as regards form (such as the symbolists, Narodna Respublica”). He was regarded to his principle he cherished during the Oleksa Slisarenko and Volodymyr Svi- as an “ Ukrainian elder statesman” and whole of his life : “Always and everything dzinsky and the expressionalists, Mykola in this character was elected 1950 to the for U\raine !" He was highly venerated Bazhan and Todos Osmachka) or philo­ post of 'the President of the exile “ U k­ by Ukrainians and would remain un­ sophically (as the impresionists, Yevhen rainian National Council” in Augsburg, forgotten. Pluzhnyk and Mayk Johansen, or 'the neo­ No. 4 - 5 UKRAINIAN OBSERVER Page 11 romantic, Yury Yanovsfpy.) On the other Sea. In 1937 all news of him ceased; it is in allegorical form in 1929) to Kolyma in hand, not only the European world of highly probable that, in this year, he was East-Siberia to forced labour in the mines. ideas of the neo-classical style, but also shot without trial by bolshevis't assassins. There he died in 1938 or at the begin­ its artistic perfection of form were, as Of his original poetry, hardly any has ning of 1939 from starvation and exhaus­ such, banned and persecuted by the Uk­ been able to be published under the Sov­ tion. His anthology: “ The Shoot” (Kyiv, rainian “ National-Communist” as well as iets; fortunately his poetical legacy was 1926). His manuscript works were destro­ the so-called “ Proletarian” fellow-travel­ saved in manuscript, and has been pub­ yed by the Soviet authorities. lers and followers of the Soviet-Russian lished in its entirety among the Ukrainian Oswald Burghardt (1891-1947), was of Communism, primarily on the grounds emigration; “Camena” (Cracow-Lviv, German origin, being born in Podolia, that they were “ Nationalistic” and “ coun­ 3:943), “ Sonnetarium” (Berchtesgaden, and, as an Ukrainian writer, was known ter revolutionary” . Finally, almost all in 1948), “ Catalepton” (Philadelphia, 1952). under the nom de plume of Yury Klen. Kyiv neo-classical poets were ei'ther phy­ He was a great master of the sonnet and He was engaged in literary work in Kyiv sically eliminated (Mykola Zerov, Pavlo the Alexandrian Couplet, and an illust­ until 1931 and was greatly devoted to Fylypovych, Mykhaylo Dray-Khmara) oi rious leader of 'the Ukrainian National- 'the Kyiv neo-classical school of poetry forced to recant and to direct their poli­ Cultural “ westernisation” . until the end of his life. As a poet, tran- tical opinions into the Soviet channel Even more famous is Maxim Ryls\y lator and philologian alike, he has per­ (Maxim Ryls\y). Those few of 'them who (born 1895), the artistically most unique formed very gread achievements, and also succeeded in escaping to the West, such and versatile among the now living Uk­ left quite a number of novels and highly as Yury Klen and, much later, Mykhaylo rainian poets. He, more than anyone, has interesting literary memoirs. Since his Orest, have found here, in the Ukrainian imprinted upon the Ukrainian neo-classi­ migration to Germany in 1931, which was emigree community, a new and highly cism his own individual characteristic caused by Bolshevist terrorism, he has productive field of activity.. style, by introducing certain symbolistic given unforgettable service to the Ukra­ It would be indeed thoroughly false to elements of 'the style of the French, Polish inian literary world, especially on account represent the artistic development, and and Russian origin, and working them of his role as a link between the Kyiv neo- the literary influence bound up with it, together harmoniously. His poetical influ­ classicism of the twenties, and the marked of the Kyiv neo-classicists as a forma! ence on contemporary Ukrainian poets national-Ukrainian poetry (so-called return to the rigid rules of the Western was, and still is, very great. From 1931 Prague Classicism) in the emigration. His classicism of the 17th and 18th centuries, onwards, continuous persecution on the published books of poetry : “ The Damned or even as imitation of the French neo- part of the Soviet-Russian tyrants forced Years” (Cracow, 1943); “Caravellas” classicism of the middle of the 19th cen­ him, in order to save his life and his no­ (Prague, 1943). His chief work, the his­ tury—the so-called Pernassist School of minal liberty, to forsake neo-classicism torical epic “ The Ashes of Empires” still Poetry (although it were prominent mem­ and any kind of genuine poetry and to remains mainly unpublished; numerous bers of 'this very school, Ch. Leconte de sink, since the middle of the thirties, to excerpts from it were printed in the Uk­ Lisle and J.M. de Heredia, who actually the level of an artistically almost worth­ rainian emigree Press from 1946 to 1948. exerted a very considerable influence on less tool of Soviet propaganda, which, After the death of Yury Klen, Mykhaylo most of the Kyiv neo-classicists). moreover, was for him only a very in­ Orest (born 1901) living in Bavaria since Moreover, the French Parnasism was adequate protection from further political 1946, as a political refugee, has remained (among others) an indeed illustrious ex­ accusations. Among his numerous antho­ the last survivor of the Kyiv neo-classical ample to the Kyiv poets, but yet no stan­ logies, the following should be noted as generation, and is generally acknowledged dard; the Ukrainian neo-classicism was— artistically valuable : “ Under 'the Autumn as the leader of that school of poetry which and remained—just classically inclined, yet Stars” (Kyiv, 1918 and 1926); “ The Blue has been so afflicted by the Soviet terror. not ruled; and it had in no way rejected Distance” (Kyiv, 1922) : “ Through Storm His poetical characteristics are primarily a certain enrichment, as regards content and Snow” (Kyiv, 1925); “The 13th a pantheistic kind of spiritualism and a and form, from the later poetry styles of Spring” (Kharkiv, 1925); “Where the philosophical feeling for nature, which are Europe—from the impressionist, symbo­ Ways Unite” (Kyiv, 1929); “ Sound and conditioned by his idealistic attitude to­ listic, and to a certain extent, the expres­ Echo” (Kyiv, 1929). wards mankind as an incomplete manifes­ sionist or surrealistic—as far as this last Pavlo Fylypovych (born 1891) was the tation of a cosmic being, and which are is able to produce anything perfected in second most eminent member of the Kyiv marked by a strong emphasis on the pu­ form. Yet, in order properly 'to estimate Neo-Classical School of Poetry. For a con­ rely ethical view-point in the valuation the actual multiplicity of Ukrainian lite­ siderable time he worked also as a literary of social life. M. Orest is generally recog­ rary creations, for which the neo-classical historian; he displays in his formally ex­ nised as one of the most sensitive con­ poetical ideal paved the way, we shall emplary lyrics a strong, symbolistic ten­ noisseurs and utiliers of the Ukrainian first append a short character study of dency. Although averse to any kind of literary language, which he himself has the most well-known representatives of political activity, he was imprisoned in greately enriched. His'tinthologies : “ Echo that school of poets, which was indeed 1935 together with M. Zerov, and it is of the Years” (Cracov-Lviv, 1944); “ Soul held together only by. artistic principles. highly probable that he was shot with and Destiny” (Augsburg, 1946); “ The Professor My\ola Zerov (born 1890) him, in 1937, without the trial. His an­ Realm of the Word” (Philadelphia, 1952); was the actual founder and the generally thologies : “ Earth and Wind” (Kyiv, and “ Gues't and Homestead” (Philadel­ recognized ideologian and real tactical 1922); “ Space” (Kyiv, 1925). His manu­ phia, 1952). leader of the Kyiv neo-classical school script works were destroyed by the Soviet There is, of course, no lack of indivi­ of poetry. He was an exemplary poet, authorities. dual poets from West-Ukraine, (as S. translator, critic and literary historian, and Mykhaylo Dray-Khmara (born 1899), Hordynsky, B. Kravtsiv, T. Kurpita) who he rendered extraordinary services to the Kyiv poet and philologian, was gradually have been influenced by this classicism, Ukrainian literature by making accessible converted from his originally symbolistic nor of younger poets of the “ new” (post the old classics as well as French classicism style to neo-classicism. In 1935 he was 1941) Ukrainian political emigration who and Parnasism. After quite a long aca­ sent on an empty pretext (but mainly on owe much 'to the classical principles of demic activity in Kyiv, he was, in the account of his sonet, “ Swans” , in which form (Yar Slavutych, Oleh Zuyevs\y, year 1935 (although personally uninterest­ he had glorified the Kyiv “ Poetical Quin­ Ihor Kachurovs\y). What holds the neo­ ed in politics), incarcerated in the notori­ tette” —M. Zerov, M. Rylsky, P. Fyly- classical school of poetry together, even ous island-prison of Solovki in the White povych, Y. Klen-Burghardt and himself now, is not only the highly easthetical fee- Page 12 UKRAINIAN OBSERVER No. 3 ling for form and consequent European at­ inian feeling, which acknowledges no titude towards Ukrainian politics and kind of varieties, dialectic or regional, CEMlMllllllil culture-politics (with the elimination of in Ukrainian literature, and thus is form­ any Slavophile and Pan-Slavistic tenden- ing within itself a cultural Stronghold of KTHIIICKIL COfiGRW ces), but also their markedly Pan-Ukra- Ukrainian national and political ideals. On the 7th and 8th of March, 1953, the Yury Klen German Psychological Association and the Institute of the Ukrainian Free University THE BELU & E held a congress to discuss the question o f : “ The East-West tension in the light I of psychology". This Congress lasted When filled to brim and burning was the jar 'two days, and ended with prolonged dis­ Of wrath of God repenting, — seething over, cussion and an assurance that this marked And Angel of the Doom was sent to pour only the beginning of a work that must It out, the Lord bade Noah : "B u ild the arp !” at all costs be continued. Generally speaking, all the Ukrainian Abyss grew strong, the dish of sun turned darp, psychologists held similar opinions, and The cruel storms tore shore after shore, it must be stated that these opinions were Insatiate depts washed out the roeps and roared, shared by their German colleagues too. Devouring mountains, shapeless and bizarre. In the discussion of the contrast between the East and the Fest, general opinion The vessel then, whilst hail and thunder blew, seemed to prevail that there are actually Was floating stately, saving from the vial few typical characteristics of the East in Of wrath, in holds besmeared with pitch her crew the Ukrainian psyche, and that the Ukra­ inians as such show no really close kin­ Of animals and birds, who after trial, ship with the East but, on the contrary, When sun will bless renascence after strife, have much in common with the West, Will procreate on earth the bliss of life. as well as with the western philosophy and the way of thinking. The German II speakers maintained that it was a diffe­ rence between these two worlds that was Thus we do float through lifeless space of years, under discussion and Prof.Zeise emphasiz­ Above the towns submerged, the towers deep on ground, ed, as an example, the diversity of the two The churches ghastly dead, the cities drowned; churches, and stressed the fact that a Their purple evening died in waters cold and clear. consideration of the diversity of the two worlds did not refer to Ukraine. They And over empty seas our arp we steer, were, in general, familiar with the prob­ And under empty spies we find no ground lems of the East and seemed to have a To save immortal cargo,—future bound, sober view of the conditions prevailing The heritage of ages,— treasures dear. there. Prof. Dr. I. Mirchuk, as chairman of To save them for the future is our duty: the meeting and the first lecturer, gave an The miracles of all the ages we have seen, introductory review of the question to be In soul preserved, engraved on magic screen. discussed by the congress, welcomed the guests, and read various messages of gree­ And of this boon of indestructible beauty, ting j among them being one from the When dawn will breap, and spies turn blue, Prime Minister of Bavaria, Dr. Einhardt. We will create the human thought anew. In his review, he dealt with the relation­ Translated from the Uprainian by ship of Ukraine with the West in the course of her history, and attem'ted to V. Shayan point out that Ukraine was clearly orient­ ed westwards. The Ukrainian ruling prin­ Mykhaylo Orest ces had tried to maintain friendly relations THE REALM OF THE WORD with the western dynasties; the Mohyla Academy had been founded after the pat­ In rainbows of bliss and glory Its halo scents over mountains, tern of western schools, including the use The Word is born on the earth, Embracing angels and doves, of Latin for teaching, and Mohyla himself, N ew Realm — Eternal and Holy The down'brea!{ wells from its bounty, despite his loyalty to the faith of his fa­ Is brought to light by its birth. Each petal lives by its love. thers, was expressly western in orientation. The Magdeburg city statute was of fun­ And those, who created its coming And from the graves of forgotten damental importance in Ukraine. In the And longed in prophetic dreams, Rise thousands of hands in pray, 16th century, the Union of Brest united Behold the fiery summit, White lilies, by blessing begotten, Ukraine with Rome, therefore with the Engulfed by ecstatic streams. Are greeting new gospel: hail\ West and not with Moscow. The Ukrai­ nian clergyman, W. Dovhovych, wrote in Translated from Uprainian the fastnesses of the Carpatho-Ukraine, by V. Shayan commentaries on the works of Kant, and in this way had occupied himself with NOTE: “ The Realm of the Word” by M. Orest was first published in No. 8. of the the thcorethical, speculative philosophy Ukrainian edition of " The Order" (Under the title of “ The State of the Word” ) which on the general was quite allien to V ury Klen the Slav soul. Young Ukrainians studied No. 4 - 5 UKRAINIAN OESERVER Page 13

at western universities, and this was caus­ personal responsibility. This doctrine finds conceptions which play the decisive part ed, not only very often by the enslavement expression in the Roman Catholic, Lu­ in the psyche of the Ukrainians : the will, of the free sciences in 'their own land, but theran, and above all, in the Calvinist by which the Ukrainian understands far also by their interest and attempts to in­ beliefs. The eastern Church is less en­ more than the Westerner—all the values clude themselves directly in the western lightened, because it has not experienced that lie in the sphere of freedom; truth world. Ukrainians today identify them­ the whole religious development: the an­ which for the Easterner does not necessa­ selves with the cultural processes of the cient and scholastic, the Reformation, and rily coincide with reality, but is the moral- West, and are 'trying in the emigration, the democratic estimation of the worth ethic order of things; and destiny, which despite difficult circumstances, to co­ of the individual has touched it hardly is considered by 'the Ukrainian to be in a operate with them. at all. The eastern Church senses, but certain sense pre-determined, and that, Ukrainian artists were active in western does not understand, the meaning of the which is given by the will of God cannot operas, theatres, choirs and churches, and Bible. When it suffers, it does so because be shaped objectively. the same applies to the ballet. Painters it cannot help itself with the aid of ra­ After this analysis of the position of and sculptors have been represented at tional elements. The difference between the philosophy of Skovoroda, Dr. Smalko exhibitions, and women have been occu­ the rational structure of the western re­ attempted to prove the community of this pied in introducing the native art into formed Church and the less enlightened philosophy with the West. His was a the western world. Books, newspapers and eastern Church arises as a result of this strongly individualistic attitude, similarly journals have been published in both the tension, which could be lessened by a to that, which since ancient times has Ukrainian and foreign languages, in order combination of the rational superstruc­ formed the fundamental basis of western to acquaint the western world with the ture of the West with the emotional, re­ philosophy; his anthropology, which di­ Ukrainian problems. In addition, the edu­ ligious mysticism. rects us quite clearly to western philoso­ cational system and the activities of the The western type of man presents a phical mysticism; his religiousness, which scientific institutes and clubs made great contrast to the eastern. One can describe is related exclusively to the content and progress. him as “ ratio” , while the eastern man not to ’the form; moreover, his dualism and symbolism of God can, almost in Further talks were given on the psy­ shows himself more as “ emotio” . its entirety, be brought into harmony with chological aspects of the tension between The individual, as the fundamental the traditions of the western Church, and the East and the West. The speakers sug­ strting-point for western thought, stands in sharp contrast to the typical masses to the ancient Fathers and western mys­ gested various reasons for this tension, as ticism. The eastern components that ap­ well as ways by which it might be reduc­ of the East. One can in no way make the pear in him are a strong preponderance ed. They were generally agreed that the peculiar consciousness of self and desire of emotion over intellect, which primarily mental crisis which appeared in the post­ for self-betterment agree with the collec­ finds expression in his philosophy of life, war period has to an extremely great tive consciousness and the subordination whose aim is the realisation of an ethical extent, combined to deepen this tension. of self to the will of force, which 'the eas­ tern despotism renders possible. Resistance order and was able to achieve little under­ In seeking for the causes of this tension, standing for theoretical speculation, a ne­ they dwelt on the causes the present against the will of power is described of gative valuation of the will, whereby the general mental crisis. One of the funda­ as rejection of God, from whom all power derives. The collective forms of eastern possibility of an active attitude to life is mental causes was held to be the advance excluded, and, finally, an extremely idea­ in technics, which had condemned economy meet with no resistance from listic attitude which essays to trace all mankind to a soulless existence, the masses and can be easily made the manifestations in the world back to the to which remains only a functioning of pattern of life. The Ukrainian farmer, however, has offered stern resistance to psychic element and makes knowledge civilisation and its apparatus. Man is no independent from the psychic “ ego” of longer immersed in the past, but strives the liquidation of his individual indepen­ dence and to his inclusion in 'the “ grey the individual and does not class it with after the mastery of economic conditions. the necessities of reality. whole” . In his theoretical strivings after know­ Numbered also among the questions ledge, man has however gone too far and The conception of dynamism is cha­ discussed at this congress were two papers become the victim of technics. As a pro­ racteristic of the W est: deeds and active read by Dr. Lickert, on American psy­ ductive producer he is becoming super­ participation is most highly esteemed chology, and Prof. Vashchenko, on Soviet fluous; those people who have been re­ in the West. Every form of dynamism is psychology, respectively. Dr. Lickert based placed by inventions can find no use for completely allien to the East. It is re­ his theses primarily on observation of themselves in the face of the general un­ garded negatively there, and the most American people and reviewed the most employment. Mankind has created, by highly desirable condition is thought to important characteristics of the American means of the natural science, a picture be tranquility. psyche. of nature in which no place is left for The more detailed problems of 'the East- Prof. Vashchenko, in his lecture, re­ man himself. West tension were dealt with in speeches viewed the conditions of psychology in A further reason for the present crisis by Prof. Vetter, Dr. Zeise and Dr. Janiv. the Soviet Union since the beginnings of is the “ revolt of the masses” . The ruling And in close connection with these two bolshevism. The beginning of the 20th human type is becoming the proletarian, more talks given by the Ukrainian Prof. century was marked by ’the struggle be­ who, for the time being, has not yet been Kulchycky, who spoke on the “ Occidental tween two tendencies—the idealistic and able to gain a leading position in the and non-occidental components of the the materialistic. Among the intelligentsia, West, but in the East this process has mind of the Ukrainian” , and Dr. Smalko, the idealistic tendency, with a religious advertised itself as the “ social revolution who dealt with the position of the greaties't accent, was charasteristic. After the Oc­ of the masses” . Ukrainian philisopher, S\ovoroda, in the tober Revolution, all psychologists with The western Church as well is funda­ light of the East-West tension. idealistic views were removed from the mentally different from the eastern. It is, In his consideration of the eastern and universities; a portion of them went over firstly, more enlightened, because it has western elements in the Ukrainian mind, to materialism and built up the philosophy passed, during various periods of reform, Prof. Kulchycky employed the genetic of reactology. The fundamental tendency through a process of rationalisation. The method, and analysed varying aspects — was a materialistic one, represented by western Church stresses the importance geo-psychic, historical, socio-psychic, Pavlov and Bechtiarev, who traced man’s of the individual with his personal cons­ cultural-morphological and deep-psycho­ whole behaviour back to reflexes. In the ciousness, his personal development and logical. He referred to the three important thirties began the fight against these ten- Page 14 UKRAINIAN OBSERVER No. 4 - 5 pital” and are reproached at every opportunity with “ selling their fatherland” , “ treachery” , and other Ukraine Behind the Iron Curtain “ crimes” , Stalin is finally lauded as the “ great libe­ rator of the Ukrainian people” , who has, more than THE NATIONAL POLICY OF THE The Russian nation always takes the very first place anyone, “ supremely championed” , together “ with the among all the other nations of the Soviet Union, and great Russian nation” , the national and social interests SOVIETS IN UKRAINE will in all probability be cited as an example for ail of Ukraine” . * * * The Soviet Press is, at the present moment, dealing her wars of aggression, raids and similar “ famous in great detail with the problems of national policy. deeds” . All her foes must be bitterly combatted, and CONVENTION OF ACADEMY OF Whether it be Radyansf{a Volyn (The Soviet Volhvnia) this to be done as follows: “ Simultaneously with Molod Ugrainy (The Youth of Ukraine), or the Ra- the spreading of propaganda concerning the achie­ SCIENCE dyans\a U\raina, they are all giving an extraordinary vements of the Leninist-Stalinist nationalities, all ma­ nifestations of hostile ideology, the remnants of and On March 24th, 1953, there ended in Kyiv the two- amount of space to the “ bolshevist nationality policy’’ day convention of the Academy of Sciences of the and the “ Soviet fellowship of nations” . relapses into Ukrainian bourgeois nationalism, Zio­ nism, and cosmopolitanism must be ruthlessly ex­ Ukrainian S.S.R. Today it is quite obvious that the Soviets have posed. One must consider the fact that the natio­ The Moscow Pravda of March 25th, No. 84 gives played themselves out in the sphere of the national nalists and cosmopolitans are the damnable foes of the following account: problems of the West, above all in Asia. They are our fatherland, act as deadly opponents of peace and “ The convention has exposed serious deficiencies trying to conceal their own difficulties by clumsy democracy, and, at the same time, as servants of in the work of 1 he Academy. Sharp criticism was falsification of history, distortion of facts, and the American imperialism. The nationalists of every co­ levelled at both the Presidium of the Academy and alleged love and regard of the Soviet Union’s nations lour, after selling themselves, body and soul, for the directors of the various departments and institutes. for the Russians. bloody American silver, are concentrating al 1 their Serious defects were pointed out in the distribution A gross example of such proceedings is the leader activities upon murder, espionage and subversion, and and training of the scientific minor officials and in of the Rudyansf{a U\raina of Feb. 28th, 1953, No. arc aiming their ideological spear at the fcl lowship the weakly developed criticism and self-criticism. 50(9565), “ The all vanquishing power of the fellow­ of nations, which is the basis of the power and might The continued criticism of the Ukrainian scientific ship of nations” . It is here attempted to stress the of our fatherland” . institutes, the teachers at the universities, and, so- latter’s “ uses” and to land it as one of the highest Al 1 are damnable and must be rooted out—only called “ carelessness” in the training of the rising achievements. “ The power which cements the friend­ the Russians are good. What an irony! generation of scientists has reached its climax in the ship among our countries is the great Russian people, attack upon the Academy of Science of the Ukrainian the Russian nation which has been described by * * * S.S.R. The Soviet culture policy remains the same comrade Stalin as the most productive of the Soviet as it was before Stalin’s death. It would be competely Union. STALIN AND UKRAINE FROM abortive to think that any relief in the sphere of the The pride of Ukrainian nation is based on the fact THE PRESENT SOVIET VIEW­ sciences would come about. that they have come out of the same nest as the POINT This new criticism reveals far more the opposite Russian and Byelorussian nations. The Ukrainians, to any alteration and makes it quite conclusive that with love and kindness, call the Russians their elder Thirty-five years ago there appeared an article by the “ purges” , “ criticism” and other dissatisfaction brothers” . Josef Stalin called “ The Ukrainian Knot” . On the on part of the party-leadership will continue to play anniversary of that event the RadyansJ{a U\raina of the most important part in the future. The constant stressing of the independence, alliance March 14th, 1953, No. 63(9578) devoted a detailed and co-operation with the Russian nation shows a * * * article to the problem of “ Stalin—the Liberator of the continued emphasis on the Russian master-part in the Ukrainian People” . It is striking that, after Stalin’s Soviet sphere of power. The Russian nation alone VOLHYNIA—INACCESSIBLE TO death, his person should again and again be held up merits the leading role; it is the most talented and to the Ukrainians as an example in connection with COMMUNIST IDEOLOGY competent of all the Soviet nations. No-one else the Russian nation. R. Symonenko, the author of can hope to equal, yet alone surpass her. One of the most difficult tasks of Soviet internal this article, has assigned to Stalin all credit concern­ politics is, without doubt, the continuous emphasis on “ After the liquidation of the bourgeois and na­ ing the Ukrainian national development, and has the ideological problems. The Soviet Press and party- tionalistic parties, and after the establishment of the depicted him in this light. organizations are at the moment busying themselves Soviet order in our countries, new socialist nations for­ “ Like al other people of our fatherland, the with these questions, and are devoting to them much med themselves and developed on the basis of the old 1 Ukrainian nation is indebted to Josef Stalin for all attention. bourgeois nations” . It is astounding how the Russian- that is good, radiant and happy in its life. It is the In the latter half of last February there took place bolshevist theoreticians are able to bring the socialist national pride of the Ukrainian nation that it was the plenary meeting of the district party-organizations conception of the development of the nations into the first to follow the Russian nation on the path of the Province Volhynia. The secretary of the C. P. harmony with the Russian imperialist power-politics. of Soviet and socialist development” . of Volhynian Province of Ukraine, I. Hrushetsi{y, Apparently only through complete misrepresentation, wrote, on this occasion, a fundamental article in the distoration and typical bolshevist “ scientific methods” . Above all, Stalin is given credit for smashing the Radyansl{a U\raina of Feb. 24th, 1953, No. 46(9561), This dialectic passes anything that one could imagine. Ukrainian Central Rada, which fought for the poli­ tical and national independence of Ukraine. “ To under the heading “ Ideological work—Top Task of “ In the ideological work of the party-organizations Comrade Stalin belongs the credit for the leadership the Party-Organizations” , in which he dealt with of our republic there are not less valuable and worthy the “ inadequacies” and "deviations” in this sphere. in the victory of the Soviet domination of Ukraine, examples of the training of the workers in a spirit in the destruction of the Ukrainian bourgeois na­ “ An under-valuation of the ideological work is of love and regard for our elder brothers— the ta­ tionalists, these menial servants of international ca­ gaining ground in the party-organizations of the lented Russian people, and all the peoples of our pitalism. The most important counter-revolutionary Province of Volhynia. The department for propaganda fatherland” . force in Ukraine was the nationalistic Central Rada, and agitation of the district-organization of the C. P. which was created by the Ukrainian bourgeoisie for of Ukraine was directing the work of party-education the purpose of separating Ukraine from the great only superficially. The representatives of the depart­ Russian nation. It was responsible for the maintenance ment had, on their journeys through the individual German-Ukrainian Psychological •of capitalists and oppressors in Ukraine and the trans­ areas, paid little attention to the quality of that which formation of this country into a base for the fight they had learnt from the communists, and had con­ Congress fined themselves exclusively to information and the of international imperialism against Soviet Russia. compilation of long icports” . The party-officials dencies, and above all against refllexology, It was also a historic service on the part of our seemed to bother themselves very little about che immortal leader that he has revealed the treacherous and its exponents were blamed for the “ ideological line” , and, since, the posts which they part played by the Ukrainian bourgeois nationalists mechanisation and deviation from dia­ occupy are w'ell-paid, they devoted their leisure to and the criminal connection of the Central Rada with the writing of long reports, in order at least to give lectical materialism. They were removed foreign imperialists, and thus pioved the boundless an appearance of activity. from their posts, arrested as “ perverters hostility' of the Ukrainian bourgeois nationalists to­ In order to illustrate the gigantic machinery and the wards the labouring masses” . of the people” , and later liquidated. Later litdc interest taken by the population in this ideo­ began tiie period of materialistic psycho­ It is true that the Ukrainian Central Rada has logical work, it is worth while to consider the present logy, which was marked by extreme dog­ worked for a complete separation from the old Russian number of schools, courses and of participants in empire, but it has never enjoyed any kind of help matism and a blind faith in the classical these organizations. “ The party-organizations have from “ international imperialism” or such like capi­ concentrated their attention primarily on the improve writers of materialistic doctrine. Charac­ talism. It must be said that, on the contrary, the ment of work in party-education. For this purpose more teristic of all Soviet psychologists is their western allied forces at that time supported the ‘white’ than 20,000 people, including eight thousand com­ radical attitude towards “ bourgeois” armies of various Russian generals, who, on their munists, have been gathered together. In the province side, bothered little about Communism, but were in­ are functioning 856 political schools and departments psychology and their simultaneous glori­ terested in further oppressing the insurgent national fication of the Soviet, which, by suppres­ for the study of the biographies of W. I. Lenin States. Marxist-Leninist philosophy, besides 30 night-schools sing other tendencies, greatly limits their After further attacks on Petlura and Vynnychenko, of the Party and one university for the study of possibilities of meditation. who are described as “ servants of international ca­ and J. Stalin, the history of the C.P.S.U. and the No. 4-5 UKRAINIAN OBSERVER 13 Marxism-Leninism. In addition there are 13 seminaries for party-activists. . It is immediately evident from these statistics how UKRAINIANS ABROAD much trouble, time and money is being expended by THE EIGHTH GENERAL ANNUAL d) Houses’ Fund ..... 5,485 the Russian-bolshevist regime in order to bring the e) Students’ Relief Fund .... 694 province of Volhynia “ up-to date” in ideological MEETING OF THE ASSOCIATION f) “ Ukrainian Thought” Fund . . . 4,883 sphere. And from these figures it is easy to picture OF UKRAINIANS IN GREAT g) Bookselling F u n d ...... 5,342 the true state of affairs. The setting of the aims, Total: £ 40,567 as well as the tendency of this party-work, is to BRITAIN The Association of Ukrainians in Great Britain is direct itself against the foes of the Soviet regime and the possessor of the Invalids’ Home which is worth j to uncover their activities. The recipe has been On the 27th and 28th of March, 1953, in the Kentish Town Hall, London, Association of Ukrainians in £9,600 .uncoted by the party-secretary of Vholynia, as fol­ Great Britain, Ltd., which is a Company Limited The Association also owns 8 houses worth £ 16,000 lows: “ Propaganda, agitation and ideological work by guarantee and not having a share capital, in­ Balance Sheet figures for the year 1952 arc: ^44,700 must take the offensive, and must aim at the exposure corporated the 20th December, 1947, and registered Mr. W. Liscwych (Lawer) has been elected as the of the imperialistic ideology and policy of the Anglo- under the War Charities Act, 1940, held its 8th new President of the Association. American war-mongers and their agents—the Ukrai­ The General Meeting accepted resolutions, expressed nian and Jewish bourgeois nationalists” . Annual General Meeting. The Meeting was attended by 104 legally elected and sent greetings to: Ukrainian People and its Not even the most energetic agitation and “ pro­ by the Branches delegates, representing 222 votes. Insurgent Army (U.P.A.), which is heroically with­ pagation” of the ideological work is able to conceal standing the Communist oppression in Ukraine; to the real weaknesses of the Soviet-Russian regime. Apart from the delegates there were many individual members and guests present. the Hierarchy of both Ukrainian Churches; to all * * * A f ter the preliminary formalities, President of Ukrainians abroad, greetings and expression of gra­ THE COURSE OF THE PRESENT the Association Dr. O. Fundak opened the Meeting titude to Her Majesty Queen Elisabeth the II, the Queen of Great Britain, Head of the Commonwelth, RESEARCHES INTO UKRAINIAN and called for a minute of silence in memory of those members who died during the year, among to Her Majesty’s Government and to British People LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE them, Very Rev. E. Korduba, member of the General for their help and great hospitality extended to Council. Ukrainians in this country. Lately there has been a great deal of criticism General Annual Meeting was ended with Ukrainian Reports of General Council, Tribunal, Finance directed at Ukrainian Scientists and, above all, at National Anthem. experts in language and literature, who work as Control Committe and Auditors (Reports of Executive * * * lecturers at Ukrainian Universities. The pnilosophi- Committee was published in “ Ukrainian Thought” cal faculties of the Univerities of Kyiv and Odessa in full before the Meeting) were unanimously approved FIFTH MEETING OF UKRAINIAN have suffered most frequently from this. In the by the Meeting and the President and the General YOUTH ASSOCIATION (S.U.M.) “ Radyanska Ukraina" of Feb. 13th and 14th, 1953, Council retired. No. 37 (9552) and No. 38 (9553), appealed two fun­ The following were the incomes of the Association IN GREAT BRITAIN damental articles dealing in detail witn the “ ideolo of Ukrainians in Great Britain in the year 1952: On Feb. 28th and March the 1st of this year, 38 gical deviations” in the field of the study of language, a) Central Fund . . . . . £ 13,509 delegates from various towns of Great Britain came to and literature, and, at the same tinse, formed an b) Invalids’ Fund ..... 8,363 London to hear the report on the one-year activity analysis of the conditions of the researches in this c) Mutual Aid Fund ..... 2,291 of the Ukrainian Youth Association (S.U.M.) in Great sphere. Britain and to elect a new Committee for the year The first of the two was especially directed against x ' - The Ukrainian Youth Association in Great appearances of “ Ukrainian bourgeois nationalism” in 953 54 problems. The contribution of the Ukrainian Literary Britain has a membership of 2,072 young Ukrainians, the study of language. The lecturer, I. Hreciutenko, historian, 7. Bilhuk, entitled “ Shevchenko and Be- who are grouped together in 62 sub-sections. They criticised most severely the conditions in the philoso­ lynskyj” , is described as an example of an “ ex- continually carry on cultural and educational work, phical faculties of Odessa University, and devoted aggerated nationalistic and shauvinistic presentation give various performances, have their own choirs, himself to a radical criticism of the lecturers in of literature” . “ The Soviet community has already dancing- and dramatic-groups, and hold various Ukrainian philology. “ In spite of the fact that the often criticised I. Bilhu\ for his bourgeois nationalist courses. Moreover, the Ukrainian Youth Association teaching of the Ukrainian language has recendy been perversion in his works. He has, however, done very tries to get its members to attend various English brought almost to a complete destruction, the govern­ little to read the path of a Marxist-Leninist view ing body of the Universities and the Ministry of evening-schools and classes, as well as to learn the of language and literature” . This author is reproached Culture of the Ukrainian S.S.R. has not devoted Ukrainian subjects. Last year the Branches of the with having thought to work out the contrast between sufficient attention to this matter. Until now there Ukrainian Youth Association in Great Britain held Shevchenko and Belynskyj according to a nationalistic has been a lack of scientific teachers.” The reason altogether 777 meetings. interpretation, and thereby has shown the relation­ for the unusual and penetrating criticism is given The Ukrainian Youth Association in Great Britain ship between Russian and Ukrainian literature in by the works of the lecturer, A. A. Moskaler.\o, in works in co-operation with various youth organiza­ a false light. Also the other contributions of scientific whose “ manifestations of bourgeois nationalism” , in­ tions and takes an active part in combatting the at­ work are written “ on a low ideological and theore­ fluences of “ the nationalist bourgeois theories” and titudes of the communism in the West. During the tical level” . They all displayed a nationalistic point “ the lack of a Marxist Socialist point of view” are communist “ Youth Peace Festival” in Sheffield mem­ of view and the authors are incapable of a “ critical” so clearly seen. The mistakes arise out of the “ in­ bers of the Ukrainian Youth Organization distributed valuation. Mistakes are also present in the articles of adequate pointing out of the unity of the Russian, leaflets which contained true informations concern­ F. Polishchuk,;; “ M. Horkyj and the development of Ukrainian and Byelorussian languages, who share a ing the actual intentions of the communists. Ukrainian National poetry” . The author could find common origin” . The present Soviet culture-policy is The Ukrainian Youth Association was also the no better sources for this work than the primitive attempting with all the means in its power, ruthlessly initiator of the creation of a common front of youth nationalistic writings of D. Kosarik, whom he praises to introduce this completely misguided and scien­ of the peoples subjugated by Moscow in the form of above measure. From this false position, ethnographi­ tifically untenable theory into the Ukrainian Univer­ the organization of youth of A.B.N. in Great Britain. cal works of the bourgeois nationalists Antonovych, sities. Moreover, it is seeking at every opportunity Much attention has also been devoted to the publishing Hrinchenko and Drahomanov” . “ Political lack of to prove the connection between the Russian and problem and there has been published, among the principles“ , “ lack of Soviet patriotism and too little Ukrainian languages, and to give the Russian language other things, a scientific work by that famous pedagoge respect for the Russian nation” arc the fundamental a much higher value, and to hold it up as an example Observer. Gal. 40. evils with which both the communist and the Soviet for all linguistic developments in the Slav world. and great friend of youth, Prof. Vashchenko, which scientist have to fight. The recently published “ Scientific Contributions” , is entitled, “ The Training of Will and Character” . which is the 16th Volume of the 4th Philological When one submits the relationship between Rus­ Collecions have been made by the Ukrainian Youth Series was submitted to an annihilating criticism by sian and Ukrainian literature in the 19th century Association for the benefit of needy Ukrainian youth the reviewer P. Hrycenkp. The editorial staff, com­ to a thorough, scientific, objective and correct scru­ in Germany and Trieste and consignments of books posed of Professors F. Polishchuk, P. Wolynskyj, tiny, one will see that the majority, indeed all, of have been distributed. For the purpose of promoting D. Shu ten ko and the lecturer F. Hrirn were branded the noted Russian literary critics have most bitterly the cultural and educational work, the Committee of as “ adulterators” and “ malevolent pervertors” of attacked almost every newly published Urainian lite­ S.U.M. in Great Britain has produced a film-projector the Ukrainian language problem. P. Wolynskyj, first rary work, in order to suppress the increasing Uk­ of its own. of all, received sharp censure for his contribution rainian national-consciousness, together with the After the submission of the report on activities, “ Literary and Theoretical quotations from Ukrainian Tsarist officials. Belynskyj was the very one who the Ukrainian Youth Association elected their new writers of the 1 st quarter of the 19th century” , attacked all Shevchenko’s creations with his tirades Committee under the charmanship of ]. Deremenda. because he had not depicted the figure of the founder of hatred and treated the Ukrainian language in * * * of modern Ukrainian literature, I. Kotlarevskyj, in its entirety to adverse and nasty remarks. the light of the Leninist-Stalinist theory. Especially The present purges in the Ukrainian faculties are THEOLOGICAL COLLEGE IN the description of the national question is thorn in directed at limiting even more the already curtailed LOURES the side of the bolshcvist critic, and is therefore all and consciously suppressed researches into Ukrainian the more bitterly attacked. The author was charged language and literature and finally at bringing even The Ukrainian seminary, which has as its task with being influenced by bourgeois nationalist writers them into service of Russian political and scientific the training of Ukrainian priests for the Ukrainian and theoreticians, and their false attitude to these aspirations. Catholic Church in the emigration also for the future 16 UKRAINIAN OBSERVER ______No- 4 - 5 liberated Ukraine, has just finished its scholastic year. PROBLEMS OF UKRAINIAN NEW NAME, OLD CONTENTS During this year, 35 young Ukrainians studied at the seminary. The majority of them come from poor FOREIGN POLICY (Continued from Page 1) Ukrainian families, and their parents were not able (Continued from Page 1) to pay for their studies. They were therefore as­ because they begin at the wrong point sisted from a fund which is subscribed to by Ukrai­ had had their way; the name of the and furnish assistance to Russian impe­ nians living in various countries. “American Committee” was changed rialistic circles. There exists no clear * * * with accord to their chauvinistic, Unita­ British attitude to this problem, as the The famed Ukrainian sculptor, Alexander Archy- rian wishes. penkp, who is at present living in the U .S.A ., has Britons are now primarily interested in produced a new work. It is the bust of the great But the consequence was that ail the pacifying and co-operating with the pre­ Ukrainian poet, Taras Shevchenko. At the delivery non-Russian nations who were meant to sent Moscow. The Ukrainian version, of the work, the great master said: “ We knew that participate in the common front of the which is the combining of all the anti- Ukrainian men of genius have created, but we ought bolshevist, non-Russian forces, has not to be able to see their countenances which reflect their anti-boishevik campaign, simply revolted thoughts and their spirit” . with anger and indignation against this yet been fully solved, but can look back * * * chauvinistic Russian imputation. Except upon a certain degree of success. Hither­ The scientific “ Shevchenko Society” (N.T.Sh.) has some corrupt and venal Russian stooges to no better idea has been proffered from published a report on its library, which is now who sold themselves out to the Russians any other quarter. situated in Philadelphia, U.S.A. This library is com­ posed of a collection of Ukrainian prints, books, to “represent” in the “common front” The second aim which the Ukrainian newspapers, journals, various bulletins, maps and the non-Russian nations, no selfrespecting foreign policy seeks to achieve is the for­ illustrations which have appeared in Germany, Aust- representative of a non-Russian nation mation of a basis for closer co-operation ia and other European countries since the year 1945. gave his consent to participate in the with the Central and East-European na­ The library contains current new publications, which, planned common endeavour under such in the course of the year 1952, numbered 654 books, tions, as well as the Soviet-dominated 1,255 numbers of various journals, and 492 smaller politically humiliating conditions. Asiatic nations, grounded on the funda­ prints. It is to be transfered in the near future into The further consequence was that by mental of equality of rights and a genuine the “ House of Ukiainian Culture” in New York. partnership. Since Russian policy renders * * * the absence of the legitimate representa­ impossible the fulfilment of the demands The World-federation of Ukrainian Women’s Or­ tives of the non-Russian nations at the ganizations, which has hitherto included eleven Uk- “ Co-ordinating Center of the Anti-Bol­ of this partnership, by reason of its im­ rain;an women’s organizations, has been joined by shevik Struggle” this “ Center” became perialistic ambitions, we put forward the the women’s section of the Ukrainian Agricultural crippled and thoroughly ineffective at its view that the Russians cannot co-operate Union in Brazil, who thus make the twelfth member very start, it became the domain of the in an alliance of the above-mentioned of these Ukrainian organizations. It runs its own page nations. in the weekly, The Farmer (Chliborob). monopolistic rule and patronage of the * * * purely Russian “democratic” parties. At The third set of problems of the Uk­ The Association of Ukrainian Phisicians in the that all this Russian elements, politically rainian foreign policy are presented by U.S.A. now has 260 members. There are altogether ambitious as they were, proved to be for the question of the Black Sea. The Uk­ 550 Ukrainian doctors living in the U .S.A. This the most part personally of very low rainian attitude towards this is, in short, medical association was founded two years ago in New York, and has its branch-organization in Detroit, proffesional and cultural standards. Gree­ as follows: all na.'nns that border the Chicago and Philadelphia. It assists young doctors to dy as they were for power they were not Black Sea are, by means of treaties and acquire comprehensive and specialised knowledge and in the position to fill the “ Radio Libera­ agreements, possessing the right to a to obtain suitable position in the U .S.A. At the last tion” with adequate political and cultural common use of this sea. Thus the justified convention, which took place in New York on Feb. 28th and March 1st, the following projects for the programmes good enough to cope satis­ Turkish, as well as all other demands future work were put forward: the building of a factorily with the incessant pressure of for security from Russian imperialism, Ukrainian hospital, the uniting all Ukrainian doctors the bolshevik propaganda. Thus the Rus­ are to be met by a system of treaties in a society, and the formation of a world-federation sians alone proved to be a remarkable and genuine co-operation among all the of Ukrainian doctors. The present chairman of the Association is Dr. Roman Osypchul{. failure. The Americans had to reach the Black Sea partners. * * * conclusion that this sort of setting will The clarification of these questions na­ According to the latest statistical publications of the not work. turally depends on circumstances, and Canadian Government, the Ukrainian population in The present change of the name of requires a thorough, factual and correct Winnipeg has increased almost 20,000 in the last 20 the “American Committee” represents years. In the census of 1941, there were 23,249 Ukrai­ examination. In our journal we will at­ nians in Winnipeg, and, in the census of 1951, 41,537. some sort of American concession to­ tempt to present these problems, which Of these, 26,855 arc Greek Catholics, and the rest wards the viewpoint of the non-Russian touch Ukraine and her neighbours, in belong to the Ukrainian Orthodox Church and other nations. The ominous, contraversial and such a manner. conf essions. * * * deeply hated name of “Russia” was From March 25th-28th, 1953, there was held the dropped. What remained is the indica­ national congress of Belgian students, to which tion that in the future the friendly statutes of the “ Co-ordinating Ukrainian students from the Central Union of Uk­ “ Committee’ would try to avoid the na­ Center” , the Russians possess a statutory rainian Students (C.E.S.U.S.) were also invited. The tionality problem but would concentrate Ukrainian Central Committee accepted this invitation guaranteed preponderance in this insti­ and delegated Ewhen Fedorenko, Borys Makarenko its endeavours and activities solely upon tution. This or that way the non-Russian and Nadia Ripak to represent the Ukrainian students the fighting of bolshevism. This Was nations still would be dominated, com­ at this congress. meant to build a ‘ golden bridge” for * * * manded and exploited by the Russians. the abstaining non-Russian nations to The American citisens of Ukrainian origin celeb­ And this they refuse. They demand real rated this year the diamond jubilee of the Ukrainian join the “Co-ordinating Center”. independence, i. e. a separation even National Association, which was founded in the State But the nations in question still refuse from the slightest vestiges of the Rus­ of Pennsylvania in the year 1864 as an insurance company. Its first president was Teodozy Talpash. to join. They concide that the change of sian built rule and domination. What the At the present moment, the directing body is under the name is a well-meant American con­ non-Russian nations demand is at least the chairmanship of Mr. Dmytro Halychyn. The Uk­ cession. Yet these nations fight not only an organization upon the principles of rainian National Association numbers about 70,000 the outward appearances, like the names the United Nations, i. e. that each nation members, who are distributed in 494 branches through­ out the U.S.A. and Canada. At the end of January, but also the substances of the Russian is represented only by one representative. i953> this organization possessed property to the imperialism and domination. The fact This would have to apply also to the value of $ 14,304,974.15. remains that in consequence of Russian- Russians.

Printed by M . Caplin & Co. Press Ltd. 1-2 West Street, Croydon. Tel. CRO 2347. IKPAin IAH B S EPV EP Vol. V No. 6 —7 LONDON, JUNE — JULY 1953 Price 1 sh CONTENTS: THE SOLITARY STRUGGLE THE SOLITARY STRUGGLE 1— 2 U.P.A. MAJOR POLTAVA ... 2—3 The news which has recently arrived Soviet propaganda departments are not THE STRUGGLE OF THE UN­ from Ukraine testifies to an unremitting, suffering from Soviet infiltration and, for DERGROUND UKRAINE ... 3—5 obstinate war, waged with the utmost this reason, take no notice of O.U.N.— The enemy is mistaken severity by the Ukrainian nation against U.P.A., the all-important nuclei of the A difficult winter the Russian-bolshevist occupiers. It is not anti-bolshevist struggle. The painful fact Heroic sacrifice only a fight with material weapons which that the Ukrainian patriots’ long struggle Deportation, Terrorism, Death is carried on by the Ukrainian revolu­ has met with no recognition can only Revolutionary Tactics tionary, underground U.P.A. (Ukrainian be explained by a completely anti-Ukra- Moral Support Insurgent Army). It is also being fought nian attitude in the West. When one con­ The activities of the Underground out on the political and ideological plane, siders that every flight of Communist John F. Stewart which increases its significance and im­ collaborators from Czechoslovakia or ot APPROACH TO RUSSIA ... 5—7 portance. M.V.D. officers is commented upon in MOSCOW’S NEW AND OPEN Immediately after Stalin’s death, mem­ the western Press and on the wireless as DEFEAT IN UKRAINE 7—8 bers of the Ukrainian underground a great event, and that, on the other Melnikov’s Removal O.U.N.—U.P.A. carried through, in va­ hand, the fight of the U.P.A. and O.U.N. The Real Cause of Melnikov’s rious parts of Ukraine, a strengthened merits not one mention, one is justified Misfortune anti-Soviet action. In many towns, the in asking if the West is at all interested in Melnikov’s National Policy posters bearing the picture of Stalin and combatting Communism and Russian The Collectivisation of West- the proclamation of the C.C. of the imperialism. And even the circles which Ukraine C.P.S.U. were torn down and in then- profess the anti-bolshevist struggle to be their special concern are doing their best The Famine in the Years 1946-47 place were stuck three letters. These were to ignore the Ukrainian liberation efforts. Results of Melnikov’s Leader­ —U.P.A. Such incidents occurred in ship Sniatyn, Kalush (District Stanyslaviv) They are trying to “construct” a resis­ tance movement in the U.S.S.R. with the Z. Poray and Lviv. In the city of Lviv, intensified anti-bolshevist activity was kindled, the assistance of unreliable Russian fascist PAX PONTICA...... 8—9 results of which were the destruction of elements (e. g. N.T.S., etc.). Simulta­ DANGEROUS...... 9—16 the offices of the Communist newspaper, neously, they are busying themselves with H. J. Olezhko Lvivska Pravda (The Truth of Lviv), the Communist deserters, to whom they are UNPLEASANT PROSPECTS 10—11 tearing down of Stalin’s portraits and the lending moral and material support, and NIKITA S. KHRUSHCHEV 11—12 announcements concerning the special hope that this will provide the right re­ A Wrong Statement memorial meetings which were to take cipe for an eventual démocratisation of Never was a Ukrainian place on the occasion of Stalin’s death. In the Kremlin. A Relation of Mutual Hatred another part of our publication, in the ar­ The only thing to be said about this is A Ruthless Careerist ticle, “The Struggle of the Underground that these elements are anything but Breaking the Peasants Ukraine", we shall deal with the fight suited to perform this task. It is our view Flattering Ukraine of the Ukrainian underground O.U.N.— that the most well organized armed re­ The Scourge U.P.A. in more detail. sistance in the Soviet sphere is being TRAGEDY OF THE YEAR Here, however, must be illustrated the conducted by the O.U.N.—U.P.A., and 1933 12—13 fact of the great Ukrainian resistance, that on Ukrainian territory. Only from Mme. Woropaj which still persists in Ukraine, and must that starting-point can the anti-bolshevist THE DREADFUL YEAR OF be an immeasurable factor in the anti- struggle develop with any success. 1933 IN MY VILLAGE ...... 13—14 bolshevist struggle. We have already of­ ten stressed the fact that the West does JUNE 30th, 1941 ... 14—15 not take this factor sufficiently into the In the liberation-struggle against the UKRAINIANS ABROAD ...... 15 consideration and even, under the influ­ Russian occupation for an independent UKRAINE BEHIND THE IRON ence of Russian imperialist circles, under­ Ukrainian State, the following natio­ CURTAIN ...... 16 estimates and seeks to belittle it. nalist-revolutionaries have died a hero’s BOOK R E V IE W ...... 16 It is often doubtful whether the west­ death: If War Comes Tomorrow ern, and above all the American, anti- Continued on Page 2 Page 2 UKRAINIAN OBSERVER No. 6— 7 Continued from Page i Veres— Sergeant in the U .P.A. Sep­ nian Supreme Liberation Council, the so- Petro Poltava—First Deputy Chairman tember, 1951. called U.H.V.R., member of the Ukra­ of the Ukrainian Supreme Berkut— Sergeant in the U .P.A. Sum­ inian Supreme Liberation Council Liberation Council ( U.H. mer, 1951. (U.H.V.R.), head of the latter’s informa­ V.R.), Head of the Infor­ Sokil— Sergeant in the LLP.A. Au­ tion office, head of the political section mation Department of U. tumn, 1952. of the General Staff of U.P.A., member H.V.R., Head of the Poli­ of the directing committee of the O.U.N. tical Section of the General Myron — Liaison Service of and head of the Department for Propa­ Staff of the U.P.A., Mem­ O.U.N. in Ukraine. Au­ ganda and Information of O.U.N. ber of the Executive Com­ tumn, 1952. The figure of Major P. Poltava will mittee of the Organi­ Bohdan — Liaison Service of never be forgotten among the Ukrainian zation of Ukrainian Natio­ O.U.N. in Ukraine. Au­ people, for whom he lived and died. nalists (O.U.N.), Head of tumn, 1952. In order to make a short study of the the Propaganda and Infor­ Ihor — Leading member of the publicity work and, above all, of the po­ mation Department of the Liaison Service of the litical opinions of Major P. Poltava, which O.U.N. In late autumn, Foreign Units of O.U.N. reflect, at 'the same time, the views of the 1951, in Ukraine. Autumn, 1952. Ukrainian revolutionary underground Bayrak— Leader of the Provincial Ex­ Moros— Soldier of the U.P.A. and movement, we give here a few excerpts ecutive of the O.U.N. C.C. Liaison Service of from his publication “The Ideal of an In autumn, 1951, in Ukra­ the O.U.N. December, Independent Ukraine and Basic Tenden­ ine. 1951- cies of the Political Development of the Netchuy-Netchuyenko— Liaison Officer Klem— Soldier of a district cell of Present-day World” : of the Foreign Units of the Security Service. Autumn, “The ideal of an independent Ukraine, O.U.N. In summer, 1951, 1952- for the realisation of which the Ukrainian in Ukraine. Skory— Soldier of a district cell of nation is now fighting, is therefore, above Pomsta-Ternyk—Sergeant in U.P.A., O.U.N. Winter, 1950. all things, a manifestation of the natural leader of a detachment of Lastivka— Soldier of a district cell desire of the Ukrainian people for their the Liaison Service of the of O.U.N. Winter, 195°. independent national life, which has been O.U.N., decorated with the Hayduk— Soldier of a district cell peculiar to them since the beginning of Silver Cross for Service in of O.U.N. Winter, 195°. 'their historical existence. the Field, 1st class. In The liberation struggle of the Ukrainian — Soldier of a district cell of June 1951. Orest nation is only a part of the great historical Boyko— Leader of district executive of Security Service. June process which is going on all over the O.U.N. In spring 1949. i95i- world, so that the struggle is; from the Nestor— Leader of district executive Beresa— Sergeant in U .P.A., member standpoint of this process, a completely of O.U.N. On Feb. 17th, of Laison Service legitimate phenomenon, called forth by 1950. of O.U.N. Summer, 1951. forces which are great and, measured by Bohdan— Leader of district executive In June 1953 a universal yard-stick, invincible. of O.U.N. In spring, 1950. Executive of the Foreign Units of the The force which operates parallel with Kobsar—Member of Security Service Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists the idea of nationhood is the idea of the Autumn, 1952. (Z.Ch. O.U.N.) constitutional, parliamentary State, the ideal of democracy. Moreover, the idea of nationhood is, to a great extent, in­ debted for its appearance to the democra­ U.P.A. MAJOR P. POLTAVA tic ideal. Without the ideal of equal After long months of uncertainty, the O.U.N. Under the German occupation, rights for all citizens, the ideal of national news has finally reached us that, in the he went on with his work among the sovereignty could not prevail. The strug­ late autumn of 1951, Major of the U.P.A., youth, despite the fact that, in 1944, he gle for democratic reform, which, in the Petro Poltava, known also by the name had to fill other posts in the O.U.N. iG'th century, developed among all the of Petro Volansky, fell in the fight against Major Poltava always remained in closest nations of Europe, was never directed the Russian-bolshevist occupiers, aged 35 contact with the young people and their against the idea of national independence years. The news of Major Poltava’s he­ problems. for the peoples. On the contrary, this roic death arrived from Ukraine a year P. Poltava’s actual field of activity was struggle embraced the broad masses, in­ ago, but has only lately been officially programmatical work, propaganda and creased national consciousness, contribut­ confirmed. publicity. One may say that he was one ed to the soundness of internal conditions, Major Petro Poltava has been since his of the most prominent and remarkable and thus strengthened the nation as such. earliest youth in 'the ranks of the Organi­ Ukrainian revolutionary publicists. One can quite logically say that the ideal zation of Ukrainian Nationalists (O.U.N.) Among his most important works are: of nationhood can exist only with the In the year 1939, during the first occu­ " The Ideal of an Independent Ukraine ideal of political democracy. pation of the West-Ukraine by the Sov­ and Basic Tendencies of the Political De­ The idea of the destruction of the bol- iets, he remained behind in his homeland velopment of the Present-day World”, shevist prison of nations by means of and worked intensively on behalf of the "Elements of the Ukrainian Revolutio­ revolutionary struggles, as well as the rising generation of Ukrainian nationa­ nary Nationalism”, and "Who are the idea of rebuilding the U.S.S.R. on the lists. He studied later medicine in Lviv, Banderivtsi and for what are they fight­ principle of self-determination for the but nevertheless expended much time and ing” . After the death of many prominent peoples is gaining more and more recog­ Observer. Gal. 31 personalities of the O.U.N. and U.H.V.R., nition. Today the bolshevists do not know energy on the work for the youth of the he took over more and more important what to do about the national liberation- O.U.N. He moreover published for the tasks. struggle of the Ukrainian and Other op- youth the organ of the Organization of At the moment of his death, Major P. ressed nations. When all the oppressed Ukrainian Nationalists; he also wrote Poltava was the First Deputy Chairman nations of the U.S.S.R. take up the many articles for the publications of the of the General Secretariate of the Ukra- struggle—and 'this moment is coming, as No. b— 7 UKRAINIAN OBSERVER Page 3 an inevitable result of- the entire bolshe­ vist policy—the bolshevist prison will then THE STRUGGLE OF THE UNDERGROUND UKRAINE meet its end. From all that has been said it may The struggle for the national-political liberation goes on in Ukraine, despite the obviously be deducted that the ideal of stabilisation of the Moscow bolshevist regime nationhood takes the dominating place among all other factors which influence Editors’ note: We are here pub­ the Ukrainian revolutionary underground the course of history. It is the greatest lishing items of information which was “liquidated” and “there were no force of the historical process, and all our editorial board has received, more Banderivci”, “we (the bolshevist) other forces which are directed against for publication purposes, from the will nevertheless not relax our vigilance it capitulate when it comes to a conflict. Press Bureau of the Foreign Bran­ for a moment”. It thus marks the fundamental develop­ ches of the Organization of Uk­ For, in spite of all “vigilance” and ment-tendency of the historical process. rainian Nationalists (Z.Ch.O.U.N.). “precaution”, as well as other The nation and national independence. The position of the Ukrainian Un­ acts of terrorism, the enemy has not suc­ They are today, as they always have been, derground in Ukraine is very se­ ceeded in doing away with the Ukrainian things most valued by all mankind rious and often passes beyond hu­ underground. man conception. Despite very dif­ which acknowledges them without A difficult winter reservation and is prepared to die for ficult circumstances and unfavour­ 'them. able conditions, the fight continues Like all other winters in the under­ The fundamental tendency of the mo­ without cessation and with the firm ground, that of 1952/1953 was especially dern world’s political development is the belief in a successful termination. hard for the Ukrainian revolutionary and tendency of all nations to form new na­ * * * brought many losses. The bolshevists car­ tional States. All social problems are being The enemy is mistaken ried out in that winter many wide­ spread search-actions in various dis­ decided within the framework of The Organization of Ukrainian Natio­ tricts of Ukraine. One of the forms of single national States. The aim of this nalists (O.U.N.) and the Ukrainian In­ social transformation is 'the elimination of the total control are mass cross-exami­ surgent Army (U.P.A.) are fighting, un­ nations, in which tens of thousands of class-antagonism in the name of the der quite unparalleled difficulties, with­ people from one district are taken to task strengthening of the national community out cessation for the liberation and the in its entirety. in the expectation that some woman, independent formation of the Ukrainian child, or some incautious person will say The ideal of nationhood thus achieved national State. The methods and manner decisive power, because it fulfils the in­ something suspicious that might lead to of this fight have been altered in recent a clue. These questions are not only in­ herent, natural longing of all peoples— years and adapted to the new conditions. tolerable to the population, but they also the longing to create their own, indivi­ The enemy was mistaken when he assum­ dual, independent national life. make things difficult for revolutionary ed that the battle was ended. As long work, because they disturb, although do After the First World War, the idea as there is any armed resistance or invi­ not break, the communication system. of a closer co-operation of States and sible hands distribute the literature of Another and even more difficult prob­ peoples was born. It is not difficult to the O.U.N.—U.P.A.—U.H.V.R. (Ukra­ lem is the provision of food. The kolkhos- understand, if we contemplate the matter inian Supreme Liberation Council), Mos­ system is the great obstacle here. The theoretically, 'that the ideal of internatio­ cow knows—the whole Ukraine knows position was quite different when there nal co-operation is objectively a progres­ —that the revolutionary struggle has not were still private farmsteads in the toWn- sive idea, which does not contradict the been interrupted for an instant. lets and villages. The kolkhos economy ideal of nationhood. Experience, however, The actions of the Ukrainian revolu­ is under the tightest control, so that the shows that 'the international organisations tionary underground movement are all great majority of the population, who which were created for the task of re­ the more worthy of admiration because obviously sympathise with the under­ alising and cultivating this ideal, are not they are carried out under intensified ground fighters, are able to help them with fulfilling their task. These international Moscow-bolshevist terrorism, while the food only by stinting themselves, and organizations are not working for the re­ M.G.B.—M.V.D. are simultaneously try­ then can only give a little. The revolu­ alisation of the high principles which they ing to filter into the most intimate cor­ tionaries are forced to capture their food have professed to be the leading princip­ ners of Ukrainian life. and clothing by force of arms from the les of their activities. The U.N., like the The bolshevist radio and press an- Soviet warehouses. League of Nations before it, has not noucements, however, were wrong when, While procuring food in winter, one brought it about that, in reality, “friendly in the autumn of 1952, they stated that relations will be developed between the of the foremost revolutionaries, the lea­ nations on the basis of the principle of der of a group of 1HOR, fell in an arm­ equality of rights and the self-determina­ world. Without such trust among the ed skirmish with M.VrD.—troops, toge­ tion of the peoples”, nor that “the reali­ nations, one cannot speak about effective ther with the comrades whose duty it sation of international co-operation will international co-operation. was to protect him. be strived at in the stimulation of the de­ The ideal of an independent Ukraine velopment of respect for the rights of is becoming the basic element of the plan Heroic Sacrifice man and of basic freedom for all”. The for breaking down the bolshevist prison In the past winter of 1952/1953, the bolshevist U.S.S.R., a member of the of nations, which is today the nest of the bolshevist tried to liquidate the under­ UN., is today enslaving the nations of most disgraceful reaction and dangerous ground once and for all—about which Eastern Europe, and those of the Cau­ aggression in the world, and is becoming they made extraordinarily many reports. casus and Asia. The ideal of international the basic element of the new order in the Searches and cross-examinations reached co-operation can be realised only when Eastern Europe and part of Asia. a hitherto unheard-of intensity. the principle of self-determination for all The construction of the independent The following people, among others, peoples is carried into effect. So long as Ukrainian State by the Ukrainian people fell in the actions of the past Winter: a there are ruling and ruled nations, so will be a gigantic step forward towards district leader of the O.U.N., an area long as some nations oppress other weak­ the creation of a real balance of power in leader, and two group-leaders of this er than themselves, one cannot speak of the world and the assurance of a lasting organization whose names cannot be pub­ general trust among the nations of the peace among the nations”. lished. In addition, the revolutionary Page 4 UKRAINIAN OBSERVER No. 6— 7 KLEM. of the group of the O.U.N. underground is the acquisition of wea­ the disposal of the active members. area-leader,' fell in executing an armed pons. The lack of necessary weapons is Speaking generally, intensified train­ action against the M.V.D. of great disadvantage, Formerly, When the ing is being undergone by the members Especially distressing ,was the death of U.P.A. operated . in large detachments, of the U.P.A.^O.U.N. This is intended three O.U.N. couriers in the late autumn they had better opportunities to capture primarily for the purpose of revolutio­ of 1952. They had to bring organizatio­ weapons from tie enemy and to fight nary activity and enlightment of the po­ nal and propaganda material from Uk­ on with these arms. By reason of the pulation. Suitable literature is naturally raine to the West, and lost their lives change of revolutionary tactics, which applied to this purpose, as was also done in Czechoslovakia. were adapted to the new conditions, ar­ formerly. The issuing of such publica­ It is the couriers who have to exercise- maments cannot be captured from the tions is beihg increased. The O.U.N.’s the greatest caution with regard to com­ strong detachments of the enemy, who most important* work is now the propa­ munications. We read in one report: “On is equipped with heavy weapons. The gation of our ideatls, the political-ideolo­ the return journey from our leader in things most urgently needed by the un­ gical fight against the enemy, resistance late autumn, we fell into a trap. One derground are: weapons, ammunition, in all sectors of national life (particularly was killed and one wounded”. Such medicines against wounds, T.B., rheuma­ the fight against the exploiting system of sentences are to be found in the most of tism, concentrates, food and money. Be­ kolkhoses), armed defensive actions, to the reports. sides. these, spiritual weapons are requir­ a small extent, propaganda activities ed—literature, which proves to the people among the officers and men of the Soviet Deportations, Terrorism, Death that they are not standing alone. Army, and other long-term actions. These were not all the losses for the The stupendous fight that is here be­ One of the surest proofs of this un­ year 1952. In the summer of 1952 mass- ing waged is all the more difficult because ceasing struggle and, at the same time, deportations were carried out, especially it has to rely upon its own resources. It a measure of its extent, is the publication in the Carpathian area. Similar bolshe- is tragic to read the letters written in and propaganda material which "is issued vist actions were carried out in West- blood and to consider how the West is in the underground. In order to illustrate Ukraine, the most severely affected dist­ pouring weapons money and fighting- this best, we are giving here a list of ricts being those of Zolochiv and Sokal. forces into countries which have no in­ those publications which will be obtain­ Just as unfortunate was the turn of the terest in the struggle against bolshevism able by the public in the near future. year, 1952/53. The O.U.N. lost notable and in which communists, and workers In the year 1950. leading figures. The fallen are: Major instigated by communists, are sabotaging 1) Suggestions for propaganda in the P. Poltava, rural leader Bayrak (the latter- the unloading of supplies of armaments. year 1950. in autumn, 1951). The leading men And this at the same time as Ukraine 2) Robert (Yaroslav Melnyk). were, however, soon replaced, partly needs and cannot obtain weapons against from the ranks of the Foreign Branches the common foe\ It is incomprehensible 3) The massed armed struggle behind of the Organization of Ukrainian Na­ to the men in the underground that the the Curson Line. tionalists (Z.Ch.O.U.N.); of these men, West does not want to make common 4) Colonel Rizun-Gregit. some have already fallen. cause with them against the common foe. 5) Memoirs. Despite the fact that new leaders from In various lands, even, agreement with 6) To the Nation. the revolutionary underground are filling the Soviet Union is being sought at any 7) Yurko Berezynsky. the places of the fallen, one can detect a price. Ukraine, however, fights on, rely­ 8) Captain Chernyk. certain scarcity of leading officers, es­ ing on herself. 9) Our Struggle- and the Cadre Prob­ pecially in the province of organization lem. and strategy. Moral Support 10 Towards Relief—Journal for Youth Revolutionary Tactics Despite all difficulties, dangers and (For July 1950). In spite of the fact that, for some time, losses, fighting Ukraine is not- losing 11) For the Great Ideal. conspiratorial underground tactics have courage. In every word that comes from 12) For a Monolith of Unity. the underground, one finds the same replaced the former insurgent and 13) Bolshevist Solution of the National militant ones, the armed skirmishes have steadfast faith in the triumph of truth. Question. The fighters rejoice greatly over every not ended. The revolutionary fight is be­ 14) The Conception of an Independent ing continued in all possible forms and piece of news which comes from abroad and signifies for them spiritual confir­ Ukraine and the Basic Tendency of the frameworks. It has primarily a defensive Political Development of the Modem character, in order to protect the popula­ mation. Under the difficult conditions of bolshevist isolation, the arrival of new World (P. Poltava) New edition. tion and the revolutionary cadres, who 15) Colonel Ivan Bohun. are supporters of the ideals, from repri­ people from abroad is of the highest importance. This moral support, which 16) The Structure of the O.U.N. for sals. This does not act as a set-back to the Achievement of the Independent and revolutionary activities, least of all as comes to them from Ukrainians scattered all over the world and does everything United Ukrainian State (U.S.S.D.) are the regards the strengthening of propaganda only right ones. actions. The offensive, armed actions to make clear to the West the significance of this struggle, is of the greatest impor- 17) For what is the U.P.A. fighting. which arise out of this, even when of 18) Bulletin of the Information Office limited extent serve the purpose of testi­ ance to the fighters. The arrival of members of the Z. Ch. of the Ukrainian Supreme Liberation fying to the unbroken national desire for Council (U.H.V.R.) for March, 1950. the attainment of sovereignty. The actual O.U.N. is a very strong factor in binding In the year 1951: weapons are always the real and actual the homeland with Ukrainians in the 1) In an Epoch. guarantee of national sovereignty. There­ West. 2) Why are we for the Independent fore the Ukrainian underground cannot The Activities of the Underground Ukrainian State (U.S.S.D.) ? renounce the continuation of the armed Despite all the obstacles and terror, struggle, even if it is limited and only the 10th anniversary of the foundation of 3) Our Plan for the Liberation of a symbol of lasting revolutionary activity. the U.P.A. was, an Oct. 14th, 1952, Ukraine under present conditions, by celebrated in the revolutionary under­ P. Poltava. They need weapons ground with all solemnity. At the right 4) Wirka One of the greatest problems which moment, instructions were published con­ 5) Bloody Years. confronts the Ukrainian revolutionary cerning this celebration and placed at 6) Bulletin of the Information Offiice No. 6— 7______UKRAINIAN OBSERVER Page 5 result—it succumbed. But the only one APPROACH TO RUSSIA who profited was the Bolshevik Moscow, In any approach to Russia, surely the with the control of unlimited natural which drove all the others out and oc­ West will never ask the Russians what wealth, with, which they might trade. cupied Ukraine. Ukraine could have bea­ they want, but will tell them emphatically The elements of this State are on the ten off the Reds, and other attackers would not have dared to move had Britain what the West wants, and the first and spot—voluntary immigrants and their merely called them off. So it was the most vitally important demand is the re­ descendants from Ukraine, Finland, Es­ British Government of Mr. Llloyd storation of complete sovereign indepen­ tonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Byelorussia, George, in which Mr. Churchill was War dence to all the non-Russian States in Georgia and others, already forming over Minister, which established the Bolshe­ the U.S.S.R. or dominated by Moscow. half of the whole population. And even viks with all the misery which has re­ It does not seem to be remembered more, a pro-West policy in Siberia would or recognised that it was Lenin himself have brought other gains, non-Chinese sulted. who not only destroyed Tsarist regime, countries which had been conquered by At the time we acted in the same way but dissolved the Empire into its compo­ the Manchu dynasty, such as Tibet, Mon­ in supporting, this time with the French nent States—Russia for the Russians, and golia, Sinkiang and many others would and Americans, Admiral Kolchak, in his all the States according to their nationa­ have clutched at Allied support, and es­ attempt to reestablish Tsarist Russian rule lities. These States will be free again one tablished their independence, and so sav­ in Siberia, either oblivious of or disre­ day, with or without outside help, and ed China from Communism. garding the fact that the foundation had their peoples are not likely to forget who As you know in the consequence of been laid of a great Siberiak Republic, were for or against them, and will be national revolutions in 1917-18 there have anti-Communist, anti-Bolshevik and apt, with their enormous natural wealth, been re-established several independent strongly anti-Russian, desiring no asso­ to favour the “fors”. This will apply and souvereign non-Russian states, the ciation with Moscow. The result of the not only to Europe but to Siberia, where peoples of which, after having accomp­ Allied occupation was that the Reds took there will be a strong non-Russian State. lished their revolutions now were striv­ advantage of divided control by Allies ing to secure their freedom, peace and to enter Siberia, defeated the Siberiaks prosperity under their own National Go­ and Kolchak, whom they executed, and of the Ukrainian Supreme Liberation vernments. caused the most ignominious evacuation Council for May, 1951. The strongest of these was Ukraine, by the Allied armies, who went home. In the year 1952: with its enormous natural wealth and its In the course of some investigations I 1) Organizational report for the population of 45 millions, the largest in became curious to know exactly what second half of 1951 to September 1952 Europe next to Germany, and their story had happened in regard to the British from . . . is that of the rest. Here it is. 2) Plan of General Organizational treatment of Ukraine under its National Its Government was recognised by Government. A high authority told me Work for Summer, 1952. Soviet Russia, and, among others, by confidentially that I could get a copy 3) Plan of Propaganda Work for the Great Britain, which also promised sup­ of the document recognising Ukraine by period June 15th—Sept. 30th, 1S'52. port. At the same time we secretly sent applying to our Foreign Office; so I did. 4 ) How we receive news of our people’s unlimited help to the White Russian After repeated requests, and long after, reaction to our literature. Army under Denikin in money and mi­ 5) Why and how protocols on conver­ I got a reply, not from the Librarian but litary equipment, ostensibly to fight Ger­ from Mr. Eden, the Foreign Secretary, sations are to be written. many, but, actually, to establish again saying that there was no trace of any 6) Our Slogan—Liberty for Nations the Russian Empire—“Holy Mother Rus­ such document. I therefore sent the Of­ and Individuals. sia One and Indivisible”, this meaning fice a copy of the letter of Sir Picton 7) The Programme for Conspiratorial the reenslavement of the non-Russian Training, No. 1. Bagge, the British Representative in Uk­ peoples. raine. Here it is : — 8) The Programme for Conspiratorial After Trotsky had reorganised the Red Training, No. 2. “ I have the honour to inform you Army, Moscow gathered a few Ukrainian 9) Instructions for the Celebrations of that His Britannic Majesty’s Govern­ the U.P.A. Communists (there are Communists in ment has appointed me by cable as every country) and called them the “Uk­ 10) Training in Organization. the sole Representative of Great Britain rainian Soviet Government”, the usual 11) Jetons for 5 and 100 Karbovanci. at present in Ukraine. I am directed puppet, which invited Moscow to accept 12) Pamphlets for Youth. by my Government to inform you of 13) Two pamphlets for Peasants. Ukraine into the U.S.S.R. Moscow sent its good will. It will support the Ukrai­ 14) The U.P.A. to the Ukrainians ol Red troops to attack the National Go­ nian Government to the utmost of its the Eastern Province. vernment. They could have been beaten ability in the task which it has under­ 15) The Ukrainian Partisans (S. F. off, but by this time Britain’s real prote­ taken of establishing’good Government Chmel). gee also entered Ukraine as* an enemy, maintaining order, and resisting the destroyed all the Government intitutions All publications which come from the Central Powers who are the enemies which had been established, confiscated of democracy and humanity. As far Ukraine speak to the all-round develop­ all the lands and severely punished all ment of the publishing activity in the as I personally am concerned, I have the National Army soldiers it could cap­ the honour to assure Your Excellency Ukrainian revolutionary underground. ture. So Ukraine had to fight on two The Ukrainian publicists in the under­ of my wholeheared support in the re­ fronts. And now France, which had also alisation of our common ideal” . ground, who are fighting side by side with recognised the legal Government of Uk­ the soldiers of the U.P.A. even in the raine, took a hand, and sent a large (Signed) Picton Bagge, hardest fight, provide the best proof of Polish army, trained in France, and hand­ British Representative in Ukraine, the continuity and energy of the Ukra­ somely equipped, under General Haller. Kiev, 7th January 1918. inian revolutionary underground. France was aspiring to the hegemony of The O.U.N—U.P.A. are today the only Central Europe. And then Rumania join­ In plain, but not Foreign Office English, actual wagers of the anti-bolshevist fight ed in to get a share of the loot. So the this would imply recognition and pro­ in the Ukraine as well as in the rest of young State had to fight, meanly equip­ mise of help and encouragement to go the Soviet Union. ped, on four fronts, with the inevitable on fighting. The Foreign Office informed Page 6______UKRAINIAN OBSERVER No. 6— 7 mo that (1) Britain had nsver recognised As for the Foreign Office statement to Russia marched into the heart of Europe Ukraine, (2) that no Ally had ever done ms that the Ukrainians had gone over in consequence. so, (3) that Sir Picton Bagge, who had to the Germans, this is another example Still another opportunity occurs at the conveyed the recognition did not repre­ of its falsity. The exact circumstances present day, when the death of Stalin sent the British Government, (4) that were that, in 1918, Russia wished to get and the immediately following inner situ­ after Ukraine had gone over to the Ger­ out of the war, and to make peace with ation has shattered for the time being the mans Britain had sent no further aid. the delegates of the Central Powers who power of the Kremlin to resist pressure met at Brest Litovsk in January of that This last seems deliberately designed by the West, to restore independence to all year, and Trotsky was appointed the Rus­ the non-Russian countries she has over­ to mislead and put any inconvenient en­ sian delegate to the Conference. Ukraine, come. And, even from the most selfish quirer off the se nt—Britain never sent which at that time had its own National uny aid at any time. Sir Picton Bagge point of view, it is a British interest that Government, learned that Trotsky pro­ they should be free. They would all trade had been British Consul-General at Odes­ fessed to represent Ukraine, and, to pre­ with us as Russia never will, and with sa till he was transferred to Kiev. He vent any misunderstanding, sent two their enormous natural wealth and their called on the Ukrainian Foreign Minister young men as its representatives to watch population of 150 million—twice that of as British Representative, he hoisted the its interests. The Central Powers made Russia, what that would mean to this British flag over his Residency, his Of­ the Treaty of Brest Litovsk with Russia, impoverished island is almost beyond ficial Documents and Notepaper had the but threatened Ukraine with invasion. To imagination. printed heading “Représentant du Gou­ avert this, Ukraine signed a Pact with vernement Royale Britannique au Ukra­ It is urgently to be hoped that Sir Germany to supply a million tons of Winston Churchil, in dealing with Mos­ ine”, he took part in the Union of Fo­ wheat. Ukraine had no choice, it was reign Representatives in Kiev, and, in cow, instead of even remotely suggesting either that or invasion and destruction appeasement or giving more, will demand that capacity presented himself to the of Ukraine; there was never any ques­ Ukrainian Premier and the Foreign Mi­ the confinement of the Russians to Rus­ tion of military help, and yet the British sia. As far as I know, even although he nister. In the letters of the Foreign Se­ Government chose to treat Ukraine now cretary Mr. A. Eden addressed to me is held responsible more than any other as an enemy. But, in August 1939, Russia for the fall of Ukraine in 1917—1920, one might almost believe there never was volutarily made a Pact with Germany by such a person as Sir Picton Bagge. But he is still the only name that counts which she supplied unlimited wheat, oil among the Eastern and Central Europe­ I was able to contact the gentleman who and all other military requirements to was then Foreign Minister of Ukraine; ans by which justice and freedom might enable Germany to fight this country and be attained, and they look to him. ho knew Sir Picton very well, and re­ so became her ally. By the West, Russia ceived him both officially and unoffi­ was neither declared nor treated as an Instead of giving in in any way to cially. enemy, and this hypocrisy furnished one Russian, demands, it is worth while just The French Declaration of Recogni­ reason for the deterioration of British to consider what we have already pre­ sented or acquiesced in presenting to tion, a copy of which I also have, was prestige in Eastern Europe. And so tra­ Moscow during and since tie late war: contained in a typically flowery speech gedy descended on the world, through Mongolia, Korea, Kurile Islands and the by General Tabouis, the French Repre­ British ignorance or prejudice, and fai­ rest of Asia; Albany, Czechia, Slovakia, sentative in Ukraine. As to no Ally hav­ lure to honour its word. Yugo-Slavia, Bulgaria, Rumania, Hunga­ ing recognised Ukraine, both Poland and There was no excuse: Ukraine had ry, the vital Danube Basin, Finland, the Argentine, who fully recognised the in­ a capable and stable National Govern­ Baltic States, East Prussia, Danzig, Au­ dependent Ukrainian State, were Allies. ment, supported by the entire nation. I stria, Koenigsberg, East Germany, East I have the Argentinian Declaration, which have before me the Report of a high- Berlin, a. ring right round all Berlin— is quite unambiguous, before me now. ranking American officer who was sent the imagination boggles at what Stalin With the fall of independent Ukraine, to Ukraine at the time to investigate the must have thought. From the point of all the other newly-established States position and to report to his Government view of America, one of the most ama­ which had been in the Russian Empire, on the stability of the State and the zing surrenders was that of the Kurile fell one after another—Georgia, Azerbai­ competence of its new Government. The Islands, a perfect base for an attack on jan, Armenia, Cossackia, Idel-Ural, Tur­ officer personally met all the members, America’s back door. and made a highly favourable Report. kestan and all the others. I would like to add that the Germans Surely, with Britain’s long tradition of Two extracts from the writings of our recognised, but too late, the importance liberty, it was British policy and British own great statesman and one of the grea­ of making these non-Russian countries interest to have supported, not the re­ test Foreign Ministers of all time seem free, when they would have collaborated storation of a half-savage Russian mo­ to me particularly apposite: — with Germany, and it is unlikely that narchy, a slave state and a prison of “There is no deeper baseness than (1) Germany would have lost the war. A nations, but all those young nations, The wordy friendship which, implying detailed plan was submitted to Hitler ‘rightly struggling to be free’. Had we the promise of aid, without formally and approved by some of the best Ger­ done so, and refused to be dragged at pledging it, beguiles the weaker comba­ man authorities on the East Europe, in­ France’s tail ac later at America’s tail, tant into fatal trust in its ally, and then cluding great soldiers, but Hitler was by and kept our promise to Ukraine, it would deserts him”. (2) “If, having deferred to that time apparently mad, and, at a se­ have stood firm and fought on, as would our counsels, she were afterwards aban­ cret meeting, of which I have the minutes, all the other non-Russian States which doned and crushed in the unequal con­ he declared against it, and ordered that had set up their own National Govern­ flict, a stain which time could not ef­ the peoples must be treated as slaves. ments, with the unanimous support of face would lie upon England’s honour”. As soon as this was known, the non- their peoples. Together with Britain they Lord Salisbury might have been writing Russian extended their underground war­ would have formed a Power which would of Ukraine and England. fare against the Germans, and, when have been unconquerable and a barrier An opportunity occured during the Hitler’s power had gone, Himmler tried between Russia and Germany which nei­ Second World War to remedy the error, to revive the project, but it was too late. ther could have penetrated for purposes when Ukraine was again able to to estab­ By that time all German leaders in the of aggression. The opportunity was lish its National Government, but it was army and outside, recognised that no thrown away. neglected by the British Government and victory could ever be obtained against No. 6— 7 UKRAINIAN OBSERVER Page 7 The large and small actions against the MOSCOW’S NEW AND OPEN DEFEAT U.P.A. and O.U.N. in the years 1945/47 and onwards, for which at first military IN UKRAINE units and then only M.V.D. and M.G.B. Melnikov’s Removal place in the U.S.S.R., and are still con­ troops were employed, has not yet at­ tinuing to take place, and the Western tained their end. All Moscow’s measures On June 12th, 1953, Moscow radio and up till now against the new strategy and later also the press reported that the First world has already become accustomed to it, it would be quite wrong to ascribe tactics of the Ukrainian Underground, Secretary of the Central Committee of which consist of operations in small the Communist Party of Ukraine, L. G. this last happening, as usual, to Oe “in­ timate” situation in the Kremlin itself and groups and in deep underground work Melnikov, had been removed from his which has been well calculated and con­ post and that A. /. Kyrychenko, the for­ to say that it was occasioned by the personal and “clique” factors which ap­ trived during long years, as well as in the mer Second Secretary had been named strong support of the whole population, as his successor. The report also added pear as the consequence of a collective dictatorship. have, despite numerous victims from our that Alexander Kornijchuk, a Ukrainian side, been on the whole unsuccessful. In writer, who held the post of the first The Real Cause of Melnikov’s 1949, Kovalchuk, the Minister of Secu­ deputy chairman of the Cabinet of the Misfortune rity of the Ukrainian S.S.R., spoke of a Ukrainian S.S.R. had been appointed a The cause is of a completely different wide amnesty for all U.P.A. units which member of the bureau of the Central naturo and lies much deeper. The true is still valid today. The foe suffered in Committee. reason for Melnikov’s removal was not these actions not only materially, but Ths cause of these changes was declar­ his personal deficiencies and mistakes, but particularly morally, because Us innu­ ed to be the lack of “leadership” on the the defects and unsuccessfulness of the merable actions “infected” even M.V.D. part of Melnikov, as well as his “great Russian policy in Ukraine, which Mel­ and the M.G.B. units, which were, as blunders in the selection of cadres and nikov has until now tried to execute at a. consequence, often changed and “purg­ in the carrying out of the national policy the orders and under the supervision of ed”. The most important thing is that of the party”, which had been quite “anti- the Kremlin. This last happening is not the myth of the invincibility and superio­ national”, particularly in Ukraine. In the personal misfortune of Melnikov as rity of the Soviet regime in the interior short, Melnikov’s “deviations from the a person or as .one of Melnikov’s stron­ was destroyed, not only in Ukraine, but Leninist-Stalinist national policy” had gest exponents, but is the failure of the among the other nations, and the inter­ been found out, and his blunders with whole Russian policy in Ukraine, and na! ferment, instead of being damped regard to the collectivisation in West- must lead to a transformation of the fu­ down, was intensified. Ukraine came on top of that. ture lines of the Russian occupation stra­ Melnikov’s Cultural and Population Although, since Stalin’s death, very tegy in this land. Policy many changes and reshuffles have taken In order to make it clearer, we find The cultural policy, which was based it necessary to point out a few important on the idealisation, glorification and ge­ Russia without the active co-operation of developments in Ukraine since 1944/45. neral exaltation of the Russians as new the non-Russian peoples. If turns on the “national policy and col­ supermen, has produced quite contrary lectivisation in West-Ukraine” mention­ It is the restoration of independence results, although purely propagandist ac­ ed. in the Moscow Communiqué and on which is the only guarantee of peace for tion. and suitable material steps, such as the unmentioned famine in the Ukrainian the world in the future, and which can higher subsidies, wages and the like for territory east of the Dnieper in 1946/47. end the eight centuries-long Russian ag­ the Russians, were taken, and, on the gression and menace to the world. Melnikov’s National Policy other hand, strong moral and physical If Sir Winston does discuss anything The aim of the Russian “national” po­ terror has been applied to the Ukrainians. with the Kremlin, he ought to go there licy, after the occupation of all the Uk­ This p>olicy was so crude, standardised with the solid support of the whole British rainian territory was completed as a con­ and primitive, a la Hitler, that it has not nation to demand the removal of the sequence of World War II, Was to Rus­ only offended the national feelings of the Russian grip on these peoples. Only so sify, as quickly and radically as possible, Ukrainians and, ipso facto strengthened will the world be saved, a hideous war Ukraine, which according to the old them, but also evoked a loathing for any averted in which our youth will be de­ Tzarist recipe was to be made a “south­ kind, of Russian culture. stroyed, and an armaments race which ern district of Russia”. This policy was The population-policy also failed. It will bankrupt this country averted. carried out with all means and with such was impossible to annihilate a nation of 40 millions either by genocide or by the I do not know of any leader in any an expenditure of men and material as adulteration. The adulteration and other country who counld bring this about ex­ had never been seen before. Task No. 1. Russian practices have-not only claimed cept Sir Winston Churchill, of whose It was the elimination of the Ukrainian victims from both sides, but have contri­ Party I am not a member. Only he has Underground Movement, which seemed to the Russians to be the strongest bul­ buted to the spread of the revolutionary the courage to admit past mistakes and national ferments, which had shown to take drastic measures to remedy them, wark. of Ukrainian national feeling and political consciousness. Next followed the themselves in no way positive towards only he, at any rate, could inspire the the Russians. British public to accept them. Let us hope widely-organized Russification of cultu­ he will, as he has done before, rise to ral life; the population-policy, which was The limitation of the economic life in the great occasion and abolish the sla­ based on the mixing and deporting of t’">e collective industries and towns has, very under which these peoples suffer. the Ukrainian population and, finally, on in connection with the Russian super­ economic oppression which, by means man policy, only served to strengthen June, 1953. of a further tightening-up of life in the Ukrainian resistance, and turned hate Ashfield, collective economy in the East-Ukraine against the Russian nation. Such mea­ Juniper Green, and. the organization of new collectivi­ sures as an intensified, often mass “impor­ Edinburgh. sation in. the West-Ukraine, was to lead tation” of Russian elements into Ukraine John F. Stewart to general poverty, which also caused a and the occupation by the same of the Honorary Editor, severe weakening of the economic basis most important posts in every sphere of Foreign Affairs Information Series. of the Underground. political life, whereby they are granted, Page 8 UKRAINIAN OBSERVER No. 6— 7 a “displacement allowance”, a whole series of priviliges (higher salaries for the PA X PONTICA same Work, special concessions, etc.;, The Foreign Policy of Ukrainian Nationalism is working towards the Creation have destroyed from the beginning any of a new constructive and peaceful order in Eastern Europe “friendship” for the great Russian bro­ By Z. Poray ther-nation”. The Soviet empire consists roughly of this structure which would justify its The Collectivisation of West-Ukraine 100 million Great Russians who feel, and further existence. It is not accidental that The collectivisation of West-Ukraine are, the master nation of the State, and tyranny, white or red, has for long cen­ has claimed all too many sacrifices from 100 million non-Russians who feel, and turies been the basic constitutional alti­ the Russians, in time, men and material are, enslaved, forcibly Russianized, and tude of the Russians; the tyranny is a although it has not attained the actual heavily exploited. Some 45 million of precondition for the existence of the goal, the eradication of Ukrainian ideas Ukrainians are the largest, comparatively empire. The Ukrainians Would never rely of liberty in this area and has only caus­ best organized, socially and culturally upon the “democratical spirit” and the ed Moscow moral damage. So these ter­ highest developed nation among their “liberalism” of 100 million Great Rus­ ritories became a new, unextinguishable other non-Russian fellow-nations. The sians; the Ukrainians have had too many fire of resistance on behalf of the village existence of the Russian empire was al­ and too bad experience for that during population, and its influence has reached ways, and with the passing of time, be­ their 300-year “peaceful historical co­ far over the borders of Ukraine. comes more and more hard and intole­ existence” with the Russians. rable for all non-Russians; since 1945 The Russian imperialists try to denote The Famine in the Years 1946/47 approximately 90 million further Euro­ the “keeping of peace in one sixth of Although the famine in the Ukrainian peans, who became the spoils of Russia the globe” as one of the main positive territories east of the Dnieper in the years as a consequence of the pacts of Teheran, moral forces justifying the existence of 1946/47 caused great material harm to Yalta and Potsdam, have been added the Russian empire. As the “frightful the population, it is, however, necessary to this empire. dilemma” they indicate the danger of the to point to another side of this occur­ This is veritably a prison of nations. “Balkanization” of one sixth of the world rence. This famine set up a small internal The Western peoples have already some and conjure up a picture of “intermi­ migration of Ukrainians, who, driven by notions and observations how arduous nable wars and revolutions” which may hunger, went into the West-Ukraine, and difficult the life of these nations in ensue between all these present “Rus­ where, thanks to the preservation of the Russia always was, and how much harder sians”. They try to sell the idea of some private property and a relative weakeness and severer it became under Russian bol­ sort of “Pax Russica”, the Russian peace, of the Russian regime at this time, con­ shevism. And yet, the Western nations as a positive contribution to the life of ditions were much better. This led, how­ still do not know the whole truth about mankind. ever, not only to bread, but also political the slavery and oppression of nations The historical truth is different. The nourishment, being brought into every behind the Iron Curtain. Russian empire never was synonymous corner of Ukraine. It must not be for­ Thus, the whole world sincerely wishes with peace and liberty. This empire grew gotten that the Central and Western Uk­ these nations all liberty and freedom— up solely out of interminable wars and rainian territories had at their disposal but always in very general terms only. conquests. In Russia there never was the political and military activities of The picture of the Western general good­ peace, inwardly or outwardly. Since the the U.P.A.—O.U.N. which opposed ths will towards these nations—changes ab­ ascension to power in 1533 of the Tsar Russians almost recklessly. ruptly when it comes to the specification Ivan the Terrible till this year, 1953, du­ of the principal terms and conditions of ring the past 420 years only each fourth Results of Melnikov’s “Leadership” that “liberty” and “freedom”; for every­ year Was one of peace; for far more than Moscow’s Ukrainian policy has up till body understands something different by 300 years there was always some war now been a failure. Instead of Russifying that. somewhere in or about Russia. Ukraine, it has only strengthened natio­ Especially Western public opinion re­ Most significant for this “peaceful” nal cousciousness, caused the whole po­ coils from the idea of the dismember­ style of Russian imperial life is the his­ pulation to revolt, and led to a political ment of the Russian empire. This em­ tory of the Russian Black Sea relations. and economic tension, which may have pire is generally but wrongly regarded and especially the history of the attempt­ unforseeable consequences. Moscow had as an “organic”, historically grown ed Russian penetration of the Black Sea to realise that this could not continue. entity and the right solution seems to be, Straits (Bosphorus and the Dardanelles). not the dismemberment, but the démo­ This was also the history of the intermi­ It would be wrong to assume that the cratisation and the liberalisation of the new tendency of the “national policy” nable Russian heavy pressure upon Tur­ Russian regime; this allegedly would key, combined with the slow but con­ is caused by internal transformations of “guarantee” the needed liberty and free­ the new dictators in the Kremlin. Quite sequent step-by-step liquidation of the dom for all individuals as well as the Ottoman Empire. Since 1786, i. e. the the contrary. The present despots, who whole nations. lived through the N.E.P. policy and after­ first Russian-Turk war, till 1945, there This idea is erroneous. The Russian had been in the course of 175 years 7 wards helped in the centralistic, Russian- empire cannot be democratized nor li­ chauvinistic tendency, know all too well big Russian wars on Turkey and 46 beralized; it was built up by fraud and treaties and conventions concerning the non-Russian nations, especially the Uk­ brute force and can continue only by rainians, would lead only to a secession Black Sea Straits. This is the proper mea­ protracted fraud and brute force; there sure of the typical Russian pressure and of them from the U.S.S.R. Yet, in con­ are no inward positive moral forces in sidering the complete failure of the po­ unceasing unrest. No, the Russian empire licy up till now, they are forced to adopt is never a guarantee for peace; it is al­ a new course. It is still difficult to see noeure, however, is doomed to failure ways a guarantee of war. how far they will go on the new course. in view of the present situation, just as Propagating consequently the idea of It is, however, safe to assume that they every previous attempt was, such as e. g. the dismemberment of the Russian em­ will try, at least temporarily, to lessen the the affairs with special flags, ministries, pire, the foreign policy of the Ukrainian complicated situation by means of decep­ hymns and the like for the Ukrainian nationalism is eo ipso consequently pro­ tive manoeuvres. Every deception ma- Soviet Republic. pagating the idea of permanent peace in No. 6— 7 UKRAINIAN OBSERVER Page 9 these parts of the world. It is not true cal independence and can stand up to that the existence of the Russian empire Great Russia solely under the condi­ DANGEROUS is the only possibility for the establish­ tions that she has both ways a thoroughly According to information from U. P., ment of an integrated political and eco­ free passage through the Black Sea A. P. and Reuter, as well as from the nomical order in Eastern Europe and straits. This is simply a guestion of free Moscow papers Pravda and Isvestiya, of Eurasia. The Ukrainian nationalism em­ breathing. Without free access to the Me­ May 27th, 1953, which is founded on the braces a thoroughly mature conception diterranean and the Seven Seas of the report of the Soviet Ministry of Interior, of what sort of really peaceful order World, Ukraine would never be in the “four American agents” who are alleged should here be established after the dis­ position to build up an economic strength to have jumped by parachute on the night solution of the Russian empire. There sufficient to stand the continued impe­ of April 25th—26th from a four-engined Would be no ‘ Balkanization”. What rialistic pressure of Russia, and partly aeroplane over Ukrainian territory, have comes would be the peaceful co-operation also of Poland. been sentenced to death. The sentence of the regional blocks of the independent In the year 1356, the Turks occupied has already been carried out. The four nations, accordingly to the natural con­ and immediately closed the Straits. They alleged agents, Alexander Vasilyevitch ditions of their economical, social and remained closed for 418 years till again La!{hnov, Alexander MH{olaiyevitch Ma- cultural landscapes. they were opened by Turkey under the kov, Serge Zosimovitch Gorbunov and This idea can be best exemplified by the pressure of the Russian Katherina If. Dmitry Mikfilaiyevich Remiga, are said case of the Black Sea nations and Black (“The Great”) and her Chancellor count to have been trained at a suitable terrorist Sea Straits. This sea had been for centu­ Rumyanstsev, after a lost war with Rus­ college in Bad Wiessee under the direction ries the arena of the most ruthless Rus­ sia, in consequence of the peace treaty of a captain in the U. S. Army, named sian assaults and contests. The Ukrai­ of Kuchuk Kunardji, July 10th, 1774. Holliday. They further declared that se­ nians, one of the main inhabitans of the Yet the Turkish closure of the Straits veral such colleges exist in the American Black Sea shores, wish most sincerily for more than 4 centuries was of deadly Zone of Germany. The head of one of and genuinely to change thoroughly the consequences for the independence of these schools is said to be a certain Majcr whole previous vexatious course of the Ukraine. Not being able to export her Ronald Oi'to Bollenbach, who was deputy Black Sea history. Instead of using that products freely to the Mediterranean and American attache in Moscow from 1946- sea as an arena of wars and conquests, the other countries of the World, Ukraine 47. The four condemned also said that, they wish to transform it into a sea of was not able to stand the Russian pres­ shortly before taking off, they were pro­ deep friendship, security, well-being and sure. The tighter the Straits are closed, vided with American weapons, poisons, understanding among all other participa­ the deeper becomes the dependence of radio-equipement, maps, money, and si­ ting nations. One of the first acts of the Ukraine from Russia; between these both milar things. They were to perform es­ independent Ukrainian national State phenomena there is a deep, historically pionage in the territory of the Soviet would be the solemn proclamation of the evident, interdependence. Union, and were moreover directed to make their way to Kyiv and Odessa, in Pax Pontica, the Black Sea Peace, fol­ The Russians tried to solve the prob­ order to commit sabotage in these two lowed by the adequate diplomatic under­ lem of their free passage through the towns. standing to secure this peace for centu­ Straits mostly by the use and application ries by a set of pertinent treaties and al­ of brute force, though coated by such The spokesman of the State Depart­ liances. propagandistic devices as “protection of ment, Lincoln White, described the bol- The Ukrainians understand that the eastern “Christendom”, or “Slavophi­ shevist accusations as “false and fantastic”. existence of the independent Ukrainian lism”, or “communism”. The Ukrainians We would assume that the explanation State on the northern shores of the Black are resolved to solve this problem by Continued on Page 16 Sea is in the most vital interests of Tur­ peaceful understandings and treaties su­ key. This gallant nation enjoyed peace pervised by such international bodies as, wage wars against the Turks, or Ruma­ and security as long as Russia was say, the United Nations. nians, or Georgians, etc., and vice versa. absent from the Black Sea. The Russian The Ukrainians reject the idea of the A tightly-knit Bloc of Black Sea na­ troubles of Turkey started in exactly monopolistic dominance of a single power tions, bound together by very strong 1721, only 12 years after the Battle of over the Black Sea. The historical mo­ cords of mutual symphathies and interests, Poltava (1709) by which Ukraine as a nopolistic dominance of Turkey over this would be for the Ukrainians much mom State lost her independence. An indepen­ sea had been one of evil. An analogous adequate and natural than the unwanted, dent Ukraine can never become a dan­ monopolistic dominance of Russia (or coercitive, always repudiated “brotherly ger for Turkey. But a Russian empire, Ukraine) would have been equally evil. federation” with Great Russia. regardless of hue and colour, would al­ The Ukrainians regard the Black Sea as The Ukrainians envisage the dismem­ ways be a mortal danger for Turkey. An the common property of all adjacent na­ berment and the reconstruction of the independent Ukraine would always be tions, all of them equally interested in Russian empire on ^uch lines as—e. g. forced to face the inexorable Great Rus­ free passage through the Straits. Although —the creation of the Bloc of Black Sea sia, the Muscovy, and fight for her life; formally a part of Turkish State territory, Nations. Thoroughly conceivable and de­ she would be deadly interested to have the Straits must become spiritually and sirable is the analogous creation of a her back free and secure from Turkey. mentally internationalized in the sense of Bloc of Baltic Nations, then a Bloc of It was a reciprocal tragedy of Ukraine common participation of all adjacent Turkistanian Nations, etc. All of them and Turkey, that instead of giving Uk­ nations. would be much more natural creations raine in the past centuries all possible The common danger of Russia and the than the old Russian prison of nations. aid in her independence struggle against common participation in the use of the These regional Blocs Would be an in- Russia, Turkey often and thoughtlessly Straits are the main factors which create comparatably better guarantee for the weakened the position of the Ukrainians from all Black Sea nations a genuine preservation of peace than the war-eager by rash local assaults and strifes coming community of life. Though separated by blood-stained “Pax Moscovitica”. The from the South. different languages, religious creeds, cul­ Ukrainians really believe and maintain in The main vital problem of Ukraine tural ways of life and customs, they have all earnestness that the dismemberment always would be the legal and power many more common interests than of the Russian empire would be a benefit situation of the Black Sea Straits. Ukra­ differences. It is simply inconceivable for and blessing for the whole of the torment­ ine can keep her political and economi­ Ukrainians that in the future they should ed and fear-ridden mankind. Page 10 UKRAINIAN OBSERVER No. 6— 7 One can safely say that, as compensa­ UNPLEASANT PROSPECTS tion for the peace in Korea, Moscow will Is Moscow going 'to meet us halfway? the bolshevists do not desire an armed demand the admission of Red China to Has it shown any intention of decreas­ conflict with the democratic world, be­ the U.N. This question stands, not for ing and finally relaxing world-tension? cause they are aware of the mortal peril the first time, on the agenda of the U.N. to themselves which would arise out of From now on, however, it will appear Internal political complications and the in a quite different light. Formerly, in permanent, even if invisible, fight for such an occurrence. What does suit their plans is always “little” wars with alien the treatment of this problem, the position power in the Kremlin are making i't im­ of the countries, primarily England, who possible for Moscow to continue and ex­ forces supported by the national liberation movements of 'the dependent countries. recognised Red China, was quite diffe­ tend the aggressive policy which they rent from what it is today, because their have hitherto pursued. The present internal situation of the U.S.S.R makes it impossible for Moscow position was acknowledged to be wrong That the political line of 'the Kremlin to kindle a third World War and this negative attitude had to be ex­ is undergoing certain changes admits of plained. Now it may be expected that no doubt. And here is nothing novel or Considering these circumstances, is these countries, impelled by the desire to unexpected. It was bound to come after Moscow going 'to surrender anything? end the Korean War, and from the above- 'the death of the dictator. One could pre­ No. We know with what blind longing mentioned motives, will endeavour to sa­ dict it much earlier, even before the 19th Western Europe is seeking for a possibi­ tisfy the bolshevist wishes. lity of excusing, at least in its own eyes, Party Congress six months ago, when it Moscow’s new course, which has met became obvious that Malenkov’s struggle this lack of sacrifice, in the name of the strengthening of defence. One may be with unconcealed satisfaction, if also with for power was reaching the stage of su­ reservations, in the democratic world, perceding Stalin. The fact that a certain certain that Western Europe will always be seeking for new opportunities to set and especially in Western Europe, car­ relaxation of tension has come about, thus ries with it a monstrous peril. This peril showing an alteration in 'tactics, awakens aside the ratification of the treaties, re­ peatedly write codicils, and to curtail the lies not in the course as such, because its no stirring interest on our part, all the only realisation on 'the part of bolshevism more when much will be decided on the budgets for defence purposes. It is not by chance that, in the opinions of respon­ could be only deception and revolutionary grounds of developments in the near work. The peril lies much more in the future. I't is uncontested, and all are agre­ sible persons in the U.S.A., the indispen­ sability of realising the aforesaid plans is world’s reaction to this course, in a new ed, that the new course of Kremlin po­ Yalta and Potsdam. The combatting of licy is in some way connected with what emphasised without taking any notice of Moscow’s new course. The bolshevists it should be taken in hand all the more is going on there. This is shown, not vigorously as all Moscow’s success in the only by the facts which are 'there coming are, therefore, actually surrendering no­ thing, but are able to count on continuing post-war years have been produced by to light, but also by 'the circumsances in catastrophic mistakes on the part of the which they are coming to light. It is cha­ w ith: weakening of Western defences, psychological disarmament, widening of democracies. But now arises the question racteristic 'that he attitude of the West whether the western world’s attitude can in judging the new course in the Kremlin the rifts between the western Allies, and thereby strengthening those who are ori­ in any way be changed—its desire for is to attempt, despite recognition of the quiet and its unwillingness to see the mutual influence exercised by the above- entated eastwards or are interested in crea­ ting a second Korea on German soil and danger and make sacrifices? An answer mentioned factors, to separate this course to this can be found only with difficulty. from its causes, and to be prepared to are striving for the inclusion of the satel­ lites in the Soviet political structure. In any case, one cannot exclude the fact accept it as an independently operating that the ending of the Korean War will factor. Peace in Korea? It is not only possible, have an effect upon American economy. The assumption that this change of but also highly probable. But can one de­ Such a background, and the attitude 'to­ policy has come about by reason of the scribe this eventual peace as a real triumph wards budget-cuts, and the American tax­ western world’s firm attitude with regard for democracy, by reason of 'the new po­ payer’s unwillingness to make further sa­ to defence against Communism is comp­ licy. Above all, how will matters stand crifices in the interests of a thus opinio­ letely groundless. With the best will in in Korea, where for three years a struggle nated Europe, can lead only to serious the world, one cannot discover anything has been taking place between two sys­ curtailments, if no’t the complete cessa­ which the West has done that might have tems. In any case, the result of 'this strug­ tion, of help for this Europe. This will caused the Kremlin to retreat. There is, gle cannot be regarded as a victory for strengthen the desire for prevention of therefore, no reason for regarding Mos­ democracy. The peoples of Asia and all political tension at the cost of further cow’s new course as an abandonment of its those concerned can draw far-reaching concessions to the Communists. attitude as the result of western pressure. conclusions from that. Secondly, everyone Stalin’s death has once more opened to And, for the reasons already mentioned, is occupied in concluding an armistice the world the way for an annihilating at- there are no suppositions for the estima­ for South Korea and forgetting North hitherto permanent retrogression. It is tion of the new course as a retreat. It is Korea, which has been waiting for libe­ tack upon Communism instead of the no retreat, but only a manoeuvre and ration. quite clear to everyone that the fact that change of tactics, caused by internal There is no reason to cast doubt upon communist aggression is taking this form, complications on the one hand, on die the good intentions of the U.S.A., which and no other, is conditioned by internal other, by the possibilities which the de­ aim at the uniting of Korea and the as­ conditions in the U.S.S.R. If this were mocratic camp is now opening up to surance of liberty for the people. One not so, Moscow could make, with one bolshevism. One cannot therefore as­ wonders, however, what these good in­ blow, an end of the free world, which, sume that the Kremlin is prepared to tentions will look like in practice. Moscow ‘ by its very existence, undermines thq give anything back. It is also necessary will not consent to this voluntarily, and whole doctrine of communism. What 'to ascertain what Moscow is willing to if the U.S.A. again decides to use force, except internal conditions held Moscow give up, and what price it wishes to re­ one may assume that, in the present po­ back from conquering the whole of Eu­ ceive for it. litical situation in the world, and in the rope, when this continent was completely One receives the impression that there atmosphere which has formed around the defenceless after the War? And what is no direct danger of war. But how is Korea War, the entire U.N. will not take other than the internal situation activates one to judge this? It is quite obvious that the same course. and creates this new course of Moscow’s? No. 6— 7______UKRAINIAN OBSERVER Page 11 THE CAREER OF A RED SATRAP: heavily, exploited Ukrainian colony ap­ parently was for Moscow not sufficient. During the great Stalinist purges they NIKITA S. KHRUSHCHEV both were liquidated. Then came Krush­ Moscow’s Most Efficient Extortioner and Tormentor of Ukraine chev, kept this post for 12 years and later was kicked up to a better position. A Wrong Statement to him in 1949 the post of the 1st Secre­ This is a bolshevik’s best testimony. (U.O.) Commenting on the death of tary of the Communist Party of the Moscow region, the last being some sort Ire Against Intellectuals Joseph Stalin and evaluating the personal Khrushchev literally proved to be dead­ possibilities of the power ascension in of “empire state”, the “heart region” of the whole Union. No Ukrainian, and no ly efficient. During his reign, Ukraine the Kremlin the New York Times of proved to be one of those strange repub­ March 5th, 1953 gave the best chances other national “minority” member could ever dream of such a favour. lics of the Union where there was “no to Georgi Malenkov—“because he ap­ natural growth of population”, the basic parently has the backing. . . of the only A Relation of Mutual Hatred quota always remaining the same; for the other member of the Secretariat (of the Concerning Ukraine no love’s labours former Soviet Ukraine (up till 1939) al­ Central Committee) who was a member were ever lost on the part of Nikita Khru­ ways 32 millions. The solution of this of the old Politbureau—Nikita S. Khru­ shchev. And vice versa. Only one feeling “riddle” is known to every Ukrainian: shchev, a powerful Ukrainian”...... ever prevailed and continues to prevail, because what of the “surplus” was not Although generally correct, the cited now for the decades, between both par­ murdered, or in some other way liquidat­ article of the New York Times is wrong ties—that of a stinging mutual hatred. ed, was deported to Siberia, Kasakhstan in naming Nikita S. Khrushchev—now, Scarcely is there at present in the U.S.S.R. or some other places of the vast Soviet indeed, one of the most powerful men another man whose bald, bullet-shaped land of forced labour camps. In such in Moscow—a Ukrainian. Naming him head is envisaged by millions of Ukrain­ a manner more than 7 million Ukrainians “a Ukrainian” the article quite obviously ians, especially the peasants, with more had been 1939-1949 “sapped away” by suggests that the Ukrainians possess in repugnance and disdain than Krushchev’s. Khrushchev. the highest posts of the Soviet hierarchy And he deserved it copiously. Especially two categories of Ukrainian influential people; being Ukrainians they, As each Soviet magnate, Khrushchev people “enjoyed” Nikita Khrushchev’s of course, may quite naturally intercede too relishes in stressing his proletarian hateful attention: the intellectuals and in favour of their home country, trying background and his “laborious youth”. the peasants. In case of errors and tres­ to help, to protect and to promote her. He gladly calls himself a miner, especially passes the proper Russian, the Muscovite Each real patriot of his narrower com­ “a pickman”. But he scarcely had time writers were always only criticised and munity, say, of his town, county, country to get calluses and weals. He joined the reprimanded, but the Ukrainians were etc. would, self-evidently do this. party 1914 at 18—and since that time invariably shot. During Nikita Khrush­ Never was a Ukrainian entered upon the road of a typical party chev’s iron rule such Ukrainian outstand­ This contention is with regard to Ni­ bureaucratic career which 39 years later ing writers had been executed: Hryhory kita S. Khrushchev thoroughly wrong. led him up to one of the highest posts Chuprynka, Hryhory Kossynka, Oleksa Although born in Ukraine, in the Donets in the empire. Intellectually primitive and Vlyzko, Dmytro Falkivsky, Kost Bureviy, River Basin 58 years ago, Khrushchev clumsy, always despising “ideologists”, Ivan and Taras Krushelnytsky, My kola neither was, nor is a Ukrainian. He never Khrushchev made his way as a typical Zerov, Mykhaylo Pluzhnyk, Mykhaylo felt, nor feels as such. His family of “aparatchik”, an apparatus-man who Filansky etc. And invariably the same peasant ancestry, (he himself has con­ chopped his way ever higher up and up charge: “Ukrainian bourgeois nationa­ sequently and pointedly maintained) were through cunning, slyness, an assuring in­ lism”. During Khrushchev’s commissariat Russians; no other language than purely stinct for personal connections, singleness in Ukraine, not one University, Academy, Russian was ever spoken in their home. of purpose, ruthleness and cold bru­ high art school, no scientific research in­ In later years, although working for tality. stitution of some standing, no theoretical more than one decade (1937-1949) as the A Ruthless Careerist center was ever created. The Ukrainian 1st Secretary of the Central Committee Right and left of his career road there learning had to serve solely the practical of the Communist Party of Ukraine, were left behind him innumerable vic­ purposes of the productive expediency. Nikita Khrushchev never bothered to tims, especially the Ukrainians. Moscow Breaking the Peasants learn Ukrainian. How deeply and purely never had better, a more devout Russian Khrushchev always knew that one of Russian he was, can be seen from the imperial governor in Ukraine, than him. the strongest sources of the Ukrainian fact that Stalin and his prevalently Rus­ His motto was: “everything for the me­ national independence and statehood Ls sian oligarchs never hesitated to entrust tropolis, nothing for the colony”. He al­ the Ukrainian property-minded, indivi­ ways knew that Ukraine is the toughest dualistic peasantry. The breaking up and One should know 'that the nature of this spot, the most dangerous ground, the the extinction of the Ukrainian peasant­ new course forces us to regard this mani­ most unreliable nation of all peoples in ry was in Khrushchev’s mind identical festation, not as isolated, but in connection the Union. Hence—the right place to with the breaking up and the destruc­ with what produced it. And if everyone show to his superiors the ruthless impla­ tion of Ukrainian nationalism. Hence were agreed 'that there exists internal cability of his Russia and party loyalty Khrushchev’s single-minded purposeness pressure upon bolshevism, the following and devotion. He decided just to make in the promotion of the agricultural col­ inference would inevitably be drawn: to of Ukraine the showplace of his “bolshe­ lectivisation of Ukraine. The “Kolkhos” do everything to intensify this pressure vik hardness’—and career. And as it prov­ should have been the means to break the and to forward its growth. And that ed later, he knew what he was doing. stubborn Ukrainian individualism, to means that the political line of the fight There were hard and ruthless Russian break the family units, as he himself has against bolshevism should be orientated bolshevik “statthalters” in Ukraine long once put it,—“to disperse this matted on revolutions, and on such revolutions before Khrushchev. 1st Secretaries of the breed”. Yet the village collective farms that bear the marks of the present epoch : C.P. of Ukraine, sent by Moscow, were soon were not enough for him; they national and social liberation. e. g. Stanislav Kosior and Pavel Postishev. were still too “narrow”, too “family- H. /. Olezh\o Yet they soon proved not to be hard, bound”, too “nationalistic” economical (Condensed from Homin U hj'ainy of persevering and efficient enough for Mos­ units. In consequence Khrushchev became May 2nd, 1953) cow’s tastes. The yearly yields of the a fanatic of the “agro-gorods” mam- Page 12______UKRAINIAN OBSERVER______No. 6— 7 moth collectives, no more than grain- factories, erected to the clear purpose TRAGEDY OF THE YEAR 1933 ultimately to alienate the people from The revolution of 1917 forced the Rus­ Russian Communists, was adopted for the the good earth, or as Khrushchev liked sian bolshevists to make sure of the ma­ purpose of the militarisation of the to put it: “to cut them from the soil” . terial means of continuing the wars of U.S.S.R. This militarisation was, accord­ On the way to his “agro-gorods” Khrush­ aggression against the non-Russian na­ ing to the Kremlin’s plan, to be brought chev ardently propagated that even the tions of the old Tsarist Russian Empire, about at the cost of the Ukrainian eco­ individualistic small vegetable plots, un­ who had restored their national States. nomy. This could best be achieved by- til now allowed for peasants family In 1918, therefore, they introduced mili­ means of the collectivisation of Ukrainian units should be withdrawn. tant “communism”, which entailed 'the agriculture. This collectivisation was to Flattering Ukraine nationalisation of all private trade and in­ provide Russia with foodstuffs free of Khrushchev, too, can boast of another dustry, the prohibition of the holding of charge and, in addition, bring in number­ “achievement” : he fulfilled to the last markets and the creation of institutions less slave-workers from Ukraine. comma and point the demand of Mos­ which deprived the peasant population of The collectivisation plans, however, met cow, again to revert Ukraine into a land almost all their foodstuffs. with resistance in the Ukrainian territo­ of raw and half-raw materials and farm­ Moscow began the introduction of the ries. For this reason, the Ukrainian pea­ ing monocultures; during his rule the “militant communism” in Ukraine, not sants were, after the autumn of 1929, industrialisation of Ukraine has abruptly only in order to exploit the material re­ forcibly sized for the collective industry. been either reverted to the Russian north, sources of the country, but also to break The farmers were influenced with ex­ or thoroughly stopped. The trend to the Ukrainian resistance 'towards the new ceedingly heavy taxes and hundreds of Ukrainian farming monocultures goes so Russian occupation. The result of this thousands of well-situated land-owners far that the Ukrainian collective farms “militant communism” was, until 1921, were deported with their families to the are no more allowed to plant their own the ruining of Ukrainian industry. The North and to Siberia. These actions of orchards, or to breed poultry, which al­ Donbas area was the only industrial centre Moscow were, however, even more strong­ legedly contradicts the “state production in the whole U.S.S.R. which was able to ly resisted by 'the Ukrainian peasants, plan”. They have to produce the wheat, continue its production. The agriculture who, even in single villages and districts, or sugar beet, or sun-flowers only— and of Ukraine was completely exploited, and rose in revolt. this fact was also 'the reason for the great depend on the State that it will deliver Individual and group terrorism no lon­ the rest. This is the way to make Ukraine famine which prevailed in the steppe area of Ukraine in 1933. In order, however, ger sufficed to break the resistance of the dependent from Moscow even in her need Ukrainian peasants to collectivisation. of the last pound of apples. Nikita Khru­ to achieve a temporary stabilisation, the “New Economic Policy” (N.E.P.) was Moscow began to apply economic ter­ shchev was the most ardent executor of rorism against the entire Ukrainian po this sort of Russian policy. adopted, which permitted private industry once more. Ukrainian economy recovered pulation. The Kremlin sent into Ukraine The Scourge during this period, and in 1930 reached tens of thousands of Russian Communists After the World War II Ukraine once the standard of 19x3. The Ukrainians, from Moscow, Leningrad and oher Rus­ again became “nationalism-ridden”, re­ however, not only made economic prog­ sian cities, as well as numerous O.G.P.U. detachments, who carried out sui­ stive, unruly, seditious. Khrushchev who ress during this period, but also exploit­ table action. Special détachements, com­ previously won high decorations as poli­ ed this same period of Moscow’s econo­ tical commissar during the battle of Sta­ mic weakness for other purposes. The posed mostly of Russians, took all the lingrad, once again was sent to Ukraine rapid economic and cultural development grain away from the population in the “to quench the mutiny”. In the course of the Ukrainian nation had also a politi­ years 1931/32. This resulted, at the be­ of one and a half year Khrushchev ejected cal manifestation. This aroused enthu­ ginning in 1932, in a famine in Ukraine which, in 1933, had reached an unheard- from the party ranks resp. liquidated 38 siasm even in the Communist Party of extent and led to the extinction of p. c. of all regional secretaries, 64 p. c. cadres, who included people such as of all executive committee presidents, 67 Skrypnyk, Volobujev, Chvylovyj etc. millions of people. p. c. of machine and tractor stations This naturally led to a sharp reaction on There is a great deal of literature on managers. And once again the Ukrainian the part of Moscow, especially as the the subject of the Ukrainian famine in intellectuals had to prostrate themselves Kremlin’s policy in the whole U.S.S.R. the years 1932/33, and tens of thousands before this Moscow-sent bully in admit­ was taking a different course. of Ukrainians, who came to the West in ting publicly all possible sins, errors and course of the World War II, are living At the 16th Conference of the Commu­ other crimes and in promising repentance witnesses of this great famine. and correction. The Moscow-sponsored nist Party in the Year 1929, the first “Five The results of the census in U.S.S.R. and Khrushchev-directed moral flagella­ Years’ Plan”, the industrialisation of the in 1936 were not published, as they would tion of intellectual Ukrainians reached most clearly have illustrated the effects its most spectacular peak in 1950/1951. will prove to be no less efficient working of the famine. In 1939, a new census was Reaching The Summit now in the realm of the whole Union. taken. This showed that, in spite of the Thus Nikita Khrushchev became a Well In view of this record and past party “improvements”, the Ukrainian popula­ deserving man in the eyes of Kremlin. achievements, to call this Russia’s abject tion amounted to only 28 million, which No wonder that after the death of Stalin, careerist “a powerful Ukrainian” is not was exactly the same as 13 years ago, in as the big reshuffle in the party has start­ only a misrepresentation. It is hoax, and 1926. (This census refers only to East- ed, Khrushchev was entrusted by his close a bad hoax at that. One has really to Ukraine, as the West-Ukrainian provin­ friend Malenkov with the highest avail­ wonder at the otherwise highly reliable ces were not incorporated until later). able party post, that of the chief of the New York Times. Khrushchev never was From this it may be seen that the Uk­ now reorganized 5-men all-Union party a Ukrainian; instead he was one of the rainian population had not increased at Secretariat. He proved to be Moscow’s worst enslavers of Ukraine, ever known all in the course of 13 years, while, in and Party’s devout follower and re­ in her history. If in the times to come the same period^ the population of Russia liable beyond even the slightest doubts. this unhappy land will retain a memory proper had increased by 21,5 millions. This stern disciplinarian who proved to of him, it will always be accursed and (77,5 millions in 1926 and 99 millions in be so efficient for Moscow in Ukraine, resentfully ill-famed. 1939)- No. 6— 7 UKRAINIAN OBSERVER Pàge 13 From the figures given it is evident, rainians while,, a't the same time, there by the representative of the “most prog­ that, by normal development, the Uk­ Was no distress in Russia. One cannot ressive i and peaceful” Russian nation. rainian population should have increased say that it was only economic motives The village lay in an uneasy silence . to at least 35 millions by the year 1939. that induced Moscow to take this step, except for the dogs which barked at the 1 That clearly proves that 4,6 million peo­ for, beside the serious economic crisis, shock brigades. It was a time when dogs • ple lost their lives in this artificial famine. the Kremlin was thinking primarily of- were still alive; later in the spring they Many authors maintain that, in the years the political subjection of 'the Ukrainian were eaten by their masters. The next/ 1929—30, by reason of terrorism and nation, and wanted in this way to check morning the pupils found three bags of hunger, 2 million people fled from Uk­ the Ukrainian endeavours to attain in­ wheat in 'the school garden. Some peasants , raine into other republics of the U.S.S.R., dependence. had been frightened by the speech of the particularly Siberia. Should these assump­ Even Arthur Koestler, in his book, Moscow’s man and preferred parting with tions correspond with the truth, at least “The God that Failed”, has stated that their last corn and to suffer starvation 1 5,5 million people must have died in the he could not speak to any famine in 'than to be sent to prison or even con- - famine. This genocide 'which was ' com­ Russia in 1932/ 33, but only in Ukraine. demned to death. mitted by Moscow in Ukraine in 1932/33 This famine was in no way a natural Spring. Until the coming of spring the has nothing equal in modern history. The catastrophe, as occurred in the years 1921- people managed somehow. They manag­ famine was arranged by the Kremlin 1922, but one of the greatest genocides ed to keep aliye by slaughtering their last only in those districts inhabited by Uk­ ever organized by Moscow. live-stock and by consuming their stocks of garden vegetables, but now,' upon the approach of spring when all theJ stock were exhausted and the sun began THE DREADFUL YEAR OF 1933 IN MY VILLAGE to shine and the wind to blow, the mass starvation of people started. Adress by Mme. Woropaj They had absolutely nothing to eat. They could only move very slowly and at the Commemoration Ceremonies shawls. It is very cold outside but inside in appearance they were like ghosts. in Memory of the Six Million Ukrainians the hut it was hot especially for us with When 'the. grass grew they started to eat who died in 'the tragic famine organised so many clothes on. We wanted very it and their limbs started to swell. The by Moscow du'ring the years 1932—1933, much to help our friend keep her best colour of their skin was now almost blue. held by the Association of Ukrainian in clothes. The brigades were seizing clothes I think that most of you have seen pic­ Great Britain, Regional Council in from wardrobes and trunks, but they did tures of the victims of the Concentration Scotland, not undress people. We waited till mid­ Camps in Germany. When I was in Ger­ on Sunday, 26th April, 1953. night. Nothing happened. Our friend many I often thought how similar they and her sisters were lucky. But in many (Mme. Woropaj is a Ukrainian who, like were to the victims of famine in Ukraine houses brigades did take away all the during 1933. so many witnesses of the terrible Ukrai­ clothes. nian tragedy, was living in her homeland As I have said, people who started to during the Famine. What she describes is Second winter scene. A village meeting. eat grass started to swell. The skin broke the result of her own personal experiences To the village came 'the representative of in some places and they gave out a ter­ and may be accepted as typical of condi­ the Central Committee of the Communist rible smell. They started to die in Febru­ tions in Ukraine at that time). Party from Moscow. Nothing like this ary and March but the worst camé in ever happened before in this village and May and June. “Forgive me, Ladies and Gentlemen, if everybody was curious as to what the The Scenes of the Famine. the pictures which I will describe to you man from Moscow would tell them. Cer­ My father brought home some flour are not only ugly but almost unbelievable tainly, he would stop this nonsense of which he got in a special new shop, the to the people of the West. It was 'the the brigades and the seizure of all corn torgsin. You could get there all the food authorities—occupants of my native and not only corn but very often flour. you wanted but only for gold or for dol­ country who were responsible for that The meeting took place in the school lars. My father had got it for two golden ugliness. building. It was evening. The big room rings and two or three small crosses that In 1933; I was 15 years old. My parents was full of people in winter coats. In the we used to wear. My mother made for were teachers in the country and as mem­ far end of the room stood a table and on me some little cakes and I took a few of- bers of the intelligentsia were getting a the wall hung an oil lamp. On the table them to the boy next door, a lad of 19, ration of flour once a month. For this stood the Moscow’s man. He was talking the brother of my best friend who was reason we were better off than the pea­ about storing up corn reserve (chleboza- dying of starvation (their father has died sants who alone did not receive any ra­ hotovka), asking why the village did not a month before). When I came to this tions. We were only half starved but fulfil the plan and what was being done house nobody was in but the boy. He being in the country gave me the op­ to correct it? How many persons had was lying on the small bed very thin and portunity of seeing all horrible things that been shot for it? None? Then you have almost blue. I gave him the cake I had happened there in that year. done nothing to help the Government brought. H e put one piece of it into his Our village was situated in the South of that needs your corn so much. Four of us mouth but he was too weak to chew it. Ukraine. The cases about which I will tell young people were standing there, not With the piece of cake in his mouth he you now, happened in our village. I will far from die door and at the moment told me, he is going to die. I tried to try to describe to you a few scenes. when the man from Moscow was talk­ comfort him and told him that soon new Winter. About six of us, young girls, ing about shooting we felt cold shivers corn will be ready and then he will get gathered in one small hut. It belonged going down our spines. We were young well again. But he said “no”, and once to one of us and to her three sisters. We and we did not like to hear a man talking more tried to chew the cake. But he could were expecting the shock brigade which about death, especially in such a cold­ not do it and died with this cake in his was going round the village, collecting blooded manner. We hurriedly, left the mouth. I remeber his funeral very well. corn and in some houses also all the room. It was cold and dark outside. In There was no good wood for the coffin clothes. That is why our hostess opened silence we parted and went home where and the people made it from a very old the trunk with their Sunday clothes and we went to bed and tried to forget the one. The coffin kept together till the all of us put on three skirts, blouses and impression made by that dreadful speech cemetery all right, but when they start- Page 14 UKRAINIAN OBSERVER______No. 6— 7 ed to put it into the grave the body fell firs and all the coffin in pieces on top JUNE 30th 1941 of it. But that was not the worst case, because many dead bodies were buried The regaining and the renewal of Uk­ storation of the Ukrainian State. The just wrapped in cloth or even without it. rainian national independence has not Russo-German War also brought with it been rendered futile by the lost libe­ no fundamental change in the general A girl about 17 years old was standing ration struggle of 1917—21. The aims state of affairs; it caused only a rapid on 'the wall that separated the garden of the Ukrainian liberation-movement development of these conditions. from the street and was trying to get remain, regardless of the unfavourable Shortly after the outbreak of the war, green cherries from our garden. I shouted world-political constellation and the dif­ that it is our garden and" she should go on June 30th, 1941, the Ukrainian Natio­ ficult situation in Ukraine which was away. She did. The next day we stumbl­ nal Assembly in Lviv restored the Ukra­ caused by the occupation, on the same inian Independent State, at the initiative ed on her body in the grass not far from plane. The revival of political nationa­ the path. I could not forgive myself that of the O.U.N. and with active co-opera­ lism in Ukraine is lending strength to tion of all Ukrainian classes; and political the day before I had been shouting at her. these Ukrainian political exertions and This girl was from a large family all of parties. has created new foundations for the con­ whom died that spring. As usual, first “1. In accordance with the express­ centration of the fight to obtain the long- ed wishes of the Ukrainian people, the the male side of the family, died, then desired independence. the children. The mother buried all of Organization of Ukrainian Nationa­ them but when she died there was no In this, the Ukrainian Military Orga­ lists (O.U.N.), under the leadership of one to bury her and her body was lying nization (U.V.O.) and the Organization Stepan Bandera, proclaims the resto­ more then a week in the empty house. of Ukrainian Nationalists (O.U.N.) play­ ration of the Ukrainian State, for It was in June, and people whose duty ed a prominent part and prepared the which the entire generations of Uk­ was to take away the bodies of the dead ground for the recovery of Ukrainian raine’s finest sons have fallen. had to get drunk and only then it was independence. The O.U.N., which, under the di­ possible for them to collect the body of After the outbreak of the Second World rection and leadership of its leader, this unhappy woman. War and the occupation of Western Uk­ Evhen Konovalets, has during the last raine by the Soviets, the Organization of A crippled shoemaker and his wife in centuries of bloody, Muscovite-bolshe- Ukrainian Nationalists (O.U.N.) came our village lost their only son. He ran vist oppression, waged an uncompro­ out into an open, total and intense war­ away for fear of starving 'to death. The mising fight for liberty, summons the fare with bolshevism. The political situa­ mother was desparate because she could Ukrainian nation not to lay their wea­ tion in general was, in the first two years not feed her family, and tried to ex­ pons aside until a sovereign Ukrainian of the war, not favourable for Ukrainian change some potted plants for milk. My supreme power has been set up on all endeavours. On the contrary, all signs friend’s father owned one of the few cows Ukrainian territory. pointed to an anti-Ukrainian attitude, not that were still alive, and so deal was ar­ The sovereign Ukrainian power will only in Nazi Germany, but also in the ranged through my friend. When my ensure for the Ukrainian nation order, camp of the Western Allies. friend and I went to tell the cobbler’s right, all-round development of all its wife that she could have the milk, I stay­ Neither Hitler’s urge towards the East powers and the furthering of its in­ ed outside the small white house, while nor Roosevelt’s positive attitude towards terests. my friend went inside. In a few seconds the Soviets and his idea that here was 2. In Western Ukraine, the Ukra­ my friend ran out of the house and told a possibility of a “co-operation between inian executive power is arising, which me that the cobbler was hunched over free America and socialist Russia” could will place itself at the disposal of the the table, his head in his hands, while find any room for Ukrainian interests. Ukrainian national government which his wife lay dead on the bed. On the table From all these arguments the conclusion will be formed in the capital of Uk­ lay the bones of the dog, and with them may be drawn that the circumstances raine, Kyiv. its skull. We fled in horror from this were anything but favourable for the re- The Ukrainian national-revolution­ house of death. ary army which is being formed on Ukrainian territory will continue to A man ran away from our starving vil­ ving all the spring, but somehow she got fight against the Muscovites for a lage to Donbas and started to work through it. But in May it was very bad. sovereign and united State and a new down the mines. But at the mine it was All dogs, cats and birds which it was and just order in the world. found out that he ran away from the possible to catch were eaten. The mother Long live the sovereign Ukrainian farm and he was sacked. That meant of the children was half mad from hear­ State ! that his ration book was taken from him ing all day long: “Mother, something to Long live the Organization of away and he was left to starve. Then he eat, please, mother, please”. And there Ukrainian Nationalists! tried to get back to his village but on came even a time when she would have Long live the leader of the the way as a result of the starvation he liked to give them her own flesh to eat. Organization of Ukrainian almost died but not quite. He fell on the But it could not be done. Then came to Nationalists—Stepan Bandera\ road. People collected his body thinking her insane mind another horrible solu­ Given under our hand in the city he was dead. But on the way to the ce­ tion—one of her children. And it was of Lviv, June 30th, 1941. metery they found out that he was not done. The mother was arrested and taken quite dead. They took him off the cart away together with the rest of her child­ Jaroslav Stetzko and put him into the standing corn. It ren and nobody heard about her any Chairman of the National Assembly”. was the end of June and the ears of the more. The two heads of the Ukrainian Chur­ corn were already swollen. The man had After the dreadful year of 1933 our vil­ ches, Metropolitan Andrej Sheptycky enough strength to reach the ears and lage looked so shabby and neglected, all and Bishop Polikarp, issued, on July 1st started to eat them. And in such way he overgrown with gigantic weeds, that even and July 10th, 1941, suitable pastoral let­ saved his life. the Russian occupants were ashamed of ters requesting the Ukrainian people to A girl who very often used to help it. In fact, in 1940 they transported the orderliness, obedience and co-operation my mother in the house was married to rest of the population of our village to with the newly-formed Government. a man in another village. She had 3 or Bessarabia. Our land was given over to The temporary Ukrainian Government 4 children with whom she had been star- the neighbouring collective farm” . was formed by Mr. Yaroslav Stetzko, No. 6— 7 UKRAINIAN OBSERVER 15 who was, at the same time, Chairman of the National Assembly. Those taking UKRAINIANS ABROAD part in it included members of the Or­ ganization of Ukrainian Nationalists HIS GRACE ARCHBISHOP 1953, anc^ was judged by all who attended as a success, which far exceeded the ex­ (O.U.N.), the Ukrainian National-De­ MGR. IVAN BUCHKO pectations of those who planned and organized the mocratic Union (U.N.D.O.), the Ukra- His Holiness Pope Pius XII has nominated, by Congress. Attended by delegates, representatives: and nian Radical-Socialist Party (U.S.R.P.), the decree of the congregation, the Right Rev. Bishop guests from all over the United States, the sessions the National Unity Front (F.N.E.) and Ivan Buchko as Titular Archbishop of Laodicla for the took place on the campus of famous Columbia Uni­ Eastern Church. This elevation of a dignitary of the versity in New York City, N.Y. independent members. The formation of Ukrainian Church has underlined the special position of The programme was skilfully planned and executed a coalition Government met the demands the Ukrainian Catholic Church and given moral sup­ by a temporary Executive Secretariate, which was of the hour, and was approved by the port to the millions of Ukrainian Catholic believers appointed at the Cleveland Conference of Ukrainian Ukrainian public. The composition of who are suffering under the bolshevist terror. Students in November, 1952; the members of the this Ukrainian Government was as fol­ Secretariate deserve a most sincere vote of thanks PLENARY MEETING OF THE and appreciation. lows: Yaroslav Stetzko (O.U.N.)—Pre­ LEADERS OF THE UKRAINIAN The sessions were formally opened on Saturday mier and Minister of Labour and Social YOUTH ASSOCIATION morning. The report of the Credentials Committee Welfare; Prof. Dr. N. Panchyshyn—(in­ named 80 delegates who represented 22 American (S.U.M.) Universities in the East, Middle-West and West of dependent)—First Vice-premier and Mi­ Between May 21 st— 25th there took place in London U.S.A. Honorary guests at the Congress represented nister of Health; Mgr. Lev Rebet (O.U.N.) the plenary meeting o f the leaders o f the Ukrainian Ukrainian American fraternal, scientific, academic —Second Vice-premier; I. Klymiv- Youth Association (S.U.M.) at which were present youth organizations. Legenda (O.U.N.)—Minister of Political members of the Central Committee and other leaders The delegates elected officers of the Congress, who Co-ordination; Volodymyr Stachiv from England, Belgium, Germany and France. At were M. Dmytro Hryhorchuk (Chicago, 111.)— Chair­ the meeting were discussed the results o f the work man, Miss Eleonora Kulchytsky (Philadelphia, Pa.) and (O.U.N.)—Foreign Secretary; Dr. Kost of S.U.M . in the past year, as well as plans for the Dr. Orest Ryzhij (New York, N. Y.)— Vice-chairmen; Pankivsky (independent)—First Deputy future. In making his report, the chairman of the Eugenia Kovalsky (New York, N.Y.) and Catherine Foreign Secretary; Dr. Maritchak—Se­ Central Committee of S.U.M., O. Kalynny\, said Kochno,— Secretaries. cond Deputy Foreign Secretary; Dr. that in this Youth Association were united 7,829 A fter luncheon at the Columbia University John young Ukrainians, living in 14 countries o f the Jay Hall, four guest-speakers addressed the Congress: Lysyj (U.S.R.P.)—Home Secretary; M. free world and organized in 198 groups. A t the Michael Piznak, General Councillor of the Ukrainian Lebid (O.U.N.)—Minister of Security; plenary meeting, the following resolutions were m ade: Congress Committee of America, Prof. Philip E. Dr. W. Horbovyj (O.U.N.)—Minister of r. The publication of text-books and other teach­ Mosley, Director of the U.S.S.R. Research Institute Justice; Gen. Vsevolod Petriv (indepen­ ing materials for the Ukrainian youth. at Columbia, Dr. John S. Reshetar, jun. of Princeton 2. The publication of at least 4 books for the University and Ivan Fizer, Ph. D. dent)—Minister of War; R. Shuchevych, youth, as well as a magazine for the youngest mem­ Mr. M. Piznak, commending the young people’s later General Taras Chuprynka, C-in-C bers of S.U.M. efforts to organize, stressed today’s need for well- U.P.A., (O.U.N.)—First Deputy Minister 3. Co-operation in the general Ukrainian action qualified and acknowledged students, scientists -and of War; O. Hasyn, later Chief of Staff, to commemorate the famine which was artificially professional people who, in .th eir own special field, produced in Ukraine by Moscow in 1932/33. It was will contribute to. the advancement o f ; the truth about U.P.A., (O.U.N.)—Second Deputy Mi­ resolved to hold the next, i. e. the fifth, Congress Ukraine. nister of War; Ing. Chraplywyj of S.U.M . in January, 1954. Prof. Mosley spoke on the nature and activities (U.ND.O.)—Minister of Agriculture; o f American student organizations. He urged those ). Piasetzky (F.N.E.)—Minister of Fo­ DIAMOND JUBILEE OF THE present to take an active part in campus and com­ restry; Ing. J. Pavlykovsky (U.N.D.O.) PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITY OF munity activities other than those of a purely Ukra­ VASYL AVRAMENKO inian nature in order to make their contribution to —Minister of Economic Affairs; Mgr. D. The well-known Ukrainian dancer and teacher of American life and to carry their special message to Jaciv —• Deputy Minister of Economic Ukrainian folk-dancing has celebrated his artistic the American people. Affairs; R. llnytzky—Second Deputy Mi­ diamond jubilee. During recent years he has been Dr. Reshetar of Princeton University offered sage nister of Economic Affairs; Ing. Olcho- busy with the production of Ukrainian films and, words of advice concerning the future activities of in the last few months, has worked on television the organization. He depicted their purpose and vyj (independent)—Minister of Finance; He deals principally with Ukrainian folk-dances and nature: convincing Americans that the Soviet Union Haj-Holovko (independent)—Minister of runs a dancing school in the U .S.A. In addition, he is one and the same with Russia; acquainting Ame­ Information and Press; St. Lenkavsky is now arranging courses for the spreading of Uk­ ricans with Ukrainian culture and history in a dig­ rainian national art. nified, mature manner; working for the introduction (O.U.N.)—Deputy Minister of Informa­ o f Ukrainian language courses in the curricula of tion and Press; J. Staruch (O.U.N.)—Se­ UKRAINIAN STUDENTS American Universities. cond Deputy Minister of Information Mr. Fizer, Ph. D ., in his speech, devoted his and Press; Prof. Dr. Radzykevych (inde­ CONGRESS OF AMERICA attention to the review of the Ukrainian students’ pendent)—Minister of Education and Cul­ Outstanding Success achievements in the past and spoke of their potential THE FIRST CONGRESS OF UKRAINIAN STU- future role. ture; Prof. Turchyn (independent)— First DEN TS’ OF AMERICA took place on April 10-12, The goals of the Federation, as stated in the Con­ Deputy Minister of Education and Cul­ stitution, are: to represent the interests of Ukrainian ture; Dr. M. Rosliak (U.S.R.P.)—Chan­ American students, to further the recognition and ported by the entire Ukrainian nation, understanding, on the campuses of American Uni­ cellor of the Exchequer. versities, of the Ukrainian-* nation’s struggle for Temporarily as the legislative body ex­ took up the uncompromising struggle, on freedom from tyranny, to propagate Ukrainian cul­ isted the Ukrainian National Council two fronts, against Nazism and Bolshe­ tural, moral and intelectual traditions in America to under the chairmanship of Dr. Kost Le­ vism. foster the intellectual and professional development of its members in order to equip them for their vitzky (U.N.D.O.), the senior Ukrainian In this struggle, the Ukrainian nation future roles as citizens, to co-ordinate the work of its politician; it was composed of repre­ stood quite alone in Europe. The West- member organizations' and to' co-operate with the sentatives of all Ukrainian parties, social European nations, such as France, lay existing Ukrainian American organizations. classes, and churches. beaten to the ground and were not able, As President of the Ukrainian Students’ Federation The newly-formed Ukrainian Govern­ at this time, to offer any kind of assis­ o f America was elected Miss Eleonora Kulchytsky. tance. The Western Allies, the U.S.A. ment began at once to build up the ap­ ULAS SAMCHUK paratus of State and endeavoured to de- and Great Britain, were on the side of The well-known Ukrainian writer, Vlas Samchu\, velope Ukrainian political life. It want­ the Soviets. Ukraine was quite on her visited Ukrainian settlements in Canada1 in May of ed to create a basis for the strengthening own, and remains so until this day. The this year. He travelled in the provinces of -Saskatche; of the Ukrainian State and, in addition, 30th of June, 1941, today symbolises the wan, Alberta, and many others, in order to lecture to continue the fight against bolshevism. Ukrainian nation’s fight, despite all ob­ on Ukrainian literature to the Ukrainians living there. Samchuk is the author of many well-known lite­ After the crafty arrest of the members stacles and attacks, for the attainment rary works, such as “Volhynia” , “Maria” , “The of the Ukrainian Government, the Orga­ of an independence which is based on Mountains Speak” . He is at present living in Toronto, nization of Ukrainian Nationalists, sup- the liberty of all peoples. Canada. Page 2 UKRAINIAN OBSERVER No. 8— 9 O.U.N., have for many years been en­ concetrates on matters which are at nised by the majority of the leading gaged in a direct conflict with the dan­ present of primary importance in the Ukrainian groups. Internationalism is ger of world Communism and Russian political situation. no guarantee for a constructive colla­ imperialism. They are dependent on The first of these problems is the boration between the nations as is their own strength, and, despite con­ creation of good neighbourly relations proved by the example of the European siderable difficulties and an ever-in­ with the nations of the Black Sea Block federalistic movements. creasing opportunist attitude in the (Turkey in particular), which aim to The principles which were also defin­ free countries of the Western hemis­ achieve a close and mutual co-opera­ ed at the Fourth Conference of the phere they have been waging this war tion and as a block constitute an im­ Units Aroad of O.U.N. reveal the with their own forces. The Ukrainian portant counter-balance to Russian im­ actual essence of Ukrainian policy, attitude which stresses national inde­ perialist ambitions. which is independent, concrete, drawn pendence is, however, in no way based up on a large scale in keeping with po­ The second problem to which consi­ on any inability on the part of the litical events and facts, and free of Ukrainian nationalist independence derable attention was devoted at the every kind of internationalist Utopia. movement to win the support of some Conference is that of the countries of Western partner or other, but has or­ Asia. These countries are subjected to The internal political aspect the constant influence of the Russian- iginated out of the experiences of the The fact has already been mention­ bolshevist neutralisation policy, which Ukrainian revolutionary underground ed that the Units Abroad of the Orga­ aims to separate Asiatic nations from movement and has finally become the nization of Ukrainian Nationalits rep­ the free countries of the world and at guiding principle of Ukrainian natio­ resent a homogenous part of the entire the same time finds an excellent foun­ nal interests as far as political theories Organization, and this is also of deci­ dation in the imperialist and colonial are concerned, a principle which has sive importance in determining the re­ policies of various individual European found expression in the conception of lation of the Z.Ch. O.U.N. to other countries. independent and national strength. Ukrainian political movements and par­ The bolshevists, by applying their ties. As regards home policy the bind­ This conception does not oppose the “ Leninist-Stalinist national policy” , ing principle is freedom of speech, of inclusion of external political factors axe turning this weakness to good ac­ publication, of political meetings, and in the political calculations of the Uk­ count, and are thus able to extend the of political parties and organizations. rainians. It does however exclude a sphere of their influence more and The aspect from which the individual political orientation in a certain West­ more with the motto of “ national libe­ Ukrainian parties and groups are con­ ern or other direction and prevents any ration” and “ social justice” . They sidered is that of their relation to the renunciation of principles which are in have even succeeded in combining the revolutionary fight for freedom of the the interests of the Ukrainian nation Communist Parties and the national Ukrainian Nation and to the foremost in favour of some political power or independence movements and in this principle of the Ukrainian political ideo- other. The plan of action of Ukrainian way have managed to build up an un­ ology, namely the conception of Uk­ nationalism is thus obvious to all ele­ heard of dynamic and aggressive poli­ ments and supporters of the Ukrainian tical force. Not only would it be an rainian national independence. A constructive and regular collabo­ fight for freedom. noble task on the part of Western poli­ ration with these Ukrainian political cy to free these national forces from In essence Ukrainian policy will al­ groups is to be desired since it would the pressure of Russian Communist ways remain independent, regardless strengthen opposition to Russian impe­ claims to power but it would also be in of the wishes and demands of the rialism and would also guarantee a starting the struggle against bolshe­ “ strong countries of the world” . And succesful foreign policy. It is most cer­ vism. neither temporary failures not the un­ tainly a fault of Ukrainian political ac­ favourable foreign political situation The free countries of the world have tivity that some of the opportunistic can change this fact. The aims of Uk­ tried by various means and ways to Ukrainian political splinter-parties rainian policy and of the Ukrainian combat and to halt the Communist would like to pursue a foreign policy fight for freedom will continue to find danger, but so far they have never of intervention and for this reason are expression in the struggle which is be­ succeeded in evolving any definite plan unable to reach an agreement with ing waged against bolshevism by the by which this danger could be halted those organizations which uphold the Ukrainian themselves. And this fact or eliminated completely. As a rule principle of independent strength and was realized and stressed by the mem­ their efforts were limited to uniting the pursue a policy which is not dependent bers who participated in the Fourth individual forces into internationalist on the Western powers. Conference of the Units Abroad of the groups, which, however, had neither The Conference, naturally, also Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists. the necessary forceful power and dealt with the problems of Ukrainian strength nor a guiding and effective cultural life, the nature of the Ukrai­ Foreign Policy ideology. It can be foreseen with some nian trade unions in foreign countries, Ukrainian foreign policy is the re­ degree of certainty that the individual the possibilities in connection with the sult of the inner strength of the Uk­ international (socialist and liberal) and educating and training of Ukrainian rainian nation and reflects the essence the European federalistic movements youth, and also with the training of of the fight for freedom which the Uk­ will never succeed in setting up a de­ new personnel to undertake organiza­ rainians are conducting on their own finite, effective and far-reaching policy. tional work. All these aspects of home strength. And this was admitted to be The reason for this lies in the essence policy were dealt with earnestly and the case by the members of the Confe­ of every form of internationalism which frankly. rence. If Ukrainian foreign policy in is in incompatible with the national And until such time the efforts of its essence is not dependent on tempo­ interests, which in their turn consti­ the Units Abroad of the Organization rary trends and situation then the Uk­ tute the basis for a foreign poli­ of Ukrainian Nationalists and of the rainian politicians can also deal with cy that can only be national in charac­ Ukrainian community which is so clo­ problems the solution of which is per­ ter and finally because every form of sely linked to the former will be direct­ haps at present not realizable. On the internationalism is harmful for libera­ ed towards a successful realization, as other hand, however, Ukrainian policy tion policy. And this fact is also recog­ soon as possible, of the task before it. No. 8— 9 UKRAINIAN OBSERVER Page 3 The Resolutions passed at the Fourth PRINCIPLES OF UKRAINIAN Conference of the Units Abroad of the FOREIGN POLICY Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists 1) Foreign Policy The Fourth Conference of the Units volutionary struggle of liberation to an 1) In accordance with the principle of Abroad of the Organization of Ukrainian even greater extent than was hitherto the revolutionary struggle of liberation con­ Nationalists (O.U.N.), which was held in case in order to lighten the heavy burden ducted by the Ukrainian people of its June 1953, stressed the significance of the of the insurgent groups at home. own strength, the O.U.N. realizes its li­ Ukrainian work of liberation in relation This is the highest proof of esteem on beration policy, independently of exter­ to the general political situation and de­ the part of the foreign groups on the nal forces and international political con­ fined the principles governing the policy occasion of the 25th anniversary of the stellation, by relying on the activity and and activity of the O.U.N. abroad. O.U.N. strength of its own insurgent groups. The O.U.N. regards external forces and the The Fourth Conference of the Units The Fourth Conference of the Units Abroad of the Organization of Ukrainian international political situation as varia­ Abroad of the Organization of Ukrainian ble factors which can only be of subsi­ Nationalists pays homage to the memory Nationalists exhorts all Ukrainians living of those who died on the field of honour diary significance as far as our fight for in foreign countries to support the strug­ freedom is concerned. and those who were tortured to death gle of the Ukrainians at home to the ut­ 2) The main objectives of our poli­ in the cause of freedom for Ukraine; it most, to concentrate all their efforts on admires the heroic struggle of the Uk­ the measures undertaken for the benefit tical activity abroad are as follows: rainians against bolshevist tyranny in of the latter by the Western communities, a) that our conception of the recon­ their native country and honours the self- and to combat bolshevism and its fifth struction of Eastern Europe and Soviet sacrifice and bravery of the members of column in the Western hemisphere by Asia, as opposed to all the conceptions the Ukrainian Insurgent Army and of all every nossible means. Despite the present directed against the Welfare of Ukraine, those unnamed persons fighting in the critical political situation the time is in particular to the Moscow conception cause of freedom. more than ever favourable for the Uk­ of a “centralized and undivided” state, The Conference conveys its sincerest rainian work of liberation since our ene­ be recognized and accepted by the free greetings to Col. V. Koval, the Acting my—Moscow and its bolshevism—, now countries; Chairman of the Executive of the O.U.N. the only occupation power in Ukraine, b) that the other nations should recog­ to all the Executive Committees of the has become the enemy of all mankind. nize and respect the national fight for O.U.N. in the Ukrainian countries, to freedom of the Ukrainian people and all friends and members of the O.U.N. The Fourth Conference of the Units should realize its potential significance and. the insurgent groups, to the Supreme Abroad of the Organization of Ukrainian for the future. Nationalists affirms its solidarity with Command of the Ukrainian Insurgent c) to gain allies for the struggle against the anti-bolshevist organisations of those Army, to the soldiers and commanders, Moscow. countries in Europe and Asia which are and to the Ukrainian Supreme Liberation 3) The Conference of the Units Ab­ Council (U.H.V.R.); the Conference of either the victims of bolshevism or are directly threatened by its terrorisation, road of the Organization of Ukrainian the Units Abroad of the Organization of Nationalists approves of the course pur­ Ukrainian Nationalists wishes our indo­ and in particular with the nations of the Antibolshevik Bloc of Nations (A.B.N.). sued so far and the foreign activity of the mitable insurgents strength and endu­ Executive Committee of the Units Ab­ rance so that they may continue to over­ The Fourth Conference of the Units road of the Organization of Ukrainian come all the hardships and difficulties in Abroad of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists, and confirms the foreign po­ the war they are waging against a tyran­ Nationalists welcomes the attitude of the litical resolutions passed at the Third ny such as never before has existed in South Koreans in their refusal to accept Conference of the Units Abroad of the the world, and is utterly convinced, that a compromise and their unswerving re­ Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists by the mutual efforts of all our people, solve to wage a war which has as its as still holding good. we shall achieve our aim. objective an independent and unified The following supplementary measures, Korea and will not be terminated by In an era in which those who desire however, are stressed as being impera­ truth are persecuted with every possible means of any half-measures as far as a tive : means a spirit of faith in justice, freedom truce is concerned. a) the elaboration of our constructive and self-determination pervades the Uk­ The Fourth Conference of the Units plan to further mutual relations on all rainian underground movement and the Abroad of the Organization of Ukrainian sides in the future, in particular as re­ courageous struggle of the Ukrainians Nationalists stresses the significance of gards the Block of Black Sea countries, against the tyrants; and it is this spirit the revolt of German working classes and as one of the most vital factors in Ukra­ whcih moves men to sacrifice all for the the mass resistance of the German people inian foreign policy; sake of their native country. against bolshevist tyranny in Eastern b) the furtherance of our foreign po­ The faith of the Ukrainian under­ Germany as measures which strengthen litical activity in the Far East and Near ground movement gives those of us who its own Ukrainian anti-bolshevist front. East and in particular in Turkey since are in foreign countries and cut off from The Fourth Conference of the Units good neighbourly relations with the latter our native country strength and ensures Abroad of the Organization of Ukrainian are most essential for a future mutual the triumph of noble values and ideas Nationalists appeals to the Western po­ understanding between the Ukrainian throughout the whole world. litical powers to take the present situa­ and the Turkish States. The members of the conference of the tion which has arisen in the U.S.S.R. as Neutralist and pro-Moscow influence Units Abroad of the Organization of a result of the fight for freedom of the is in evidence in the Far East and Near Ukrainian Nationalists, since they are subjugated nations into account and to East as well as in Southern Asia which one with the insurgent groups, in keeping participate actively in the war which is is inhabited by half the free peoples of With the aims of the Ukrainians fighting being waged against the bolshevist regime the world. These countries play an im­ for their country, take upon themselves and thus prevent the bolsheviks from portant part in the war against bolshe­ the duty of supporting the Ukrainian re­ consolidating their forces. vism because of their human and econo- 16 UKRAINIAN OBSERVER No. 6— 7 Ukraine Behind DANGEROUS (Continued from page 9) the Iron Curtain of the American State Department re­ Ü UKRAINIAN “THE BLUNT EDGE OF flects the truth and discloses a new Bol­ shevist provocation. SATIRE” Should the facts, however, change to DBSEPVEP At the end of last year, there appeared in Kyiv a coincide with the Soviet announcements, collection of pamphlets, humorous sketches and sa­ the following remarks must be made: tires under the tide of " Satire and Humor” . The o f the collection is composed of the works of “ Ukrainian Ukrainian territory is, firstly, no field of satirists and humorists” . The Isvestia of April 17th, endeavour for various agents and propa­ UKRAINIAN INFORMATION 1953, made a study, on the basis of this anthology, ganda services. Secondly, it deserves to o f the position of Ukrainian satirical literature. In the volume are works by Yaroslav Halan, Osyp be mentioned that, it is through such un­ SERVICE (U.I.S.) Wyshnta (satires), A. Malyshko (poems), S. Olijny^ prepared and completely harmful actions (poems), A. Kornijchu\ (publicistics), Y. Smolych, that the Ukrainian population is exposed Published by Al. Junov, D. Bilous, S. Voskre\asen\o, P. Stendy\, to inevitable Soviet reprisals. P. Hlazov, T. Masenkp, H. Brezhnew and H. De- UKRAINIAN PUBLISHERS LTD. revianko. But the critics are not satisfied with these Moreover, the anti-bolshevist fight is authors. The writings of Halan and others, which only hindered by such behaviour, when 237 Liverpool Road are directed “ against capitalism” arc still being put one considers that the real revolutionaries up with, to a certain extent, but what concerns the are already fighting in Ukraine and no London, N.l. Tel. NORth 1828 “ unmasking of the bourgeois nationalists” is found by the critics to be anything but satisfactory. Moscow agents are needed there. says that the “ greatest task of the Ukrainian satirists” consists of the “ constant and ruthless combatting of BOOKS REVIEW the Ukrainian nationalists” and their ideology. hvestiya quotes the words of M. Horsky, who re­ commended the Ukrainian writers to use the lethal IF WAR COMES TOMORROW weapon of satire against Pedura. The publications of 0. Honcharu\, a 'the officers and men of the Red Army The critic goes on to say that the “ Ukrainian satirists’ choice of subject is very limited” . They leading underground publicist and dis­ of other subjugated nations, in order to write mosdy about idlers, thieves, bureaucrats, liars tinguished member of the Organization win them for the common fight. and other types that are now to be met with in the of Ukrainian Nationalists (O.U.N.) and In the same way, detachments of 'the Ukraine. (Naturally only after the Russian occupation). Ukrainian Insurgent Army (U.P.A.) U.P.A. have succeeded in establishing po­ It is naturally wished that they should make much in their writings of the “combatting of Ukrainian which first appeared in the organ of the sitive contact with the Polish population nationalism and its agents, which are being brought Ukrainian Supreme Liberation Council and winning over, by means of raids into Ukraine by Americans” . Ostap Wyshnia is cri­ (U.H.V.R.), Samostijnist (Independence) and other propaganda actions, a great ticised most of all, because he does not write with under the ti'de “The Ukrainian Insurgent proportion of the Polish population to sufficient “ clarity” . It now should be mentioned that this Ukrainian satirist spent 10 years in Russian con­ Army (U.P.A.), the Standardbearer of the common action. centration-camps and probably avoids “ clarity” for Ideas of Liberation and Friendship of the “Following their shortsighted leaders, that reason. Peoples”, has now been published in # # # many Poles at first looked upon 'the So­ English in Toronto by the Society of viets as their liberators and not as im­ The Moscow Isvestiya of April 24th o f this year Veterans of Ukrainian Insurgent Army reports that, in the current year, 100,000 cubic metres perialists and enemies of both the Ukra­ more wood than in the previous year have been in Canada. It contains 63 pages with nu­ inian and Polish peoples”. In 'time, how­ obtained from the Carpathian area and the upper merous original pictures. The introduc­ ever, they became convinced who the real Dnieper district. The exploitation o f this region is tion, by Mr. Yaroslav Stetzko, serves at enemy was, and in the year 1946 close being carried on much more intensively that in the the same time as an introduction to the co-operation was often encountered be­ recent years. The transport of this wood has already problems of the Ukrainian Revolutionary begun. tween the Ukrainian and Polish under­ # # # Army. ground”. In the second half of April there took place in At the very beginning, O. Honcharuk The author deals exhaustively with the Kyiv the plenary meeting of the Komsomol. It was describes the significance and aims of the activities of the U.P.A. in various Uk­ stated that the “ political-educational w ork” among U.P.A.: “The U.P.A. is a revolutionary the pupils of the technical and railway-schools o f the rainian districts and furnishes original districts of Lviv, Stanyslaviv, Dnipropetrovsk, etc. and truly national army. Being 'the army material concerning individual actions was being wrongly performed. of a subjugated nation, it sympathizes and tactics of the U.P.A. This booklet * # # with the liberation struggle of other peo­ should illustrate to the western reader in ples, who are either enslaved or menaced The Kyiv factory “Transsignal” , has constructed particular the possibilities of waging war new installations for the Moscow Metro, and “ the by Soviet Imperialism. Moreover, U.P.A. in the U.S.S.R. Ukrainian scholars are greatly helping the builders consistently and emphatically stresses 'the The political aim of this fight of the of the Kuybishev and Stalin hydro-electric stations” , necessity of the closest co-operation be­ Ukrainian Insurgent Army is formulated ♦ he Moscow Pravda of April 9th, 1953, reports. The tween them and of a co-ordination of by O. Honcharuk as follows: Ukrainian scholars must therefore “ be ready to help their efforts. . .”. with advice and assistance” . “The U.P.A. fights for a Ukrainian From that one can see the actual ef­ State without the exploiters and the ex­ # # # forts of the U.P.A., and can understand ploited, where all citizens will enjoy, full All visitors from the countries of the “ People’s also how it has succeeded in winning civil rights and liberties, where nothing Democracies” who come to the U .S.S.R. in order to other subjugated nations for this struggle. learn something, are sent by the Kremlin into Ukraine. will be done to build up a machinery of The U.P.A. addresses itself primarily to In spite of the fact that Ukraine suffered the heaviest oppression, and where all efforts will be damage in the last war, Moscow is convinced that the foreign visitors will find more imposing things The jam-factories in the Ukrainian S.S.R. are pre­ directed towards social and economic ad­ there than in Russia itself. Skilled metal workers paring for the preservation of the fruit from this vancement. Human dignity will be re­ recently came from China and Bulgaria in order to year’s harvest. This is taking place particularly in stored and 'the individuals will enjoy all make themslves familiar with the knowledge possessed Cherkassy, Cherson and Nizhen. The Moscow ad­ human rights and a high standard of by their Ukrainian collegues. This w ill probably be ministration intends, according to the announcement interpreted later by the Soviets, and perhaps in the o f Pravda of May 5th, to import 25 million more living. The cultural achievements of their West as well, as the “goodness and hospitality of jars from the Ukraine than in the last year. As we own people, as well as those of all civi­ the great Russian nation” . see, this is all being carried out in Ukraine. lized mankind will be accessible to them.

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Vol. V No. 8—9 LONDON, AUGUST — SEPTEMBER 1953 Price 1 sh

CONTENTS: FACTS OF UKRAINIAN POLI­ FACTS OF UKRAINIAN POLICY CY ...... 1-2 Comments on the Fourth Conference of the Units Abroad of the Organization (Comments on the Fourth Con­ of Ukrainian Nationalists, (Z.Ch. O.U.N.) ference of the Z.Ch. O.U.N.) PRINCIPLES OF UKRAINIAN When the Fourth Conference of the and together with the Ukrainian Insur­ FOREIGN POLICY ...... 3-8 Units Abroad of the Organization of gent Army (U.P.A.) and the Ukrai­ The International Situation and Ukrainian Nationalists (O.U.N.), in nian Supreme Liberation Council the Ukrainian Cause which delegates from five European (U.H.V.R.) is effectively defending it­ Two contradictory processes and two overseas countries took part self against Russian-bolshevist occupa­ Half measures convened in June 1953, in one of the tion under the most difficult conditions. Western cities, it was confronted by Moscow’s strength and weak­ It is the special duty of the Units the difficulty of discussing and finding ness Abroad of the Organization of Ukrai­ a solution to the extremely complicated The Korean War nian Nationalists, as an inseparable part Threat to the Western Commu­ problems which have arisen in the of the Organization of Ukrainian Natio­ nities course of the post-war years. The Con­ nalists in Ukraine, to defend the inte­ The Ukrainian revolutionary ference not only had to make a survey rests of this political organization in fight for freedom of the activity so far of the Organi­ the free countries of the Western hemi­ Jaroslav Z. Pelenskyj zation of Ukrainian Nationalists and sphere. Although this Organization is of the present position, but it was also THE THIRD CONGRESS OF striving to bring about the attainment obliged to examine the status of the THE ORGANIZATION OF UK­ of national and political freedom not Ukrainian national fight for freedom RAINIAN NATIONALISTS ... 8,16 only for the Ukrainians but also for in relation to international events in The Tenth Anniversary the other nations of Eastern Europe order to be able to draw up the corres­ L. P. BERIA’S CAREER AND and Asia, which have been subjugated ponding principles to be adopted in DOWNFALL ...... 9-10 by Russian imperialism and bolshe­ the future with regard to home and A Ukrainian Viewpoint vism, it meets with considerable oppo­ foreign policy. The passing of a cor­ THE 30-YEAR JUBILEE OF sition in the free countries of the West responding statute for the Units Abroad THE UKRAINIAN CENTRAL and in some cases with open attacks, of this Organization, the election of STUDENT ORGANIZATION due to the fact that various Western new members for the Executive Com­ (C.E.S.U.S) ...... 10-16 circles are collaborating with Russian mittee and for other central committees Antares imperialist emigrants. The Ukrainian of the Organization were measures “ ALL IS QUIET IN THE nationalist underground movement has, which were of special significance for WEST” ...... 11-12 in numerous publications and reports the future development of the Units Ukrainians resent the continued clearly defined the political and social Abroad of the Organization of Ukrai­ American and British Policy of aims of the Ukrainian independence nian Nationalists. It was ascertained appeasement with regard to the movement and has in particular stress­ with the greatest satisfaction at the Con­ U.S.S.R. ed the fact that the future independent ference that the members of the Orga­ P. Stepanenko democratic Ukrainian State wijl bring nization were closely united, and it was THAT HAPLESS “COMMIT­ about a close co-operation with those stressed that the Organization was TEE” ...... 12-13 nations which at present subjugated allied with the Ukrainian Nation in the “ American Committee for Libe­ and also with all the nations that will unremitting struggle to obtain national ration from Bolshevism” faces respect Ukrainian independence. the third anniversary of conti­ independence. nuous bangling and frustration. In order to achieve this aims, how­ Prof. Dr. Volodymyr Derzhavyn The Aims ever, an effective policy is needed, THE HUMANE SCIENCE IN We have often discussed the position which is not interested merely in bring­ POST-WAR SOVIET UKRAINE of the Organization of Ukrainian Na­ ing the conflict with bolshevism to an ...... 14-15 tionalists in Ukraine in our journal and end, but which combats all the ele­ Archaeology and Pre-history have ascertained again that this poli­ ments of bolshevism. The Ukrainian UKRAINE BEHIND THE IRON tical organization constitutes the basis Nation and the actual promoter of its CURTAIN ...... 15-16 of the Ukrainian fight for freedom, national and political aspirations, the Page 2 UKRAINIAN OBSERVER No. 8—9

O.U.N., have for many years been en­ concetrates on matters which are at nised by the majority of the leading gaged in a direct conflict with the dan­ present of primary importance in the Ukrainian groups. Internationalism is ger of world Communism and Russian political situation. no guarantee for a constructive colla­ imperialism. They are dependent on The first of these problems is the boration between the nations as is their own strength, and, despite con­ creation of good neighbourly relations proved by the example of the European siderable difficulties and an ever-in- with the nations of the Black Sea Block federalistic movements. creasing opportunist attitude in the (Turkey in particular), which aim to The principles which were also defin­ free countries of the Western hemis­ achieve a close and mutual co-opera­ ed at the Fourth Conference of the phere they have been waging this war tion and as a block constitute an im­ Units Aroad of O.U.N. reveal the with their own forces. The Ukrainian portant counter-balance to Russian im­ actual essence of Ukrainian policy, attitude which stresses national inde­ perialist ambitions. which is independent, concrete, drawn pendence is, however, in no way based up on a large scale in keeping with po­ The second problem to which consi­ on any inability on the part of the litical events and facts, and free of derable attention was devoted at the Ukrainian nationalist independence every kind of internationalist Utopia. movement to win the support of some Conference is that of the countries of Western partner or other, but has or­ Asia. These countries are subjected to The internal political aspect the constant influence of the Russian- iginated out of the experiences of the The fact has already been mention­ bolshevist neutralisation policy, which Ukrainian revolutionary underground ed that the Units Abroad of the Orga­ aims to separate Asiatic nations from movement and has finally become the nization of Ukrainian Nationalits rep­ the free countries of the world and at guiding principle of Ukrainian natio­ resent a homogenous part of the entire the same time finds an excellent foun­ nal interests as far as political theories Organization, and this is also of deci­ dation in the imperialist and colonial are concerned, a principle which has sive importance in determining the re­ policies of various individual European found expression in the conception of lation of the Z.Ch. O.U.N. to other countries. independent and national strength. Ukrainian political movements and par­ The bolshevists, by applying their ties. As regards home policy the bind­ This conception does not oppose the “ Leninist-Stalinist national policy” , ing principle is freedom of speech, of inclusion of external political factors are turning this weakness to good ac­ publication, of political meetings, and in the political calculations of the Uk­ count, and are thus able to extend the of political parties and organizations. rainians. It does however exclude a sphere of their influence more and The aspect from which the individual political orientation in a certain West­ more with the motto of "national libe­ Ukrainian parties and groups are con­ ern or other direction and prevents any ration” and “ social justice” . They sidered is that of their relation to the renunciation of principles which are in have even succeeded in combining the revolutionary fight for freedom of the the interests of the Ukrainian nation Communist Parties and the national Ukrainian Nation in favour of some political power or independence movements and in this and to the foremost principle of the Ukrainian political ideo- other. The plan of action of Ukrainian way have managed to build up an un­ ology, namely the conception of Uk­ nationalism is thus obvious to all ele­ heard of dynamic and aggressive poli­ rainian national independence. ments and supporters of the Ukrainian tical force. Not only would it be an A constructive and regular collabo­ fight for freedom. noble task on the part of Western poli­ ration with these Ukrainian political cy to free these national forces from In essence Ukrainian policy will al­ groups is to be desired since it would the pressure of Russian Communist ways remain independent, regardless strengthen opposition to Russian impe­ claims to power but it would also be in of the wishes and demands of the rialism and would also guarantee a starting the struggle against bolshe­ “ strong countries of the world” . And succesful foreign policy. It is most cer­ vism. neither temporary failures not the un­ tainly a fault of Ukrainian political ac­ favourable foreign political situation The free countries of the world have tivity that some of the opportunistic can change this fact. The aims of Uk­ tried by various means and ways to Ukrainian political splinter-parties rainian policy and of the Ukrainian combat and to halt the Communist would like to pursue a foreign policy fight for freedom will continue to find danger, but so far they have never of intervention and for this reason are expression in the struggle which is be­ succeeded in evolving any definite plan unable to reach an agreement with ing waged against bolshevism by the by which this danger could be halted those organizations which uphold the Ukrainian themselves. And this fact or eliminated completely. As a rule principle of independent strength and was realized and stressed by the mem­ their efforts were limited to uniting the pursue a policy which is not dependent bers who participated in the Fourth individual forces into internationalist on the Western powers. Conference of the Units Abroad of the groups, which, however, had neither The Conference, naturally, also Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists. the necessary forceful power and dealt with the problems of Ukrainian strength nor a guiding and effective cultural life, the nature of the Ukrai­ Foreign Policy ideology. It can be foreseen with some nian trade unions in foreign countries, Ukrainian foreign policy is the re­ degree of certainty that the individual the possibilities in connection with the sult of the inner strength of the Uk­ international (socialist and liberal) and educating and training of Ukrainian rainian nation and reflects the essence the European federalistic movements youth, and also with the training of of the fight for freedom which the Uk­ will never succeed in setting up a de­ new personnel to undertake organiza­ rainians are conducting on their own finite, effective and far-reaching policy. tional work. All these aspects of home strength. And this was admitted to be The reason for this lies in the essence policy were dealt with earnestly and the case by the members of the Confe­ of every form of internationalism which frankly. rence. If Ukrainian foreign policy in is in incompatible with the national And until such time the efforts of its essence is not dependent on tempo­ interests, which in their turn consti­ the Units Abroad of the Organization rary trends and situation then the Uk­ tute the basis for a foreign poli­ of Ukrainian Nationalists and of the rainian politicians can also deal with cy that can only be national in charac­ Ukrainian community which is so clo­ problems the solution of which is per­ ter and finally because every form of sely linked to the former will be direct­ haps at present not realizable. On the internationalism is harmful for libera­ ed towards a successful realization, as other hand, however, Ukrainian policy tion policy. And this fact is also recog­ soon as possible, of the task before it. No. 8—9 UKRAINIAN OBSERVER Page 3 The Resolutions passed at the Fourth PRINCIPLES OF UKRAINIAN Conference of the Units Abroad of the FOREIGN POLICY Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists 1) Foreign Policy The Fourth Conference of the Units volutionary struggle of liberation to an 1) In accordance with the principle of Abroad of the Organization of Ukrainian even greater extent than was hitherto the revolutionary struggle of liberation con­ Nationalists (O.U.N.), which was held in case in order to lighten the heavy burden ducted by the Ukrainian people of its June 1953, stressed the significance of the of the insurgent groups at home. own strength, the O.U.N. realizes its li­ Ukrainian work of liberation in relation This is the highest proof of esteem on beration policy, independently of exter­ to the general political situation and de­ the part of the foreign groups on the nal forces and international political con­ fined the principles governing the policy occasion of the 25th anniversary of the stellation, by relying on the activity and and activity of the O.U.N. abroad. O.U.N. strength of its own insurgent groups. The O.U.N. regards external forces and the The Fourth Conference of the Units The Fourth Conference of the Units Abroad of the Organization of Ukrainian international political situation as varia­ Abroad of the Organization of Ukrainian ble factors which can only be of subsi­ Nationalists pays homage to the memory Nationalists exhorts all Ukrainians living of those who died on the field of honour diary significance as far as our fight for in foreign countries to support the strug­ freedom is concerned. and those who were tortured to death gle of the Ukrainians at home to the ut­ 2) The main objectives of our poli­ in the cause of freedom for Ukraine; it most, to concentrate all their efforts on tical activity abroad are as follows: admires the heroic struggle of the U k­ the measures undertaken for the benefit rainians against bolshevist tyranny in of the latter by the Western communities, a) that our conception of the recon­ their native country and honours the self- and to combat bolshevism and its fifth struction of Eastern Europe and Soviet sacrifice and bravery of the members of column in the Western hemisphere by Asia, as opposed to all the conceptions the Ukrainian Insurgent Army and of all every possible means. Despite the present directed against the Welfare of Ukraine, those unnamed persons fighting in the critical political situation the time is in particular to the Moscow conception cause of freedom. more than ever favourable for the Uk­ of a “ centralized and undivided” state, The Conference conveys its sincerest rainian work of liberation since our ene­ be recognized and accepted by the free greetings to Col. V. Koval, the Acting my— Moscow and its bolshevism— , now countries; Chairman of the Executive of the O.U.N. the only occupation power in Ukraine, b) that the other nations should recog­ to all the Executive Committees of the has become the enemy of all mankind. nize and respect the national fight for O.U.N. in the Ukrainian countries, to freedom of the Ukrainian people and The Fourth Conference of the Units all friends and members of the O.U.N. should realize its potential significance Abroad of the Organization of Ukrainian and. the insurgent groups, to the Supreme for the future. Nationalists affirms its solidarity with Command of the Ukrainian Insurgent c) to gain allies for the struggle against the anti-bolshevist organisations of those Army, to the soldiers and commanders, Moscow. countries in Europe and Asia which are and to the Ukrainian Supreme Liberation either the victims of bolshevism or are 3) The Conference of the Units Ab­ Council (U.H.V.R.); the Conference of road of the Organization of Ukrainian the Units Abroad of the Organization of directly threatened by its terrorisation, and in particular with the nations of the Nationalists approves of the course pur­ Ukrainian Nationalists wishes our indo­ Antibolshevik Bloc of Nations (A.B.N.). sued. so far and the foreign activity of the mitable insurgents strength and endu­ Executive Committee of the Units Ab­ rance so that they may continue to over­ The Fourth Conference of the Units road of the Organization of Ukrainian come all the hardships and difficulties in Abroad of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists, and confirms the foreign po­ the war they are waging against a tyran­ Nationalists welcomes the attitude of the litical resolutions passed at the Third ny such as never before has existed in South Koreans in their refusal to accept Conference of the Units Abroad of the the world, and is utterly convinced, that a compromise and their unswerving re­ Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists by the mutual efforts of all our people, solve to wage a war which has as its as still holding good. we shall achieve our aim. objective an independent and unified The following supplementary measures, Korea and Will not be terminated by In an era in which those who desire however, are stressed as being impera­ means of any half-measures as far as a truth are persecuted with every possible tive: means a spirit of faith in justice, freedom truce is concerned. a) the elaboration of our constructive and self-determination pervades the Uk­ The Fourth Conference of the Units plan to further mutual relations on all rainian underground movement and the Abroad of the Organization of Ukrainian sides in the future, in particular as re­ courageous struggle of the Ukrainians Nationalists stresses the significance of gards the Block of Black Sea countries, against the tyrants; and it is this spirit the revolt of German working classes and as one of the most vital factors in Ukra­ whcih moves men to sacrifice all for the the mass resistance of the German people inian foreign policy; sake of their native country. against bolshevist tyranny in Eastern b) the furtherance of our foreign po­ The faith of the Ukrainian under­ Germany as measures which strengthen litical activity in the Far East and Near ground movement gives those of us who its own Ukrainian anti-bolshevist front. East and in particular in Turkey since are in foreign countries and cut off from The Fourth Conference of the Units good neighbourly relations with the latter our native country strength and ensures Abroad of the Organization of Ukrainian are most essential for a future mutual the triumph of noble values and ideas Nationalists appeals to the Western po­ understanding between the Ukrainian throughout the whole world. litical powers to take the present situa­ and the Turkish States. The members of the conference of the tion which has arisen in the U.S.S.R. as Neutralist and pro-Moscow influence Units Abroad of the Oiganization of a result of the fight for freedom of the is in evidence in the Far East and Near Ukrainian Nationalists, since they are subjugated nations into account and to East as well as in Southern Asia which one with the insurgent groups, in keeping participate actively in the war which is is inhabited by half the free peoples of With the aims of the Ukrainians fighting being waged against the bolshevist regime the world. These countries play an im­ for their country, take upon themselves and thus prevent the bolsheviks from portant part in the war against bolshe­ the duty of supporting the Ukrainian re­ consolidating their forces. vism because of their human and econo­ Page 4 UKRAINIAN OBSERVER No. 8—9 mic patential as well as their geographi­ our cause favourably be furthered and nalists therefore rejects and opposes all cal and political position. It is particu­ that their position and influence be streng­ such endeavours which run counter to larly important for the furtherance of thened. the aims of the Ukrainian people and our anti-bolshevist movement and policy 9) As regards the present significance are an obstacle to the progress of the that the idea of- the downfall of the Rus­ of the Ukrainian work of liberation in world struggle against bolshevism and sian. empire be propagated and that these relation to the international political si­ Russian imperialism. For this reason it countries be made to realize the immi­ tuation the Fourth Conference of the approves of the attitude of the Executive nent danger of a Soviet aggression. Units Abroad of the Organization of Committee of the Units Abroad of the 4) The Conference of the Units Ab­ Ukrainian Nationalists stresses the fol­ Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists road of the Organization of Ukrainian lowing points in particular: in this respect and of the action taken Nationalists supports the A. B. N. as a a) that the governments of the West­ by the same against the C.C.A.C. centre of co-ordination for the various ern major powers still do not support the We regard the course we have taken, revolutionary organizations and at the idea of partition of the U.S.S.R. into in­ in principle and without compromise, re­ same time is of the opinion that co-opera­ dependent national States either by a de­ garding the fundamental questions of a tion With these organizations should be finite or by a practical and active policy; policy of liberation and independence as intensified in view of the Ukrainians’ b) that the political leaders of the fixed and unchangable. We oppose all fight for freedom at home. Western powers must by now be well measures which threat the fundamental We regard the A.B.N. as an organiza­ aware of the nature of the Ukrainian questions of the Ukrainian policy of in­ tional and political structure of the com­ fight for freedom and its significance for dependence as if they were matters to mon front of the revolutionary liberation the World-struggle against bolshevism be decided by strategic moves and by movements and organizations of the va­ and the status of the political forces of bargaining. rious nations. The most important factor the world, and that any fundamental is that they are agreed in their aims, mistakes these leaders make in this res­ The International Situation and the namely the building up of independent pect cannot therefore solely be due to Ukrainian Cause national States, a common course to be lack of information; Facts and their importance pursued, a revolutionary war, waged c) The co-operation of certain Western If the quintessence of the political pro­ without compromise, against Russian politicians with persons who, a short time gress of mankind lies in the fact that the bolshevism, and political activity and ago, collaborated with bolsheviks, and greater the progress the more people and forcefulness. The fact that all the politi­ with the “ Quislings” of various nations nations can enjoy the benefits of freedom cal forces of the various nations are re­ and the fact that these same politicians then the past decade is one of the most presented in the structure and political have refused to have anything to do with reactionary periods in the entire history activity of the A.B.N. is, however, of genuine representatives of these nations of the world. little significance. is proof that they do not seek collabora­ Russian tyranny has subjugated count­ 5) The propagation in the Western tion with political opponents but with less new nations, which a short time ago hemisphere not only of the motives which agents. were still free, by turning to its own ad­ prompt the Ukrainian fight for freedom 10) The so-called psychological war vantage the erroneous policy of the West­ as such but also of those ideas and prin­ which is at present being conducted by ern powers which made this possible in­ ciples which constitute the strength of the Western powers and in particular stead of aiding the nations subjugated this fight and make the participants im­ by the U.S.A. against bolshevism is, how­ by Moscow. mune to Moscow’s destructive bolshevist ever, only being conducted on the level At present, as never before in the his­ ideas must be intensified. of the limited and tactical objectives of tory of the world, the world is split into 6) It is imperative that this fight and Western policy and has not as its aim two halves: the subjugated nations and propagation of the motives prompting a serious incorporation of the aims of peoples, and those threatened by the dan­ it as well as plans for the future when the fight for freedom of the nations that ger of servitude. More than a third is the fight is ended be scientifically elabo­ have been subjugated to Moscow tyran­ ruled by tyranny. rated to an even greater extent. It is like­ ny. In view of this situation there is no Under these circumstances the prob­ wise imperative that pro-Russian tenden­ point in the revolutionary liberation mo­ lem of the oppressed nations has become cies in the West and a pro-Russian at­ vement allaying its policy which aims at one of the most important of all world­ titude on the part of the Western world national independence and its anti-bol­ wide problems. as regards Eastern problems be scienti­ shevist activity abroad to the propagand­ fically opposed and that the problems of ists and other activities of the so-called Two contradictory processes Eastern Europe and of those parts of psychological war. Based on the conflict between the ma­ Asia dominated by the Soviets be clarifi­ 11) The so-called Co-ordination Centre jor powers a process has taken place in ed by revealing them in their true light. of the anti-bolshevist Campaign (C.C.A. the non-communist countries of the world 7) The Conference of the Units Ab­ C.) and the organizing and supporting of Which has as its aim the attainment of road of the Organization of Ukrainian the same by the “ American Committee independence by dependent nations and Nationalists recommends that, in connec­ for the Fight against Bolshevist” is an which has determined their transition to tion with foreign political activity in all activity which runs counter to the aims the status of independent States; simul­ spheres, activity as regards the sphere of of the Ukrainian fight for freedom, in­ taneous with this process of national the trades unions be increased Which will asmuch as the claims to sovereignty of emancipation in the non-communist make it possible to fight Communism on the Ukrainian nation and of the other countries of the world a contradictory the front on which it is most vulnerable nations subjugated by Moscow are de­ process is also taking place, namely the and to win over an element which, as far nied; and this activity may prove to be process of enslaving more and more as the policy of every nation in the West­ a negative influence in the anti-bolshevist nations in those parts of the world ruled ern world is concerned, is most impor­ struggle, since it aims to break up the by bolshevism. And the past decade in tant for the Ukrainian work of libera­ independent front of the national groups the history of the world is characterized tion. abroad, a fact which would be to the by the ceaseless fight for freedom of the 8) It is essential that co-operation with advantage of bolshevism. many nations that have been subjugated those institutions and prominent perso­ The Conference of the Units Abroad by Moscow imperialism and Commu­ nalities of the Western world that regard of the Organization of Ukrainian Natio­ nism. No. 8—9 UKRAINIAN OBSERVER Page 5

The Western major powers accept the Ukrainian nation and other nations from ern powers and also shatters the confi­ national liberation movements of those Moscow nor the idea of national inde­ dence of the subjugated nations in t't; nations in Asia and Africa which hither­ pendent States, but at the same time, on Western countries. It is precisely by po­ to dependent on them, and in this way the other hand, aids the process which litically supporting the fight for freedom acknowledge the primary importance and has as its aim the attainment of indepen­ of the nations subjugated by Moscow— value of the conception of national free­ dence in the non-Communist countries contrary to the present American politi­ dom in its relation to present world of the World is indicative of a policy cal principle of “ united and indivisible” events. which furthers the partition of the world —that Great Britain and Western Europe On the strength of these obvious facts into two halves. For this reason the could secure for themselves an active it is thus contradictory for the Western U.S.A. aims to persuade those nations part in the final game between the West major powers to underestimate the far of the non-communist world which are and the U.S.S.R. as well as in the future stronger and, to judge from their results, still dependent to pursue a pro-American distribution of power. far more extensive national liberation policy, but at the same time aims to pre­ Moscow’s strength and weakness movements of the ancient and highly c i ­ serve the bolshevist empire as a second 1) In these days When the conception vilized nations in those parts of the world World power. of the freedom of nations and of man­ ruled by Bolshevism. And it is this fact The policy that the communist regime kind has reached its highest level nations Which is the main cause of the present be maintained in the satellite States on can only be subjugated either by deceiv­ world crisis and of Moscow’s daring in condition that the Moscow factors be re­ ing them with lies or by enslaving them the face of the free countries. moved (that is to say on condition that by means of totalitarian practices, name­ Two poles and their opposite interests Moscow puts up with a special kind of ly by a system of collectivism without The concentration of the greatest eco­ Tito-ism in these States) and an equally exception, a Soviet regime, and a general nomic, military and political forces has significant diplomatic game as far as Ger­ subjugation of the individual. intensified the partition of the world into many is concerned have as their aim a a) The bolshevist social economic sys­ two halves. The hermetic isolation of 3/4 provisional agreement on the strength of tem is in the first place a form of national milliard people and the natural riches of the partition of the world into two halves. subjugation, suppression and exploitation their countries from the free countries The tendency of America’s policy to of nations and individuals. The fact that of the world and the transformation of preserve a weakened Moscow empire certain circles in Western Europe ap­ their man-power and their economic po­ within those limits which existed prior prove of the collective economic system tential for the purposes of a terrible sys­ to 1939 is contrary to the realization of and other forms of the present system tem of ruin and war, piomoted by the the national independence of those na­ applied by the bolshevist regime must most destructive of principles, has as its tions in the U.S.S.R. which have been be regarded as a desire to maintain a well aim the creation of a crisis, the elimina­ subjugated, and erroneously relies on the tried system of exploitation in those tion of the Western block, namely the Russians as being the main anti-commu­ countries which may possibly be liberat­ U.S.A. as the world rival of Moscow, nist force in the U.S.S.R. It is further­ ed from bolshevism. Nazism, too, al­ and, once the whole world has been con­ more proof of the erroneous economic though it was anti-Marxist, did not radi­ quered, the setting up of a world union policy pursued by the U.S.A. in connec­ cally destroy the communist collectivist of Soviet Socialist Republics as the sole tion with the eastern territories. economic system, but likewise restored universal empire in which the Russian The method of the so-called democra­ to it in order to enslave the individual nation rules supreme. This always was tic reconstruction in the eastern territories and subjugate nations. and still is the irrevocable aim of bol­ beginning at the lowest level and under b) Bolshevist ideology has no power of shevism. American control would be quite in keep­ attraction; for this reason the bolsheviks In the Soviet block only the Muscovi­ ing with such an erroneous policy. camouflage their Russian imperialistic tes (the Moscow Russians) are hostile in States that are nationally independent Observer. Gal. 15. their attitude to the Western block, where­ provide a better basis for economic re­ aims as regards the dependent nations of as countless millions of the people en­ lations as well as a greater and more ef­ Asia and Africa with slogans of national slaved by them might under certain con­ fective success than do dependent count­ fight for freedom and a war against ma­ ditions become allies of the West. In this ries. terial need,—proof of the ineffectuality respect therefore the nations subjugated of communist, internationalist, and Rus­ by bolshevism represent a key position The erroneous conception of a balance sian “ Messianic” ideologies. for their liberation will mean the down­ of power in the world based on a c) New forces have made their appea­ fall of Moscow’s imperial forces. partition into three parts rance on the world stage with the birth The most effective and logical anti- The efforts of Great Britain to secure of a new national consciousness and the bolshevist policy has recently been pur­ for itself and for Western Europe the ever-increasing endeavours on the part of sued by the U.S.A. inasmuch as its po­ role of an independent mediator between the nations to assert tlfemselves and safe­ licy is objectively delaying the imminent the two greatest powers by means of a guard their independence. The communi­ danger of further subjugation of the compromise with the U.S.S.R. at the ties of the Western world—under pres­ world by bolshevism. On the other hand, expense of the nations subjugated by sure of scepticism, standardization of all however, the present American principle bolshevism would have the same results values, and disbelief—are not in agree­ of “ united and indivisible” , which runs as the Munich Agreement, since bolshe­ ment with the ideas which prompt these counter to the liberation of the subjugat­ vism is not striving to attain peace but endeavours. For this reason the Western ed nations of Russia, is harmful to the world domination. Any shifting of the world is not capable of taking the offen­ proggress of the anti-bolshevist national scene of the conflict can only prove an sive as far as ideas are concerned in order forces in the U.S.S.R. and impedes the advantage to bolshevism since it gives the to combat bolshevist propaganda tactics, attempts to overthrow Russian imperia­ latter a chance to slow down the national which adapt themselves to the above- lism, which remains a constant threat to revolutionary process and continue to mentioned processes and endeavours. the rest of the world. strengthen and increase its own war po­ d) Civil wars and armed offensive con­ stitute Moscow’s aggression against the Half measures tential. Any partition of the world either into two or three parts gives bolshevism free world. The principle of guerrilla war­ The fact that the U.S.A. does not sup­ an opportunity to undermine and weaken fare has determined bolshevist strategy port the principle of separation of the the inner political structure of the West­ in Asia. Political offensives, demoraliza­ Page 6 UKRAINIAN OBSERVER No. 8—9 tion, internal conflicts, the furthering of nations. The foreign political manœuvres at home and abroad. antagonism within any one nation, social of the bolsheviks and all their affirma­ a) The Kremlin is stalling for time in chaos, armed clashes and peripherial wars tions of being willing to co-operate are order to deal with the situation at home are the fundamental factors of the third dictated as it were by the national revo­ effectively. In “ clinsing” the ranks of the world, war which bolshevism is beginning lutionary liberation process and by the supreme rulers of Russia, allegedly in to wage. The temporary cessation of possibility of the Western powers adopt­ order to right the wrongs which have some peripherial war or other in no way ing a definite attitude in this aspect. been committed and thus lay the blame changes the fundamental attitude of bol­ The Moscow Empire will continue to for the past on Stalin, the bolsheviks are shevism, namely to conquer all free remain an idol with feet of clay. Its introducing certain changes in order to countries in the world, for this attitude strength is based on the weakness of the use this opportunity to ascertain those is based on the very essence of bolshe­ Western powers and on the erroneous rebellious elements which have recently vism and Russian imoerialism. attitude of the latter to the naional fight come into evidenc and will later on be 2) The 19th Party Rally of the Com­ for freedom of the nations which have exterminated, and in order to create po­ munist Party of the Soviet Union has been subjugated by Moscow. Moscow is litical illusions for the Western world. defined its instructions as regards Mos­ well aware of the fact that its own weak­ b) Bolshevist Moscow is endeavouring cow and world. Communism in the im­ ness lies in the problem of the nations to bring the national liberation process, mediate future. Bolshevism makes no at­ it has subjugated and in the possibility which is steadily increasing in strength, tempt to conceal its intentions and me­ of their collaboration, as opponents with to a halt by promises of peace. As a re­ thods. equal, rights, with the free countries of sult the Western powers, by signifying a) The 19th Party Rally of the Com­ the world. And it is not the duty of the their willingness to guarantee the status munist Party of the Soviet Union has freedom-loving peoples of the world to quo, are beginning to desist from a libe­ proved how treacherous the suggestion is assuage Moscow’s fears in this respect ration policy in favour of the nations that a Deaceful agreement between the but rather to increase them. subjugated by Moscow. And this fact is “capitalist” and “communist” countries b) Neither the bolshevist regime nor being utilized by Soviet propaganda as might be possible, for it has adopted the the realm of Greater Russia can ever much as possible in order to demobilize false and crafty theory maintained by become democratized for this would the nations subjugated by Soviets, not Stalin that there is more likelihood of a mean their downfall. The realm of Great­ only by convincing these nations of the conflict occurring within the Western er Russia and democracy are two idee- peaceful intentions of the Soviets but al­ block, than between bolshevism and the ligies that are incompatible. To quote so by destroying all their hopes of help Western world, and has thus set about Witte, “ The Russian Empire can only be in their fight for freedom. furthering a process of disintegration on preserved by despotism” . c) The purpose of the promises of the united front of those countries which c) The conflict between the Russians peace on the part of the Kremlin is to are free. This process on the one hand is and the nations that have been subjugat­ instil in the nations subjugated by Mos­ being conducted within the free countries ed by Moscow has now reached a cow a feeling of distrust towards the themselves, and on the other hand is no­ state of tension hitherto unheard of. The Western powers, inasmuch as these pro­ ticeable in the attitude of estrangement basis for the bolshevist regime in the mises aim to show the subjugated nations on. the part of the nations subjugated by Russian nation and the policy of the that they are after all only an object for Moscow towards the West and in the Kremlin takes this fact into account, bargaining for the West and also aim to mobilization of the coloured races against whereas on the other hand, however, disintigrate the Western world by mak­ the West. those elements among the peoples sub- ing use of the conflict of interests among b) As far as its strategy to conquer jugatd by Moscow that were formerly the Western major powers in order to the world is concerned Moscow adheres led astray by communism now are op­ win over some of them to the side of steadfastly to Lenin’s theory, namely one posed to it since they have recognized the Kremlin and thus prevent the re­ step backwards, two stept forwards. This the true nature of communist practices arming of those anti-bolshevist nations, theory was applied after the epoch of and have realized that the methods of such as Germany and Japan, which were military communism and later on also Russian subjugation consists in the mas­ defeated in the last war. in connection with the Berlin blockade, sacre of individuals and nations. In es­ d) The aim of all the apparent con­ etc., and now it is once again being re­ sence as well as in form the policy of cessions on the part of the Kremlin in peated in. the same way in conjunction the Kremlin is Russian and imperialistic. the satellite States, concessions which are with the present World conflagration. The purpose of the intensification of Rus­ effected against the wish of the popula­ c) Regardless of any temporary truces sian influence, the glorification of all that tion, is to neutralize various Western Moscow, in keeping with the theories of is Russian, above all the glorification of countries, to increase defeatism, and to Lenin, and the Moscow tsars, will not the tsarist past as an epoch which was prevent Germany from re-arming and desist from its intention to conquer Asia in. keeping with the spirit and character the European Defence Community from and thus subjugate Europe and the entire of the Russian nation, is to mobilize all materializing. world completely . Russians for the defence of the empire. e) The friendly game which the Krem­ 3) a. The national liberation move­ The present attitude of opposition on the lin is playing With Turkey and Japan has ment of the Ukrainians and of numerous part of the Russians, of the relatively the same aims, namely to spread confu­ other nations are disintegrating the small, number of persons who are incor­ sion, to sow down the speed of defence U.S.S.R internally, a fact which not even ruptible, and of the many millions of per­ programmes, to disintigrate political the bolshevist can conceal, for, at the 19th sons who are not Russians is creating a unions, and then, when a favourable op­ Party Rally of the Communist Party of crisis, politically, economically and in portunity presents itself, to attack the dis- the Soviet Union, they stressed as the military respect, in the U.S.S.R. and the intigrated and unarmed countries, which main, point of interest the “friendship of satellite States and proves the futility of at present are still free, and to subjugate nations—the strength of the U.S.S.R." the international catchwards of bolshe­ them by disposing of one opponent after Thus the foreign policy pursued by the vism. the other. U.S.S.R. is not merely determined by The Kremlin’s final game in strategy f) Furthermore the possibility of a mi­ some international constellation or other, Stalin’s death presented a long-awaited litary invasion of the West by the alle­ but is necessitated in the first place by opportunity to find a new scape-goat for gedly peace-loving Kremlin in the near the internal pressure of the subjugated the crimes committed by bolshevism both future must not be excluded, when once No. 8—9 UKRAINIAN OBSERVER Page 7

Ihe West has been demobilized and the this is what the West needs even more the ideological principles which have individual countries have been isolated. than economic expansion. If there is no prompted the Ukrainian revolution and The Korean War spiritual re-birth then the countries of the revolutions of the other subjugated 1) Moscow decides to make a truce in the Western world will more easily fall nations, otherwise, if this is not the case, K orea: a victim to bolshevist aggression, and the there will be dissention on the anti-bol­ a) in order to bring this armed conflict material aid they have received from the shevist front. Whlist nationalism is rally­ to a temporary standstill since it is giving U.S.A. will indirectly serve to increase ing and mobilizing thousands of parsons, rise to a feeling of insecurity on the part the bolshevist war potential. who will refuse to accept a compromise, of the nations subjugated by Moscow as b) Whilst the U.S.S.R. is disintegrating in the fight against bolshevism, the hopas far as the relations between the U.S.A. the West by means of the Communist set on Titoism by the West run countar and the U.S.S.R. are concerned and in Party and the fifth column and is as­ to the wish of the people, who regard him order to foster the hopes of the nations certaining the military secrets of the for­ as the adherent of the Communist regime. fighting for freedom in their lone strug­ mer by employing agents of the Commu­ c) Communism has laast supporters in gle, namely that this conflict may lead nist Party and the fifth column, and at Ukraine and among tha other nations to a final passage at arms between the the same time is isolating itself from the subjugated by Moscow in tha U.S.S.R. free countries of the world and bolshe­ free countries of the world, it is increas­ The Western world can therefore have vism. ing its own military strength to an unpa­ whole nations as its allies. Tha most dead­ b) a truce on the strength of the sta­ ralleled degree, partly by keeping the ly blow for the U.S.S.R. would be for it tus quo despite the fact that the man­ standard of living of its own people un­ to be disintegrated from within, that is to power of the U.S.A. and the U.N. has believably low; say by the Western powers supporting been put into action against North- c) The efforts of the Western world to the national liberation movement of the Korea; further the non-attainment of ihe defeat the ideas of bolshevism behind the Ukrainian nation and the other nations. aims of a war of liberation, that is to say Iron Curtain by resorting to the help of The West will be strengthened from the a united and independent Korea, and one of the varieties of bolshevism, name­ moral point of viaw to a far greater ex­ finally degrading truce terms as far as ly Tito-ism, which is apparently in oppo­ tent if it appreciates and supports the the prisoners-of-war are concerned, sition to bolshevism, shows that the moral, ideological and political values of coupling With the fact that certain count­ Western world has failed to recognize the fight for freedom of the Ukrainians ries in the West will still continue to sell the true situation and the importance of and the other nations subjugatad by Mos­ their raw materials to Red China, etc.— political factors behind the Iron Curtain; cow, instead of resorting to material all these factors undermine the authority d) The fact that nationalism has been measures to mobilize forcas which are in­ of the Western world in the face of the branded as undesirable, the decay of pa­ capable of waging war on bolshevism,. Asiatic nations. triotism, and a materialist attitude to life d) In order to turn the fact that the The resistance of free Korea to the in general has created vacuum in some Ukrainians and other nations subjugated truce indicates that the anti-bolshevist of the Western communities which the by Moscow can become allies of, the West forces in Asia are unwilling to accept any communists are turning to advantage by in a war waged against the U.S.S.R: to compromise whatsoever. resorting to their usual lying propaganda. good account it is essential that their ter­ 2) Peripherial wars are in the intersts A Totalitarian War ritories, in the final game of tha future, of Moscow provided the latter can get Moscow is making preparations to be regarded as territories belonging to an other people to wage them for it and wage a totalitarian war. And for this ally. The political conception of the provided it suffers no losses itself. In fact reason any war waged on Moscow must downfall of the realm of Greater Russia it derives advantages from such wars, not only be an economic and military shall determine the purely military con­ whereas the Western powers on the other one but also an ideological and political ception. hand are obliged to fight their wars on war. e) So far it is precisely the national their own. In view of the inadequate sup­ a) The most successful and effective revolutionary process which has deterred port given to the national forces in Asia ideological weapon of the West against the U.S.S.R. from launching a direct mi­ and in view of the erroneous policy of Communism is tin opposition of the con­ litary attack on the West. Moscow needs the West it is futile for the U.S.A. to ception of nationalism and social justice the pause that the West has allowed it hope that the national forces in Asia will against bohhevism, the militant anti­ in order to strengthen its position as succeed in defeating bolshevism and communist attitude of the Church, the ruler in the countries it has conquered imperialism in Asia, for Russian com­ combatting of national and social and also to make the necessary prepara­ munism, which claims to support the na­ injustice, and the application of Christian tions for the war. tional aims and endeavours of the peonies principles in practice in social and na­ The only guarantee for success is to of Asia, has a much stronger position. tional life. rely on one’s own strength If the world aims to free itself from the b) In order to combat any future ag­ The Ukrainian nation and all the other constant oppression and fear on an ag­ gression on the part of Moscow it will nations in Europe add Asia which have gression and desires to safeguard a per­ be necessary for the political and military either been subjugated by bolshevism or manent peace, then the final battle with forces of the West to unite with the libe­ are threatened by it must above all rely Moscow must be fought on the latter’s ration movements of the Ukrainians and on their own strength and their own bat­ own soil and against its own forces. other subjugated nations. Such a union tle if they wish to attain their justified The increase of the Communist Threat will, however, only be possible if the free aims and not shed their blood in vain; to the Western Communities world is willing to recognize the Ukraini­ a) the right to sovereignty and national a) A sound economic system and re­an independent and united State and the unification, on the part of those nations covery aided by material help on the splitting up of the realm of Greater Rus­ who have lost them as a result of the part of the U.S.A. will not bring the de­ sia into nationally independent States, concession policy of the major powers sired results, since communism is not and is prepared to respect the sovereignty towards insatiable bolshevism is not sup­ only a social and economic but above all of the Ukrainian national policy and the ported and defended by the major powers an ideological and political movement. revolutionary fight for freedom. in question in keeping with the national The most important prerequisite in build­ The ideological conception of the po­ interests of the nations concerned, but ing up a successful resistance to bolshe- litical and psychological war of the West is treated by them from the point of view vist aggression in a spiritual re-birth, and on our front must be in harmony with of their own current interests. Page 8 UKRAINIAN OBSERVER No. 8—9 b) The liberation of those nations any case it is striving to win over the THE THIRD CONGRESS OF which have been subjugated by bolshe­ Russians to its side at the expense of the vism and the defense of those nations in Ukrainians and the other subjugated THE ORGANIZATION OF Europe and Asia which are threatened nations. The anti-bolshevist principles UKRAINIAN NATIONALIST by bolshevism can only be achieved if prompting the Ukrainian revolutionary The Tenth Anniversary of the Third they refuse to accept a compromise in fight for freedom are unalterable and Special Congress of the Organization their fight against bolshevism. there will be no re-orientation to agree of Ukrainian nationalists Although these nations do not consti­ with the principles of the Western major tute a block nor have they united to form powers should the latter oppose and re­ The recording of the events which hap­ a military alliance their principles in their ject the aims of this struggle, which wili pened between the 23rd and 27th of be continued in accordance With Ukra­ fight against bolshevism, which exclude August in 1943, is undoubtedly one of inian anti-bolshevist principles. The con­ any agreement with the latter, differ from the noblest tasks of Ukrainian historians fidence which the Ukrainians have placed those of a Western block, Which on the and political writers. After thorough pre­ in the Western powers has been shaken strength of a partition of the world into parations had been made the Third Spe­ by the fact that there is at present a pro- two or three parts is prepared to accept cial Congress of the Organization of Uk­ Russian attitude on the part of certain a compromise. In this respect the anti- rainian Nationalists was held from Au­ Western circles in evidence in the psy­ bolshevist nations constitute an objective gust 23rd to 27th in 1943. It was a spe­ chological war. and separate factor in the political chess- cial congress in as much as it was neces­ match of the world. A change of policy and the strategy sitated by the political and military situa­ c) These nations have allies in the im­ connected with it is very difficult when tion at that time, and it was particularly placable anti-bolshevist elements of every once the war has already reached a cri­ important since it was the first congress nation who recqgnize and support the tical stage and is hardly likely to remedy of the Organization of Ukrainian Natio­ ideology of national liberation, that is the damage which has already been done. nalists to be held in Ukraine, a fact which to say the independence of the anti- The entire anti-bolshevist potential will be makes it all the more significant. bolshevist nations. weakened if no political and practical as­ sistance on the part of the Western po­ In the midst of the struggle in which The Ukrainian revolutionary fight for wers is given to the national anti-bolshe­ the Ukrainian Insurgent Army and the freedom and the creation of a vist fight for freedom. Effective self-de­ Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists Ukrainian Sovereign Independent State fense against an aggression by Russia, Were engaged the Supreme Committee ol will guarantee a permanent world peace which is striving to conquer the world, is the O.U.N. convened in order to discuss of the utmost importance for the vital the political and social problems of Uk­ a) The creation of a Ukrainian Sove­ interests of all nations since only in this rainian nationalism in connection with reign Independent State will bring about way can the integrity of freedom be pre­ World War II and its final issue and as a fundamental change in the international served. regards the continuation of the struggle world order since its existence means the to attain Ukrainian national indepen­ downfall of the Moscow Empire. In this c) By ignoring the aims of the Ukra­ inian revolutionary fight for freedom and dence, and in order to define the policy respect therefore it would be of world­ to be pursued in the future. wide importance for the Ukrainian revo­ supporting the idea of a united and indi­ lutionary fight for freedom, which is al­ visible realm of Greater Russia (only It was characteristic of this congress lied to similar processes in all those count­ With a different regime) pro-Russian circ­ that it was held in secret at a place where ries of the world which are ruled by bol­ les in the U.S.A. are endeavouring to the National-Socialist and Russian- bol- shevism, to be supported by the West. force this latter attitude on the Ukra­ shevist occupation forces were fighting inian political forces, too. The present The Ukrainian fight for freedom and against the Ukrainian underground. A policy of the Western major powers er­ the Ukrainian conception and principles number of the delegates were also fight­ roneously underestimates the central im­ of freedom have become a guide for those ing in the ranks of the Ukrainian Insur­ portance of the Ukrainian revolutionary countries of the world which are ruled gent Army and had responsible positions. fight for freedom on the anti-bolshevist by Russia that are striving to obtain in­ This fact added to the significance of the front. dependence. Any decision on the part of resolutions passed at the Congress, be­ the Western world to genuinely support The logical and all-round support on cause the course of events later on was the idea of the Ukrainian Sovereign Inde­ the part of the Western powers of the to prove that the principles defined there pendent State to the end would bring national fight for freedom in the U.S.S.R were correct. about a turning-point in the history of would have made world ruin impossible, but the Western world must not use any One of the most important matters dis­ the world since an international constel­ cussed was the clarification of organiza­ lation would result which would guaran­ support it may possibly give to the fight for freedom as a means of pressure to tional and structual problems pertaining tee a permanent world peace if the Rus­ to the O.U.N. In view of the fact that the sian State were once more confined to make peace with bolshevism or to gain its favour. Head of the Executive Committee of its ethnical boundaries. the O.U.N., Stepan Bandera, and other d) It is a political mistake on the part In the year 1917 the Moscow empire leading personalities of this organization of the Western world to endeavour to was one of the victors of the War but it had been arrested by the National-Socia­ was disintegrated internally by the Uk­ reach an agreement with bolshevism du­ list occupation forces it was now neces­ rainian revolution and by other national ring the present internal crisis which the sary for the Third Congress to solve the U.S.S.R. is passing through and which revolutions. The consequences which the problem of who was to be in charge of the Western powers should draw from this is caused not only by internal revolutio­ O.U.N. Members were elected for the E x­ fact in the present anti-Russian struggle nary pressure but also by a struggle ecutive Committee of O.U.N. They were as regards the significance of the con­ among the rivals for Stalin’s position. R. Shukhevych Tur (Commander-in- ception of nationalism and the fight for Now is not the time for a truce, but for Chief of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army, freedom are obvious. a decisive blow against the U .S.S.R. in General Taras Chuprynka), Taras Majiv- c) Although the policy of the U.S.A. order to render a Russian attack on the sky and R. Woloshyn-Pavlenko, who in assesses the Ukrainian fight for freedom free world in the immediate future im­ as a factor which will remain active in possible. (Continued on Page 16) No. 8—9 UKRAINIAN OBSERVER Page 9 nism” , ‘“ democracy” versus “ dictator­ L. P. BERIA’S CAREER ship” , etc., etc. There are no two or more Communist Party factions in the U.S.S.R. AND DOWNFALL represented by some strong personalities, A Ukrainian Viewpoint fighting for the predominance of one of The news from Moscow, Friday morn­ in the Soviet LTnion. Thus Beria is elevat­ those theoretically possible trends. There ing July ioth, 1953, of L. P. Beria’s dis­ ed to the heigts of an enlightened “ libe­ exists only one possibility within the Com­ grace and removal from all his posts ral” fighting the racial prejudices. munist Party, and that always is : singly of might and power, hit the whole world Another “ proof” of his noble and equi­ and solely the purely personal struggle as a formidable sensation. table sentiments is seen in the changes between the party magnates for the abso­ This was not the case with many Uk­ Mr. Beria brought about in his native lute dominance within the never chang­ rainians, since 35 years used and accus­ Soviet Republic of Georgia where he de­ ing pattern of totalism, dictatorship and tomed to the gloomy ways and habits of moted a whole gang of Georgia-born, but Russian chauvinism. Russian bolshevism. It was not for the corrupt and venal Russianizers and re­ It is strange for a Ukrainian to read first time that in 'the interminable gang- placed them by another set of Georgians in a Western journal or a newspaper an warfare among the masters of Kremlin, more close and sensible to the needs and interpretation of M. Beria’s career and a communist potentate was falling. This wants of the plain Georgian people. downfall as that of a fighter for the liberty happened succesively, let us remember, Yet the real show-piece of Beria’s “ li­ of non-Russian nations. Because, by all to Trotsky, to Zinovjev, to Yagoda, then beral” and “ sensible” policy was seen means— who was Beria? An old bolshe­ Bukharin, to Tu\hachevsky, to scores, in his removal on June 13th, 1953 of Mr. vik who started his political life in his then to hundreds, and then to thousands Leonid G. Melnikov, the first Secretary native Georgia as a juvenile slaughterer of “ old bolsheviks” , to party bosses, to of the Communist Party of Ukraine, for of his own nation. He was a student at ideologists and generals, 'to organizers, “ profound mistakes in the selection of the University of Tbilisi (Tyflis), and and marshals— and to untold millions of personnel, the undue precipitation of the started as a “ Ch. K .” informer who deli­ just plain people. There is sufficient evi­ collectivization and the carrying out of vered his own Georgian native university dence that L. P. Beria was arrested in national policy” . Mr. Melnikov was the comrades to the bolshevik e xecution his own office at Lubianka, Moscow, on highest ranking Soviet official to be re­ chambers, then an officer of “ Ch. K .” , June 27th, in the la'te afternoon; the whole moved since Stalin died. As the leading then a commissar, and then a dilligent, elaborate M .V.D.-M .G.B apparatus of his secretary of the C. P. of Ukraine, Mr. cautious, extremely astute and extremely personal security was not able to save him Melnikov has headed the largest single cold-blooded climber up the steeple and He became the victim of a very skillfully branch of the Communist Party outside dangerous ladder of the “ CheKist” career. engineered plot between 'the Party (Ma­ the All-Soviet party itself. His ouster was He was a man who, after having inherit­ lenkov, Khrushchev) and the Army (Bul­ understood as an undirect blow at the ed the murderous police powers of his ganin, Zhukov). Some army tanks and party status and influence of his long-time bloody predecessors Yagoda and Yezhov, armoured cars which rambled and rattled protector, sponsor and personal friend N i­ has turned the N .K .V .D ., then M.V.D- on that afternoon around the Lubianka kita S. Khrushchev, now first Secretary M .G.B., into the most ruthless and exten­ region, sufficed thoroughly as to quench of the C. P. of the Soviet Union. Mr. sive police organization the world has all possible idea of resistance. Melnikov was charged that, especially, he ever known. He made the modern slave There had heen and there continues to had violated “ Leninist-Stalinist national labour a science and a system. He ex­ be much speculation throughout the policy” , particularly in the selection of ploited ruthlessly the prisoners in the in­ whole world as to the political background personnel and in setting up in the West­ terest of the State, in a system that engag­ and the proper significance of Beria’s ern Ukraine higher schools using excessi­ ed at last no less than some 15 million downfall. The danger exists that under vely, and almost monopolously the Rus­ people. He set up an omnipresent and few most simple and obvious facts there sian language. It was for the first time in omniscient system of informers to em­ would be substituted and underlied some the internal history of the Soviet Union brace every institution, factory, farm, “ deeper meanings” and “ ideas” — where that the existence of the policy of Russifi­ every building and even every family in there are none. Little by little, especially, cation in non-Russian countries of the the whole U.S.S.R. Everywhere he had 'there emerges in the Western world the U.S.S.R. was thus officially admitted and his spies and the spies wached spies; he conception of Beria as some sort by the —condemned. checked and rechecked everything twice most noble knight Galahad who fell the and three times. He boasted before Tito victim of Great Russians in his endea­ Some analogous moves had been also in an icily cold, matter-of-fact manner vours to undo the excesive diminance ob­ recorded in the Baltic States, in Azerbai­ that he killed during the “ heroic years” tained by 'them within the Soviet Union jan, in the countries of the Turkistan and of the Russian revolution more than three and to give the non-Russian peoples of in the satellite States. million people. the U.S.S.R. greater freedom and more Yet the Ukrainians behind the Iron rights. Curtain, as those living in the free world, And he killed all of them : Georgians, To prop and to buttres this conception never became very “ enthusiastic” about Ukrainians, Balts and Azerbaijanians, such facts are cited: after the death of this “ liberalism” of Mr. L. P. Beria, the Jews and Mongols, but sure—-least of all Stalin, using his influence as the second Minister of the Interior of 'the U.S.S.R. Russians. As his boss, compatriot and the of the powerful triumvirs—Malenkov, and—the chief of the bolshevik police and “ great teacher” Stalin, also Beria knew Beria, Molotov—he exposed the falsity of the entire security system. They had all only too well what he is due to the master- the charges against the “ doctor-murde­ reasons to distrust the “ idealism” and the nation of the Union. Stalin could keep rers” , in the Kremlin, most of whom “ liberalism” of a bolshevik—policeman. his dominant position in the U.S.S.R. were Jews and who allegedly had conspir­ For the Ukrainians the first plain fact only under the presumption of being ed against the health and lives of the out­ is that they perceive nothing of a struggle thoroughly obedient to the interests of standing Russian communist leaders. He within the Communist Party of the Soviet the Great Russian chauvinism and impe­ demoted and removed highly placed Rus­ Union between some two or more con­ rialism. Hence Stalin’s famous eulogy in sians, the secret police leader Rumin and ceptions of Soviet policy, say., “ liberalism” May 1945 of the “ outstanding, manly, he­ Communist Party Secretary Symyon D. versus “ totalism” , “ liberty of Soviet na­ roic virtues of the Great Russian people” , Ignatiev, who tried to incite anti-Semitism tions” versus “ Great Russian chauvi­ its “ sagacity, endurance, energy and the Page 10 UKRAINIAN OBSERVER No. 8—9 talents of leadership shown during the ruction of a permanent, enduring political THE 30-YEAR JUBILEE OF World War II”. power. Scarcely there is somebody in the THE UKRAINIAN CENTRAL It is simply ludicrous to underly to the world inclined to ascribe to the police acts and deeds of this Mr. Beria forces, be they yet so formidable, endu­ STUDENT ORGANIZATION some anti-Grea't Russian, anti-nationalis­ ring spiritual and ideological qualities. (C.E.S.U.S.) tic and anti-imperialistic purposes and Thus it came that Mr. Beria embraced feelings. There is not a word, not a deed, the thought to exploit the national idea in The organized movement of Ukrainian not the slightest hint in all his past, show­ the U.S.S.R. as quite a basis for the con­ students is most closely connected with ing even a trace of his “ anti-Russian” and struction of his enduring political power. the liberation struggle of the Ukrainian pro-minori'ty” bias” . The national prob­ The motion quite obviously was to nation. Those who took part in the bat­ lem of the Soviet Union was not just the rally behind him the representatives of tles of liberation (1918-21) and the mem­ heart problem to him, but one of many all non-Russian nations in all place of the bers of the Ukrainian army came largely problems to be dealt with— in 'the inte­ formation of the Soviet public life : in from the ranks of the students. The fai­ rests of the protection and the aggrandis- the High Soviets and Governments of the lure of this struggle for independence ment of his own personal power, and its national Republics, in both Supreme Sov­ forced many of 'them to flee abroad, preservation. Mr. Beria was neither a iets of the U.S.S.R. and in the central Go­ where they again took up their studies, “ Georgian” , nor a “ Russian” , nor at all vernment of the U.S.S.R. as to protect and remembering that this constituted a a national, but simply a bolshevik mag­ to support the “ nationals” everywhere in peaceful form of the fight for indepen­ nate, say, like the “ Armenian” Mikoyan, the Party, in the Army, in the corps diplo­ dence. or the “ Jew” Mr. Kaganovych, bent solely matique, in arts and sciences. The angle was to be put in the position as to throw Among these students and foimer upon his own career. He was towards the members of the Ukrainian army who in the councils of the State and public claims and aspirations of 'the various na­ were living in Czechoslovakia, Austria tions of the U.S.S.R., during 35 years of life the weighty argument: here is not and Poland, the wish gained expression his life of a bolshevik, as he was towards only the Party, and not only the Army, of uniting Ukrainian students outside the the claims, aspirations and sufferings of and not only the Great Russians, here borders of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist those untold millions whom he spied are also the other nations— and I am the Republic. In June, 1922, there 'took place upon, arrested, tried, executed and sen't to man puting forward their legitimate de­ in Prague the pan-Ukrainian Student his punitive labour camps. Mr. Beria— sires and wishes. The speculation was to Congress where it was decided 'to create a “ protector” and a “ defender” of non- use the national idea as a weight to check n. Ukrainian central student organization. Russian nations— what an idea! . . . and to balance the powers of Party, the Army and Great Russian nationalism. This was finally brought into being in So what is, then, the explanation of But Mr. Beria miscalculated. Thorou­ January, 1923. The Central Union of the “ liberal” trend in his policy concern­ ghly irroneous he counted that his firm Ukrainian Students (C.E.S.U.S) united ing the non-Russian nations shown im­ hold of the police forces would last long all Ukrainian student organizations in mediately and somewhat abruptly after enough as to put him in the position to the emigration, as well as those in the the death of Stalin? build up in the meantime an adequate West-Ukrainian districts occupied by There is only one explanation possible. non-Russian political following. At first, Poland, Rumania and Czechoslovakia. As long as Stalin lived, Mr. Beria felt the calculation seemed to strike the ba­ This same Central Union of Ukrainian secure behind the broad back and in the lance; he stroke even at such a potentate shadow of his mighty compatriot. After Studen'ts is still in existence today and as Melnikov— and seemingly nothing hap­ can look back on a many-sided work. his protector and benefactor “ faded pened. Basically Mr. Beria was insofar And now a few facts to illustrate this away” , Mr. Beria had to stand in his own right, as controlling his vast and tighty work. The number of members has, at boots— and to keep the ground. In the meshed net of spies, he knew exactly what various periods, fluctuated between 4,800 future he had to find his possition upon a tremendous force is steadily mounting and oo. The Central Organization has a power of his own. Mr. Beria was in­ 7 in U.S.S.R. in the shape of a “ rising developed its activities in various Euro­ telligent enough to know that the po­ tide of nations” . But be a overrated the pean towns, such as Prague, Vienna, lice force alone does not suffice to keep possibilities of his police, and underrated Munich and Paris, in the first two up to permanently one’s position of power, and the watchfulness and dexterity of his (Continued on Page 16) that this position must be supported and Great Russian counterpart. Mr. Beria was but'tresed by some ideal, or better to say, no idealist. Just the fact that he decided some ideological elements. Behind Ma­ to enter upon the course of supporting ralgic Moscow in everything is, what con­ lenkov and Khrushchev there was a Party the national liberty movements in the cerns the problem of the oppressed na­ with its progr; mme, its revolutionary U.S.SR. shows how highly he rated their tions, in the U.S.S.R. The vehemence of aims, its fanatism, its chiliastic promises, powers and potentialities. Moscow’s reaction shows not only Mos­ all powerful enough to mobilize and to But the same did the Muscovites. Even cow’s power, but also Moscow’s deadly organize not only materially, but also spi­ the bare imitation that there is somebody scare of this problem. Of course, L. P. ritually, untold millions. Behind Bulganin bent and ready to use this force for his Beria was not the man to succeed in such and Zhukov there was an Army wi'th its purposes had sufficient as to precipitate an endeavour. But the liquidation of him Russian patriotic traditions, its spirit de with a lightening speed Mr. Beria’s down­ is by far not identical with the liquida­ corps, its nationalistic ambitions, i'ts feel­ fall. The Party and the Army, dominated tion of the problem of non-Russian natio­ ing of being protector, a sword and a entirely by Great Russians, found them­ nalities itself. The power and the fight shield of a vast country. In any case be­ selves in a plot to destroy Beria, “ the re- for liberation of non-Russian nations in hind those Russians there worked a po­ bell” , but in reality a mass-murderer who the U.S.S.R. exists and grows constantly; wer based not only upon purely physical begot the idea to misuse 'the aspirations the day will come where no conspiracy of but in no lesser degree upon the spiritual at liberty of non-Russian nations for his the Russian bolshevik Party and Army elements, apt to show an enormous con­ ambitious personal purposes. Yet the li­ would be able to quench the general up­ tinuity and endurance. berty of these nations never can be a work rising. The Ukrainians would be among But what was behind Mr. Beria? Onlv of such dirty hands, as his. the first to reconquer their liberty, and his police and security apparatus. It is The speed and the thoroughness of the this without the “ help” and inerference an instrument, but no basis for the const­ Russian anti-Beria plot shows how neu- of criminals—as was Beria. No. 8—9 UKRAINIAN OBSERVER Page 1 i sort cf the partition of the world, as if “ALL IS QUIET IN THE WEST” saying: you keep what you have, includ­ Ukrainian resent the continued American and British policy of containment and ing China, but you correct your posses­ appeasement with regard to the U.S.S.R. sions in Europe approximately at tbe line By Antares of division between East and West in the year 1939. In Asia, Korea, Indochina and There is no use in concealing the deep but equally one of encouragement. Malaya will have to return to Western disappointment prevailing among Ukra­ And here it is where the Ukrainian block. This is what upon we can settle. inians anti-communist political emigree, disappointments start. Not only from the It is hard for Ukrainians to guess whe­ concerning the present course of Ameri­ natural desire for a change the vast ma­ ther Washington is aware of this, or not, can foreign policy towards Moscow. jority of Ukrainians who were in the but this Presidential speech killed with position to form freely their opinions, As to avoid all possible misconceptions one blow all possibilities of an efficient wished in 1952 the Eisenhower team a and misunderstandings, it is to be stressed psychological warfare behind the Iron decisive electoral victory. The world was jus't at the outset that the emigre Ukra­ Curtain. All at once it became absolutely fed up with the sterile and barren Kennan inians did not wish and do not expect clear, even to the simplest kholkhos-pea- policy of the “ containment of bolshevism, that the Government of U.S.A. might sant, 'that whatever are the slogans of because— 1. bolshevism was not to be con­ start immediately an armed crusade American “ liberation” propaganda, they tained, 2. if even contained, this concep­ against communism, as to liberate Ukra­ are no more than only devices for the tion settled nothing. Years after the pro­ ine from Russian domination. Such “ softening-up” of the adversary to induce clamation of this policy of containment “ wars of liberation” , as, say, the last him to accept the American terms on the the bolshevism has made its most resound­ World War, are seldom an argument. basis of 50/50. This speech was a clear ing conquests (Czechoslovakia, China). It They create much more problems than proof that the U.S.A. is ready to “ let Rus­ is no solution to put a viper in a cart- they solve. The Ukrainians know what sia keep what is hers” , and that U.S.A. board as to “ contain” it; you never can ?. “ war of liberation” looks like; they is equally ready to stop at once all “ dy­ tell where the viper would find an outlet repea'tedly had been “ liberated” . Now, namism” and “crusades” on behalf of as to strike again. the whole world had for three years an the tortured peoples behind the Iron Cur­ Thus, the Ukrainians greeted most occasion to observe what the most mo­ tain. The deadly seriousness of this Ame­ warmly the change in Washington. There dern war of liberation looks like in rican. conception of “ meeting each other was much propagandistic talk about the Korea.“ The operation was successful, but half-way” was examplified wi'th exceptio­ “ new look” in Washington, 'the “ dyna­ the pa'dent died” . The free Ukrainian nal bitterness in the case of the conditions mic approach” , the “ liberation policy” . public opinion is thoroughly aware, that of the Korean truce, leaving 50% of the The world, especially the enslaved world, should the liberation of Ukraine be ex­ Korean territory in the possession of the waited full of expectations and thoroughly pected by means of war, the Ukrainians stooges of Moscow. would have to face an atomic encounter ready for co-operation on what lines and This is no policy of answering adequa­ —wi'th all its terrible consequences. And patterns the new dynamic Eisenhower po­ tely the courage demanded of the resist­ nobody yearns for that. licy would take shape and materialize. It is not so much the receding “ chance” But, essentially, nothing happened. A f­ ing nations behind the Iron Curtain wi'th of war that annoyes and disquiets the ter some initial starts such as the “ de- the encouragement on the part of the Ukrainians. It is rather 'the present West­ neutralization” of the Straits of Formosa, West. The resisting nations are fully ern trend of politics that leads the Ukra­ prospect of “ relinguishing” China’s na­ avare that it lies thoroughly in the hands inians to the conclusion that by 'the means tionalists, passing enlivement of the of Moscow to make a deal with the West, and approaches, as applied at present by E.D.C. efforts etc., etc., Washington re­ or not, and hence, that they always have the Western powers, especially by the turned to its old routine of— contain­ to face the possibility to be left alone by U.S.A. and Great Britain, the com­ ment. The purpose was not to fight bol­ the West. This is how Mr. Syngman Rhee munists might continue their rule over shevism but only to keep it at bey as best certainly felt after the final conditions of more than 800 million peoples yet for as possible. The main task was now— the truce in Korea had became known, decades—thoroughly unperturbed and un­ 'to finish the Korean war by all means and and how the East-Berlin insurgents felt ruffled. devices. after their rebellion of June 17th was Of course, it is first and foremost by As most significant and decisive for the quenched—and no Western hand stirred the means of politics that the grip and further course of the American world fo­ this side of the Iron Curtain. “ A ll is quiet reign of bolshevism could be challenged, reign policy the free Ukrainians came to in the West” . and, if properly handled, also disrupted. regard the big, pattern-setting speech of With equal distrust and resentment the Bolshevism is men-made and it lies in President Eisenhower, held in April 16th, analogous speech of conciliation (if not ap­ the hands of men to efface i't. No outer 1953, in Washington, at the rally of the peasement) was met, held on May 5th, war can destroy the bolshevism as long “ American Society of the Newspaper Edi­ 1953, by Sir Winston Chflrchill. The con­ as the peoples conquered by it are not tors” . What the President said boils down tents are known: Sir Winston proposed resolved themselves to dispose of it. But to the following: there is no more ques­ a new, decisive conference of the Bigs also vice-versa, the pertinent attitude and tion of containment or no containment. In (Big Three, or Big Four, or even Big the decisions of 'the enslaved peoples de­ the speech there clearly prevailed an un­ Five) should thresh out and settle by the pend decisively from the attitude of the dertone of some “ wise resignation” : the ways of compromise all the acute world outer world. The vast majority of the recognition that neither U.S.A. can over­ problems. “ Let us sit down and talk it peoples from behind 'the Iron Curtain come Moscow, nor Moscow can conquer ower” — was the almost imploratory ton would wage an open war with their Rus­ the world. Hence the conclusion: it is of this speech,— as if there really was a sian slave-masters if they knew they time for a settlement. President Eisen­ possibility to settle by mere talks the dif­ would get all the outward support ne­ hower proposed to meet the Russians ferences of two worlds which never would cessary for the success of such an enter­ “ half-way” , the underlying idea of the set­ be able to understand each other. Innu­ prise. Nobody can go it in our times tlement being the application of the prin­ merable articles of the (not only Ukrai­ alone. The political war against bolshe­ ciple— 50/50. By this President Eisen­ nian) emigre press entitled and comment­ vism is not only a problem of courage, hower proposed to Mr. Malenkov, some ed tbe speech of Sir Winston on a general Page 12 UKRAINIAN OBSERVER No. 8—9 line: Sir Winston Churchill invites to a new Yalta. THAT HAPLESS „COMMITTEE” A LOT OF What followed was, and is, a great ex­ pectation : would Moscow come, sit down MONEY GONE, NO USEFUL WORK DONE and have the talk? All what would, come By P. Stepanenko next is no more a matter of principle but “ American Committee for Liberation from Bolshevism” faces the third only of method, the principle being firm­ anniversary of continuous bungling and frustration ly established: “ half way” and “ 50/50’. The proposed, then cancelled Bermuda In Munich, Germany, one of the largest nizations have something much more im­ conference, then the Washington confe­ spots of European post-war political emi­ portant to do than to fight bolshevism: rence of the “ Little Three” had no more gre activi'ties, there goes a jeering word they fight with American help and money sense than to whip up the Western part­ around: "efficient as A .C .L .B .” And re­ for the preservation of the Russian em­ ners to more profitable shape as to stand ally, there seldom was a team more intent pire whatever its hue and colour: red, best in common the expected terrible pres­ upon a laudable purpose, but applying pink or white— what always means the sures of the Russian counter-part. more erroneous and inadequate means continued enslavement of non-Russian For the nations behind the Iron Curtain and expedient than this one. peoples. there is no much hope for really an active, The idea was after having formed an Already the above mentioned alterations dynamic liberation policy on the side of American Committee composed of “ pri­ in the denomination of the American the West, with inclusion of the Repub­ vate organizations” — “ to bring together Committee show pointedly all the pre­ lican administration of Mr. Eisenhower. in one Center emigres from the many cariousness and uncertainty which charac­ Let us repeate the main cognizance: areas composing the Soviet Union with a terized the activities of the American what the West really wants is not the view to enabling the Center thus formed Committee from the very outset. There is liberation but a settlement. Great Britain to engage in propaganda activities de­ a popular Ukrainian proverb meaning would go to any length to get a durable signed to weaken the grip of bolshevism that “ who misses the first button-hole, peace and the preservation of the British over 'the peoples of the Soviet Union and would fail the last one” . The 'trouble sphere of influence. The U.S.A. wants to be assisted and helpful at the process with the American Committee always was to have its boys home and the division of their liberation” . that at the very beginning of its activi­ of the World on equal terms, with the This American Committee, first called ties it missed the first button-hole! The ensueing pact of non-agression “ for this "American Committee for Freedom of founders of the American Committee have generation” between both parts. All their the People of the U .S.S.R." came to a not decided clearly and unequivocally Eastern Europe and Soviet policy is no head in mid-1950, and was formally in­ what they are aiming a t: the liberation more than shadow fight and continuous corporated under the laws of Delavare on of the peoples of the U.S.S.R., which is sparrings “ to keep in form” . But it is February 8th, 1951. This name was chang­ by itself identical with the dismember­ not a preparations for a real bout. ed a few months la'ter to "American Com­ ment of the Russian Empire, or to pre­ So if the Ukrainians wish no war, they mittee for the Liberation of the Peoples serve the existence of the Russian Empire, also see at present no prospects to get of Russia”, Inc". But this second name which by itself is identical with the pre­ freed by adequate politics. Their bitter too, had soon to be changed again which servation of the continued enslavement of resistance to bolshevism lacks a political came to pass on March 25th, 1953. The the non-Russian nations. The founders of counter-part on the West; it lacks the next name was then: " American Com­ the American Committee entered upon a response of the free world. The Ameri­ mittee for Liberation from Bolshevism, thoroughly erroneous and abstruse way of cans and the British should have recog­ Inc.” It was hard to say whether this is thinking that they can have both: the nized in the meantime 'that they can the last one and no more alterations will preservation of the Russian Empire and wreck bolshevism only by the politics of come. 'the liberty of non-Russian nations; to eat the most close co-operation with the peo­ Whatever the names, this same Ame­ the cake, and to preserve it. For 'three years ples behind the Iron Curtain. But thev rican Committee exists now for 3 years they have tried obstinately and even spas­ avoid proper contacts with the peoples and it would be interesting to ask— what modically to find a way out, 'to elaborate themselves and conform with the Moscow are the results? We do not know what the a compromise—where there can be no government. This creates in the last few expenditures of 'the Committee in these 3 one. Three years later, and so many mil­ months a feeling of a deep depression passed years exactly had been, but with­ lions gone, they are exactly at the spot among the masses the other side of the out doubts they go into millions. But three where they have started : nowhere. There Iron Curtain. This is the explanation why years later there exists no such one desired is no emigre Center, and there is no anti­ the Kremlin is able to quench even the emigre Center, created with the help of bolshevik propaganda. slightest signs of a rebellion without cre­ assistance of the American Committee, The magic word by which the Ame­ ating even so much a ripple on the sur­ which could boast it unites a really rican Committee hoped to solve the prob­ face of the life of masses, as was the case representable and responsible proportion lem and to untie the dilemma w as: de­ with the downfall of Mr. Beria. Nobody of the nations and population of the mocracy. But what means democracy in cared really. The peoples of the U.S.S.R. Soviet Union. There are two, or three, even to the most ardent Russian democrat know that the West would not respond. or even more of such “ Centres” , all if democracy means that a non-Russian “ DEMAND” FOR MOSCOW claiming that they are the sole and only nation might take the chance and dissol­ NEWSPAPERS “ true” representatives of the Russian and ve its ties with the empire? Such a Rus­ “ There are more than 100,000 copies of the local non-Russian nations, and they are Still sian would gladly let democracy go as to newspaper, The Soviet Word and thousands of other multiplying. Concerning the anti-bolshe­ keep the empire. For each genuine Rus­ journals and magazines in stock at the storage depot vik propaganda three years later we know sian the democracy stops exactly where of the newspaper-office of the Union Press in Droho- of no one book, or newspaper, or a pam­ 'the interest of the preservation of the bych. These periodicals which should reach the read­ ing public via the salcs-booths of the Union Press phlet, or even a liflet worth mentioning, empire begins. have been returned to the storage depot from the produced by one of the Russian or non- And vice-versa. What means democracy various districts. The Party and the Soviet Party Russian organizations acknowledged, sup­ to a non-Russian when he sees that it is organizations are not interested in the circulation of ported and financed by the American tied up to the idea of the preservation these newspapers and magazines by sale if they re­ main unsold at the sales-booths” . (Radyans\a Uk­ Committee. The gentlemen from these of the Russian empire This non-Russian raine! of June 30, 1953). acknowledged and carefully hugged orga­ has his bitter historical experiences and No. 8—9______UKRAINIAN OBSERVER______Page 13 knows only too well what the “ brother­ as such never fight bolhevism seriously. UKRAINIAN OBSERVER hood” of the “ elder brother” means. Just They never did. the stubborn, convulsive sticking of every In one of the publications of the of the Russian to the idea of preservation of A .C.L.B. we find such a statement on UKRAINIAN INFORMATION his empire makes every non-Russian the principles of this organization : SERVICE (U.I.S.) doubt profoundly about the genuiness and “ In the Center the Committee would the sincerity of their democratic assuran­ try to create, no group would be ac­ Published by ces. If they are true democrats, those Rus­ ceptable which was unwilling to agree UKRAINIAN PUBLISHERS LTD. sian “ elder brothers” , why do they refuse that the political or geographical 237 Liverpool Road to acknowledge and 'to accept the formula frame-work of a future Soviet Union London, N.I. Tel. NORth 1828 that the non-Russian nations possess an can be decided only by the peoples of unalienable right to secede from the em­ the Soviet Union themselves. No group pire? of Great Russians which insisted upon Adm. Leslie C. Stevens. In Europe there is a whole row already of fallen or just To make the viewpoint of this journal the indivisibility of the present Soviet teetering leaders of A .C.L.B. who had more clear, we would suggest the gentle­ Union can be accepted into the Center, tried and failed : Spencer Williams, lsaa\ men from the A .C .L.B. might imagine any more than could a group of non- Don Levine, Oatis P. Swiff, Mr. Patch, such a picture: 1789 there arises, say in Russian nationality emigres who insist­ William Cates, Manning H . Williams France (at that time a very powerful ed as a condition of entering into the etc., etc. nation), a “ French Committee for the Center that the Center predetermines Liberation from Monarchical Tyranny” . the independence of a particular area. But there is more to that than only the failure of A .C.L.B. in creating one ef­ This French Committee fights the feudal In other words, the Committee is fective anti-bolshevik emigre Center. The abuses and crimes (as A .C .L.B. would founded on the principle of equal as­ appearance of the A.C.L.B. influenced dis­ like to fight bolshevik abuses and crimes) sistance to, equal co-operation with, astrously the normal cause of the political in the British Empire, propagates democ­ all emigre groups whether Great Rus­ racy— and French “ non-predetermina­ sians or non-Russians who desire to life of many national emigrations. The Americans are'convinced with their dol­ tion” in the question of the preservation carry on an active struggle against bol­ lars they can achieve everything: buy of the same British Empire. This French shevism and who recognize rhe uncon­ people, remodel ideas, change historical Committee would mean : “ let us have de­ ditional right of all the peoples in­ conceptions. But more than often with mocracy and not monarchical tyranny in habiting the territory of the Soviet their dollars they create confusion, dis­ the British Empire, then democracy would Union to determine their own fate on order, moral depravation, even chaos and render the American separatism sensless. the basis of a democratic expression spiritual ruins. Before the appearance of Under democracy all would live in the of the will of the peoples” . the A .C .L.B., and before Ukrainians were British Empire free and happy” . Would Fine as this statement sounds, parti­ needed' for the (‘common front” with the American Founding Fathers accept cularly it makes no much sense. It is the Russians, the Ukrainian community democracy as a substitute, an “ ersatz” for simply not applicable. By the above stan­ abroad was a pretty well organized poli­ their full national liberty? Of course, they dards not one Russian group could be tical entity, absolutely united in its com­ would not. They would fight as they bra­ accepted into the Center because all of mon attitude and fight against bolshevism vely did—in Philadelphia, Boston, Sara­ them insist upon the indivisibility of the and Russian imperialism. A .C.L.B. with toga Springs, Yorktown, etc., etc. Democ­ Russian empire; absplutely all without its dollars has created a number of Uk­ racy is no “ ersatz” for liberty. exception. And vice versa, 'this applies also to all honest representatives of non- rainian political bastards in the form of But this is exactly what the A.C.L.B. Russian nations: With exclution of some some never heard of before “ unions of is suggesting in the case of Russia: the Russian “ federalistic” stooges, all of them federalists” , and made the parties of U.N. non-Russian nations might substitute their insist on the independence “ in their par­ Rada vacillate and totter in their formerly yearning for full liberty by the status of ticular area” . If it is true that A.C.L.B. proper anti-imperialist anti-Russian posi­ all-Russian democracy, provided the de­ insists that it recognized the unconditio­ tion. Since the American “ organization” mocracy in Russia is at all feasible. In nal righ't of all peoples of the U.S.S.R. of the “ anti-bolshevik front” started, there consequence such is the everlasting “ ar­ to determine their own fate on the basis is unrest, agitation and never-ending gument” of all American gentlemen from of the democratic expression of their will, trouble in the internal Ukrainian emigre A.C.L.B., and of all their Russian “ de­ then we cannot doubt about the clear will life, something the bolsheviks are the first mocratic” but empire-dizzy friends : “ let of both parties : the Great Russians will— to be glad of. us have democracy and not bolshevik ty­ their empire with all the other nations At last, there are signs that 'the A.C. ranny in the Russian Empire, then democ­ subjected, and the non-Russians will no L.B. is more and more openly taking the racy would render the Ukrainian separa­ Russian empire and no subjection to the Russian imperialistic positions against the tism and all other national separatism will of the “ elder brother” . rightful aspirations of the non-Russian sensless. Under democracy all would live This is the clear-cut decision made al­ nations. Sorrowful as this in itself may in the Russian Empire free and happy” . ready by the peoples and this also is the be, a clear and open enmity is by far The basic disease of the »A.C.L.B., by solution of the “ riddle” why the A.C. better and sounder than the life in the which this organization sooner or later L.B., now for three years, is not in the twilight of doubts and suspenses. The would inevitably die, is its lack of a clear- position to form a common emigre Center A .C .L.B. proposed to “ help and assist” cut decision whom to make definitely the worth mentioning. Thus it comes that the the political emigrants in their fight ally of Americans in U.S.S.R.: Russians A .C .L.B., for months and years is tot­ against bolshevism. Instead, the politics or non-Russians. We would not tire to tering around, bungling from one “ solu­ of the A .C .L.B. in the three years of its repeat and to prove this incessantly : tion” to the other, always trying some activities has only helped to dissiminate America cannot have both of them. One “ new” ways and approaches— and is and stimulate party and fractional hat­ day it will have to choose. And if the coming to nothing. This involves a ter­ reds, alienations, animosities, malices, fight with bolshevism is for the U.S.A. rible waste of people. In these three years strifes, conflicts and mutual discrimina­ a bitter earnest, then the day unevitably there already had been three bosses of tions. They say, they never intended? But will come that U.S.A. will choose the the A .C.L.B. in U .S.A : Messrs : Eugene they did. non-Russian nations. The Russians would Lyons, Adm. Alan G. Kir\, and now That hapless Committee! . . . Page 14 UKRAINIAN OBSERVER No. 8—9 Prof. Dr. Volodymyr Derzhavyn ing to plans of work drawn up in Mos­ cow. Even the scientific inspection of the THE HUMANE SCIENCES IN POST-WAR finds were taken in hand “ in common” , and sometimes not even in Ukraine at SOVIET UKRAINE all, but in Moscow. And, since the re -. 1. Archaeology and Pre-History were, with a few exceptions, not to be suits of the researches concerned were It certainly cannot be denied that, found in Russia proper, and certainly published in Moscow and in Russian in of all the humane sciences which have could not have been themselves at all well a scientically unobjectionable form (lest been 'tolerated at all in the Soviet Ukraine trained there, on account of the scarcity the Marxist terminology and phraseology (Ukrainian Socialist Soviet Republic), in of pre-historical discoveries which had were disregarded), Soviet-Russian science the thirty-five years of its nominal exis­ been made in that land. Thus it was in could not only boast of an illusory “ scien­ tence, archaeology, and especially that sec­ the interests of the Moscow-directed Sov­ tific co-operation” , but could also gena- tion of it which deals with pre-history (for iet science or, to be more accurate, of rally take the credit, before all the world, the “ historical” part of archaeology has the Soviet-Russian bolshevist “ culture for these archaeological publications as had to share the fate of the actual science politics” , to treat Ukrainian archaeology “ illustrious scientific achievements” of the of history and the history of art) has suf­ differently from the other Ukrainian Soviet-Russian archaeology. One may see fered least of all under the bolshevist- humane sciences and not completely to that this parasitic attitude towards Ukra­ Russian despotism. It was, on the one suppress or eradicate it, but to control it inian science has become, in the post-war hand, a really representative science, clo­ from Moscow and exploit for peculiarly period, more intensive than before by the sely connected with the West through Soviet-Russian ends. fact that publications about the, territo­ numerous international and scientific con­ That naturally does not mean that the rially, purely Ukrainian neolithic Trypil- gresses. One could not have simply let it Soviet-Russian despots made no reprisals la Culture (such as T. Passer’s treatise: lapse without considerably damaging on the Ukrainian archaeologists. As one “ The Problem of the Dating of the Try- one’s own cultural reputation; and it was example among many, one may here pilla Settlements” , 1949) are now appear­ in the twenties that the Soviet Union was think of the prominent Kyiv archeologist, ing predominantly in Russian. rather interested in its cultural reputation Prof. D. Shcherbakjvsky (not to be con­ Besides this, the Ukrainian Archaeolo­ in Western Europe and America. fused with his brother, the pre-historian gical and pre-historical sciences have been On the other hand, however,—and this and ethnologist, Prof. Dr. Va lym Shcher- forced to support with all their might, was much more important—Soviet Marx­ ba\ivs\y, who has been doing scientific with their scientific material, the projec­ ism needed concrete pre-historical disco­ work in the emigration since 1919, and tion of Russian imperialism upon past veries, in order to be able thereby to il­ is at present in London) who, as early ages, which idea has been especially flou­ lustrate and make somewhat credible as the beginning of the thirties, was driven rishing since the war. Let us first take Engels’ doctrinal theories, based on Ba- 'to suicide by systematic bolshevist perse­ a concrete example: c/iofen and McLennan, his “ Formations cution. Moreover, during the reign of ter­ of Social Development” — thus primitive ror of 1937-39 which was called after the The present Soviet pre-historical re­ Communism, matriarchy, patriarchy, notorious People’s Commissar of the search is endeavouring particularly to slave economy, and, to a degree, even N .K.V.D ., N . Yezhov, several Ukrainian “ prove” that the original inhabitants of ancient feudalism. So the entirely abstract archaeologists disappeared without a trace. the Crimean Peninsula, 'the present Mol­ nature of those “ formations” , and espe- They were not, however, persecuted davian Soviet Republic and the Carpa­ tially the marked deficiency in connection primarily as archaeologists, but much more thian Mountains were not only Slavs, but with tangible manifestations of material as prominent representatives of Ukrainian “ Eastern Slavs” , and therefore the direct culture, was almost always dissimulated, science, and their actual specialist work ancestors of the present-day Russians (and and to every archaeological discovery was has little to do wi'th their arrest, i. e. on no account, of the Ukrainians, or imputed dny possible kind of “ sociologi­ liquidation. Byelorussians). This conception concern­ cal” interpretation. That archaeological There were also instances of orthodox ing the Crimea, which scientifically speak­ material, however, could not be furnished Marxists without special scientific train­ ing, has been derived out of thin air, is in the desired measure by actual Russian ing being imported into Ukraine from being advocated with special emphasis, (Muscovite) archaeology, simply because Moscow and Leningrad and set at the and that from quite transparent political of the very scanty number of pre-historical head of important archaeological institu­ reasons, in order to depict the Turko- discoveries in Russia proper (Muscovy). tions (like the infamous plagiarist, Prof. Tartar population of the Crimea as a The official Soviet-Marxism and, as one S. SemenovZusser, a former actor, in comparatively late intrusion and thus, to used to say, Leninism (although Lenin Kharkiv). Since, however, that kind of some extent, “ historically” to justify the had never occupied himself at all with pseudo-scientist failed miserably at die genocide which was committed in 1946 pre-history) were 'therefore forced to draw actual excavations, their leading role was against these people by the Soviet govern­ upon the concrete findings of Ukrainian generally of short duration. ment. In June, 1952, the Moscow Acade­ archaeology and were thus greatly inte­ For it was upon these very excavations my of Science held, purposely in Simfe­ rested in its continued existence. that Soviet “ culture politics” specially re­ ropol, capital of the Crimea, a conference It is 'true that, during the thirties, these lied, and it certainly cannot be disputed expressly devoted to the subject of “ the motives had lost much of significance and that, in their organization and technical discovery of Crimea” . The chairman was effectiveness against the powerfully as­ execution, the Soviet regime in Ukraine the official director of the Moscow Insti­ piring Russian chauvinism. Yet even Rus­ showed, from the middle of the twen­ tute for Historical Research, Boris Gre- sian chauvinism was considerably intere­ ties, no lack of goodwill or remunerative \ov, and the purpose of the conference sted in a, if closely restricted, further de­ financing. That sounds paradoxical, but was to declare, impressively and “ una­ velopment of Ukrainian archaeology and is susceptible of a ready explanation. The nimously” , East-Slav tribe to be 'the origi­ pre-historical research: the Ukrainian excavations concerned were indeed carried nal inhabitants of the Crimea. Now it archaeological places of discovery could out by Ukrainian scientists, but generally must be admitted that it is scientifically naturally not be transplanted to the North at the inducement of Russian specialists, unobjectionable to state that the pre- and, in order to examine them thorough­ and were thus made at the request of the historical population of the Crimea had ly, one required technically trained and Russian Academy of Science and, since no kind of Turko-Tartar constituents, scientifically h ig h ly qualified people, who the middle of the thirties, mainly accord­ but it is also highly probable that there No. 8—9 UKRAINIAN OBSERVER 15

were no siav, not to speak of any “ East- Ukraine Behind the Iron Curtain

As far as B. Gre\ov’s thesis on the HOW DO BOOKS GET INTO THE WHY ARE THERE SO FEW pre-historical population of the Carpath­ UKRAINIAN SOVIET SOCIALIST PICTURES IN THE SOVIET ians is concerned—that the history of the REPUBLIC? NEWSPAPERS? “ Russian” state began, not as late as the “ The Leningrad Book Distributing Centre sends In general very few photographs and pictures 9th century, in Novgorod and Kyiv, but literature to all districts of the Ukrainian Soviet appear in the Moscow periodical press; if and when as early as 'the 6th century, in the Car­ Socialist Republic. . . In this way 54 million Karbo- photographs and pictures appear in the newspapers pathian foothills, just as the empire of vanci’s worth of books by Russian classical writers then they usually depict machines, workshops and and Soviet authors have been dispatched since the only few persons, if any. Or else they show mass the Rurik dynasty is said to have been end of the war. (Radyans^a Ukjaina of July 7, 1953). scenes in which the faces of the individuals are preceded by several national structures— The Moscow censors send books which they have blurred. this idea is nothing n ew : it was advanced compiled themselves to the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Photos of “ leading and outstanding personalities” two or three generations ago by renowned Republic, and in this way rob the impoverished are also touched up in this way so that they depict not a person but a mask. There is seldom any devia­ Ukrainian historians such as M. Hru- population of what little money it has. As we have already stressed on several occasions the Moscow tion from this procedure, and the picture of a normal shevs!{y in connection with a hypotheti­ “ Culture” is now circulated openly in Ukraine and person is rarely shown in such a way as to enable one to gain a personal impression of him. cal pre-historical Slav realm in Volhynia. not as was formerly the case in its “ Ukrainian This type of picture which depicts persons appeared What, however, is new is that every­ Edition” . * # # in the Radyans\a U\raina of June 28, 1953, with the thing in primitive history which concerns following caption: “ Mass meeting of workers and the ancestors of the Ukrainians or the employees at the engineering works in Lviv in com­ Byelorussians is simply claimed by Soviet- MOBILIZATION OF THE TOWN memoration of events in Berlin on June 17th. In the Russian chauvinism. This is done on POPULATION FOR foreground the foreman of the works, Volodymyr AGRICULTURAL WORK Savitzky” . The picture shows about 150 to 200 per­ the scientifically absurd pretext that it sons, and those in the front are easily recognizable “ At the meeting of the Executive Committee of was not until the 13th and 14th centuries as for instance on a normal photograph printed on the Ministry of Agriculture of the Ukrainian Soviet poor paper. The general impression one gains from that these two nations had distinguished Socialist Republic it was ascertained that the first themselves ethnically from the “ all-Rus­ the picture is that the persons on it are terrified of stage of the work of bringing in the harvest is ca­ those who have called this meeting, and it is obvious sian” nation and naturally with the ap­ tastrophic” . On the Kolkhos farms in the Chernyhiv that the workers and employees feel their fate to plication of ridiculous sophism which are district only 1 per cent of the hay was brought in be the same as that of the victims of June 17th. said to prove an allegedly closer connec­ by June 15th, according to the statement made at # # # this meeting. “ In the Sumsk district only 300 hectars tion of the pre-historical cultures in ques­ of meadowland were utilized whlist the remaining THE DUTY OF PHILOLOGY tion with the ethnic Russians in the East. 16,000 hectars available remained unmown. . . The The noble duty and responsibility of the learned heads of the agricultural organizations in the districts and collective system of the language institutes and Ukrainian archaeology must also take its of Chernyhiv and Sumsk have failed to draw the university faculties for the Ukrainian language is to necessary conclusions from the serious mistakes made place in the front line on behalf of the set up a Marxist training course in the history of the last year, when, as a result of delay and poor or­ Ukrainian language, which not only stresses the latest Soviet dating of “ pan-Russian” his­ ganization of labour, unmown hay was left on the common origin of the Russian, Ukranian, and part- tory since Soviet-Russian historical scien­ meadows and the kolkhos farms could therefore not Russian languages and the close connection between ce fias asserted that feudalism arose in store sufficient fodder, which fact in its turn led them, but also draws attention to the anti-scientific “ Russia” (i. e. including Ukraine) quite to a considerable loss in cattle’*. . . tendency of the bourgeois nationalistic misrepresenta­ tion of actual facts in the development of the Ukra­ independently and certainly not later than As can be seen from these statements there was a considerable loss in cattle in both these districts due inian language.” (Radyans^a Ufyaina of June 26, in Western Europe. According to this sta­ to a shortage of fodder. Similar conditions existed in 1953)- tement, the beginning of feudalism in other districts, too, and for this reason it was neces­ The same paper then mentions the successful re­ Russia can be assigned, no longer to the sary to point out to the heads of farms in the districts sults achieved so far and defines the task of the language institutes of the academies in the Ukrainian ioth-nth centuries, but to the 6th-yth. of Chernyhiv, Shytomyrsk, Sumsk, Kirovograd, Dnip- ropetrovsk, Stanyslaviv and Tarnopil that “ the work Soviet Socialist Republic in the future. The “ task of honour” of “ substantinat- in connection with mowing the hay and storing Truly “ a noble duty and responsibility on the part ing” this nonsense archaeologically has fal­ fodder had been extremely inefficient” . The decision of the language institutes and university departments len upon the Ukrainian historians, since it was reached to employ all the kolkhos farmers able in the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic” ! * # * will, at the most, be a matter of those be­ to work and labourers of the radhosp farms (Soviet farms) and, where necessary, the population DWELLINGS FOR MINERS ginnings of feudalism which were already of the towns, district towns and workers’ settlements in existence in Western Europe at the time for this kind of work. “ In the year 1952 to 1953 the miners (miners in of the Romans. This is being done accord­ (Radyans\a XJ\raina of June 19, 1953). the district of Voroshylovgrad) were given a total area of 133,000 square metres for the purpose of ac­ ing to orders; and the zeal with which the # # # comodation” . . . Kyiv archaeologists, Dovzheniu\ and Bria- This Moscow phrase, expressed in millions and chevs\y, are defending the Soviet-Russian “INSTRUCTIONAL PROPAGANDA thousands of metres, when translated into normal thesis is sufficient proof of their realisa­ DOES NOT STRESS THE everyday language, simply means that the 133,000 NATIONALIST REMNANTS square metres for the purpose of accomodation really tion that their heads are at stake. consist of 8 to 9,000 rooms that are none too large. SUFFICIENTLY” What a “ unique” state of affairs when 8 to 9,000 Taken all in all, however, Ukrainian In a lengthy correspondence on the subject of rooms are placed at the disposal of 450,000 to 500,000 archaeology and pre-historical research is instructional propaganda in the district of Chernivci workers. And if one examines this announcement more only one among the Ukrainian humane the writer devotes his attention to the “ inadequate closely and compares conditions with those in England sciences which has not been deprived of exposure of those remnants of capitalism in connec­ for instance, where 300,000 houses arc built every tion with the national problem of which the people year, then one will fully realize how much bluff its scientific workers and research me­ there is in Communist propaganda about “ the im­ thods under the Soviet-Russian yoke; are most aware. . . Furthermore no mention is made of the socialist changes which have taken place in provement in the standard of living of the miners’* and one may hope that, in the event of a the province of Bucovina during the Soviet regime in Ukraine. collapse of Soviet-Russian domination in nor of the brotherly help accorded to the population # # * Ukraine, it will be able to shake free of Bucovina by the Russians and by other peoples “VAST DEMONSTRATIONS” of the U .S.S.R.” . (Radyans\a U\raina of June 20, of the unworthy role of an “ ancilla Marx- “ Vast demonstrations’ * are at present taking place ismi Moscovitici” which has been forced J 953)- all over the U.S.S.R. in connection with the dis­ As can be seen from these statements the people upon it, and will immediately renew suc­ missal of Beria. In the main cities of the Union of of Bucovina are classed as “ Russians” , the word Soviet Socialist Republics in particular it is pointed cessfully its purely scientific and national­ “ Ukraine” is omitted, and the province of Bucovina out that Beria “ by various crafty schemes sought to ly important researches on a European is treated as a special district. disseminate hostility among the peoples of our country. scientific level. # # * But the workers in the western districts of the Uk- é UKRAINIAN OBSERVER No. 8—9 rainian Soviet Socialist Republic know that they owe THE THIRD CONGRESS OF THE THE 30-YEAR JUBILEE OF THE their happiness and their freedom to the great Russian ORGANIZATION OF UKRAINIAN UKRAINIAN CENTRAL STUDENT nation. . . And no crafty Beria will succeed in under mining the sacred friendship of our fraternal nations” . NATIONALISTS. ORGANIZATION (C.E.S.U.S.) (Pravda’s comment on July 12, 1953 on a meeting of (Continued from Page 8) (Continued from Page io) the Central Committee of the Communist Party in their turn then appointed other members the district of Lviv). ‘ ‘No enemies will ever succeed the outbreak of World War II, and in of the Executive Committee. Since then in undermining the sacred principles on which the the last two after this war. The Central all three have been killed in the course of national policy of our party is based or in weakening Union of Ukrainian Students (C.E.S.U.S.) the long-standing and eternal friendship of the Rus­ the struggle against bolshevism. The was a member of the C.I.E. (Confédéra­ sian, Ukrainian and other nations of our country” ! Supreme Council of the O.U.N. was also (A resolution passed at a meeting in Kyiv, where the tion Internationale des Etudiants) and of elected, whereby the functions of the chairman of the Supreme Soviet Committee of the the I.S.S. (International Students’ Ser­ supreme judge and the central committee Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic gave an address). vice) until 1939 and, at the present time, Of couise no mention whatsoever is made of the of the O.U.N. were transferred to this is very actively co-operating with the Russian pressure exerted in the western provinces council, which also had a certain legisla­ C . O.S.E.C. (Co-ordinating Secretariate of of the Ukraine, where Russian methods have been tive power. introduced in the Ukrainian schools and Russians Students’ Unions). The participation of have been appointed to be in charge of party posi­ The revolutionary struggle in the Uk­ Ukrainian delegates in all importatn stu­ tions. rainian Soviet Socialist Republic was at # # # dent assemblies and conferences may be that time at its height. The Organization regarded as one of the most important THE “UKRAINIANS” SUPPORT of Ukrainian Nationalists and the U k­ activities of the Ukrainian Central Stu­ THE KREMLIN rainian Insurgent Army had thousands dent Organization. The Moscow newspapers often talk about the way of members in their ranks and this neces­ in which the various individual national republics In the Ukrainian sector, the C.E.S.U.S., support the Kremlin. And here are a few examples of sitated political measures in the form of how the “ Ukrainians” support Moscow’s policy at an all-Ukrainian representative body. It occupied itself with the cultural and, un­ meetings. was at the Third Congress of the Orga­ till the year 1939, the material assistance In Kyiv the supporter was a representative of nization of Ukrainian Nationalists that of Ukrainian students. (Beginning with the engineering works, “ Bolshevyk” , a man of the name of Malinin. In another Kyiv factory the sup­ the idea of founding the Ukrainian Sup­ the year 1939, the latter task has been porters were the foreman of the casting department, reme Council (U.H.V.R.) originated. taken over by the Commission for the Kuzniecov, and a “ workwoman” of the name of External political factors were mainly Assistance of Ukrainian Students (Ko. Asentijeva. In Dnipropetrivske the supporter was a determined by the events of the war, and D. U.S.). Besides, it arranged meetings, representative of the Lenin works, called Araschimov, conferences and high-school weeks. Em­ whilst in a metal works the supporter was a “ work­ this fact in its turn determined the fo­ woman” called Korolova. In Staino the district sec­ reign policy of he O.U.N. The leading phasis was also laid on athletic training, retary of the Communist Party, Strujev, and the personalities of the Organization of U k­ and Ukrainian representatives took part local woman-secretary of the Communist Party, Shu­ rainian Nationalists assumed that the de­ in international functions. valova, were the supporters. All of them attempted to convince others that Beria “ strove to activise mocratic Western hemisphere will never This central organization today em­ bourgeois-national elements in Union republics and be able to reach an permanent agreement braces 15 student organizations as legal to disseminate hostility between the Russian and the with Russian Communism and they the­ Ukrainian nations” . members to which belong, in Europe, # # # refore held the theory that these two America and Australia, about 850 regular worlds are bound to clash. The resolu­ members. This year has been founded the THE “TRAITOR” tions passed in August 1943 illustrate the On July 10, 1953, a full meeting of the Communist Ukrainian Students’ Organization of Party of the district of Kyiv as well as meetings of attitude of the O.U.N. towards the forces America, which unites 22 Ukrainian stu­ other local party committees took place in Kyiv at of bolshevism and Nazism most clearly. dent organizations in the U.S.A. which 1,200 persons were present. On this occasion “ .. .For this reason the O.U.N. is fight­ the main subject was the case of the “ traitor Beria” . ing against the U.S.S.R. and the “ New To mark the occasion of its 30-year Speeches were made by the following persons: Ky- jubilee, the C.E.S.U.S. has published the rychenkp, the secretary of the Central Committee of Europe” as advocated by the Germans” . the Communist Party in Ukraine, Scmenen\o, the “The O.U.N. most decidedly opposes jubilee postage-stamps and has prepared vice-president of the Academy of Science, and by all internationalist and fascist and natio­ ?. jubilee calendar. The close of the jubilee Sokol, one of the secretaries of the Komsomol, who nal-socialist party programmes and po­ festivities coincides with the 17th Cong­ maintained that he was speaking “ on hehalf of ress of this organization, which took 120,000 members of the Komsomol and the entire litical. ideologies since they represent the youth of the capital of Ukraine” . In Lviv a similar means by which the imperialists aim to place in Paris on August 22nd and 23rd, meeting of the Communist Party of the district and enforce their policy of world conquest. 1953. In addition, a two-week high-school of local groups also took place at which 1,100 party For this reason we oppose Russian course was organized, the main theme functionaries were present. At this meeting speeches of which was “The Ukrainian indivi­ were made by Serdiu\, the district secretary of the Communist bolshevism and German Communist Party in Ukraine, and by Shto\alo, a national-socialism” . dual in the Soviet reality” . member of the Academy of Science of the Ukrainian Considerable attention was devoted to Soviet Socialist Republic. The “ resolution” was pass­ ed at both meetings that Beria be dismissed, and he social problems because the O.U.N. rea­ “ Freedom of the press, of speech, of was reproached with having attempted to “ separate lized that it was essential for it to draw thought, opinion, faith and philosophy the Ukrainian and the Russian nations” . The fact up a social programme which would be of life” . that the speakers kept mentioning and stressing the in keeping with the needs and wishes of “ unbroken friendship” between the “ fraternal and This point embraces all the principles elder” Russian and Ukrainian nations proves that the Ukrainian masses. The resolutions the Communist leaders in the Ukraine are intending passed at the Congress show that it op­ of a democratic conception of the State to enter upon a new period of exerting Russian posed both the bolshevist economic sys­ and likewise became one of the guiding pressure. As has often been the case on previous tem of exploitation and the capitalist sys­ principles of the O.U.N. occasions O. Kornijchu\ was very much in evidence. # # # tem of economy, and advocated a social It can be ascertained with the greatest The high schools in Ukraine have been holding policy which would best serve the inte­ satisfaction that he Third Congress of the their final examinations. This year more than 40,000 rests of the Ukrainian people. Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists students have completed their training at the univer­ Point 11a of these resolutions explains in the year 1943 did full justice to the sities and colleges. More than 55,000 students have the attitude of the O .lj.N . as regards the passed the intermediate examinations at the technical claims and problems of the Ukrainian schools and special vocational schools. These are the future Ukrainian political constitution, people. highest figures reached during the past two years. which is expressed as follows: Jaroslaw Z. Pelenskyj

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Vol. V No. 10—11 LONDON, OCTOBER—NOVEMBER 195} Price 1 s CONTENTS: THE WEST AND BOLSHEVISM THE WEST AND BOLSHE­ V ISM . 1-2 Since Stalin’s death and the fall of present. It would certainly be to the W. M. the powerful M.V.D. chief Beria, the detriment of the Western World if it KHRUSHCHOV’S AGRARIAN struggle for freedom of the peoples op­ disappointed the hopes of the subju­ PRO G RA M M E .... 2-4 pressed by Moscow has developed in­ gated peoples. And it would be in keep­ Z . Poray creasingly. The coming months and ing with the wishes of the Kremlin if DIPLOMACY AROUND UK­ years will no doubt be of special im­ the Western World all too clearly show­ RAINE AND BYELORUSSIA . . 4-6 portance for the free world. The atti­ ed that it was not in the. least interested A Basic Test of American Po­ tude of the subjugated peoples will in the cause of those oppressed peoples. litical Integrity and Sincerity largely depend on the policy those The Soviets have in a masterly way powers are likely to pursue. There are used the general strike in France and EUROPEAN DEFENCE COM­ dear indications of a looming crisis in the latent crisis in Italy to conceal their MUNITY AND THE UKRA- the U .S.S.R., and in the satellite States own weakness within the U.S.S.R., I N I A N S ...... 6-8 as well. This situation is also, in part, and, aided by their "fifth columns” , YIP. due to the struggle for liberation of the have sought to demonstrate their un­ A.B.N.—A STRUGGLE FOR oppressed nations and individuals. Nei­ diminished strength to the free world. F R E E D O M...... 8 ther terrorization nor national massacre Precisely the fact that certain Western On the Occasion of the 10th was so far able to paralyse the active circles maintain continuous relations Anniversary of the First Con­ fight for liberation against national op­ with White-Russian imperialists and ference of the Enslaved Nations pression, personal enslavement, and former adherents of Bolshevism must Yaroslav Z. Pelenskyj social exploitation, and the longing of inevitably lead to many negative re­ LIBERATING NATIONALISM .9-10 men for freedom and justice. sults as far as the struggle for freedom A few thoughts on the latest The Political Struggle is concerned. Russian imperialism will Soviet Interpretations of the not be satisfied by surrendering them National Problem in the The foreign policy of the U.S.S.R. io or 12 peoples instead of 30. The has become mainly a function of the U.S.S.R. present psychological warfare of the domestic policy, that is to say of pres­ V . D . Western World, since it has such a low sure on the subjugated peoples. The THE NATIONALITY PRO­ standard of political and intellectual ef­ fluctuations of Soviet foreign policy BLEM OF THE SOVIET U- ficiency, will neither morally nor po­ are due to the struggle for national and NION AND RUSSIAN COM­ litically prompt Russian imperialism to social liberation. It is obvious that MUNIST IMPERIALISM abandon its control over one third of 10-11 ihose in power in the Kremlin want V. D . the world, and to be content with the to prevent any co-operation of the re­ territory it controlled in 1939. After NATIONAL PROBLEMS IN presentatives of the national under­ THE U.S.S.R ...... 1 1 - 1 2 all, it makes no difference if one or ground movements with the free world, twenty nations are subjugated to comp­ John F. Stewart and in particular with the U.S.A. For lete ruin. T O R T U R E D U K R A IN E . 12-14 this reason the indifference of the free The 1933 Russian-Engineered world towards the political fate of the The Sphere in Which the Struggle is Famine peoples oppressed by Russian-Bolshe- Fought Prof. Dr. Volodymyr Derzhavyn vist imperialism is very deplorable. Our epoch is doubtlessly characte­ THE HUMANE SCIENCES This is not the time to revive a “ policy rized by the conflict between two en­ IN POST-WAR SOVIET UK­ of containment” or even an “ appease­ tirely different worlds; it resembles the R A IN E ...... 14-15 ment policy” , and to seek a kind of so­ downfall of the moribund antique Science of History lution by means of compromise and world which resulted in the rise of A. Kaminskyj peace offensive. There is only one way Christianity. Thus any fight, if it is to MALENKOV’S “COLLECT­ to secure a lasting success: active initia­ have a chance of success, must be IV E L E A D E R S H IP ” . . 15-16 tive, a concentric political offensive, fought on the basis ot a total and not UKRAINE BEHIND THE and effective assistance in the struggle just a partial negation of Bolshevism. IRON CURTAIN .... 16 for freedom which is in progress at The battle is at present being fought Page 2 UKRAINIAN OBSERVER No. io—ii not only in the national and political spheres, but also in the intellectual and KHRUSHCHOV’S AGRARIAN PROGRAMME ideological sphere. The slogans hither­ U.S.S.R. AGRICULTURE IN A SERIOUS SITUATION to used by the Western World were inadequate and insufficient for this The same Nikita S. Khrushchov who, 13, 1953, and the decisions of the Cen­ struggle, and could therefore not be three years ago, was the top executive of tral Committee of the Party “ on the mea­ realized in practice. The initiative so the Politbureau and the Soviet Govern­ sures for the future development of ag­ far-taken by the West, including the ment, and who throughly studied the riculture in the U.S.S.R.” are rare and “ American Committee for the Libera­ plan of the “ industrialization” of agricul­ significant documents which may be of tion from Bolshevism” , “ Free Eu­ ture which in those days was new, that great importance for the future course of rope” , and the “ Green International” , is to say the conception of “ agro-towns” , world policy. The reason is not only that this same Khrushchov, who now holds were bound to fail because they were there is a very close connection between based on antiquated ideas. The war in the position of a Secretary General of t :e politics and economy everywhere at the China was lost for a similar reason, for Communist Party of the Soviet Union, present time, and that the ties between no constructive and positive alterna­ brought out a new plan in September tives were offered in opposition to this year, Which may be considered by these two main factors of the life of a Communism. the Soviets as a means to remedy the alar­ nation are even closer in the U.S.S.R. than elsewhere, but also that the state­ In this era of intellectual revolution ming situation of agriculture in the ments of Khrushchov and the Central which could lead to the suppression of U.S.S.R. Bolshevism, it is essential that man Khrushchov’s speech which, was pub­ Committee reveal most clearly that the should fight for the integrity of freedom lished in the Soviet press on September present situation and the difficulties of and not merely profess himself an ad­ herent of it. extent corresponds to 'this mentality. understand the internal situation in the The peoples in question must be Bolshevism is based for the most part U.S.S.R. more clearly, if the American able to have a clearly defined image of on the Russian nihilism of the 19th institutions were to cease to be advised their future order in a national, social, century (as the Russian philosopher by dubious Russia-experts, and if, fi­ and cultural respect. If no intellectual Berdjajev points out in his book “ The nally, the ideas voiced by John Foster basis is established which stands for New Middle Ages” ). The Russian ne­ Dulles and Harold E. Stassen as re­ justice for all peoples and mankind in ver felt particularly strong personal gards the recovery of the Middle East general, the Communist danger will ties to his property, his family, to law; and South East Asia which are now continue to grow. Bolshevist nihilism or to the creative powers of tradition. under British and French control, were pervades all spheres of human life, and It is imperative that the “ sacral” cha­ applied in the case of the subjugated thus results in the mass-mentality racter of Bolshevism be opposed by a peoples under Soviet influence, then movement spreading even further. In new and liberal intellectual ideology the political and psychological war the first place, Bolshevism must be and a national and political ideology. waged against Bolshevism would soon overcome intellectually, its military Bolshevism has destroyed all freedom be successful. The initiative hitherto defeat is only a secondary question. It and justice, but these must be revived taken by the Americans, which aimed must be opposed by a new intellectual and renewed by the revolution. to maintain the Russian empire in its principle, by a new positive idea, and It would be entirely wrong to be­ entirety, must be rejected for the rea­ the aim to restore the old Great-Rus­ lieve that the European era is past. son given above, and new methods sian empire must be abandoned. We But the word Europe must no longer must be sought. The restoration of the are of the opinion that Bolshevism can­ be interpreted in the narrowest sense old Russian empire would mean a re­ not be defeated with the same prin­ as was hitherto the case. Europe exists gression in the process of development ciples which prevailed before or during where European culture and its achie­ towards freedom, and would, more­ the revolution, for it was precisely vements are common values; such as over, be entirely wrong for political those principles which caused the re­ the influence of Roman law, as a centre reasons. volution. For the same reason a “ re­ of culture, Christianity or western de­ Therefore a radical and powerful storation” is also out of the question. mocracy. offensive must be launched against The dissolution of the Soviet empire The Right Way Communist despotism and totalitaria­ into national states must ensure politi­ Seldom has there been such an op- nism of every kind, against Leninist- cal and individual freedom, social portu’ ity to undermine the Bolshevik Stalinist theories, against the suppres­ justice, and the exercising of power on regime from within as at the present sion of religions, against colonial im­ behalf of higher cultural and ethical time. It is a well established fact that perialism and the Russian type of fe­ values. subjugated peoples have a very fine deralism. The positive objectives should At. the same time it must be empha­ sense of justice, for anybody who has be: national independence, political sized that the Bolshevik October Re­ to suffer under lawless conditions will, and personal freedom, private proper­ volution was a national Russian revo­ of course, have a much better under­ ty for the peasants, development of lution. Not only the Bolshevik Acti­ standing of national and social differen- home industries, individual initiative vists, but also a large number of new tiatation and injustice. within a pattern of social justice, and men succeeded in acquiring unrestricted The subjugated peoples have a much exercise of governmental power which power, and it will be extremely difficult greater longing for freedom and justice to overthrow this clique. The Bolshe­ than the Western nations who enjoy aim at creation of positive intellectual vik Revolution was one more step to­ freedom and justice, at least in the re­ and also religious values, and the at­ wards materialism in the life of the lative sense. tainment of liberty as a basis for fur­ Russian nation, for anyone who is ac­ In conclusion the following facts ther cultural development. If we bear quainted with the Russian mentality must be stressed: if the Americans, and these aims in mind we shall be success­ knows that Bolshevism to a certain the Western powers in general, were to ful in our fight against Bolshevism, No. io—il UKRAINIAN OBSERVER Page 3 the Bolsheviks in this important field will le), then it becomes obvious that the num­ Five-Year Plan. The crucial point of the not be without consequences for the de­ ber. of animals per 100 persons is insuffi­ programme is that agriculture is regaining velopment of foreign policy, at least in cient. The decrease in the number of a stronger position within the entire sphe­ the near future. draught-animals can be explained by the re of economic relations; moreover a re­ The speech as Well as the decisions of mechanization of agriculture. But the organization of agricultural administra­ the Party establish in all frankness the number of cattle, sheep, and hogs tion is being considered, and it might following facts: ought to have increased under normal even be possible at the present time that 1. The production of wheat, vegetab­ circumstances, since these animals are agriculture will move up to the first pla-ce les, fruits, and other agricultural produce used for consumption as in former times. within Soviet economy. This may be the is very low. As a consequence, the production of milk impression gained from an analysis of 2. Cattle-breeding does not meet pre­ of course dropped too. The Ukrainian the said documents, if one does not bear sent-day requirements of the national newspaper “ Ukrainian Thought” , in its in mind the concrete social and political economy. issue of September 24, 1953, analysed realities in the U.S.S.R. The nature of these realiti's shall be examined later. At 3. The industries connected with agri­ these figures and arrived at the following conclusions: first we want to analyse some of the at­ culture, that is to say medium and small tempts made and some of the means pro­ food-producing industries, do not meet “ In the years 1926-27 the number of cowr. amounted to million. At that posed to remedy the situation of agricul­ the demands of the population. 28-29 time 30 million tons of milk were pro­ ture in the U.S.S.R. . Something Khrushchov did not 4 duced annually, of which Moscow con­ clearly mention, (but which is a logical The “Khrushchov Plan”—if we may sumed 4.3 million tons Or 14.3 % of the consequence of his previous statement): call it so— includes all branches of agri­ total production. Since 1950 the number culture and the industries connected with An alarming situation on the food mar­ of cows has amounted to 24 million, ket, a lack of consumer goods, and an it: cattle-breeding, fodder, setting-up of which is equivalent to a production of excessively low standart of living of the cattle farms, production of potatoes, gar­ 24 mil ion tons of milk. Of this quantity population. dening, growing of fruits, mechanization Moscow claimed 13.2 million tons or of gardening, production of agricultural In this respect Khrushchov refuted the 55 % of the total production, so that for fertilizers, wheat production, organization boldly propagandized statements O n the the entire rural population—and that is of transport and communications, co-or­ resu ts of the first postwar Five-Year more than 65 % of the total population dination of the activities of the M.T.S., Plan. The same applies to the problems of —and for the feeding of calves, only the system of delivery to the state,, the price reduction which was announced se­ 45 % are left”. problem of wages, the organization of veral times, and to the abolition of the In his latest speech to the Supreme professional and political guidance, etc. rationing system for consumer goods. In Soviet, Malenkov announced that the but­ Serious insufficiencies, unsatisfactory those days all these facts were meant to ter production would amount to 400,000 prove that the standard of living of the conditions, and defects as regards the me­ tans in 1953. This indicates that previous­ thods of organization were revealed in all Soviet population had risen and that it ly the butter production was much lower. had even surpassed that of bourgeois these fields, aud a considerable number In comparing this figure with the num­ of mistakes, embezzlements, and misre­ Europe. Soviet statistics which hitherto ber of the population we ascertain that had demonstrated the “ great success” of presentations were discovered. A plan only about 4 vi-pounds"of butter per per­ was presented laying down reorganiza­ production on account of their obscure son are available in the U.S.S.R. for the tion and the necessary reforms in each percentage scheme were unmasked by the period of one year, i- e. one third of an highest Soviet official, the General Sec­ of the various fields mentioned, and, fur­ ounce per day. It must, of course, be sta­ thermore, a plan regulating the fulfilment retary of the Communist Party of the So­ ted in this connection that not all citizens viet Union. of the delivery quotas for the next period will get his third of an ounce, for the par­ of time. The main objective of all of these Some Facts on Statistics ty hierarchy and the bureaucratic Bolshe­ measures is production: more meat, In his speech Khrushchov abandoned vik apparatus are entitled to much higher more potatoes, bread, vegetables, and the Soviet tradition of misleading “per­ rations. butter, in one word: more foodstuffs. cents” and quoted simple but significant Livestock statistics for 1953, as outli­ This plain and clear definition of the figures. The statistics on domestic animals ned by Khrushchov, prove that the figu­ new agricultural plan may be attributed in the U.S.S.R. at present show, compared res did not reach the target laid down in to the desire of the Soviet leaders to raise with figures of the time before the World the first postwar Five-Year Plan. The pro­ the standard of living of the famished War I and between the wars, a serious portional census of livestock in the Ukra­ Soviet citizen, whose dissatisfaction is decrease of cattle, of cows and hors­ ine (proportional as compared to , developing into a dangerous threat to es. Only the number of sheep and 1928 Moscow. But perhaps there is another, hogs, increased to a certain extent. In his 1941 in the Ukrainian S.S.R. and 1953 in more likely reason for such clear state­ speech Khrushchov quoted the following the U.S.S.R. )furnishes the following re­ ments and such rude self-criticism. In or­ figures (in millions) : sults for the Ukrainian Socialist Soviet Republic. der to be able to realize the new agrarian 1916 1928 1941 1953 plan in the U.S.S.R., the Kremlin clique cattle 58.4 66.8 54.5 56.6 target of 5- in millions: 1941 1953 Year Plan is attempting to win over to its side the o: these, rural population or, to be more exact, cattle 11.2 12.2 cows 28.8 33.2 27.8 24.3 11.5 the Kholchos peasants and the labourers hogs hogs 23.0 27.7 27.5 28.5 9.1 9.4 9.6 of the Sovchoses on whose support this sheep 6.8 sheep and 6.7 6.7 plan depends. It is aimed at arousing a horses 2.6 ? goats 96.3 114.6 91.6 109.9 4.9 positive attitude in the working-class horses 38.3 36.1 21.0 15.3 The “ Big” Agrarian Programme masses, and to gain their support for this If we consider the increase of the popu­ At first sight it might appear as if the new experiment. Here we find the reason lation during the years of 1916 to 1953 in programme announced by Khrushchov for all the concessions and all sorts of connection with the above table (from Would be of greater importance for agri­ promises made to the Kholchos peasants: about 140 million to 210 million peop­ culture than the introduction of a new raises of wages in kind and money, main- Page 4 UKRAINIAN OBSERVER No. io—ii tenance and even increase of their private Z . Poray plots, in particular the permission to raise domestic animals and poultry, and to a DIPLOMACY AROUND UKRAINE AND certain extent also gardening. In addi­ BYELORUSSIA tion, a reduction of the targets, a lower­ A Basic Test of American Political Integrity and Sincerity ing of the delivery quotas of agricultural produce to the State, and an increased “ House Concurrent Resolution, 58“ “ And further, . . . the Kremlin in­ supply of tools and seeds are promised. One of 'the most important and clever sisted that the so-called Republics of On account of all these facts many moves in the American psychlogical war­ Ukraine and Byelorussia were entit­ people might feel inclined to regard fare against Bolshevism and Soviet impe­ led to have a separate and independent Khrushchov’s plan as a second Soviet rialism which promises to pay rich poli­ status in the United Nations. Delegat­ N.E.P. But this will not and cannot come tical dividends, is the proposal of Congres­ es from these countries sit today in true, because a possible N.E.P. would es­ sman Lawrence H. Smith (Rep.) of Wis­ the U.N. and their right to do so has sentially require a fundamental reorgani­ consin, U.S.A., to try to establish full never been challenged. zation of Soviet domestic and foreign po­ diplomatic relations between the U.S.A. “ Why then . . . does the United licy. and the Soviet Republics of Ukraine and States fail to establish full diplomatic In principle radical changes in the field Byelorussia. On February 9, 1953 the Con­ relations with Ukraine and Byelorus­ of agriculture are hardly to be expected. gressman introduced on the Floor of the sia? No logical excuse exists for this They would be possible if the structure House of Representatives the pertinent not being done. of Soviet economy would undergo a fun­ “House Concurrent Resolution 58” , “ . . Our new President has chart­ damental shift, that is to say, if agricul­ which became one of the most vividlty and ed a new course in a foreign policy. ture and the industries with it were to friendly debated topics among more 'than He has charted it with firmness and replace heavy industry and armament 2 million Ukrainians, Americans of Uk­ with a determination to carry it industry. Neither Malenkov nor Khrush­ rainian descent, living in the free world through. In his great speech to us a chov has given any indications of such a on this side of the Iron Curtain. There is week ago he said: “ Our policy, dedi­ shift in Soviet industry, and they would no doubt that not less interested in this cated to make the free world secure, not be in a position to mention such a matter are many more millions of Ukra­ will envision all peaceful methods and thing, because, in such a game the very inians and Byelorussians living and suffe­ devices except breaking faith with existence of the empire would be at stake. ring beyond the Iron Curtain, who some our friends. We shall never acquiesce And indeed, the “ great socialist building way or other got news and knowledge of in the enslavement of any people in projects” and the heavy industry are be­ this proposal. order to purchase fancied gain for our­ selves’. ing further developed. Maybe the inten­ The Reasons sity of such development will be reduced “ . . . ’’Adoption of my 'Resolution The motives and reasons of Repr. Law­ if the West seriously accepts this proof is only one of the devices that can be rence H. Smith had been presented very of “readiness for peace” which manifests used to beat Communism on the pro­ clearly and convincibly in his prefatory itself in Khrushchov’s plan. For Soviet paganda front. Let us start by extend­ remarks to the “ H. Con. Res. 58” . The agriculture, however, this could be of ing full diplomatic relations wfjlp, .Uk­ Resolution “ aims to express the sense of advantage only to a limited extent and raine and Byelorussia. The time to this Congress 'that our Government should for a short period of time. start is now” . seek to establish full diplomatic relations The Profits and Advantages In principle there will be no N.E.P.- with the Republics of Ukraine and Byelo­ changes, especially on the social level. So­ russia; we must strive to free these peoples The well known American Commenta­ tor Bob Considine, perhaps most clearly viet economy will, in its fundamental from the steel chains that bind them to saw at once the advantages for the policy structure, continue to remain the same as Communist Russia against their will” . hitherto, characterized by one main featu­ of the U.S.A. of the acceptance of this re: the exploitation of the peasants and “The Kremlin—Repr. L. H. Smith “ Resolution” as he wrote on April 27th, the dreadful control by functionaries continues—has maintained the fiction 1953 in New Yor\ Journal American in which originates in the collectivist prin­ that Ukraine and Byelorussia are free the article "Encouragement for Slaves" as ciples of this economic system. and independent republics, and if one follows: were free, to believe what one can read Flryhorij Machiw, former professor at “ ... It would demonstrate Ameri­ it would appear that 'they are. But I can interest in perhaps the most un­ Kharkov and leading Ukrainian econo­ assure you that it is only a pretence. mist, defined this system very strikingly: stable and restless national areas in the “ Historically, the record shows that Soviet empire. It would put Russia on “Soviet economy is characterized by a as early as 1921 Ukraine joined in the maximum utilization of the manpower of the spot in a variety of ways. The Treaty of Riga with Poland and Rus­ Kremlin likes to boast 'that Ukraine the peasants without securing a minimum sia. This seems to indicate that Ukra­ standard of living for them, and by an and Byelorussia are independent re­ ine enjoyed a separate status. Also, publics, and swung separate seats for exploitation of the means of production, when the Union of Socialist Republics in this case equal to the soil. This econo­ them in the U. N. If Russia won't let was organized in 1923, Ukraine and mic system is of a deceptive kind, it in­ the independent republics accept am­ Byelorussia were each considered a se­ bassadors from the United States, their evitably leads to a decrease of the ferti­ parate nation, and each reserved the lity of the soil, and there are no prospects slavery will be illuminated for all the right freely to withdraw from the of an increasing of productivity” . (Ukra­ world to see and all anti-communist Union . . . inian Encyclopedia “General Character factions inside the countnes to feed of Agriculture of Ukraine”, 1952.). “ It is also 'true . . . that this consti­ upon” . tutional guarantee of autonomy finds From another angle saw the advantages In our opinion these observations are support in the distinctive national ban­ of the adoption of the “ H. Con. Res. 58” absolutely correct, and Khrushchov’s ners and emblems of the states and the American commentator Mr. Felix plans will not change the present state of are presumed to symbolize indepen­ Morley, as he wrote on April 13, 1953 in affairs. dent sovereing'ty of Ukraine and Bye­ Barron’s in the article "Three envoys to W. M. lorussia. Russia” : No. io—il UKRAINIAN OBSERVER Page 5

“A glance at the map of Russia tegically important areas of Ukraine ley Dirc\sen of Illinois, made in the Se­ shows certain advantages for us of and Byelorussia; nate of the U.S.A., March 25, 1953 about having separate diplomatic represen­ 8. The Embassies would create new the "Russian Iron Curtain in the U .S.A .", tation in Minsk, Kiev and Moscow. possibilities of contact with active anti- the remarks of Senator George A. The two provincial capitals, which Soviet leaders of the non-Russian peopl­ Smathers of Florida in theSenate of the themselves lie about 300 miles apart, es of the U.S.S.R.” U.S.A. on October 17, 1951, in connection are each rcarly 500 miles from Moscow. First Congressional Hearing with the address by Hon. Edward M. Intelligent observers, thus, would in on “ H. Con. Res. 58” O'Connor about the "Tragedy of the Uk­ epneert have a very good idea of eve­ Though introduced on February 9, rainian Nation" ; the article from the New rything transpiring in Western Russia. 1953, the first Congressional hearing on York Times, October 4, 1951—"Soviet In­ Moreover, an American Embassy in “ H. Con. Res. 58” only found place on tensifies its Russianizing"; the article Minsk, would be close to 'the borders July 15, 1953, very shortly before the ad­ fiom the New York Times, February 11, of Poland. One in Kiev would be wit­ journment of the 1st Session of the 83d 1951— j 'Soviet sees growth of Russian hin earshot of Rumania and the Bal­ Congress of the U.S.A. On that day a Language"; the article by Harry Schwartz kan satellites. So the development Special Sub-committee on House Con­ from the New York Times, March 18, could more than triple our present in­ current Resolution 58 convened in Wa­ 1951— "Russification Seen in Soviet Ton­ formation as to what gives behind the shington, D. C., United States Capital, at gues"; the article from the New York Iron Curtain. . .” 10 a. m., Room 6-3, the Sub-committee Times, February 29, 1952— "Rationaliz­ Most warmly and insistently "H . Con. (under the chairmanship of Hon. Francis ing Imperialism"; the article by Harry Res.eS" had been recommended and sup­ P. Boiton) being an ad hoc organ of the Schwartz from the New York Times— ported by the "Ukrainian Congress Com­ House Committee on Foreign Affairs. "Soviet Continues Minorities Purge”; the mittee of America" (U. C. C. A.), a le­ Other members of the Sub-committee article from the New York Times of June ading and representative mass organiza­ were: Lawrence H. Smith, Wisconsin; 14, 1953— "Trouble Behind the Iron tion uniting some 1,500.000 Americans Thomas E. Morgan, Pennsylvania; James Curtain” introduced by Hon. Lawrence ol Ukrainian descent. The U. C. C. A. G. Fulton, Pennsylvania and Omar Bur­ H . Smith on June i 7, 1953, into the Con­ is headed by Professor Lee E. Dobrian­ leson, Texas. gressional Record; the Address “ The Spi­ sky from the Georgetown University. Witnesses and experts on the question rit of Independence; America and Ukra­ '"the Ufyainian Bulletin", No. 11-12 of had been invited and testified, making ine” by the Secretary of the Interior Os­ June 1953, the official organ of U. C. C. 'their statement on behalf of the Resolu­ car L . Chapniak at the Fifth Triennial A., which appears semi-montly in New tion—Dr. Lev E. Dobriansky, Professor Meeting of the Ukrainian Congress Com York, N. Y., sums up the advantages of of the Georgetown University and Pre­ mittee of America, in Hotel Stalter, New the “Resolution 58” from the American sident of the Ukrainian Congress Commi­ York, N. Y., July 5, 1952; the book "Mas­ vantage point in the following manner: ttee of America; Michael A. Feighan, Re­ sacre in Vinnitsa” , edited by the Ukrai­ “The Ukrainian Congress Commi­ presentative from Ohio; Dr. Alexander nian Congress Committee of America, New York, N. Y., 1953; remarks of Se­ ttee of America in full recognition of Granovsky, Professor of the Columbia nator H. Alexander Smith of New Jersey the importance of the Smith Resolu­ University, New York, N. Y.; Adm. tion is pressing for immediate passage George F. Mentz, Front Royal, Va.; Dr. on the Article of Prof. Lev E. Dobrian­ sky in “Ukrainian Bulletin”, January 1, of the measure in Congress. Its ad­ Roman Smal-Stoc\y, Professor of the 1951— "Tactics, Not Strategy, of Free­ vantages to America are m any: Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wis.; Michael Papy, Professor of 'the Notre dom” , introduced into the Congressional 1. Our proposed Embassies in K y­ Dame University, South Bend, Ind.; Dr. Record, January 17, 1951; the address of iv and Minsk would cause serious con­ John S. Reshetar Jr., of the Princeton Senator H. Alexander Smith of New cern in Moscow over U. S. interest in University, Princeton, N. J.; Dr. Louis Jersey at the Rally of the Ukrainian Cen­ Ukraine and Byelorussia, the most Scors, President of the Byelorussian Con­ tral Committee of Newark, N . J., in the dangerously exposed non-Russian re­ gress Committee of America and Presi­ Mosque Theatre, March 30, 1952; the ar­ publics in the U. S. S. R.; ticle of the New York Times, March 6, 2. Our step would greatly advance dent of the Prometheus Club, New York, N. Y. and Rev. William J. Gibbons, S. J., 1953 "Text of Soviet Unity Call in Sta­ our propaganda war against the Soviet of New York City. lin Crisis” , the speeches of Mr. Malen­ Union: Of the 29 members of the House Com­ kov, Mr. Beria and Mr. Molotov at Sta­ 3. The fraudulent Russian claims mittee on Foreign Affairs, several mem­ lin’s funeral; the article by Harrison E. as to the “ independence” of these two bers were present at the hearing of the Salisbury—'jSoviet Tells People Beria republics would be exposed; Sub-committee and listened intently to the Plotted To Sow Hate Among Nationiali- 4. The move would strengthen the arguments in favour of the Smith Reso­ ties” in New York Times, July 13, 1953; bonds of alliance between the Ameri­ lution presented by. those who testified. the article by Prof. Lev E. Dobriansky: can people and the traditionally friend­ Thus many pertinent questions were put "House Concurrent Resolution 58—A ly peoples of Ukraine and Byelorussia, by Representatives— Alvin M. Bentley of Solid Text of American Initiative in the 5. The step would create embarass- Michigan,E. Ross Adair of Indiana and Cold W ar", in The Ukrainian Quarterly, ment for the puppet delegation of the­ Albert P. Morano of Connecticut. Vol. IX, No 2 1953; the article by Bob se two countries, now falsely repre­ Documentation Considine : "Encouragement for Slaves” senting Ukraine and Byelorussia in The main body of the testimony had from the New York Journal American, U. N .; been presented to the Sub-committee by April 27, 1953; the article by Felix Mor- 6. The measure would be a valid test Prof. Dr. Lev. E. Dobriansky of Geor­ Icy: " Three envoys to Russia" from Bar­ of the sincerity of the Malenkov gro­ getown University. He supported his sta­ ron h, April 13, 1953; the letter of Hon. up’s vaunted desire for peace; tement by very extensive documentation, Jack K- McFall, Assistant Secretary in the 7. Our Embassies in Kiev and all of which had been accepted and in­ U.S.A. Department of State to Senator H. Minsk, if established, would provide cluded in the record of the proceedings. Alexander Smith, of June 26, 1952; the additional listening posts behind the Amongst other remarks submitted for the letter of Hon. Thruston B. Morton, As­ Iron Curtain, particularly in the stra­ record were those of Hon. Everet McKin­ sistant Secretary in the U.S.A. Depart- Page 6 UKRAINIAN OBSERVER No. io—ii

ment of State, of March 13, 1953, to Se­ nator H . Alexander Smith; Memorandum EUROPEAN DEFENCE COMMUNITY AND THE in Reply to Sta'te Department Opinion by UKRAINIANS Prof. Lev E. Dobrians\y, prepared for THEY HOPE THAT E.D.C. WOULD GROW SO AS TO EMBRACE ALL 'the use of the House Special Sub-commi­ EUROPEAN NATIONS, WITH THE INCLUSION OF UKRAINE ttee on Resolution 58; two letters of the International Relations Club at George­ E.D.C. gets going be, are not nearly so imminent and threa­ town University to Prof. A. M. Baranov- The amazing sweeping electoral victo­ tening as the menace of Russian boshevisrn shy, Chief Delegate of the Ukrainian ry of the West German “ Iron Chancellor for the same France—and the rest of the S.S.R. at the United Nations, and to Hon. No. 2” —Dr. Konrad Adenauer at the world. The French anxieties concerning K. V. Kiselyov, Chief Delegate of the polls for the Bundestag in Bonn, on Sept. the E.D.C. are, in our opinion, alleviated Byelorussian S.S.R. at the United Nations, 6th, 1953, inspired a new and vigorous life by the more or less direct participation New York City. in the till now “ liveliest corpse on the and guarantees offered by the U.S.A. and Basic Statement of Prof. Lev E. European horizont” — the European De­ Great Britain. The rest of the World Dobriansky fence Community (E.D.C.). Now it can would not understand, if France should Before the hearing on the Smith Reso­ be expected reasonably that, before long, break up the E.D .C. which brings her lution, Prof. Lev E. Dobnansly released the previous restrained and delaying at­ powerful alliances and security. titude, and even the recalcitrance of Fran­ a basic statement in which he pointed out Unfaltering Ukrainian Resistance the main merits of the proposed move. ce concerning the participation of France What is the attitude of free Ukrainians He said: in the E. D. C., will be overcome and the “ As a medium of the American peace E. D. C. Treaty would be ratified by the towards these developments? By “ free offensive against the Soviet peace de­ French Parliament, maybe, even before the Ukrainians” we mean the 2 million Euro­ fensive, this Resolution calls for the end of 1953. Incidentally, the E. D. C. peans, most of whom are already natura­ ex'tention of U.S. diplomatic relations was originally a French idea, and the Free lized Americans and Canadians of Ukra­ with the Soviet Republics of Ukraine World expects France to stand by it.By inian descent, who are living this side of and Byelorussia. Both nations are the fears, doubts and hesitations of France Iron Curtain. In spite of their party divi­ members of the United Nations, and in the face of German rearmament, how­ sions and internal political and ideological are legally recognised by our Govern­ ever serious and well founded they might differences, there are some basic ideas and ment in the framework of this inter­ national body especially at 'the closest proximity to its 1953, it was already too late to force the “ However, in striking contrast to base of imperialistic power— the non- adoption of the Resolution by the full all other U.N. capitals, Kiev and Russian nations held captive in the So­ House Foreign Affairs Committee and the Minsk, the capitals of Ukraine and viet Union. The Smith Resolution is further procedure on that matter had to Byelorussia respectively, are inaccessib­ a solid step in this winning direction” . be postponed until January 1954. le to any foregn representation. Indeed, The Opposition of the State A Test of Sincerity steel curtains surround these two coun­ Department It is hard to say whether the Smith Re­ tries behind the European Iron Cur­ According to the AP news of July 21, solution still wouldn’t be dashed to pieces tain. The Resolution, as a forceful ex­ 1953—‘(the House Foreign Affairs Spe­ by the opposition, or better to say, by the pression of America’s peace offensive, cial Sub-committee unanimously approved obstruction of the above-mentioned cir­ is aimed at the penetration of these on that day the Smith Resolution calling cles of the State Department. This steel curtains and at making contact for immediate diplomatic recognition of wouldn’t change the basic fact that the with these two most restive and stra­ Ukraine and Byelorussia. The Resolution nationalist resistance of the non-Russian tegic areas in the Soviet Empire. which now goes to the full Foreign A f­ nations behind the Iron Curtain to the “ Considerations of this ‘unique’ Re­ fairs Committee calls for the establish­ regime of Russian bolshevism and impe­ solution comes at a most significant ment of diplomatic relations with these rialism,A an d remains the main revolutio­ moment. One of the chief charges two States of the Soviet Union as a means nary power able and willing to resist, to lodged against Beria, a non-Russian of carrying out the policy of liberation. If fight and to overcome the Soviet tyranny. Georgian, is that he attempted to ‘sow finally adopted by Congress, the Resolu­ It‘s up to the leaders of the U.S.A. to use enmity between the peoples of the tion would have no legal effect, but or to repulse this power. The adoption U.S.S.R.’ and to encourage nationa­ would express the legislators’ opinion. of the Smith Resolution would be one of list tendencies in the individual Soviet The Sponsor, Representative Lawrence H. the best ways to win the sympathy and republics, at the expense of all-Soviet Smith, Republican, of Wisconsin, said the political affection of literally millions unity. Purges of the Malencov’s Rus­ that the two States were the only mem­ of Ukrainians. The rejection of this Reso­ sian communist satraps in such non- bers of the United Nations with which lution would be a clear proof that the Russian Republics as Ukraine, Geogria, the United States did not have diplomatic LT.S.A. is practically disinterested in the etc. might well be attributed to him. relations” . lot of the nations subjugated by Russia “ The reality of the multi-national The Smith Resolution was not adopt­ and that they need not expect American tension and cleavage in the artificial ed by the full House Foreign Affairs Com­ aid and assistance in their fight for na­ Soviet Union is the foremost factor of mittee at the 1st Session of the 83d Con­ tional liberation. This would, at least, weakness in the structure of the Soviet gress, because of the opposition of some create quite clear political fronts.The fur­ Russian Empire. The Smith Resolu­ circles of the State Department. These ther destiny of the Smith Resolution tion is skilfully adopted for us to capi­ circles insisted that their opinion ought to would be for many millions of peoples talize immeasurably on this weakness. be heard before such an earnest measure behind the Iron Curtain one of the clear­ “ It is an open secret that we were should be adopted. Obviously the. opposi­ est tests of American political integrity pitifully asleep on 'the East German tion stems from the “ Russian-first” -fol­ outbreak. Let us now prepare for a lowers in the State Department, suppor­ and sincerity, wich reference to the pre­ symphony of unrest and dissension ting the Kennan policy of containment tended American policy of freedom and throughout the entire Soviet Empire, and appeasement. In the middle of July liberation. No. io—ii UKRAINIAN OBSERVER Page ? postulates which are commonly shared by cil of Europe" show until now all signs speeches before the 1953 General Assemb­ all of 'them. One of such basic postulates is of a thoroughly egoistic seclusion and ly of U. N. by the U. S. A. Secretary of the unfaltering Ukrainian resistance to bol­ self-sufficiency. The prevailing idea State John Foster Dulles and Great shevism and Russian imperialism. The among the proposed present members of Britain’s Minister of State Selwyn Lloyd. free Ukrainians support everything that the E. D. C., is to get peace from bolshe­ It is worth remembering 'that on May 11, opposes communism and the Russian vism and Russia—at any cost. Referring 1953 Sir Winston Churchill suggested the drive for world domination. This applies to this the E. D. C. is really only a defen­ conclusion of some sort of “ Eastern Lo­ to E.D .C. The Ukrainians could never ce community, first of all intent on saving carno” , guaranteeing Russia her present understand the easy-going attitude of the their own skin. The infamous agreement territorial status and the unassailability of West, towards Moscow and its manifest of Potsdam 1945 was reached with Mos­ her borders. Similar assurances that the universal aims at domination, especially cow by sacrificing 11 nations and some partners of the E. D. C. and the U. S. A. in the years 1941-1948, i. e. during and 100 million peoples all of them true and were not associating for aggressive purpo­ immediately after World War II. The Uk­ genuine Europeans, to the domination of ses were also stressed by Belgium’s Fo­ rainians know bolshevism and Russian Russia. The present leaders of the “ Littl- reign Minister—Paul van Zeeland. imperialism only to well by their own cen­ esr Europe” are fit and ready to ratify There is no Price tury-long experience. They are aware and to petrify the Potsdam agreement as There is no price not even the guaran­ that, sooner or later, the Russians will a price for guaranteed further Russian teed, ratified and petrified delivery to assail the West, on their bloody road to non-aggression. In other words: the de- Moscow’s digestion of half Europe, by world domination. The Ukrainians greet­ fenseiveness of the E.D.C. is so thorough which the West can buy and ensure Russo- ed every sign of awakening of the West that they are ready to sacrifice half of bolshevik non-aggression and acquiecen- towards the peril of Russian-bolshevist Europe so as 'to get peace from Moscow. se. The resistance to bolshevism and Rus­ imperialism. Hence, the Ukrainians fol- Western guarantees for Moscow sian imperialism can only be efficient if loved the every origins and slow— alas, it is conceived in the spirit of the libera­ too slow—development of the E.D.C. The most astounding confirmation of tion of all states and nations suppres­ with very warm sympathies and under­ this Western defeatist attitude was given sed and exploited beyond the Iron Cur­ standing. At last there was an idea on Sept. 25, 1953 on the forum of the Uni­ tain, and not by the scheme of the egoist­ and a scheme to stop bolshevism and the ted Nations, when France proposed ic self-preservation of the Western few. relentless way of Moskow to more and through her U. N . delegate Maurice “ Lit'tlest Europe” whatever it’s internal more conquests. Schumann the so-called “ Western guaran­ tees of the present Europe’s borders” . technical and cultural intensity and mitu- “ Little” , “ Greater” , “ Greatest” Following the report of the “New York rity, if left alone is too small to withstand Europe Times” of Sept. 26, 1953 France told the the terrific pressure of bolshevism which Nevertheless the Ukrainians were, and Soviet Union on that day that the E. D. C. will never cease. The single opportunity remain, deeply disquieted about the inci­ countries, and practically the v/hole West for Europe to survive is to build up the pient narrowness of the present E.D.C. — maybe with the exception of the “ Greater Europe” with inclusion of all scheme. They assume it was born on the U. S. A .—were willing to consider plans really European Eastern nations, inclusiv­ basis of the concept of the so-called “ policy for guaranteeing Europe’s present borders ely Byelorussia and Ukraine. So long as of containment” . The initial idea was as an “ extra measure of guarding against Moscow, or more accurately, the Russians, really defensiven not fight but only to the rebirth of militarism on the Conti­ are not pushed back into their ethnogra­ stop bolshevism. E. D. C. embraces only nent” . The indication, “ militarism” ap­ phic territory, none of the European the Schuman plan countries: France, plies evidently to Moscow’s fears of 'the states, or the 6 States of the E. D. C.— Italy, Germany, Belgium, Netherlands rearmament of Western Germany. Mr. would ever obtain real peace and secu­ and Luxemburg. This is the so-called Maurice Schumann made it plain,that the rity. “ Little Europe” . It does not even price of working out a system of border # # # include tf . nine remaining count­ guarantees,would be the dropping by the The Ukrainians hope already that the bet- ries of tne Council of Europe, or Soviet Union of its hard fight against 'tei Western insight into the true nature the so-called “ Greater Europe” (Great Western Europe’s plans for setting up a of bolshevism and Russian imperialism Britain, Ireland, Iceland, Denmark, Nor­ defence community. France was trying to will one day prevail, and present mental way, Sweden, Greece, Turkey and the sell Moscow the idea that the E. D. C. and moral, thoroughly egoistical nar­ Saar). Yet beyond the organization of the was in itself assurance that none of its rowness of the E. D. C. will be overcome. “ Council of Europe” there still remain members could prepare a war of conquest. The Ukrainians belong culturally, racially, more of the undoubtedly European The contention was 'that one day Moscow spiritually and morally to Greater Euro­ states and nations, members of jhe " Great­ would realize that, by fighting the creat­ pe; their minds and faces are turned to est Europe” : Switzerland, Austria, Spain, ion of the European Defence Community, the West. But they will fight along with Portugal— and those behind the Iron Cur­ it would be fighting a plan that would the Western powers against bolshevism tain : Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lith­ make for stabilization of the post-war and Russian imperialism only so long as uania, Poland, Czecho-Slovakia, Hun­ order as settled in Yalta and Potsdam. In they can have a hope that the West will gary, .Rumania, Bulgaria, Yougoslavia, other words: 'the West was asking Mos­ not stop at building up the “ Little Eu­ Albania— Byelorussia and Ukraine. cow for permission and acquiescence to rope” bu't will start the drive for the libe­ Thorough egoism arm and defend itself. ration and unification of the Greater Eu­ The creation of the “ Little” or prefer­ Mr. Maurice Schumann of France spoke rope, the whole of Europe. The Western ably, of the “ Lit'dest Europe” would be obviously with the consent of his Premier powers cannot expect the Eastern Euro­ understandable and acceptable if this or­ foseph Laniel and the French Fo­ pean nations to oppose bolshevism con­ ganization would be conceived as the reign Minister George Bidault. But tinuously in the face of a Western attitude nucleus, the hard core of a planned larger not only France took all possible by which the present borders and the in­ structure— to be grown and developed pains to appease Moscow on this point. ternal regime of bolshevism should be in­ later. The disquietude of -the Ukrainians The idea that E. D. C. was no threat, but ternationally guaranteed and certified; no stems from the apprehension that the an assurance of the stabilization of Mos­ one beyond the Iron Curtain would sac­ “ Lit'dest Europe” , as well as the ‘‘ Coun­ cow’s power, was underlined in recent rifice himself for the peace and security Page 8 UKRAINIAN OBSERVER No. io—ii

ern and Central Europe with the strug­ A. B. N.— A STRUGGLE FOR FREEDOM gle, of the Nations of Eastern Europe and Soviet-controlled Asia, and the ON THE OCCASION OF THE 10TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE FIRST aims for which it is waged. CONFERENCE OF THE ENSLAVED NATIONS The ruthless and uncompromising The laying of the foundation stone of sis, i. e., in the midst of the political and struggle against the two Imperialisms the Anti-Bolshevik Bloc of Nations revolutionary struggle for independence could only be waged when the single in- (A.B.N.) took place, on the 21st-22nd. of being waged by the subjugated peoples. dependence-movements had a firmly out­ lined political programme at their dispo­ November 1943, ten years ago, near Zhy- How inadequate, without any real po­ sal which was also acceptable to the other tomir (Ukraine), when there met toge­ litical foundation and without any kind nations. ther, as this First Conference of the Sub­ of contact with reality, in comparison jugated peoples, the representatives of 13 with this, are those structures, the The Second Congress of the O.U.N., nations. The guarding of the meeting- C.C.A.B.F. and the “ Committee for a which took place in 1941, had already place by fighting units of the Ukrainian Free Europe” , who are trying, from the passed resolutions on the general politi­ Insurgent Army (U.P.A.) and direct skir­ emigration, to exert a political influence cal demands, “Liberty for Nations! Liber­ mishes with a Gestapo detachment stam­ on the people in question. ty for Individuals!” The Third Extra­ ped this political deed from the very be­ ordinary Congress of the O.U.N. was also The alliance of the subjugated peopl­ ginning with a revolutionary character. held in the same spirit. It was the Confe­ es in a common fight against Russian The participants in this conference were rence of the Enslaved Nations that intro­ Bolshevism and Nazi Germany took pla­ mostly members of national underground duced this general demand into the pro­ ce at the moment when the imperialistic movements who were actively engaged in gramme of the A.B.N. The realization of the national liberation struggle. The ini­ war between these two Powers had rea­ the national independence of the indivi­ ched its climax. The first two points of tiator of this meeting, the C. in. C. of the dual nations of Eastern Europe and Asia U.P.A., Gen. Taras Chuprynka, and the the resolution which refer to the political and the assurance of personal liberty for president of the conference, Rostyslav situation best throw light on the attitude the human individual have grown up into Voloshyn-Pavlenko, member of the Exe­ of the conference to these problems: a political aim which has received full cutive Bureau of the Organization of Uk­ 1. The present war between German confirmation in the 10 years of the rainian Nationalists (O.U.N.) expressed National Socialism and Russian Bol­ A.B.N .’s successful existence. The co­ the solidarity of the conference, with the shevism is a typical imperialistic and operation of the oppressed nations in the war being waged against Bolshevism and aggressive war, waged for the mastery A.B.N. has received much appreciation Nazism, which was now to be co-ordina­ of the world, for a new distribution in many publications of the Ukrainian na­ ted and waged in common. The political of the earth’s wealth, for new sources tional underground, which bears testimo­ aim of a common fight of the oppressed of raw materials and new markets, and ny to the constructive conception of this nations against Russian-bolshevist im­ finally for manpower which entails organization. the enslavement and exploitation of perialism was thus no product of an ab­ These conceptions could be upheld be­ stract political theory, but arose from out man. cause they: of the facts that already existed: 2. Both warring imperialisms deny 1) Were conceived in the midst of bat­ a) The common awareness of the ne­ the right of a nation to political and tle and in their native territory, cultural development within a natio­ cessity of continuing the antibolshevist 2) Are uncompromisingly opposed to struggle. nal state, bringing political, social and cultural slavery to the conquered pe­ imperialism, b) The struggle of the oppressed nati­ oples in the form of the Nazi “ New 3) Are on the side of a positive ideal ons of Eastern Europe and Asia for their Europe” or the Bolshevik “ Union of and that is the ideal of liberty. own independent national status. Soviet Socialist Republics” . A preliminary condition, which was c) The striving of the individual to­ The oppressed peoples, particularly laid down by the conference and which wards personal freedom, which can only Ukraine, were at that time waging a two- was the starting-point of the A.B.N. for be assured in his own national state. front war against the once more advan­ the realisation of these last demands is: The conference of the oppressed na­ cing Russian Bolshevist and the National- “ A single common front of the freedom­ tions of Eastern Europe and Asia and the Socialist adversary who was trying to re­ aspiring nations is necessary to achieve consequent rise of the A.B.N. had, more­ place them. At this time, the former was victory for national revolutions.” over, been carried out on a concrete ba- a close and trusted ally of the West; the latter was also an enemy of the Free World. Although the conference and, of the West— without reciprocity. Speech­ with it, the oppressed peoples declared es such as that of Mr. Maurice Schuman, their solidarity with the fight against Nazi “ UKRAINIAN OBSERVER” and all conceptions like that ot “ Eastern Imperialism, they have, to this day, re­ Locarno” , are the best destroyers of all of the ceived no suitable acknowledgement from hopes of Eastern European nations ever to the West. get a Western helping hand in their fight UKRAINIAN INFORMATION for liberation. Such moves are the best 1. The First Conference of Enslaved SERVICE (U.I.S.) possible devices to reconcile the Eastern Nations of Eastern Europe and Asia nations with Moscow. The positive Uk­ gieets the heroic struggle of the N a­ published by tions of Western and Central Europe rainian attitude towards the European Ukrainian Publishers Ltd., Defence Community is based solely upon against the Nazi Imperialist and pro­ the hope that this scheme would grow claims its complete solidarity with 237,Liverpool Rd., them. and broaden, and would embrace at last London, N .i. Tel. NORth 1828. all really European nations— with inclu­ 2. The conference deems it neces­ sion of Ukraine. sary to acquaint the Nations of West­ No. io—il UKRAINIAN OBSERVER Page 9

played by the Russian working-class” , LIBERATING NATIONALISM which has been leading, not only the Re­ A FEW THOUGHTS ON THE LATEST SOVIET INTERPRETATIONS OF publics of the Soviet Union but also all THE NATIONAL PROBLEM IN THE U.S.S.R. the oppressed peoples of the world. In another place it is stated that, “ in the Editors note: In connection with for liberty and national independence; for post-war years, all the nations of the 'this article we wish to refer the reader democracy and socialism; for permanent U.S.S.R., and our elder brother— the to two further book-reviews appearing peace among nations” . This and many great Russian nation— in particular, have in this number of our journal which other similar declarations are, without helped the workers of Soviet Ukraine to deal with the nationality problem in dobu't, extraordinarily attractive to many heal the wounds inflicted by the war, to the Soviet Union and whose authors peoples of Asia and Africa who, by reason improve the economy of the Republic, are well-known Ukrainian writers: of the unrealistic French and English na­ and to develop Ukrainian culture, natio­ Oleh R. Martovych : “National Pro­ tionality-policy in the colonies have, in nal in form and socialistic in its content” . blems in the U.S.S.R.” and Roman one form or another, an indifferent or (Radyanska Ukraina, of Aug. 29th, 1953). Smal-Stocki: “The Nationality Pro­ even sympathetic attitude towards Bolshe­ At the present time, however, Russian blem of the Soviet Union and Russian vism. The Bolsheviks, for their part, imperialism finds expression in a different Communist Imperialism” . maintain that the Communist Party al­ form. Normally the Bolsheviks used to ways advocates the national sovereignty These two books, which have been speak of a categorically inferior class of nations and has always worked for the published in English, should provide with regard to the Russian element and, realization of national independence for the Western reader with an objective at the same 'time, they railed against “ the all peoples. They contend that “ the policy picture of the nationality problem in bourgeois nationalists— the base minions ol national discrimination and oppression the U.S.S.R. and contribute to a cla­ of foreign capital” . is a source of weakness of the bourgeois rification of the confusion created by Now they are trying to prove the back­ state” . Russian imperialistic propaganda. Our wardness of nationalism, in political, so­ book-reviews give an introduction to Without agreeing with the fundamen­ cial and cultural respects. “ Despite the the fundamental aspects of the natio­ tally false Communist interpretation of facts that, with us, the exploiting classes nal problems in the U.S.S.R. the social and political conditions, as, for have been liquidated and, for this reason, example, the assertion of the existence of there is no foundation for nationalism, The recent appearance in the Soviet constant warfare in all burgeois count­ there still exists a nationalistic residue. Press of a whole series of articles devoted ries between “ proletarian internationa­ They take their appearance in literature, to national policy and national problems lism” and “ burgeois nationalism” , it art, history and other branches of know­ demands a searching discussion of the must yet be stated that this propaganda of ledge. Common to all these manifestations “ thesis” and “ guiding principles” reca­ the ideal of national independence and of nationalism is the idealisation of the pitulated there. “ The Friendship Among sovereignty just by the Russian Bolshe­ past, seclusion in their own national state, the Nations—the Ultimate Basis of the viks constitutes one of the most dange­ and an insufficient valuation of the im­ Multi-national Soviet State” by A.Azizy- rous attacks of Russian-Bolshevik impe­ portance of the socialist reformation and an, Raiyansku Ukjaina, Aug. 25th, 1953, rialism. The political incapacity of the co­ friendship among the nations of the Nr. 200 (9715); “A Potent Means of Cul­ lonial peoples in question, as well as the U.S.S.R.”. tivating the Feeling of Friendship Among aggressive colonial imperialism of the Even these attempts are, at bottom, no the Nations” , written for the 15th anni­ white ruling nations, leads in fact to an novelty and have been practised by the versary of the Kyiv branch of the Lenin intensification of the conflict in the non­ Bolsheviks before. For example, one such Museum, by O. Chablo, Radyanska Uk­ communist world and thus weakens the article which appeared in the “ Radyanska raina, Aug. 29th, 1953, No. 204 (9719), integrity of the freedom which is propa­ U kraina’ in 1946 gave the Ukrainian un­ and “ The National Pride of the Russian gated by the free nations of the western derground publicist, P. Poltava, the idea Nation”, by Radyanskj Ukraina, Sept. world and is, in part, being realised, es­ of writing a basically publicistic work de­ 9th, 1953, No. 213 (9728), are among the pecially by the U.S.A. The West has not monstrating the progressive part played articles. yet worked out a constructive anti-bol­ by libera ing nationalism and the correct­ ness of its theoretical foundation. (“ The Outwardly “ Pro-National” shevik nationality policy and is thus wea­ kening its own position. Ideal of tn Independent Ukraine and Ba­ “ One of the most important tasks of sic Tendencies of the Political Develop­ Chauvinistic Internal Policy the internal policy of the Communist Par­ ment of the Present-day World” ). ty of the Soviet Union is a further streng­ There is quite, a different aspect assum­ The constant Bolshevik agitation in thening of the unity and the friendship ed when one considers the nationalities connection with national problems is a of nations of our country, the Soviet mul­ problem from the internal political view further indirect proof of the impossibility ti-national state. The ideal of equality and point. The Bolshevist Press is always seek­ of liquid; ting this political tendency. For national friendship finds its expression in ing to prove what “ happy” lives are led the purpose of further concealing the as­ the foreign policy of permanent peace by the peoples of the individual Soviet pirations of Russian imperialism, the among the nations and the strenghtening Republics, who, “thanks to socialistic author of the article on the “ Friendship of the democratic camp . . .” (Radyanska production methods” and “ the building- among the Nations” , already quoted by Ukraina, Aug. 25th, 1953). up of national culture” , have at last been us, has made the attempt to produce his­ The Russian Bolsheviks know the value able to raise themselves to the present po­ torical evidence that “ the bourgeois natio­ of the national ideal both in the internal sition. nalists want to separate the individual na­ a : well as in the foreign policy. They em­ After the short interlude of the “ libe- tions and to develop anti-Russian tenden­ ploy it to gain the sympathies of the co­ beralising nationalities policy” , which cies. In unmrsking the bourgeois natio- lonial peoples who are striving to achieve very soon met its expected end, the So­ nalists; the Party points out the great pro­ their national liberty. “ In it the oppres­ viet journalists have devoted themselves gressive part that the Russian culture of sed peoples of the world see a powerful to lauding the “ first-rate” position of the the nation has played with regard to a moral weapon to be used in their struggle Russian nation. “ The primary role in the further cementing of the friendship into one revolutionary family has been unification of all the nations of our land among the nations” . Page lo UKRAINIAN OBSERVER No. lo—ii

From all that has hitherto been said it is obvious that 'there are certain funda­ THE NATIONALITY PROBLEM OF THE SOVIET mental national differences existing within the Soviet Union. The constant UNION AND RUSSIAN COMMUNIST IMPERIALISM search for 'the “ historical culprits” is end­ By Roman Smal-Stocki, Marquette University, with a preface by Lev less. The Bolsheviks impute the guilt to nationalism as such, and to Ukrainian na­ E. Dobriansky, Georgetown University (Published 1952 by The Bruce tionalism in particular; they conceal the Publishing Company, Milwaukee) core of Russian imperialism, which is the real cause of the national differences and It is to be regretted that the title of this pro-Russian attitude. It seems, however, has brought the Russian nation into its comprehensive and almost 500-page trea­ that out of enthusiasm for the dispute, present position of oppressor, making tise only partly fits its contents. Apart the author either presents matters in too however, no fundamental objections to from the lirst three chapters, which pro­ biassed a light or is clinging so firmly to this imperialism. The cause of national vide a thoroughly indispensable introduc­ to a risky premise. A faulty inference, hatred and intolerance is never a free­ tion for the Anglo-Saxon reader, and which in itself would be of no great im­ dom-seeking nationalism; but the imperi­ Chapter 9 (“ The Present Predicament of portance, has a very detrimental effect alism of the ruling nation, which arouses the Non-Russian Nationalities”), the upon the whole broader presentation. resistance in the oppressed. author, a prominent Ukrainian etymolo­ This last, occurs only once in the book, gist and political émigré, deals almost ex­ but in a very important case. The author The Russian Aspect of the National clusively with the language problems in Question sees in the so-called “ Japhetic Theory“ the Soviet Union and the history of the of N . Marr (later called “ the New Tea­ Every appeal to the past; to national Soviet language-policy. Other aspects of ching about language” ) “ the instrument hitory; or every emphasis on linguistic the national cultural life, such as literatu­ of 'the Russification of all non-Russian distinctness is interpreted in 'the case of re, drama, fine arts, and others, are only languages” , the Soviet Linguistic Theory the non-Russian, and particularly the Uk­ occasionally considered; and social policy which is supposed to be the basis of the rainian element, as “ bourgeois nationa­ and economics, although obviously just entire Soviet languare-policy from 1920 to lism” , “ backwardness” and, last but not as significant for every national problem, 1950: “ thousands of linguists, philolo­ least, as “ unfounded narrow-minded pat­ are not touched upon at all. gists and teachers paid with their lives or riotism” . It is, however, quite another The author has, nevertheless, succee­ with years of slave-labour-camp imprison­ matter when it is a question of Russian ded in achieving something great within ment for their opposition against this history, literature, etc. the bound of his limited subject. His monstrosity of Marr’s theory”. That is In this case, the patriotic attitude is extraordinarily thorough and no less completely wrong. Although the Japhe­ praised, and the Russian Tzarist ambi­ shrewd presentation and weighing-up of tic Theory did a great deal of harm to tions .n political fields are regarded as Moscow’s genocidal linguistic-national Soviet etymology by rendering any kind completely justified, and as serving Rus­ policy (as well as the scandalous indiffe­ of research into every language (including sian national interest. The Soviet Press rence, or even favour, with which most a - the Russian) impossible for decades, its never attacks Russian nationalism but, cademie circles in the West, especially in actual political importance was very small. on the contrary, the glorification of the the U.S.A., regard that policy, when they In Ukraine, for example, it was, until Russian Army and its Generals. The are not seeking directly to justify it) may the end of 1931, possible in academic in­ great Russian writers are stressed at with good cause be valued as a real stan­ struction, and occasionally even in the every opportunity, even in the press of dard work on the linguistic-national crime press, to be critical or sceptical of “ Mar- the Soviet Republics. of Soviet-communist Russia. The book in rism” . It is only since the etymological Thus, the “ Radyanska Ukraina” of question is an indispensable basis, and a conference in Kharkiv in December, Sept. 9th, 1953 devotes a whole front collection of sources for every future exp­ 1931, that an official, (purely formal), page to the 125th anniversary of the birth­ lanation regarding ’the question. The longer agreement with the Japhetic Theory day of L. M. Tolstoy. This is no place to author has rendered special service, by has been obligatory for all etymologists go into the literary activities of L. Tol­ dealing with the Soviet-Russian oppres­ and language-teachers. The systematic stoy or to discredit his artistic ability, as sion and Russification of the non-Slav na­ extirpation of the nationally-conscious is so often practised in the Russian-com- tions and peoples in the U.S.S.R., about non-Russian etymologists and language- rnunist and emigre press with regard to which so little is known in the West. teachers in the entire Soviet Union (which Ukrainian culture and its representatives. As in most of his writings, the author had already begun in Ukraine in 1927) This case is only to serve rs an example shows himself to be a lively performer resulted almost exclusively in the impea­ of the Russian conception of the national and a passionate controversialist, which chment, on pretext or suspicion, of the problem. In his leading article, which lends to the whole work animation and “ bourgeois-nationalist ideology” . For that was written for this very occasion, W. stimulus. This, however, has its dark side. the “ Party and Government” did not in Voitushenko made the toliowing state­ It is to be welcomed that American Sla- truth need Marr’s abstruse “ Japhetoligy” ! m ent:— “ Tolstoy’s works are a protest vists and philologians in general hear bit­ As a purely academic matter, “ Marrism” against the wars of conquest which are ter hometruths about their pro-Soviet and being waged by the imperialists; they are had nothing at all to do with the practi­ a weapon for all fighters for liberty. One cal language-policy. Although Marr had may detect in them a passionate sympa­ a friend of the oppressed and, with his babbled so much nonsence about the “ ar­ thy for the colonial peoples and depen­ idea of the special mission of the Russian tificial means in order to accelerate the dent countries oppressed by imperialism. nation, he created the ideological founda­ language-forming process” , his only prac­ There lives in them a flaming patriotism; tion for Russian imperialism. As in this tical suggestion was the motion, published a great national pride in the greatness and case, so also in all others; Russian impe­ in 1920, 'that the Georgian language should tremendous power of the Russian nation” . rialism is boosted and the non-Russian be raised to the rank of a common means This interpretation is an obvious dis­ peoples, especially the Ukrainians, are of communication among all the Cauca­ tortion of Tolstoy’s mental attitude. He made the object of national oppression. sian nations and tribes. Characteristically was certainly a Russian patr.ot but never Yaroslav Z. Pelenskyj his “ analytical alphabet” , even before the No. io—il UKRAINIAN OBSERVER Page ii

Revolution, based almost entirely on Cau­ casian phonetics and was, moreover, made NATIONAL PROBLEMS IN THE U. S. S. R. up almost exclusively of Roman letters. Marr was neither a “ fanatical Commu­ by Oleh R. Martovych, with Ethnographical Map of the Soviet Union nist” , a Russifier, nor even a Russophile. by Dr. Mykola Kulycky, Introduction by John F. Stewart. Foreword by Major- It is pure arbitrariness when the author General J. F. C. Fuller, C. B., C. B. E., D. S. O., asserts that Marr, with his doctrine of the Scottish League for European Freedom, Edinburgh, 1953, X x 58 pp. progressive “ unification of languages” , aimed at the hegemony of the Russian language in the U.S.S.R. Such a thing Oleh R. Martovych, who is already suf­ in he world; it is a gigantic psychologi­ did not occur to Marr. He was a scientiti- ficiently well-known in Anglo-Saxon cal bomb, which, if detonated, will blow cally-educated psychopath. A really revol­ anti-bolshevik literature by his, compara­ the Soviet imperium into a thousands fragments” . ting specimen of the well-known “ mania tively successful, book, “ The Ukrainian etymologica” , to whose lot it fell to trace Liberation Movement in Modern Times" , In his concluding chapter, “ The Po­ back all the words of all the languages has this time attacked a far more compre­ litical Reconstruction of the U.S.S.R.” , of the earth, by means of those fan'tastic hensive and complicated subject and with the author very clearly shows that a blas­ “ four original elements” , to something considerable success. For years—even for ting of 'the Soviet-Russian despotism Georgian. In order to help these foolish centuries—we have been waiting for a from within will lead, not to a Balkani- machinations to victory over 'the hated bookled of this kind. It is reserved and sed fragment-complex, but to a restoration comparative etymology, he named his “ dispassionate” in everything which con­ of ethnically-conditioned and cultural-his- “ method” dialectic-materialist and simu­ cerns the author’s own political views. It toricallv founded, vital national states. lated an approach to Marxism which, teems with facts and figures, and is an He looks, i't is true, too much on the however, remained basically merely phra­ authentic reference book which will be bright side in categorically advocating seological. “ Party and Government” let welcomed by many an East-European projects which today one cannot really him have a free hand, as they needed who has escaped from behind the Iron know will meet with the approval of the someone to combat thrpughly the “ capi­ Curtain. At the beginning of the booklet nations and peoples in question. It was, talist-imperialistic etymology of Western there may be found, for the benefit of for instance, in Table 5 : “ New World on Europe” . They had otherwise very little the lay reader (and there are still many the ruins of the U.S.S.R.” , rash to place interest in his fancies. According to this, such in the West), hints and explanation a “ Karelia” among the future “ indepen­ the recent condemnation of Marrism in in the form of two forewords. One by dent states” , especially as the author him­ no way represents “ a pure propaganda in John F. Stewart, who is 'the Chairman self admits on p. 33 that “ the peoples of the ideological preparations for World of the lofty and uncompromising anti- the Finno-Karelian S.S.R. have to be as­ Moscow “ Scottish League for European War III and therefore a sham retreat, as sured of their right of self-determination the author wishes, but a decisive victory Freedom” . He has served the cause of of their political status. It may be full na­ liberty and independence of the nations of Russian nationalism, to which 'the “ Ja- tional sovereignty or union with Fin­ phetites” have always been a thorn in the oppressed by Soviet Russia extremely land” . Now there are only two peoples eye and an abomination. This in no way well. The other, is by the well-known in the present Karelian-Finnish S.S.R.— British military expert, General J. F. C. entirely on account of the thousands of Finns and Russians. The Karelians, an. indecent and crazy etymologies, such as Fuller, who has very strongly emphasised East-Finnish people, are no more a natio­ solnce (the sun) i. e., svinya (the swine) 'that “ the U.S.S.R. is the greatest prison nally distinct people than the Moldavians —over the clearly internationalistic ten­ are from the Rumanians or the Carpatho- Ukrainians from the remaining Ukrai­ dencies in Marrism which the author has sents the fifth column a't Harvad Univer­ nians. As regards the Russians, they form unfortunately overlooked. He ignores both sity. In his uncommonly violent polemic exclusively— one natuially does not count the pre-revolutionary idealistic “ nucleus” against Hans Kohn’s ideologically, though the contracted workers, forced-labourers and purely linguistic composition of “ Ja- very unpleasant book, “ Nationalism in and their guards who were not brought phetidology” as well as its close connec­ the Soviet Union” (1933 1), i't would have into the land until Soviet times — a quite tion with Caucasian philology. The rather been much more advantageous for the compact semi-enclave in the neighbour­ numerous cases in which the author me­ author’s attitude if, instead of showering hood of the Lake of Onega which was rely presents things in a too biassed light Professor H. Kohn with sarcasm, he had cunningly incorporated into the Finno- are naturally of less importance. One case pointed out that the latter had already Karelian S.S.R. only for the purpose of is this detailed treatment of the activities completely altered his opinion of the So­ ensuring an actual preponderance for the of the “ Promethean League” (1925-1929), viet-Russian national policy. Professor Russian element there and of outwardly a movement which, in spite of its excel­ Kohn, for example, in his treatise, “ Pan- breaking-up the markedly Finnish cha­ lent intentions, was actually unsuccessful. Slavism and World War II” , “ The Ame­ Another, is his fundamental apology of rican Political Science Review” , Vol.46, racter of the native population. To arran­ the so-called “ purism” (i. e. the replace­ No. 3, September, 1952) frankly admits ge, even in prospect, for a structure like ment of loan-words by native terminolo­ that the present Pan-Slavism has nothing this, which has been artificially created gy)— one needs to be no purist in this to do with the liberal Pan-Slavism of the for the sake of Russification, a “ sove­ sense 'to condemn the Soviet language- Western Slavs of 1848. It can actually be reign” continuation, even after the future policy in the sphere of the terminology of described as Pan-Russianism. collapse of the Soviet domination, is simp­ the non-Russian languages. Still another There is certainly no sense in empha­ ly nonsence. The Karelian Finns will, at is his very detailed polemic against the sising that these partial misconceptions the first opportunity, join 'their brother Russian etymologist. R. Jacobson, which and ineptitudes, on the part of the author, is actually of interest only to etymologists. are not able to detract from the great posi­ nationals in Finland. As the Russian set­ For the laity, a few quotations from Ja­ tive value of the publication as a whole. tlers around the Lake of Onega, have al­ kobson’s writings are enough to prove The book remains a significant and fruit­ ready been there for five hundreds years, that here we have a Soviet-Russian fellow- ful political event. they cannot be “ repatriated” and will na­ traveller, who, strange to say, still repre- V. D, turally prefer to share the fate of the other Page 12 UKRAINIAN OBSERVER No. io—ii

ethnically north-west Russian area be­ tween the Baltic and the White Sea. No TORTURED UKRAINE demand from the Allied Powers and no T H E 1933 RUSSIAN-ENGINEERED FAMINE theoretically hammered-out projects will by John F. Stewart be able, in the long run, to alter that. Chairman, Scottish League for European Freedom From this one example it mzvi be clear­ ly recognised how little, in the difinition In the early 1930s. my lawful occasi­ Famine in Ukraine! It was inconceivable. and delimitation of genuine national ons, otherwise my professional business, We used to call the smiling land “ the gra­ boundaries within the Soviet Union, one took me again to Eastern Europe. nary of Europe.” It owned the famous may rely upon the official divisions into There I knocked up against my good black soil, the richest corn growing Soviet Republics, Autonomous Repub- friend W. He was a German who had ac­ country in the world. The people were all . as, Autonomous Areas, etc. Yet Other companied me during a great part of my skilled farmers, hard-working, capable, sources, even anti-Soviet ones must also t! avels (also professional) in Soviet Rus­ and devoted to the production of the food be employed with caution sometimes, as sia. some time earlier. The Germans were for which their rich country was famed. they also contain many a politically-bias- then in high favour with the Soviet G o­ There was no dearth of labour, and the sed misrepresentation of the ethnic-natio­ vernment, and W. was apparently an im­ women were skilled and hard-working as nal facts. When, say, the author submits portant person much favoured by the the men. 'that the “ peoples of Idel-Ural“ , among German Embassy in Moscow, and per­ My friend’s quiet rejonder was, “ I am others, should conclude a “ union with sona gratissima with the Kremlin him­ not giving you any second-hand informa­ Turkestan on the basis of common Mo­ self. At least, I could not help noticing tion, I am telling you what I saw with my slem culture” , he is quite obviously forget­ that wherever he wished to go in the own eyes. As you have seen for yourself ting that the Ugro-Finnish elements of U.S.S.R. he seemed to have no difficulty when we were together before, I have not the Idel-Ural complex— the Komians in going there. He opened to me many a found any difficulty in going where I wi­ (formerly Zyryanians), Udmurts (former­ door in Russia, both official and unoffi­ shed, and, during the so-called famine ly Votyakians), Marians, Mordvinians and cial, that otherwise would have remained time I happened to be travelling over a also the Turkish-speaking Chuvashians— closed to me. He was ever my very large part of Ukraine”. arc not Moslems (and, with a few excep­ good friend and I have always been gra­ tions, never have been) but Christians. teful to him. ‘ But,” I said, “ I happen to have had Naturally they feel more drawn, both During dinner we had a long talk sent to me the statistics showing the yields ethnically and culturally, to the western about our former travels and about the of grain in the U.S.S.R. covering those bulwark and centre of the Ugro-Finnish general situation in the U.S.S.R. In the periods, and there was no suggestion of culture 1. c., to Finland. This, unfor­ course of our talk he referred to “ the ter­ a drought, floods, or any other convul­ tunately, is what the ideologists of the rible famine in Ukraine in 1932-33” . I sion of Nature to cause such a disaster as Idel-Ural scheme habitually overlook. told him he must have been the victim of a famine anywhere, much less in so rich A similar case is met with in Turkes­ somebody’s lying political propaganda. a country as Ukraine.” tan. It is well-known, the Turkestanian patriots regard the Tadzik S.S.R. as a or travelled in the Middle East. One most unfavourably prejudiced reader that puppet-creation which has been just as ar­ should not proceed too systematically in the number of nations within the tificially torn out and fenced-off from the such questions. Moreover, it makes not U.S.S.R. who are striving for liberty and unity of the Turkestanian National State the slightest difference, from the A .B.N . independence in no way exceeds 'that of by the Soviets as all the rest of the Tur­ standpoint, whether the Tadziks, once the present Soviet Republics, and that the kish Soviet and Autonomous Republics ■ they are free from the Soviet-Russian A.B.N . conception does not mean a “ Bal- and Areas of the so-called “ Central Asia” . yoke, want to attach themselves to Tur­ kanised” Eurasia, but a just restoration It is called that in Soviet-Russian in order kestan or to Afganistan the country oj normal correlations between national to avoid the term “ Turkestan” , even in a which is allied to them by speach and culture, national state and religion in that purely geographical sense. That is also race. That must be decided only by the area. the opinion of the author, in that he men­ Tadziks themselves. tions on p. it that “ the Tadziks, who The ethnographical map of the Soviet speak a dialect related to Persian, are of These few critical observations are na­ Union which is appended to the booklet Turkish origin” . But that is quite wrong. turally in no way intended to deny the — wi'th an explanatory text which is well It is historically quite incredible that a high positive value of the work as a worth reading— is, it is true, not free from Turkish tribe in the Middle Ages should, whole, least of all that of the extraordina­ isolated mistakes. It seems to us unfortu­ while retaining their Turkish customs, rily comprehensive survey, complete with nate, that the spreading of he former mili­ adopt an Iranian language. The Tahziks, a series of reliable statistical tables, of the tary-settlements of the Cossacks from the on the other hand, represent the remain­ nations and peoples oppressed by Moscow, Black to the Yellow Sea is shown with der of an Iranian, and therefore pre-Tur­ their past history, their present position the same brown matching, as any con­ kish, aboriginal population of Turkestan, and their national rights and aspirations, tact between the Cossacks of the Far East, who have been intensively Turkicised, which is contained in the chief chapter, those of West Siberia, with those of the but have still retained their Iranian mo­ “ Different Nationalities — the Achilles’ Kuban, Don, and Terek areas can only ther-tongue. For the political attitude of Heel of the Soviet Union”. The Bolshe­ be purely political. It will nevetheless be Tadziks towards the unity and indepen­ viks cunningly-devised myth about the of the greatest benefit to every reader, as dence ideals, that is not necessarily de­ alleged one hundred and thirty odd “ peop­ it makes much that is abstract become cisive; but simply to describe them as les” that belong to the U.S.S.R. (who concrete and graphic. It is to be hoped Turks is not possible, and least of all in a therefore are said to need, on account of that this map will often be reproduced. reference work has appeared in Great their own disunity, the guiding hand of How many anti-Moscow publications Britain, where the national-ethnic circum­ an “ elder brother” ) dissolves into nothing­ have we already seen that urgently re­ stances in Turkestan are well-known to ness in the face of these indisputable quire a map of this kind ! quite a large number who have explored facts and figures. It is made clear to the V. D. No. io—xi UKRAINIAN OBSERVER Page 13

“Well,” said I, “what happened? What skin, and hundreds of demented wrecks ing what is going on the other side of the became of the food that was actually fought for it. Iron Curtain. But there are occasional grown in those years?” “ Every grain of The political aim was, as well as mere cracks in the curtain and a little news it, “said my friend, “was carted away by annihilation of a few millions more or does seep through—I have been enabled orders from Moscow. Why? For more less of the Ukrainians the Russians were to make use of some myself. Newspaper than one reason. One was that the Chi­ determined to destroy, to force collectivi­ correspondents had been shut out of Uk­ nese Communists were then being sup­ zation on an unwilling people. The people raine during the period of the thieving, ported by Stalin and needed food, so were farmers and peasants, and like far­ but, later in the year 1933, W. H. Cham­ Stalin saw that they got it from—Ukra­ mers and peasants all over the world, pas­ berlin was in Ukraine to pick up what he ine, leaving the Ukrainians to go with­ sionately devoted to their own little bit of could of the ghastly events which had out. Another reason was that” (I knew soil. They resented collectivization, which taken place, and about which scraps had this myself) “the Soviet Government bad­ meant the seizure of their own loved land reached him. Mr. Chamberlin is one of the most reputable of all American cor­ ly needed foreign currency, and dumped and their own equally loved animal stock, respondents, and, possibly, the most infor­ the grain at any price on the European giving it up to the unholy State and be­ med on Russian and Eastern European markets. And much went to the new ing tied to what was their own property affairs. Here is what he says: — great industrial towns created east of the as slaves. They resisted, and the famine Urals to feed the new immense popula­ was the punishment. “ Early in 1933 Ukraine was declared tions who were all engaged rn making- Actually, the 1932 harvest had been “out of bounds”, for foreign correspon­ what? War equipment for the coming at­ good and there was plenty of food for dents, so that there could be no widely tack on the West! ” years. But, suddenly, the great vehicles circulated accounts of the great human But my friend told me that the main ob­ of the Kremlin rolled in day by day and tragedy. What had happened was not ject of creating this famine was from a po­ scraped every grain from the people, leav­ hardship, or privation, or distress, or food litical ,motive, to strike a deadly blow at ing them nothing. This went on day after shortage, to mention the deceptively the Ukrainian nation and increase terro- day, in circumstances of the greatest bru­ euphemistic words that were allowed to risation. tality, and, horrible as it is even to think pass the Soviet censorship, but stark, The Ukrainians, a nation of 45 milli­ of, these fine people were driven to canni­ outright famine, with its victims counted ons in South-eastern Europe, have been balism, eating their own loved children. in millions. No one will probably ever long under Moscow domination, impo­ Just thing of it, you mothers of the West! know the exact toll of death, because the These women were not African savages, Soviet-Russian Government preserved sed with consistent cruelty. While I could trace no existence of fa­ with whom, rightly or Wrongly, we have the strictest secrecy about the whole mat­ been accustomed to associate canniba­ ter, officially denied that there was any mine in any other part of the U.S.S.R. in lism. They were of the same stock as famine, and rebuffed all attempts to orga­ 1932-33, it would appear that the Man­ those who brought Christianity from the nize relief abroad. chester Guardian had a special represen­ East, and for centuries their nation for­ tative who reported that in Russia so far “ Walking through the dusty streets of med a great rampart defending the West from there being a shortage, people floc­ the villages in Ukraine, one was impres­ from the inroads of the savage hordes ked there to buy food. sed by the sense of death and desertion. of the East. At this same time, Russian ships which House after house seemed to be aban­ put into Belgian and Dutch ports, invi­ Even now, the Ukrainians are a most doned, with window panes fallen in and ted all and sundry to dances, banquets devout, religious nation, and nothing has corn growing mixed with the weeds in affected them more than the attacks on and other free entertainments to show gardens which had been abandoned by how bursting with food the U.S.S.R. was, their religion and their devoted priest­ their owners. Nearly in every village the hood. “For God and Country! For Free­ and what a happy land was this. Could death rate was not less than ten per cent. dom for the Peoples and the Nations” anything be more brutal more cynical? ' “ There has perhaps been no disaster At the very moment when the Soviet au­ truly describes their true aims. of comparable magnitude that received thorities were knowingly murdering mil­ For many centuries the Ukrainians so little international attention. The So­ lions through the theft of their food, they have fought for their freedom against the viet-Russian method of stifling direct re­ were flaunting their abundance in the hordes of Moscow, again and again they porting of the famine, by refusing permis­ eyes of Western Europe and pouring it seemed doomed. But again and again they sion to correspondents to visit the strick­ out for nothing. re-appeared, as determined as ever to en regions until a new crop had been har­ My friend described the ghastly scenes throw off the yoke of the detested invader, vested, and the outward signs of the mass he saw, and he was not a particularly whether Tsarist, Communist, Socialist or mortality had been largely eliminated humane German. He had been through any other; to them the yoke does not be­ proved very effective. Officially Moscow the war as a spy as well as a soldier, and long to any particular political body, they continued to deny brazenly that there the sight of thousands of dead did not desire their release from their oppressor had been any starvation. Few correspon­ through the centuries—Russia. mean a great deal to him. dents were inclined to risk difficulties with At the moment they have their own But he told of the dead he saw, thou­ the censorship by sending the story of sands.of bodies, or rather skeletons. What Underground Resistance, with a well or­ events which had occured some months affected him most, was the sight of thou­ ganized army which is able to cause much sands of unrecognisable little children, anxiety in the Kremlin. And behind this in the past.“ with swollen bellies and matchsticks Resistance and behind this army stands And, while the Soviet vehicles rolled for arms and legs, some with little the Ukrainian Nation. Surely such a through the streets of Ukrainian towns life, others dead. Men and wo­ people can never be crushed! and the country roads, stealing every men, also hardly recognisable as hu­ To return to the famine which was no grain that could be scraped up in spite man, crawling about the streets, emaciat­ famine, but the theft on a gigantic scale of the appeals of the hunger-stricken, ed, with swollen feet and bodies, begging of the food of the people to whom it be­ a crust or scraping in garbage dumps for longed, the fact was concealed from the other vehicles paraded the streets and filthy, rotten scraps. M y friend told me West with the skill with which the Krem­ r oads picking up the skeletons of the dead he thoughtlessly threw away a cucumber lin can prevent other people from know­ with which Ukraine was strewn. Page 14 UKRAINIAN OBSERVER No. 10—11

Prof. Volodymyr Derzhavyn rium” in order to achieve a proletarian class-consciousness, proved to be of THE HUMANE SCIENCE IN THE short duration. As early as 1946 began POST-WAR SOVIET UKRAINE arrests, banishments and other repres­ sive measures, a few of the proscribed II. SCIENCE O F H IS T O R Y historians, such as Professor Ivan Kry- pyakevych, Senior Professor of Ukra­ In order to some extent to under­ (died in Munich, 1951), N. Vasylenko- inian History at Lviv University, were stand the present deplorably low level Polonska, M. Chubatyj, J. Bor- afterwards pardoned, but there can be of the Science of History in Soviet Uk­ shchak, and many others. Most of the no thought of their continuing with raine, one must remember that it was above-named historians belong, it is their scientific work. Just like the other this Science which, after having flouri­ tiue, to the “ older generation" of Uk­ non-Russian historians in the Soviet shed magnificiently in the twenties, rainian émigrés, but it is characte­ Union, they may say and write only both in Soviet Ukraine and, especially, ristic that, between the latter and those that which the "Party and Govern­ in Polish-occupied Western Ukraine of 1943-45 emigration, there are no di­ ment" declare desirable. and among the Ukrainian national-po­ vergencies worth mentioning regarding litical emigration, was, during the thirt­ aims, fundamental principles, and me­ Yet another thing must be taken ies, systematically extirpated in So­ thods of historical research—which is into consideration, and that is that viet Ukraine. No wonder that the few greatly to the advantage of Ukrainian those West-Ukrainian historians suffer Ukrainian historians who had survived Science in the emigration. under a threefold Soviet-Russian con­ the mass and individual proceedings, For the History of Science in Soviet trol: as Ukrainians on the whole, as especially directed against Ukrainian Ukraine, however, the direct conse­ West-Ukrainians, i. e. as persons whose national intellectual life, which were quences of the war and the post-war entire activities before 1944 took place instituted by the "proletarian class-jus- period were catastrophic. Her scien­ in a "capitalistic” setting, and finally tice’’ of 1930-36, itself completely go­ tifically qualified cadre shrunk even as representatives of a tendency in Uk­ verned by Soviet-Russian chauvinism, more because among those historians rainian historical research which is and also the mass-persecution of the who had let themselves be evacuated specially odious to the Soviet-Russians Yezhovshchina-terror of 1937-39, so to the East in 1941, the shrewdest, such (and, one may say, to the White Rus­ called after the notorious leader of the as the highly-talented historian of the sian émigrés as well)—the so-called N.K.V.D., the half-crazy sadist, Ni­ Ukrainian Cossacks, Mykola Horban, political school which, found­ kolai Yezhov, were not at all willing, had warily chosen to remain in Siberia, ed outside the Soviet, domains in the at the beginning of the German-Soviet where the "Party and Government" twenties by a number of famous histo­ war, to allow themselves to be "evacu­ took less notice of the non-Russian na­ rians (V. Lypynsky, S. Tomashivsky, ated" by the Soviets from Ukraine to tionality of a historian than in the eth­ D. Doroshenko, etc.), prefers to study Central-Ural districts (Ufa). Instead nically Ukrainian countries. the state-building factors and prece­ they remained under the German occu­ Thus weakened and disorganised, dents in Ukrainian national history pation in Ukraine and later preferred, the historical cadre in Soviet Ukraine and, in contrast to other schools of Uk­ despite all anti-Ukrainian repressive, was not able to derive only benefit from rainian historians, knows how to value disqualificatory and starving-out mea­ the superficially more liberal national the historic role played , by single pro­ sures on the part of the German Nazis, policy of the "Party and Government" minent personalities. Since this tenden­ to avoid the unheard-of bloody terxor during the Second World War, as were cy in Soviet Ukraine was never allowed of the Soviet-Russian re-occupation of .the Ukrainian historians of literature, into print, eventual co-operation be­ Ukraine, in 1943-44, by a dangerous Ù of art, and the archaeologists. Between tween Ukrainian historians and those flight to the West that was attended by 1941-46, there were published no im­ of Central—and East-Ukraine is out of every privation. Thus did the main portant works in the realm of Ukra­ the question: there is a sad lack of part of Ukraine, which even before inian history, only a few text-books mutual understanding between them. 1939 had languished under the totali­ for intermediate and high-schools This all the more, since, of the three tarian despotism of the alien Soviet- which, it must be admitted, were less schools which represented in the Ukra­ communist occupants, lose the last inimically inclined towards the nation inian science of history in Soviet Ukra­ remnants of its, more or less, trained and less Moscow-phile than the cor­ ine in the twenties, and so at a com­ academical historical cadre. responding production in 1935-40. At paratively tolerable period of the So­ The result of this is naturally that the close of the “ liberal" era in 1946, viet Russian national and cultural po­ the Science of History among the pre­ these books were of course promptly licy, there is nowadays only one, which sent Ukrainian national-political emi­ confiscated as the work of "bourgeois- is called, owing to its sphere of inte­ gration is one of the best represented nationalist vermin” ; there had been, in rests, the regionalistic or ethnographic and most zealously cultivated. This is practice, no real change of policy. school. It is the oldest of all, as it was testified to by the names, and the works In the West Ukrainian districts, the only one which could be fostered, published among the emigration, of which had been newly seized by So­ within certain limits, even under the such prominent historians as B. Krup- viet Russia, the situation promised to Tzars. This school, it is true, also lost nytsky, O. Ohloblyn, D, Doroshenko be somewhat more favourable, espe­ its most talented representatives, such cially in Galicia, where a number of as the scholar, D. Yavornytsky, And so the greatest massacre of all prominent historians had remained be­ through the Soviet tenor (another im­ time was committed, and over six million hind in 1944, in the hope of a compa­ portant representative of the same people died. ratively tolerant attitude towards their school, the scholar, D. Bahaliy, fortu­ To the Muscovite, human life is nor purely scientific activities on the part nately died in 1931, just before the be­ thing. These are the people, whom the of the Soviets. Even the minimum to­ ginning of a systematic persecution), insanity or worse of the West, brought lerance towards all non-Marxist histo­ yet it was not completely eliminated, into the heart of Christian Europe du- rians, who therefore required what the on account of the fact that it prefer­ ling the Second World War. Soviets phrased "a political morato­ red to direct its interests on scientific No. io—il UKRAINIAN OBSERVER Page 15 details: the Soviets did not consider it particularly dangerous, although it MALENKOV’S “ COLLECTIVE LEADERSHIP“ must be admitted that this school also by A. Kaminskyj produced several prominent champions of Ukrainian national political sove­ The Riddle of the Ministries Beria’ s Intentions reignty. In many places in the Western World The reduction of the number of Mini­ Many more, however, were produ­ the reshuffling of the Soviet government stries therefore meant a decentralization ced by the so-called national schools of after Stalin’s death, by which the number entrusting the single Ministries, not only history, which, founded in West-Ukra- of Ministries was reduced from more than with a wider field of responsibility, but ine at the end of the last century by the 50 to 24, was explained as a new trend to­ also increasing their powers, authority, great Ukrainian historian, Mykhaylo wards an increased centralism on the part and their independence. This was a logi­ Hrushevsky, took rapid root in Cen­ of the new masters in the Kremlin. And cal consequence of the conditions pre­ tral and East-Ukraine after the revo­ when, after Beria’s fall, five new Minis­ vailing in the Kremlin in those days be­ lution of 1905, and was the most pre­ tries were established recently, the same fore Beria’s dismissal, for it was still a dominant in Soviet Ukraine during the circles logically came to the conclusion collective government then. Beria’s wish twenties. Although this tendency of that this now indicated a decentralization. and intention was to apply this practice Ukrainian national historian research This Was affirmed by the “ wave” of col­ also to the Republics and to combine it was based upon the theory of an "or­ lective replacements of leaders on all le­ with a “new” nationality-policy. As Chief ganic” spontaneous development of vels of the party apparatus and the state, of the entire police organisation for many the Ukrainian nation and thus underes­ and the considerable upheaval about it. It years he not only studied the problem of timated to a certain extent the histori­ is considered to be a new political line not nationalities in the U.S.S.R. very thorou­ cal value of purely political trends and only in the U.S.S.R. itself, but also in the ghly, he also judged it correctly. His movements as was, moreover, some­ Satellites ever since. This interpretation “new” nationality-policy had a dual pur­ what inclined to socialism, its contri­ seemed to be all the more probable in pose : On the one hand he wanted to find bution to the formation of the Ukraini­ view of the so-called new course in its an outlet for the ever increasing anti-Ru­ an national political feeling was extra­ entirety. ssian sentiments among the non-Russian ordinarily great', as it proved, clearly peoples (mainly the Ukrainians and Ge­ In both cases, however, the guesses and indesputably, the continuity of orgians), on the other hand, he aimed at were completely wrong, for the deeper Ukrainian national history and its in­ strengthening his own position for the fu­ political and sociological factors were not dependence of Muscovite Russiandom, ture struggle for power with Malenkov considered at all, and the entire problem and that in an unobjectionable scien­ and his Russian adherents by conferring was dealt with in a simplified arithmeti­ tific manner. And since this school un­ more powers on the Quisling-govemmen- cal method. compromisingly upheld the principle of t:. in K yiv and the capitals of other So­ an original and organic independence The large number of Ministries in the viet Republics. era before Stalin’s death set a model ex­ of the Ukrainian national culture, it Who Worked Against “ Collective ample of a so-called “decentralisation was, without exception, sacrificed to Leadership” ? the Russification lust of the Moscow into departments” which, in reality, is a despots in Ukraine. The consequence kind of centralization, that is to say just The accusations raised against Beria of this was that, as early as the middle the opposite of what its name indicates, that he had violated the principle of “ col­ thirties, this school had no representa­ and of the so- called “ organic decentrali­ lective leadership” were a mere propa­ ganda trick, for it was precisely Malen­ tives at all within the Soviet sphere of zation” . It is based on the principle that kov who has now abolished the “collec­ domination. all major fields are divided up into single tive leadership” in the Kremlin. Inciden­ The very same fate befell, several departments which are competent within tally, this is not the first time in the his­ years later, that school of historical clearly defined limits and strictly submit­ tory of Russian Communism that one research which one may aptly describe ted to one central authority. This authori­ w'ho survived the political struggle for as national-communistic. Although ty can thus exercise an extraordinary con­ power misrepresented the doctrines and loyal to Marxism and Leninism and in trol over the entire field. This was the ideas of his ousted enemies, in order to this connection in opposition towards reproduce them later as his own, and, structure of the Soviet system as a whole the national liberation struggle, it accused others of his own or merely ima­ nevertheless sought to demonstrate the when in recent times Stalin, with some ginative misdeeds while later doing the line of development of the revolutiona­ of his assotiates of the Politbureau, was same for which others had to pay with ry forces and industrial proletariat in the Head Of State and held it together by their lives. A typical example is the rela­ Ukraine as being divergent from the his personal Secretariat. tionship between Trotsk’i and Stalin. Russian. This was naturally closely connected with the nationally-coloured Of course, this does not mean that Beria would not in the future have remo­ efforts of the Ukrainian Communists to the West-Ukrainian Communist, Mat- ved a rival whom he feared. As long as get rid of Moscow centralization, while viy Yavorsky, was very small. he did not feel himself strong enough he retaining the Soviet system and a com­ The Science of History in Soviet Uk­ was interested in maintaining the “ col­ munistic Party-dictatorship. The So­ raine at present can therefore, at the lective leadership” in the Kremlin. The viets diligently exploited this group for most, occupy itself with details of an ousting of Beria therefore marks the be­ the combatting of all the other histori­ archival or ethnographical nature; the ginning of a new development which, by cal schools and, after the liquidation scanty remnants of the regional histo­ the strengthening of Malenkov’s position, of the latter, exterminated it just as rical schools are not capable of any­ will lead to a one-man dictatorship in completely as them—naturally on the thing more important. A fundamental the Kremlin. This is the aim of Malen­ same pretext of "bourgeois-national- rejuvenation of the science of history ism” . The actual scientific achievement is to be hoped for from those scien­ kov himself. The obvious obstrusiveness of this group, by the way, including tists who are now active in the nation­ he has displayed in recent times, his ap­ the treatise of its chief representative, al-political emigration in the West, pearing everywhere—sometimes even de­ Page 16______UKRAINIAN OBSERVER No. 10—11

putizing for Foreign Minister Molotov on war there will be no American tanks and roubles and, in comparison with the total Soviet bud­ guns, nor American tinned food. Only get (544,264.7 million roubles) constitutes 3,3 p?*r cent the occasion of foreign political spee­ o? the whole. The economic position of Ukraine in ches and some receptions—is very diffe­ those who have studied the supply prob­ the complex of the U.S.S R. is clearly displayed by rent from his silence in Beria’s days, and, lems of the Soviet army during World this budget, which serves, at the same time,as a tes­ in addition to the appointment of men War II, are aware of the difficulties which timony to the exploitation of the Ukrainian economy. like Khrushchov, Kruglov, Kabanov, and confronted the Russians in this respect, In the budget of the Ukrainian S.S.R., 16,072 mil­ although they are unbelievably modest in lion is set aside for social-cultural expenditure. This Zotov, and also certain other indications, “ social-cultural” expenditure is quite out ol pi ( por­ clearly give proof of his intentions. their wants. Incidentally, the expansion tion to the trade, industry and military affairs, and “ Collective Leadership” —a Means of of trade with the West is intended to serve one can tell at first glance that the independence of the same aim. “ socialistic” Ukraine is mostly preserved in the this Oppression respect. When one, however, considers the “ social- But at the same time, and with much In view of these facts the setting-up of cultural” expenditure further and once again exami­ propaganda, the system of “ collective lea­ new Ministries has a centralist and politi­ nes the total Soviet budget, in Which 129,762,4 mil­ cal as well as an economic reason. Whe­ lion roub'es are set aside for this purpose, it is obvious dership” was maintained in the republics that, in this respect, the budget of the Ukrainian and in all other spheres of political life ther Malenkov will, however, by means S.S.R. amounts to only 12,3 per cent of whole, which in the U.S.S.R. However, in consequen­ of social and economic measures and with again is not in proportion to the numbei of the po­ ce of the various reorganizations and re­ the aim of his system of “ collective lea­ pulation. which constitutes 25 per cent of that of the Soviet Union. placements, the intention of which was dership” , succeed in delaying an out­ burst of these latent nationalist tensions At this session, the services rendered by the Russian mainly to remove Beria’s friends, this nation in raising the level of the Ukrainian economy system no longer purported to serve de­ in the Soviet Union for a longer period of and the living-standards of the population, were, of centralization but centralization. The cha­ time, is difficult to predict. One thing, at course, “ suitably” referred to. If we look once again racteristic feature of Malenkov’s collec­ any rate, is certain: much will depend on Ri the nationalities of the following people :Hryhnri■ the policy of the Western Powers, that is cv, Minister for Building Materials, Kulbej\in, Minis­ tive leadership manifests itself in the es­ ter for Forestry and Paper Industry, Karavayev, Mi­ tablishment of groups of associated lea­ to say, on the question of Whether they nister for State Control, Valujev, Minister for Fuel, ders who, owing to their structure and to are willing to use the internal difficulties Tretyakov, Minister for Local Affairs, Selivanov, the scope of their responsibilities, are sub­ in the U.S.S.R. in time to the advantage Cha;rman for the National Planning Commision, of the Free World. Toll^unov, the above-mentioned deputy Minister of ject to strict control and constant inter­ Finance (exclusively Russians), the composition of the ference of a central authority. At the Historical Comparisons budget becomes more comprehensible and its purpos­ same time the danger that certain strong Historically Malenkov’s “collective lea­ es obvious. personalities in the Kremlin and else­ dership” is not a novelty to the non-Rus­ # # # where might become all-powerful is eli­ sian peoples in the Soviet Union and the Delivery of the Fruit Quota minated. Satellites. After the defeat of the Ukra­ According to an announcement in the “ Radyanska This applies in particular to the non- inian Hetman Mazepa and the Swedish Ukraina” of Sept. 5th, 1953, the quota for delivery, Russian Soviet Republics an the Sa­ King Charles X II in the battle of Pol- of fruit to Leningrad and Moscow has been fulfilled tellites. Take Tito as an example tawa in 1709, the Russians, shortly before with 215,6 per-cent. In the Rivne district, for instan­ ce, the quota for fruit-delivery had been fulfilled with for such an accession to power. Spell­ the death of Mazepa’s successor, Hetman 112.9 per cent by Sept. 1st. The delivery of cucumbers bound by the Russian mania for power J. Skoropadskyj, formed a “collective lea­ at this point amouted to 122,4 Per cent- Thus, twice and also in dread of the nationality-prob­ dership”—an Executive Committee which as much fruit as in the previous year has been lem, Malenkov, at least for the time be­ was responsible for the Ukraine, and brought into the state planning centres. ing, tries—in contrast to the policy of which was even competent for taxation. Similar conditions prevail in the Stanislaviv dist­ rict, where the delivery is two and a half times as Beria—to overcome the acute internal In 1764 the office of the Hetman was abo­ much as in the previous year. problems which threaten to undermine the lished in the Ukraine and replaced by the * # # Soviet “penitentiary of nations”, by social “Second Executive Committee”. Headed by the Russian General Rurnjancev, this At a session of the Supreme Soviet of the Ukra­ and economic measures and by “collec­ inian S.S.R.,under the chairmanship of M. S. Hre- tive leadership” . This is the reason for Committee was composed of four repre­ chu\ha, the president of the Kyiv district executive the “ new” agrarian policy, for the pro­ sentatives of the Russian Government and committee of the Communist Party; Staryichu\, gave mises as regards an intensified develop­ four representatives of the upper U kra­ a report on the statements and grievances of Ukrai­ inian nobility. The top positions in the nian workers in this district. It was shown that bu­ ment of light industry and an increa­ reaucracy and ineffective treatment of the wisher, of the sed production of consumer goods, the Ukrainian Soviet Republic are to-day working population is to be met with everywhere. It building of new hospitals and schools, etc. again held by Tychyna, Kornijchuk, and was, however, not ascertained how this evil could be Stefanyk, together with people like Ka- cured. Malenkov’s Economic Worries ravajev, Selifanov, Valujev, and others, # # # All this is not only a result of the ap­ in the same way as Rokosovskij keeps an This year, 83 million books were delivered to Soviet parent failure of Moscow’s past social eye on Bjerut in Poland. Ukraine. They were, of course, mosdy the works of and economic policy, but, on the one communist bolshevist writers. At the present moment, hand, it is a means to appease the dissa­ million editions of the works of Marks, Engels, Le­ nin, Stalin and the ordinances of the 19th Party Con­ tisfaction of the population, and on the UKRAINE BEHIND THE IRON gress of the C.P.S.U are being printed. other hand it is to guarantee the supply CURTAIN L. M. Tolstoi's “ War and Peace” and A. N. Tol­ of Soviet economy which has to face the stoi’s “ Peter I” are being published in Ukraine for eventuality of a new war in all serious­ The Budget of the Ukrainian Soviet the first time. Moreover, the works printed are mostly ness. It is probably not a mere coinciden­ Republic those by Russian poets and writers and very few Uk­ rainian authors are represented. ce that special consideration is attached On Sept, ioth, 1953, a session of the Supreme Soviet of the Ukrainian S. S. R. to deal with the # # # to wheat production and cattle-breeding, question of administration of revenue for the year From Sept. 21 st to 27th there was held in Kyiv a especially if one knows that the preferen­ 1953 (?) to°k place in Kyiv. The budget of the republican training course for composers, poets, pain­ ce hitherto given to heavy industry U.S.S.R. was setded on August 8th, 1953, and now ters and sculptors. The participants occupied them­ has resulted in a catastrophic situation in the Ukrainian S.S.R, had to “ order its finances” . The selves with questions of up-to-date literature, drama chairman of the meeting was Pavlo Tychyna and the precisely these economic fields. The new and similar things. The greater part of the program­ deputy Minister of Finance, 7. O. Tol\unov, was pre­ me was again taken up with Soviet propaganda. masters in the Kremlin must seriously sent as reviewer of financial questions. The budget of * * # take into account the fact that in a future the Ukrainian S.S.R. amounts to 17.990,7 million

Printed by ‘‘Ukrainian Publishers Ltd’ 237, Liverpool Rd., London, N. I., Pel. NORth 1828. Vol. V No. 12 LONDON, DECEMBER 1953 'Price 1 s CONTENTS: SOVIET POLITICS SOVIET POLITICS...... 1-2 THE PRESENT POLITICAL SITUATION IN THE BOLSHEVIST Z. Poray SPHERE OF POWER UKRAINE—“THE LAND OF The events of 17th June, 1953, have U.S.S.R. and the Satellite States. MILK AND HONEY” ...... 2-4 proved to the Western World that an Recent events in the Ukraine, in Hun­ Prefers Rather to go Hungry than active mass-revolt on the part of a sup­ gary, Bohemia, Slovakia, Poland, to Work for Moscow pressed nation is possible even under Georgia, Eastern Germany, and in conditions of totalitarian terrorism. We, other countries have revealed the P. Stepanenko the representatives of the suppressed internal weakness of Bolshevism. The N.T.S. PREPARES FOR THE nations, were already aware of this, crisis which has arisen in the economic, NEXT RUSSIAN EMPIRE ... 4-6 since our peoples have been waging a national, political and military fields, similar war—in part armed—for years. as well as the struggle for power among Russian political emigrees are try­ Some years ago armed units of the Uk­ Stalin’s successors, presents a favour­ ing to win over the sympathies and rainian Insurgent Army made a system­ able opportunity for the Western World the support for their plans of the atic propaganda raid into the West. to take the initiative and actively West-German Government and At the same time and even before, raids intervene in the affairs of the U.S.S.R. Society were made by other units into Poland, The Western World had and still has Slovakia, East Prussia, Lithuania and the possibility of effecting a liberation A CONSISTENT ATTITUDE 6 White Ruthenia. One battalion, under policy, and conquering the U.S.S.R. THE AGRICULTURAL SITU­ Commander Lys, even went into Cau­ and Bolshevism from within. Malenkov, ATION IN THE U.S.S.R. ... 7 casia. considerably perturbed by this event­ In view of the circumstances the uality has started to play a hazardous MOSCOW’S EDUCATIONAL fight for freedom assumed the nature game, which he has partly won. Adopt­ POLICY ...... 7 of an underground movement, whereby ing Lenin’s zigzag policy, which saved armed units formed small groups. Bolshevism on several occasions, he Prof. Dr. Volodymyr Derzhavyn These groups are more concerned with has promised concessions in certain THE HUMANE SCIENCES IN propaganda than with military activity. fields. Such as holdings of land for POST-WAR SOVIET UKRA­ The main object is to intensify and town-dwellers; privately owned stocks INE ...... 8-9 spread the revolutionary fight in all of cattle for farmers on collective farms; spheres of life—in the fields of industry, a fictitious reduction of prices; the ex­ V. D. culture, and administration—and part­ pansion of light industries (that is to The Journey for our Times icularly among the members of the So­ say better provision for the mass-con­ THE JOURNAL OF THE viet Army. As Bolshevism, has become sumer), and an alleged cut in the MARQUIS DE CUSTINE ... 9-10 the external form of expression of Rus­ Budget for military purposes, in favour sian imperialism, so this psychological of mass-consumption, etc. Beria, too, TWO BRILLIANT UKRA­ revolution thus evoked becomes a —allegedly without Malenkov’s per­ INIAN DATES ...... 10-11 national and political fight which mission—is said to have made fictitious includes every sphere of life. concessions in favour of the non-Rus­ The Seventh Centenary of the Co­ The Soviet policy to extend Russian sian elements of the Communist Party ronation of King Danylo Roma- influence is constantly being intensified of the Soviet Union (a fact which was novych and the Foundation of the and increased in the U.S.S.R. as well not denied after Beria’s fall). Malenkov City of Lviv as in the Satellite States. At the same achieved his greatest success, however, time, however, the resistance of all the by his apparently conciliatory attitude UKRAINE BEHIND THE non-Russian peoples is steadily increas­ towards the Western World. The latter IRON CURTAIN ...... 11 ing accordingly, and the internal pres­ fell into the trap. Guarantees regarding sure exerted by the national independ­ the status quo, projects for an Eastern AN AMERICAN WOMAN IN ence movements is constantly growing. Locarno as well as various non-aggres­ UKRAINE ...... 11 This has resulted in a crisis in the sion pacts, the postponement of the Page 2 UKRAINIAN OBSERVER No. 12 liberation resolution in the American Congress, statements to the effect that Ukraine—“The Land of Milk and the Western Powers would be willing to desist from every kind of liberation H oney” policy,—all these factors, commented PREFERS RATHER TO GO HUNGRY THAN TO WORK FOR MOSCOW upon at length in the Soviet press, were By Z. Poray a serious blow as far as the suppressed nations were concerned, for they now A disagreable plenary session Comrade Kirichenko started his report realized that, instead of supporting Ukraine once was known as the with an untruth, by stating that the Ukra­ their fight for freedom the Western granary of Europe. Before the First ine had as usual made “allegedly gigantic Powers intended to refrain from inter­ World War and the Revolution, huge advances” in recent years under the So­ vening on their behalf. And the sup­ quantities of grain cereals, butter, lard, viet rule. This, of course, being due to pressed nations thus saw themselves pork, poultry, eggs and other agricul­ the “brotherly help of the great Russian degraded to objects of barter. In this tural products made up, year after year, nation” and the wise guidance of the way internal revolutionary tendencies for the food deficit of the central Rus­ solicitous Communist Party. This was the in the U.S.S.R., which might possibly sian provinces and also had been export­ usual string of hackneyed phrases, a sort lead to national insurrections, were, to ed to the industrial areas of Western of Tibetan prayer-mill in bolshevist a certain extent, paralysed. Europe. The Ukrainians were inclined to setting, a kowtow before the gods and the demigods of the Kremlin. History, however, proves that the regard their homeland as “God’s own possibility of defeating Russia is to be country”; they were proud to see their Painful truths found in the national problem of Rus­ vast steppes undulating with wheat, maize Then came the statement of painful sia. It is an historic fact that Russia was and sunflowers. truths, revealed and admitted because always defeated whenever it was inter­ Today, Ukraine is a devastated, drain­ there was no possible way to hide them. nally divided by national revolutionary ed and exhausted land, utterly neglected For the first time Comrade Kirichenko movements. This was the case in the in look and substance, and reduced to quoted figures, instead of “per cents”. Crimean War, in the Russo-Japanese extreme poverty. A population of 45 He started with stock-farming and war, as well as in the years 1917 to million live upon one of the richest cattle-breeding. Here is the picture show­ 1918, although Russia at that time soils of the earth, and they are now cover­ ing by comparison, the year 1941 (be­ belonged to the coalition of victors. ed in rags, hungry and destitute. This is fore the outbreak of the war with The more concessions the Western the direct consequence of Russian co­ Germany), to 1953: lonial occupation of this country and of Powers make to Soviet Russia because 1941 1945 1953 36 years of Bolshevist mismanagement. they dread her atomic and hydrogen Cattle 10.751.000 7.011.000 11.717.000 bombs, the more they guarantee the Comrade O. Kirichenko, the Secretary General of the Communist Party of Uk­ Pigs 9.059.000 1.804.000 9.030.000 status quo, the more will they promote S ieep and Russian aggression. Russia will only raine, was compelled recently to come to this conclusion at the plenary session of Goats 6.364.000 2.770.000 8.343.000 yield to force. Every indication of weak­ Horses 4.573.000 1.768.000 2.469.000 ness on the part of the Western World the Central Committee of the C.P. of paralyses the will of the suppressed Ukraine on Oct. 14th, 1953, in Kyiv, in The war losses, as the above index nations to fight for freedom as it a general review of the present economic shows, indeed had been terrible. But in obviously corroborates Bolshevist pro­ and social situation in the Ukraine. the eight years since the end of the war paganda about the decline and fall of the Western World, which is predestin­ themselves felt. The serious agri­ a dictatorship composed of a clique of ed to ruin. Every attempt on the part cultural crisis in the U.S.S.R. which leading Party members, who by a very of the Western World to bring about has even been admitted by Khrushchov considerable majority consist of Rus­ a compromise is detrimental, for the himself; the intensification of the sian Party intellectuals, in a social compromise is not likely to materialize national antagonism between Russians respect opposes the masses of the peopl­ since Russia is not aiming to achieve and non-Russians; the obvious contra­ es suppressed by Russia, as well. peace, but world supremacy. Instead diction directed against the Western Furthermore, the state of confusion of using the internal crisis in the Powers, between the slogan of a nation­ existing among the dictators them­ U.S.S.R. to advantage by establishing al liberation and effort to remedy the selves, is revealed by Malenkov’s zigzag political and friendly relations with the social and economic distress of those political course as regards the suppres­ nations suppressed by the U.S.S.R., peoples on the one hand and the un­ sed nations. the Western Powers intend to make a bearable conditions, of national sup­ The opportunity would therefore be pact with the suppressor, by offering pression, social exploitation, and fa­ extremely favourable for the Western the U.S.S.R. a guarantee. A guarantee, mine in the U.S.S.R., on the other Powers to adopt an active policy. It not against an attack by the Western hand. In the Soviet army, itself, would likewise be a favourable oppor­ Powers,—such an attack, incidentally, national and social differences are mak­ tunity to launch a political offensive has never been intended—but a guaran­ ing themselves felt to an ever-increas- rather than to carry on negotiations tee against the possible pressure ing degree owing to the preferential regarding a settlement or guarantee brought to bear on the U.S.S.R., by a position of the national Russian ele­ promises. Indeed, all Malenkov’s poli­ fight for freedom on the part of the ments and the national Russian officers’ tical manoeuvres prompted by this suppressed nations. The Kremlin is caste. Six million of the seven million same necessity. Moreover, the internal thus able to deal with the suppressed Party members in the U.S.S.R. are situation in the U.S.S.R. is stabilized nations as it sees fit, for it is these Russians, and out of 1,316 members of by Malenkov’s success in the Western nations that Soviet Russia fears, and the Supreme Soviet Committee, 629 World since the Western Powers, to not the Western Powersl are employers and intellectuals, 269 their own disadvantage, have recently However, the following problems are farmers and only 418 are workers. begun to betray the cause of the sup­ still continue to exist and make It is obvious from these statistics that pressed nations. No. 12 UKRAINIAN OBSERVER Page 3

this branch of economy, under normal heifers. In some districts this ratio drops now one more comparison with the standards should have recovered more to 21, or even—19. corresponding yields in the “corrupted quickly and intensily. In 1953 Ukraine Very few cattle are in the private pos­ West”. In 1952 Belgium harvested 410 had 814.000 cows and 2.104.000 horses session of the kolkhoz peasants. Theoreti­ centners of sugar-beet per hectar, Hol­ less than 1941. Kirichenko admitted that cally, according to the basic kolkhoz land—453 centners; Denmark—370 cent­ “especially in Eastern areas of the Repub­ statute, each peasant is legally entitled to ners; France—291 centners; Italy—257 lic we have not yet reached the number manage his own small plot, and to keep centners. of cows and sheep we had in the Ukra­ tome cows, pigs and poultry. In the last “The level of the mechanization of ine in 1918”. He avoided to quote the few years the existing privately owned agriculture of Ukraine now harvests 100 figures. The Ukrainian peasants and live stock has fallen. During 1952 the or more puds (1 pud - 16,36 kilogramm) farmers slaughtened almost all their privately owned live stock fell by of grains p>er hectar”—boasted Com­ live stock, in 1928 to oppose the total 176.000 cows, and at the beginning of rade Kirichenko. That makes 16 centner collectivization of Ukrainian agricul­ 1953, 51 per cent of the kolkhoz peasants per hectar on the famous black soil of ture. It became known as the year of the possessed no cows at all. The reason tae Ukraine. Yet in the “ foul West” “big slaughter”. In the meantime the being that the state demanded from the Belgium harvests 35 centners p>er hectar, population of Ukrainian towns had private owners such large quantities of Denmark and Holland—34ctn., Switzer­ increased by at least iy 2 million. As they meat and dairy deliveries, that the pea­ land—35 ctn., and even stony Norway— were the main consumers of meat, the sants preferred not to tend their live 22,8 ctn. supply had accordingly to be reduced. stock at all. The Communist Drivers No butter, no milk High death rates All this is bad enough—but what is to Also the quality of the milch-cattle In 1952—100 cows bore only 69 calves; be done? Comrade Kirichenko sees one proves to be much worse. In the kolkhoz­ 100 sheep only 86 lambs, 1 sow littered of the main ways to improve the situation es of Ukraine the average yield per cow only 8 sucking pigs. The death rate of is to raise the yield of the crops by the in 1950 Was 1.221 kilogramms; in 1951 live stock is disproportionately high. “revised personal policy”. He stated that —1.215 kg; 1952—1.117kg. By compar­ During the first 8 months of 1953, every “at the present time there are living in ison, for 1951, the yield per cow in 8th and 6th calf died in the districts of Ukraine 72,000 agricultural specialists, Belgium was 3.400 kg; in Denmark— Chernihiv and Voroshylovgrad respectiv­ but only 5,015 are employed directly in 3.300 kg; in Holland—3.700 kg; in Swi­ ely. In the district of Mykolaiv every 10 th the kolkhozes and 10,808 in the sovkhoz­ tzerland—2.950 kg; in Sweden—2.900 kg; pig died. es (state farms). In the meantime we in England—2.800 kg and in France— “The yields of forage, fodders, mead­ have directed to the farms 6,762 agricul­ 1.950 kg. This is the testimony of the ows, natural pastures and grasslands are turists and 3,836 zoo-technicians (breed­ “efficiency” of the “most progressive very low” lamented Comrade Kirichenko. ers), and another 26,000 will soon socialist techniques and economy”. The “In the course of the last 3 years the kol­ follow.” There are 63,000 live stock farms productivity of the Soviet cows lies far khozes of Ukraine harvested per hectar in Ukraine “but only 13,000 communists .beiow the French and English yields. The less than 12 centners (hundredweight) of are working there in responsible posi­ milk productivity in some districts of hay and 100 centners of fodder-turnip>s. tions. Yet at least 130,000 communists Ukraine is low beyond comprehension. “In many kolkhozes the yield of pota­ wouid be needed”—declared the harassed In the district of Ternopil a cow yields on toes is so low that it scarcely compensates Kirichenko. average—812 kg; in Zhitomir—825 kg; for the used seed. In 1952 the px>tato crop Why is this? They are needed “to in Volhynia—858 kg; in Chemihiv— in the districts of Zaporozhe and Voro­ fight laziness, indolence and inertia, and 899 kg; in Kamianetz Podolsk—1.043 kg, shylovgrad were no more than 24-29 cent­ to combat bureaucracy and red-tap>e, and in Subkarpathia—not even 600 kg. ners, whereas the used seed amounted to chaos and muddling”. The practices of The highest yields were reached in the 23 centners”. The seeding of potatoes was the Ministry of Chemical Industry of district of Kherson—1.413 kg, the lowest mechanized only by 14%, the harvest­ U.S.S.R. in connection with the cor­ averages in the district of Rivne—611 kg. ing by 1%. responding practices of the Ministry of What Moscow demands Agriculture of Ukraine had been severely “Take it easy” “Intensify the yields of hothouses to criticized. The distribution of fertilizers Comrade Kirichenko complains that avert catastrophic developments”, Com­ and artificial measures were more often the different yields in milk, dairy products rade Kirichenko advised the kolkhoz pea­ than not “irresponsibly faulty”. The and meat in various districts had been sants of Ukraine. In 1952 there were 15 phosphate needed for the cultivation of caused by the “breach of the principle of per cent less than in 1940. This urge is sugar-beet in Vynnytsia and which is pro­ uniformity concerning the per hectar de­ quite understandable, as Moscow accord­ duced there, is sent to Latvia, and the livery”. The state demands had not been ing to its 5-year Plan, demands from the phosphate produced-.in Latvia is sent to uniform, and this was wrong. For Ukraine for the year 1954 140 centners Vynnytsia. This autumn some 10.000 instance one kolkhoz had to deliver to of potatoes (and not 24 as was the yield hectar of deep sugar-beet ploughing was the state in 1952 per hectar of soil resp. in 1952); 170 centners of cabbages; 120 made without fertilizing whatsoever. The of pasture, 43 kg., of milk, another kol­ centners of cucumbers; 135 centners of cultivation of maize in the last 3 years khoz—only 28 kg., according to the tomatoes; 82 centners of onions and 130 deteriorated in Ukraine “simply to cri­ effective amount of the tended cattle. The centners of white turnips per hectar. minal limits”. No due attention is paid less the amount of the kolkhoz cattle, The situation in sugar-beet cultivation to the proper education of the agricul­ the less the demanded delivery—the and the sugar industry is also most un­ tural specialists and “to the propaganda more you work, the more you’ll have to favourable. In 1950 the kolkhozes deliv­ of the most outstanding achievements of give away. Hence—“take it easy” ! ered to the factories 166 centners of beets the Soviet agricultural science”. Agricul­ The percentage of milk producing per hectar; in 1951—187 centners; in tural literature is often sent to wrong ■cows in a herd has been abnormally 1952—172 centners. In 1952 there had districts. For instance, books and manu­ low in the last years. In a cattle herd of been 794 kolkhozes in Ukraine (10 % als concerning the cultivation of cotton 100, only 26 are milk producing cows, of total) which did not reach even 100 had been sent to the district of Lviv and the rest being bulls, oxen, calves, and centners of sugar-beet per hectar. And Ternopil, books dealing with the prob- Page 4 UKRAINIAN OBSERVER No. 12

group in Bonn was remarkably well N. T. S. Prepares for me Next Russian Empire attended, and gained the adherence of RUSSIAN POLITICAL EMIGRES ARE TRYING TO WIN OVER THE some notable Germans. It was also re­ ported on favourably by the leading SYMPATHIES AND THE SUPPORT OF THE WEST-GERMAN German press. GOVERNMENT AND SOCIETY The late Professor Dr. Ernst Reuter, By P. Stepanenko the well known popular mayor of Berlin, One more Russian “ peace offensive” German-Russian Friendship” (“Freiheits­ by his adherence and active work, made the “Freiheitsbund” representative of One of the most interesting traits in the bund für Deutsch-Russische Freund­ schaft”), and the “National Labour serious German political thinking. He was development of Russian political emigra­ elected the Honorary President of the tion during the last four years is visible Union” “Nationalno-Trudovyj Ssoyuz” known in Russia as “N.T.S.”. The two Society. The unexpected death of Profes­ in their almost frantic and obstinate sor Reuter on the 29th September 1953 endeavours to gain very close contacts and Societies are closely linked in material and organizational respects and the same was a severe blow, not only for the besieg­ co-operation with influential German ed Berlin, but also for the “Freiheitsbund”' governmental and social circles. This ap­ personnel are often in leading positions in both of them. Although the “Freiheits­ which lost in him its most influencial pro­ plies to all the Russian emigre political pagator and protector. parties, including the cultural and scien­ bund” Stresses rather the German basis tific associations and social bodies, from oi its membership, the general conviction The background of N .T.S, the extreme Monarchist and Fascist Right exists 'that the Russian N.T.S. is the real It would take too much time to enume­ to the extreme Democratic Left. It would driving power behind the activities of rate the outstanding German personages appear as if the Russian emigres were “Freiheitsbud” who are members of the “Freiheitsbund”. acting in accordance with some predesign­ These activities are quite substantial. At the moment Herr O. E. H. Becker ed unanimous plan. A kind of Russian For instance, the first half-year report of and a Dr. A. Trushnovich, are the elected general psychological “peace offensive” is the “Freihei'tsbund” for 1953 enumerates acting presidents of the Society, for the operating with the obvious aim of gain­ 50 public lectures in conjunction with German and Russian parts respectively. ing the sympathies of Western German “akin organizations”, 5 meetings of Their headquarters are in Berlin-Nikolas- Society on behalf of far flung Russian “Members and Friends”, 28 gatherings se, am Schlach'tensee 136. aims. of “ Study Groups”, 4 Press Conferences, The Russian N.T.S. which was created It is symptomatic that this Russian 3 “Special Meetings with Foreign Guests”, in Yugoslavia in 1930 is, as an organiza­ propaganda offensive is met on the and 31 radio broadcasts. Some of the tion, much older than the “Freiheits­ German side with remarkably feeble op­ Press Conferences were particularly in­ bund”. The hard core of the organization position, in fact on the contrary, it meets reresting, as they were before the Mem­ consisted of the “younger generation” of with a considerabe favour. Two centres, bers of the Swedish Parliament in Stock­ the 1917-1921 Russian émigrés. This youn­ especially, in Western Germany can holm, and another in Kopenhagen, ger generation tried to disjoin itself from boast of substantial pertinent gains. Denmark. the outmoded, mostly reactionary beliefs- They are "The Freedom Society for The “Freiheitsbund” and patterns of their parents, especially their notions of the Theocratic Monarch­ The “Freiheitsbund”, created in Berlin ism and feudal social order. In Socialism lem of Polissia marshes to Voroshylov- in 1949, is centreing its attention on lec­ and Nationalism they saw the main driv­ grad and the kolkhozes of Chernihiv had ture work. During the first six months it ing powers of the modern world, and. to read books about the breeding of had an audience of over 15,000 listeners. made an attempt to form a doctrine of Danubian fish”. But the “Freiheitsbund” concentrates on Russian national-socialism by trying to‘ They repent and promise influencing small and select audiences weld both trends together. This led them The Plenary Session of the Central rather than appealing to huge gatherings. to the ideological camp of Italian Fascism, Committee of the C.P. of Ukraine accept­ The themes mostly preferred have been and German Nazism. During World War ed the severe criticism of Comrade Ki­ on Central Europe, Germany, the Satelli­ II. they made influential connection with richenko with due submission, applause, te Nations and in particular the interrela­ Hitlerites and found many powerful pro­ repentance and repeated promises of bet­ tions between Russia and Germany and jectors close to the Führer. Long before terment. Here, as always, the party was the scheme of United Europe, as well as the famed General Andrey Vlassov declar­ found to be “absolutely right”. But the understandable interestedness for the ed himself as a friend of Hitlerite whatever the reasons given for the present problems of Russia and the Soviet regime. Germany and started to form a Russian catastrophic state of agriculture in the For publicity the “Freiheitsbund” found at my on the side of the Axis Powers, the Ukraine, the main reason was not given. its propaganda media in such German or N.T.S. leaders had tried to form various The source of all evil lies in the Russian Russian-German journals as 'the “Frank­ Russian armed units at the side of Hitler,, occupation of Ukraine and in the “socia­ furter Heffe”, “Neues Abendland”, with its first objective to start an anti­ list economy of Marx, Lenin and Stalin”, “Fortschritt”, “Freies Wort” and the bolshevik propaganda warfare. Many. Rus­ which is hated and despised by the Uk­ “Deutsch-Russische Stossrichtung”. Many sian armed and propaganda units sponsor­ rainians to the deepest cores of their commentaries had been broadcast by the ed and created by N.T.S. had already been hearts. The Ukrainian people simply “Nord-West-Deutscher Rundfunk” in action. But the N.T.S.—Hitlerite refuse to work for the Russian parasites; (N.W.D.R.) and the “Radio r ia s”. friendship did not last very long. In 1944; but work only enough to keep body and During the same half-year the “Freiheits­ the Gestapo dealt a severe blow to the. soul together. Moscow simply doesn’t get bund distributed 64.500 copies of books, whole fabric of N.T.S. It appeared that the the much-neaded and demanded bread, pamphlets and leaflets. Out of four new Organization had many bolshevik agents^ butter and meat from Ukraine. And no local groups of the society created in the and the whole N.T.S. seemed to be a Plenary Sessions of the communists will area of Nordrhein-Westphalia, the most huge bolshevik agency, more or less ever fundamentally change this situation. noted one was in Bonn, the present capi­ skilfully masked. Nearly 400 leaders of Ukraine will again bloom and prosper tal of West-Germany, on the 17th August, the N.T.S. were arrested in 1944 and only after the Russians are gone. 1953. The constituent gathering of the more than a 100 instantly shot. The No. 12 UKRAINIAN OBSERVER Page 5

arrested were particularly suspected of of the Peoples of Russia”, was created in Germany, as the price of their fidelity and espionage for the U.S.S.R. and were New York which was later renamed the alliance. sentenced to German concentration “American Committee for the Liberation From this rises the concern of the Rus­ camps. Dr. ■ Victor Baydala\ov, an from Bolshevism”—A.C.L.B. For three sian émigrés to secure the sympathies and old emigre of 1920 the president years intensive American endeavours were support of the growing power of West­ ol N.T.S. and also Dr. Vladi­ made to créât an organization uniting ern Germany at the proper time. Also the mir Porems\ij the deputy president were Russians and non-Russians, as a non- great psychological offensive directed among the arrested suspects. American counterpart to the “American towards Bonn and the leading circles of Yet this particular political chronique Committee”. The members were bona- German society. The main idea, of course, scandaleuse did not end with this German fide representatives of the nations of is to put over the N.T.S. conception of purge. At this present time West-Europ- U.S.S.R., and in whose name this war­ the future construction of the post-bolshe­ ean population can see its somewhat fare should have been formally sponsored. vik Eastern Europe to the Germans—and dramatic and ludicrous continuation. Re­ At last a “Co-ordinating Centre of Anti­ through them, to the Americans. The po- cently the German newspapers, widely re­ bolshevik Struggle”, the so-called lical and social contents of this idea are ported, that a Georgi Vladimirovich Ho­ K.C.A.B. was created, but soon split up, not very difficult to fathom. At the runshi, alias Georg Millier, was arrested forming two different “centres”—the bottom of everything, lies the idea to on September i, 1953, by the American Right-wing “K.C.A.B.” and the Left- preserve at any cost the existence of the Security Agents in Frankfurt and charged wing “M.A.K.C.”. The split was the re­ Russian empire, if possible, within the in the American Occupation Court of sult of the separation of Mr. R. Nikola­ boundaries as reached by Stalin. The espionage and agent’s work for the So­ evsky’s Socialist party form the Vlassovite N.T.S.-people are using the same string viets. Horunshi alias Müller is one of the “ sborn" led by Messrs. Krylov, Milova- of phrases, such as the “selfdetermination most outstanding leaders of N.T.S., nov and Kruzhin. The Americans unwil­ of nations”, “'plebiscites”, “free votes”, having trained its chosen members in ling to show preference chose to with­ etc., as the Bolsheviks. They fear most revolutionary, subversive and propaganda draw their support from both. The the emancipati an movement of the satel­ anti-Soviet work. He had also sent small N.T.S.-people at this point decided to lite and non Russian nations of the sabotage and espionage units behind the play the German card. U.S.S.R. in their development towards Iron Curtain and warned simultaneously The people of the N.T.S.—now saw the creation of their own sovereign nation­ the Soviet Security Authorities of their the right moment to capture what remain­ al ethnographical states. They see the so­ arrival. Georgi Horunshi alias Müller— ed of the K.C.A.B., and to transform it lution of the most vital nationalities pro­ the German newspapers further report— to their own domain. Very soon such old blem of Eastern Europe in the same kind gained the confidence of the highest Ame­ Russian emigre leaders as Messrs. A. F. of “federations” and “confederations”, as rican Security Officers, and was acknow­ Kcrenskjj, S. P. Melgunov, A. J. Mi\hay- already achieved by the bolsheviks. Actual­ ledged by them to be an outstanding Rus­ lovs\ij and A. K. Kurganov had to yield ly, those émigrés are, without exception, sian expert in psychological antibolshevik under the pressure of the “dynamic po­ •ardent nationalist and chauvinist Rus­ warfare. As he was in such close con­ licy” of the Fascist-trained N.T.S.-men. sians. Sworn to keep the preponderance tact with Baydalakov and Poremskij in The N.T.S. delegated some of their ab­ and the dominance of the U.S.S.R. as the Russian émigré world, he was in the lest men to K.C.A.B. Very soon they be­ the “master-nation”. In other words the position to report everything accurately came the real leaders of this “co-ordina­ Muscovites, over all other non-Russian and promptly to the Soviets. It would tion”, especially Messrs. V. D. Porems\ij nations. and R. Budanov. Together with Messrs. appear that Horunshi-Müller will soon The traditions of German Russophily have a place in the annals of world history Artemov and Romanov they are the top The Russian emigres, led and directed revolutionary and underground move­ inspirers and executors of “Plan P.”. by the N.T.S., are trying to win over the ments as being one of the most intelligent For the preservation of the Stalinist Western German sympathies and under­ and dangerous agents-provocateurs ever Empire known. standing only for the idea of the unity The political background of this and the indivisibility of the Russian The “Plan P” “master-plan” is no less interesting. West­ empire. Their propaganda drive is help­ The untimely death of Mayor Dr. Ernst ern Europe in general, and Russian ed enormously by deeply rooted political Reuter, and even more the arrest and ter­ émigrés particularly, are under the firm traditions of a very old pattern and histo­ rible scandal concerning Horunshi-Müller, impression that the U.S.A. are developing rical practice with many Germans. Their dealt a severe blow to the wide-epread the “Adenauer-Germany” into their main main consideration is that as long as there plan of the Russian emigres and their political agent, and their first ally, or as existed two powerful empires, Germany German friends in Western Germany. We the Russians used to say—their chief and Russia, mutually keeping the peace, are now in the position to give some de­ “armed hand” in Europe. The Russians or alternatively, “as -Jong as their backs tails concerning the German political are convinced that the U.S.A. will leave were mutually secured” and the famous centres and leading members who are the actual lead, and the decisive word in German “Drang nach Russland” was particularly active in this field of Russian- Eastern European affairs to the Germans. never strained, both empires had free German relations. One of the most inte­ In other words, after the downfall of hands for their mutual expansion : Rus­ resting plans recently evolved seems to us bolshevism, Germany will have to settle sia towards the East, Germany towards to be the so-called "Plan P" which en­ “in peace and justice” all fundamental the colonies and the West. This is the visages the creation in Germany of a Eastern European problems. Such as the • policy, the émigré Russians argue, which Russian "Democratic Exile Government". new arrangement of frontiers, the rebirth, was successfully practised for centuries by Apparently since 1950 some American the size, and the constitution of the post­ Prussian Kings. This policy reached its “private circles” were trying to create a bolshevik Eastern European states. The peak at the unforgettable time of Bis­ unanimous front of the “Peoples of Rus­ Russian émigrés anticipate that nothing mark. Russia and Germany could devide sia” so as to centralize and intensify the in Eastern Europe would happen in the all the nations living inside the belt psychological and propaganda warfare future without the consent and the parti­ between the Baltic and Black Sea, between against Communism. Accordingly an cipation of Germany. The U.S.A. alleged­ themselves. Hitler would never have been “American Committee for the Liberation ly are ready to pay these privileges to beaten had he kept his alliance with Page 6 UKRAINIAN OBSERVER No. 12

to this effect, for the Ukrainian Soviet A CONSISTENT ATTITUDE Socialist Republic indirectly revealed the terrible living conditions of the popula­ A Press Conference of the Anti-Bolshe­ regime is being increased, and correspond­ tion. It also showed that their regime of vik Block of Nations (A.B.N.), was held ingly the danger of Russian plans to con­ terrorism is untenable, and, made the on October 21st, 1953, in Bonn, Germany. quer the world is thus automatically people of the suppressed nations become Exactly one month before the tenth an­ reduced. If the Western World supports even more aware of their Wretched living niversary of the founding of this organi­ the fight for freedom by the suppressed conditions. zation. As far as an explanation of the nations, then there would be much more Despite the fact that events in Eastern attitude of the suppressed nations towards chance of localizing a World-War, pro- Germany on June 17th, 1953, and in the present political situation is concern­ \oked by Russia”. other satellite states have led to further ed, it lepresented a valuable contribution. After Stalin’s death a struggle for tension, and were clear proof of the ever- The subjects dealt with at the Press power began in the Soviet system which increasing anti-Communist movement, no Conference of the A.B.N.were three fun­ resulted in Beria’s fall. National differen­ way has been found to co-ordinate the damental aspects of present-day politics. ces came to the fore more than ever, and policies of the Western Povers with those 1) The present situation behind the a serious economic crisis made it impos­ of the suppressed nations. Iron Curtain, sible for the Soviets to continue to carry on a large-scale cold war or resort to arm­ The events of June 17th in the Eastern 2) Malenkov's policy and its motives, Zone of Ciermany have shaken the Soviet 3) The policy of the Western World, ed intervention. For these reasons Malen­ kov was obliged to use skilful and decep­ regime to its very foundations. This mass and suppressed nations. levolt can undoubtedly be explained by tive manoeuvers in order to safeguard the The representatives of those suppressed the fact, that the eighteen million suppres­ territories captured so far and suppress nations that are members of the A.B.N sed Germans in this zone, have always the individual nations even more. Added discussed the present situation behind been given to understand that there could to this, there is the indefinable attitude of the Iron Curtain, explaining the signifi­ be no doubt about the question of their the Western World, which seeks to check cance of the national fight for freedom liberation and the reunion of Germany. Russian imperialism by means of gua­ and the relations between themselves and rantee treaties, security agreements, and These two issues are also the immediate the Soviet regime and Russian imperia­ aim of Western policy. “East Locarno”. Such an attitude is ad­ lism. These relations which have resulted vantageous for the Soviets, who are thus If the Western Powers weie to declare in considerable tension, have to some such a firm and clear attitude towards extent influenced the foreign policy of able to exploit the Western Nations’ genuine desire for peace, for their own our people as well, then a flare-up would Soviet Union. “The foreign policy of Rus­ psychological offensive. be inevitable throughout the entire sia reflects to the highest degree the at­ The Kremlin aims to discredit the sphere under Soviet Power. Moscow’s titude of the nations that have been sup­ Western World, in the eyes of the sup­ endeavours to uphold the status quo by pressed by Russia. As a result of the non-aggression pacts and security guaran­ activity of the resistance and fight for pressed nations, by stressing their willing­ ness to establish the status quo perma­ tees is chiefly to prevent such a flare-up freedom by the suppressed nations, the nently by guaranteeing the present fron­ from occurring, and also to make the pressure exerted on Moscow’s despotic tiers, and thereby crushing the hopes, and 180 million enslaved peoples resigned to powers of resistance, of the suppressed their fate.” Stalin. Therefore, the N.T.S.-people nations, for the support of the Western argue, it is most essential for the reborn It is clear that there is a revival of the World. old Containment Policy in the West and Germany to return to these old and glori­ The Russians are not interested in ous traditions. And they find many it is to be feared that attempts may even reaching an understanding with the West­ be made to resort to the completely er­ willing German ears. ern World. They want them to capitulate roneous Appeasement Theory. This would Nothing can be won by that to their imperialist plans, and to acknow­ only result in the further subjugation of It remains to be seen how friendly and ledge and sanction the conquest made the suppressed nations and the enslave­ seriously Western Germany will accept so far by the Russians. ment of other nations, which are at these Russian émigré political advances. The Western Nations must continue to present endangered. Bearing in mind re­ The friendliness and readiness of many prepare themselves in order to defend sults of the last A.B.N. Press Conference, outstanding Western Germans to join the their freedom, and not rely on an illu­ we are bound to arrive at one clear con­ “Freiheitsbund”, and to listen to the sory permanent peace, by the grace of clusion, which is, that this was a consist­ whispering and innuendos of N.T.S., Moscow. ent attitude at the right time. portend ill for the nations occupied and The Western World has failed to use oppressed by Russia. Apart from the po­ to advantage the Soviets’ inner political werful bolshevik infiltrations working crisis and has, moreover, in no way sup­ inside N.T.S., as well as inside all other ported the demands of the suppressed “UKRAINIAN OBSERVER” Russian political émigré organizations, it nations. This inner political crisis would should not be forgotten that all Russian have given the Western World opportu­ of the politics, bolshevik as well as émigrés, are nity to attack the Soviets and drive them UKRAINIAN INFORMATION always imperialistic and chauvinistic into a corner. Russian politics. Lastly, nobody, as yet, The unsuccessful experiment with a SERVICE (U.I.S.) prospered by an alliance with Russia new political course has in the meantime published by however enticing. If observed carefully, had serious effect on the psychological one third of Germany is still occupied attitude of the suppressed nations. For Ukrainian Publishers Ltd., and kept firmly not by bolsheviks prima instance, the announcement that the facia, but by the Russian imperialists. The regime would in future become less rigid 237,Liverpool Rd., liberty and unity of Germany will never and that living conditions would improve London, N .i. Tel. NORth 1828. come as a result of German alliances was indirectly a serious admission by with Russian imperialism. those in power in Soviet Russia. A decree No. 12 UKRAINIAN OBSERVER ______Page 7

THE AGRICULTURAL SITUATION MOSCOW’S EDUCATIONAL POLICY IN THE U.S.S.R. Since the death of Stalin, one can The present agricultural situation in creased, namely, as compared to 1952, 1.1 rightly maintain that there has been no the U.S.S.R. can well be described as million tons more of meat, 4.3 million change whatsoever in the educational po­ hopeless, inasmuch as Moscow has, to tons more of milk, 1.7 billion more eggs, licy of the U.S.S.R. as far as its non- an ever-increasing degree exhausted the and 48.000 tons more of wool. Russian nations are concerned. It is pos­ supplies of agricultural products, and is Fundamentally, as Khrushchov, too, sible that Beria, before his downfall, m;g’it have had the intention, for certain no longer in a position to provide its has pointed out, the increase of “collec­ tactical reasons, to reduce inner national industries with larger quantities of food­ tive” livestock is the chief means of solv­ tension and, above all, Russian pressure stuffs and agricultural raw materials. ing the livestock problem. On the other and influence in the various national ter­ There are definite indications that Mos­ hand, however, the Central Committee of ritories and republics, but We have no cow has during the past two years, as a the local Party, Soviet and Agrarian actual proof. In any case, his closest sup­ result of the serious crisis in agriculture Organization decrees “that the harmful porters, whom he entrusted with certain in general, received less foodstuffs and practice of restricting the interest of the key-positions in the above-mentioned agricultural raw materials than was pre­ Kolkhoz farmers in the livestock in their territories, found no time to introduce viously the case. This, for instance, is personal possession shouid be brought to any positive and concrete measures. It is indicated by the fact that all farmers an end; and that the fact should be taken of no little significance that the Soviet under the collective system who up to into consideration that the presence of press, during the months of May to July June 15, 1953, possessed no cattle of a certain number of prolific cattle in the 1953, played down the glorification of the their own, have been exempted from the personal possession of a collective farm usual compulsory delivery of meat. In “elder brother” as it has been supplanted is an important prerequisite, both for the by a new terminology. addition all compulsory deliveries in material prosperity of the fanning class, arrears, of livestock and poultry products The true character of the Bolshevist as well as for an increase in the supplies (meat, milk, eggs, etc.), for the past year “educational policy” in all the national have been cancelled. Khrushchov’s state­ of livestock products in our country”. In republics is revealed in the statistics of ment to the effect that there has been a order to avoid any impression being gain­ the State Budget of the Supreme Council general decrease in the harvest and in the ed that this is a “new economic policy” of the Soviet Socialist Republic of Ukra­ potato and vegetable crop is likewise clear Khrushchov has said that, “The presence ine for the year 1953 (!), as announced proof of an agricultural crisis. of a certain number of prolific cattle, as on September 10, 1953. According to The decisions of the Central Commit­ determined by the collective system these statistics, the Soviet Socialist Re­ tee of the Party (September 7, 1953) in statute, in the personal possession of a public of Ukraine has a population which is 25% of the total population of the this respect are, however, of a purely collective farm in no way represents a administrative nature. The increase of Soviet Union. But it is to receive danger to the socialist order of society. production in agriculture which they aim only 12,3% of the total money to be pro­ to achieve is made to depend entirely on Furthermore, it is time the biased idea vided for Social and Cultural measures the increase in number and strength of were overcome, that it is not fitting for under the Union Budget (16,072 million the administrative authorities and the a worker or an employee to possess cattle roubles of a total sum of 129,762,4 milli­ pressure they exert on the agrarian popu­ of his own.” on roubles). In view of the number of its lation. There is no mention whatsoever population this is less than half of what in these decisions of any economically The above-mentioned resolutions also it Would be entilted to receive, in spite of independent activity on the part of the decree that certain measures should be the fact that the Soviet Socialist Republic farmers under the collective system. The introduced in order to increase the of Ukraine enjoys the prestige of ranking second in the entire Soviet Union as entire system of decisive measures is acreage of arable land, also the yield of regards its culture. based solely on the administrative activity the cereal, potato and vegetable crops. What is the explanation for such an of the Soviet and Party authorities and The main factor, however, is the obliga­ allocation of funds in the Union Budget? tion of the competent Ministries and the on the technique of their executive The main reason is that in the entire powers. These measures reveal Khrush­ Executive Committees of the various dist­ sphere of culture, Moscow controls all chov’s principles, who, as is well-known, ricts to transfer thousands of agricultur­ the key-positions in the most important already advocated the idea of drawing up ists and veterinary experts from Soviet political and economic colleges and agriculture on a factory basis in former Party departments to the collective farms. research institutes. They are financed and times. All tractor drivers, teamsters, and other administered directly by the Kremlin and farming technicians, who have taken up are therefore in no way controlled by By adopting the above-mentioned mea­ the Ukrainian Soviet Government. It is sures it is planned to increase the live­ employment in industrial concerns, are obvious that such measures enable the stock in 1954 (in million heads) as fol­ likewise “advised” to return to the Russians to extend their influence as far lows: machine and tractor plants in the rural as possible. areas. Two hundred and fifty factory and 1953 1954 As in Stalin’s time, only the most pri­ vocational training schools are to be turn­ Cattle: ...... 56.6 65.9 mitive ethnographical forms of national of these, cows: .. 24.3 29.2 ed into training centres for agrarian culture are permitted in all the National Hogs: ...... 28.5 34.5 mechanics, and in the course of the next Republics and Territories. Where they Sheep and goats: .... 109.9 144.4 three years a further three hundred are permitted they are only inadequately training centres of this type are to be In a corresponding manner the “sup­ fostered under the strict control of the founded. Party control of agriculture plies” (that is to say, deliveries) of live­ State Police and Party. In this way every stock for the year 1954 are also to be in­ Continued on Page 12 non-Russian is rapidly persuaded that Page 8 UKRAINIAN OBSERVER No. 12

Prof. Dr. Volodymyr Derzhavyn Leninist theory of grammar, which could not even be constructed. In the Ukraine, The Humane Sciences in the Post -war Soviet however, the question at issue was not Marxism or Leninism but a national Ukraine struggle. Particularly as far as Human III. Linguistics Sciences were concerned and the Soviet police measures and terrorism adopted to The systematic extermination of phi­ for Ukrainian literature and the science suppress them. For this reason Ukrainian lology and philologists in the Soviet So­ of literature. But all this did little to fost­ philologists were not dismissed from their cialist Republic of the Ukraine, which er Ukrainian philology. As a result of the positions because they rejected the Japhet- lasted for twelve years (1926-1938), had ruthless terrorism of the infamous ist theory, as was sometimes the case such’ far-reaching consequences that even N.K.V.D. leader, N. Yezhov, philology actually in Russian Socialist Federative today there is still little indication of any experts became so rare that by 1939 there Soviet Republic, but they were put into adequate scientific activity in this sphere. were only very few in the Soviet Ukraine. Siberian concentration camps or executed It' brought the rapid and excellent deve­ They naturally did not trust this tem­ on the political pretext that they were, lopment, during the twenties, of Ukra­ porary trend of liberal educational policy, allegedly, members of the Ukrainian mo­ inian philology which had been determ­ and refrained from achieving more in vement of “bourgeois nationalism” . ined by national and cultural factors, to a scientific sphere than was demanded by Marr’s “Japhetic theory” was used by a tragic end. Even now the “Party and the Government, which might have Bolsheviks mostly as a camouflage for Government” are only interested in the proved dangerous. Actually most of them, their policy of extending Russian influen­ revival of such an activity, to a very limit­ like the majority of philologists in the ce, particularly, as far as the Caucasian ed degree. It is Moscow’s policy as regards West Ukrainian territories, preferred to and Turkish peoples were concerned. In the Ukraine to extend Russian influence, seize the opportunity to enjoy personal the Ukraine, on the other hand from the and to endeavour to force its national and scientific freedom offered them middle twenties onwards, measures were language’ and culture down to the level during the final years of the war, and not even camouflaged for the extermina­ of a Regional “folklore”. This will serve joined the National and Political Ukra­ tion of Ukrainian national culture and as a kind of national foil to “all-Russian” inian movement of emigration. With re­ learning. The question as to whether imperial “Soviet culture”, Ukrainian ference to the so-called “younger genera­ Marr was a theoretical “fellow-traveller” philology is a thorn in the flesh, as of ail tion of scholars”, the majority of these of Marxism and Leninism or a philologic­ the “Humane Sciences” it is the one which are not even of Ukrainian birth, but have al maniac was of little significance for Uk­ is regarded politically as the most danger­ been promoted to scientific positions, rainian learning and its suppression. By ous and is rigidly controlled. Its official because of their Party ambitions. Most of the abolition of the “Japhetic theory”, existence is only permitted on conditions them are Soviet Russians who know only many nonsensical ideas with regard to the that it confines itself strictly to the rules the Ukraine. They have managed to carve original and peculiar principles of this as laid down by Soviet policy, which is to quite a profitable career for themselves, theory, were eliminated. Marr, not only extend Russian influence. Also no attempt by constantly seeking to suppress alleged maintained that all languages in the is to be made to overstep the instructions “manifestations of bourgeois world had a common origin, but also it receives, in connection with scientific nationalism“ in Ukrainian philology. It that they were, in essence, identical, and theories or the limitations of concrete is obvious that these professional inform­ that all words were derived from four research subjects. The Ministry for Edu­ ers are often at loggerheads with each original syllables, namely “sar”, “ber”, cation in the Soviet Socialist Republic of other, owing to their rivalry and over- “yon”, “rosh”. Marr claimed to have “dis­ the Ukraine is not even officially allowed ztalousness. covered” this from the Caucasian langu­ to busy itself with such questions, need­ ages and affirmed that they were the Stalin versus Marr less to say. original names of Caucasian tribes! Ac­ Under such circumstances it is hardly The Years of the War cording to Marr’s theories, which, had no surprising that the booklet entitled scientific basis, the Caucasian languages It is true that Russian pressure and “Marxism and Philological Problems”, national suppresion abated slightly in the were therefore a very special “original” which was published under Stalin’s name formation of human speech. This was the Soviet Ukraine at the end of 1939 be­ in the summer of 1950, brought about no reason why every word spoken anywhere cause of the national attitude of the West vital changes whatsoever in the Ukraine, in the world, could be found in Caucasia. Ukrainian territories which had recently inspite of the very considerable and obli­ been incorporated in the Soviet Union His etymological theories can best be gatory homage paid to the booklet and illustrated by an example: the Ukrainian and had previously been occupied by Po­ its alleged author by philologists. It ab­ (and Russian) word, baly\ (cured stur­ land and Roumania. It is equally true ruptly eliminated the hitherto predomina­ geon,—obviously borrowed from the Tur- that this relaxation of pressure during the ting influence in Soviet learning, of the war years and at the beginning of the kic-Tartarian) is supposed to be exactly notorious “Japhetic theory” of the Rus­ the same as the word, ryba, (fish) found in post-war period, until the Spring of 1947, sian scholar, Nikolay Marr, who died all Slav languages; according to Marr, was noticeably stressed for obvious natio- fifteen years ago. Although the applica­ na' and political motives. A fact, which inversion of the syllables has taken place, tion of Marr’s “Japhetic theory“ was com­ r has become l according to etymological to a limited degree, proved advantageous pulsory for all Soviet philologists, includ­ rules, and the final \ is “an ancient Ja­ ing even the most unpretentious teacher of grammar or foreign languages, it was phetic (that is to say Caucasian) plural his own national culture is extremely form” ! primitive and provincial,as compared to never really used in academic circles in that of Soviet Russia. the Ukraine. This doctrine which is most­ The fact that Soviet language-teachers As a symbol, they have built the magni­ ly “pan-Caucasian” with its fantastic, are no longer officially compelled to apply ficent new Moscow University, to assert farcical and erroneous assertions was, such nonsensical theories can be regarded that they have the exclusive authority on incidentally, accepted for a time by So­ as a certain progress in the field of learn­ higher culture, throughout the entire viet Russian educational policy, as a useful ing, and will also be advantageous in the U.S.S.R. substitute for the non-existent Marxist- study of languages, both in Soviet Ukra- No. 12 UKRAINIAN OBSERVER Page 9

ine and throughout the entire Soviet JOURNEY FOR OUR TIMES Union. Moreover, it is gratifying to know that the grammar of Slav languages has The Journals of flie Marquis been taught since 1950 under its own traditional tame and not in some camou­ tie Cstsilme flaged form, although as far as we know, L. BulakJiovs\y is now the only Slav Edited and translated by Phyllis Penn months in Russia, almost exclusively in language expert left in the Soviet Ukraine. Kohler. St. Petersburg and Moscow . The publication of the booklet against Introduction by Lieut.-General Walter Admittedly, the Marquis de Custine Marr, however, had another and much Bedell Smith. was an extraordinarily clear-sighted psy­ greater significance for Ukrainian philo- Arthur Barker, Ltd., London, 1953, chologist and observer of human nature, logy. 240 pp. and an intelligent political thinker, which is shown by his gloomy misgivings con­ Actually, it is not to be wondered that Actual consequences cerning future Russian invasions of an American Ambassador in Moscow Europe. In order to extend Russian influence, between 1946 and 1949, after reading the “When our cosmopolitan democracy, return to the police methods of the famous book of a French aristocrat and bearing its last fruits, will have made thirties are now based on “ideological“ traveller, which described Russia as it ap­ war universally odious; when the so-cal­ permission from the highest authority peared in the year 1839, declared the de­ led, nations the most civilized on earth, (a permission which is hardly necessary, scription to be very accurate and appropri­ will have succeeded in enervating them­ as the ruthless terrorism of the thirties ate to the present conditions of the Rus­ selves by their political debauches and proved). Practically all the reports we sian Empire. A century ago very little step by step will have fallen into slumber hear from the other side of the Iron Cur­ was known in Western Europe and Ame­ within their own boundaries and into tain, regarding philological activity in the rica of the “empire of two continents”, contempt for the outside world—all Soviet Union, correspond exactly to and people nowadays think that they alliance being recognized as impossible conditions in the thirties. Public denun­ know something definite about it,—tak­ with these societies, senseless in egoism— ciation and the removal of political ing mis-statements for actual fact. The the floodgates of the North will again be suspects are conducted with the same Tzars’ and the Soviet Government, the raised upon us. Then we will undergo a monotony and regularity as twenty years revolutionaries, and those émigrés who last invasion, no longer of ignorant bar­ ago, as is noticed by the stereotyped nature have tied before the Revolution, have barians but of masters—cunning and ol the accusations. Whether it is the often attacked each other in their pro­ canny, more canny than we for they will leading article in the “Radyanska Ukra- paganda, yet their “all-Russian” imperia­ have learned from our own excesses how ina” of June 29, 1952 which attacks the lism is common and much more in evi­ one can and should govern us”. Philological Faculty of Kyiv University, dence than their social and political diver­ or the article by I. Hretsiuten\o in the sities of opinion. It follows therefore that, Also he has given a striking characte­ same paper of February 13, 1953, or the after about a century of this mendacious risation of Russian political methods, annual report of the Institute of Philology propaganda, West-Europeans and Ameri­ when one considers present-day condi­ of the Academy of Science of the cans suddenly feel compelled to “disco­ tions. U.S.S.R. (published in the journal, “Vo- ver” Russia once more. The fact, however, “Russia sees Europe as a prey, which prosy yazykoznaniya”, 1952, No. 4)—the that they are not past such things as this will sooner or later deliver itself up to accusations always deal with the same essay, which, although decidedly intellect­ her by our dissensions. She foments subject. Namely, “not enough antagonism ual and conscientious, is fundamentally anarchy amongst us, in the hope of pro­ and opposition to lapses into Ukrainian very old fashioned, is rather shameful. fiting by the corruption she has promot­ bourgeois nationalism”; not enough em­ The aristocratic globetrotter of 1839 ed”. phasis on the close ties and historical Had de Custine not wasted so much affinity between the Ukrainian and Rus­ admits : “I went to Russia in search of arguments against representative govern­ time on publicism, belles-letters and sian languages”; “disregard of the benefi­ essays, he might have become a sociolog­ cial cultural and linguistic influence of ment. I returned from Russia a partisan of constitutions”. He spent only three ist of the same standing as Alexis de the mighty Russian nation on the Ukra­ Tocqueville or Ernest Renan. For in­ inian people”. The accusations are all stance, the following brilliant utter­ concerned with the alleged slowing up of being hastily compiled, as those which appeared during the early post-war years, ance is an example. “In France, the process of extending Russian influen­ revolutionary tyranny is an evil of tran­ ce, a process which must be speeded up obviously cannot keep pace with the speed and extend to which Russian influence is sition; in Russia, the Tyranny of despot­ at all costs. These stereotyped accusations ism is a permanent revol«tion”. must not be taken too seriously. We do being extended. It is hardly necessary to comment on the fact that all research At the same time, it cannot be denied not know of course whether they refer that de Custine was actually astonishing­ to actual cases of passive resistance or not. projects of the Ukrainian Institute for Philology are censored (quite officially) ly' ill-informed concerning the social and It is quite possible that they do not and national problems of the Russian Empire. are all untrue. These accusations will be by the appropriate Russian Institute in Moscow. Russian history, he only knew from repeated regularly, and irrespective of the fragments of Karamin’s pompous histo­ actual situation, as long as the Ukraine The only hopeful sign is a certain rical work and from court gossip. It is no is occupied by the Russians and a policy revival in the sphere of dialect research. wonder therefore, that he remarks rather to extend Russian influence is pursued. As the authorities in Moscow are compil­ opportunely, concerning the Russian For the simple reason that they are pre­ ing a large-scale atlas, showing the dif­ social order. “The merchants, who would ventive measures, and the Soviets’ urge ferent Russian dialects, it is now planned form a middle class, are so few in number to extend Russian influence is unlimited, to compile a corresponding one in Kyiv that they cannot count in the State; and they will never be satisfied with the on the same lines as the Russian one and furthermore, nearly all of them are situation, whatever it may be. according to instructions from Mocow. foreigners” (a true tourist’s mistake). For this reason new Ukrainian and Whether this work will ever materialize With regard to the nationality problem, Russian-Ukrainian dictionaries are now is another matter! he misses the mark altogether. He knows, Page io UKRAINIAN OBSERVER No. 12 it is true, that there are some Finnish and Turkish people in the Russian Empire Two Brilliant Ukrainian Dates and has naturally heard something of the THE SEVENTH CENTENARY OF THE CORONATION OF KING Cossacks on the Don and in the Urals, but nothing of the Ukrainians. (To the DANYLO ROMANOVYCH AND THE FOUNDATION old Kyiv grand-ducal state he acknowled­ OF THE CITY OF LVIV ges a certain refinement of taste and Two very important national and his­ nastic difficulties. There were never ceas­ “love of the arts”—“due to the relations torical anniversaries are celebrated by the ing family and court intrigues, combin­ maintained by the rulers of Kyiv with Ukrainian community in the free World ed with the claims and demands of many Constantinople”—that is until the Mon­ in December 1953. The first is the Seventh princely competitors and pretenders, gol invasion). Nevertheless, he only speaks Centenary of the crowning of the Ruthen- coming from inside as well as from ab­ ot the Russians (“the Russian nation”) ian Prince Danylo Romanovych as King road. and therefore believes—like most of the of the State of Galicia-Volhynia. The He faced the ever looming Mongolian American diplomats and publicists of second is also the Seventh Centenary of danger in the East almost alone. His today—that one can reduce all the na­ the foundation of Lviv, the large Galician country stood on solitary guard at the tions in the Russian prison of nations to town, by Crown Prince Lev Danylovych “Iron Curtain” of those times, receiving a common denominator. Furthermore, in­ son of King Danylo. Lviv, in Latin no help or assistance from the Western credibly, from time to time he actually medieval chronicles was known as Leopol, Powers. identifies the “Russians” wih the in German times as Lemberg,, and later Only Pope Innocent IV understood the “Slavs” ! Although he knows the Poles became the capital of Galicia-Volhynia. impending danger. Twice, the Pope offer­ and shows great symphaty for them, ap­ The Ukrainians have special reasons to ed him the crown, and elevation of his parently he does not consider them to be commemorate both dates solemnly. These state to a Kingdom, to bolster up the Slavs, but “Sarmatians”, or something are proud dates of national prominence. position of the valiant prince. On the first similar. Both events occurred in times of deep occasion, in 1249, when under the ter­ He should have allowed himself to be­ national distress and show the invinci­ rible pressure of the Tartars, Prince Da­ lieve what is supposed to have been said bility and indestructibility of the Chris­ nylo refused, by answering the Pope—- to him quite openly in front of two wit­ tian and Western spirit of Ukraine. “Give me, together with the crown, the nesses by Tsar Nikolas I .: “Submission, The present time for Ukraine is in in Russia makes you think there is uni­ substantial help of the Western Christian many respects similar to those far off Nations”. On the second occasion, in formity; don’t believe it. Nowhere is there days. As an example of the way in which a country in which there is such diversity 1253, the Pope promised a crusade—• King Danylo Romanovych, and later which Prince Danylo accepted. But no of races, customs, religion, or mentality his son, saved the very essence of their as in Russia. The differences are basic; Western help came. All appeals and de­ people from the ordeals of those days, mands of the Pope to the Western World the uniformity superficial, and unity is so now the present-day Ukrainians are only apparent”. proved to be of no avail. In spite of this able to hope, with confidence, to over­ King Danylo defended his territory. De Custine, however, believed another come their own sore trials. very important utterance of the Tsar: In two wars he repulsed the repeated as­ “Despotism still exists in Russia, since it Seven hundred years ago King Danylo saults of the Mongolian forces led by the is the essence of my government; but it Romanovych lived in the times when the Tartar Commanders Kuremsa and Burun is in keeping with the character of the Mongolian hordes had overrun the prin­ day, as best he could. Even in those days, nation”.—De Custine’s present American cipalities of ancient Russ, known in the Ukrainians bled themselves to death translators and commentators think, on Western history as the medieval Kievan and utter ruin opposing the assaults of the other hand, that they know the “cha­ Empire. The term “Russ” is not identical Eastern Barbary, whilst the protected racter of the Russian nation” better. They with that what is understood by “Russia” Western Nations had time and leisure to prate continually of a would-be “develop­ today; “Russ” covered practically the ter­ build up their cultures and prosperity. ment of a Russian nation that will play ritory of the present Ukraine. In the This ancient history repeats itself in our a constructive rather than a destructive years 1240-41 the Kievan Empire fell own times. The Western Nations again role”, and that “the change must come under the terrible blows of the Mongolian underestimate the power and merits of the primarily through the efforts of the Rus­ “Golden Horde”, led by the famous continued resistance which the Eastern sian people themselves, when their eyes Khan Batu, the grandson of Dshengis- European Nations, and primarily Ukra­ have been opened and they demand their Khan. Kyiv the beautiful capital amongst ine, are putting up against the pressure heritage—the right to live as a free many other ancient Ukrainian towns and of Bolshevism and Russian imperialism. people” (from the “introduction” by the principalities Were sacked and left in The main accomplishment of King former American Ambassador in Mos­ ruins. The Mongolian, or fnore accurat­ Danylo, in the history of Ukraine, is his cow, Lt. Gen. Walter Bedell Smith). ely, the Tartar invasion became a veri­ preservation intact of the Kingdom of When one is determined, to preserve table “Scourge of God”, as in the short­ Galicia-Volhynia. He created, as it were, these illusions, in spite of everything, one est possible time the whole nation was a sort of an asylum, or reservation, where is lagging more than a century behind almost exterminated. Seven centuries the substance of Ukrainian political and the sharp-writted Marquis, who consider­ later this invasion is repeated—this time cultural life was spared and protected.. ed a political and social revolution within by the Bolshevist scourge. From here, the Ukrainian national re­ the Russian Empire as possible, but not Only the principalities of Galicia/Vo- birth could make a new start after the any changes in the basically hostile atti­ Ihynia managed somehow to avoid the Tartar menace was slowly abating. This tude of the Russian (i. e. Muscovite) Tartar occupation. The outstanding rebirth was helped enormously by King nation towards the West. We can now achievement of Prince Danylo Ro­ Danylo in the foundation of Lviv. This see that he was completely right. But manovych, was his uniting these has always been the most Western town whoever is unwilling to contemplate real­ principalities into one well organized, of Ukraine, and from where the influence ity with his own eyes and without pre­ disciplined and strongly armed state, by of the West has emanated. Since its judice—the shrewd warnings of the past his ability, his never tiring energy and foundation, the city has been under many are not of the slightest use. his assiduous work. His task was not easy, foreign rulers, namely Poles, Austrians, V. D. as he had to overcome innumerable dy­ Russians, and now Bolsheviks. But fun- , 1 . * No. 12 UKRAINIAN OBSERVER Page iï

Ukraine behind AN AMERICAN WOMAN IN the Iron Curtain UKRAINE A Republican Exhibition of the Free Artistic Pro­ organization of Socialist agrarian concerns, and other fessions is to be held in Kyiv in December. Similiar similar subjects ...” The statements made by representatives exhibitions are to be held in the districts of Cherny- * # # of the Movement for a Free Ukraine with hiv, Drohobych, and Rivno during the next few “ The combination o f common and private interests regard to national difference and the sup­ months. At present there are more than 90.000 ama­ in the Kolchoses. teur artiste companies in the Ukraine. They have been pression of these in the territories of the In our comments on the subject of an increase in entrusted chiefly with the task of performing Russian present U.S.S.R., have always been re­ agricultural production we have often stressed the fact operas and plays. that very litde attention is given to the Kolchos ceived in the West with a certain amount * # # farmers, who arc responsible for this production. of cool reserve and, indeed, sometimes At present there arcmore than 600 choirs, ballets, A lengthy article was published on October 5th, 1953 even with open hostility. This attitude was orchestras, and other artistes’ societies in Kyiv. in “Pravda’’ on the subject of the combination of based on the theory that all the nations # # • interests, in which it was affirmed that “ as a result of the lying assertions spread by bourgeois ideologists of the U.S.S.R. have to submit to the The Opera Ballet Theatre in Kyiv opened the sea­ to the effect that the working classes are being exploit­ same suppression and suffer in the same son in October with a new version o f the opera, ed, the impression might be gained that such things manner under the Communist regime. “ Bohdan Khmelnicky” . This opera has often been really could happen in the land of Socialism’’. The prerequisite for such reasoning, in criticized by the official Soviet Press as a work with A true impression of the prevailing conditions can “ bourgeois and nationalist tendencies’’. On this occa­ best be gained from official statements made during addition to many other factors, as for sion the Moscow newspaper, “ Isvestia” , on October recent Party conferences, and from the speeches of instance Russian infiltration into Ameri­ 21, 1953, reported that, “ The populace of Kyiv hailed Khrushchov, Kyrychenko, and other Soviet Party can high schools and political institutions, the performance of this opera very warmly, as it re­ leaders. veals famous aspects of Ukrainian history and also de­ was the well-tried, and to a considerable • • * picts the fight against foreign conquerors in order to extent positive principle of democracy, bring about a union between brothers,— namely with For the 8th session of the General Assembly of the which fundamentally rejects the idea of the mighty Russian n a tio n (?!) Other plays by So­ U. N. the Government of the Ukrainian Soviet Socia­ discrimination of whole nations or men. viet Russian authors will also be performed in the listic Republic has composed the following delegat­ course of the season. ion : the Foreign Secretary of the Ukrainian S.S.R ., Russian imperialists, by resorting to every # • i A. A/. Baranowfky, and the mcmbeis of the delegation form of hypocrisy and cunning imagin­ — L. F. Palamarchuh, P. W. Klyvcn, E.W. Chochol, able, used this principle in order to cover In order to prepare the Ukrainian population for and I. S. Shtokalo. the October festival, more than two and a half times up their imperialist aspirations to power. * * * tne normal amount of meat and butter have been sup­ Furthermore, this attitude on the part plied recently to villages in the Ukraine. In addition, In the latest resolution of the C.P.S.U . in connec­ of the Western World was encouraged by oil and sugar supplies have been increased by fifty tion with the “ new agrarian policy” , it was stated per cent and the supplies o f herrings by sixty-eight that the tractor-drivers and other technical workers several people who visited Russia and per cent. were to be guaranteed their bread-ration from na- became the victims of optical illusions, Various supplies of fish products have been allocat­ national stocks. From this it may be seen that even from time to time, however, there have ed to the markets in K yiv, Kharkiv, Stalino, and D n e ­ the skilled workers in the kolkhozes, who have al­ been people in the Western World who propetrovsk. The Soviet Press also states that alloca­ ways held a privileged position there, are not sufficient­ clearly realized the true state of affairs in tions of many other everyday commodities will be ly sure o f their bread ration. The starvation norm of issued. The price of meat in the markets at Kyiv, Lviv, kolkhoz workers is leading to depopulation of the the Soviet Empire and discovered its and Odessa is said to have dropped by four to six roub­ villages, which is even admitted by the Soviet press. obvious faults. Undoubtedly, Perle Mesta, les. Meat prices must be extremely high to account The leader of the “ Radyanska Ukraina” of Sept. 25th the former American Minister to Luxem- for this large drop. made the following statements: “ There are difficult­ ies among the kolkhoze-cadre in various districts. bourg( who recently undertook a trip to # * • These difficulties are the result o f the serious losses the U.S.S.R., is one of them. Upon her Many new buildings are reported to have been erect­ which w c suffered in the war. In the post-war period, return from the Soviet paradise she pub­ ed in Dnepropetrovsk recently. Amongst them are a great number of the most well-trained and— educat lished her impressions gained during her 10 High Schools, 125 other schools, 23 cultural build­ ed kolkhoze farmers are going to work in industry” . trip, in a series of articles in the “New ings and clubs, 3 theatres, and 200 shops. # # # York Herald Tribune” under the tide of # # • In the Ukrainian S.S.R., at the present moment “Perle Mesta in Russia”. In the fifth of There is a shortage of books at the Higher Agri­ art 19 agricultural colleges, which are attended by cultural Training Centres. Ow ing to the Socialist 22.000 students. Beside this, 3.000 people take part in these articles, which appeared on Sep­ reconstruction of agriculture all economic and technic­ various courses. This year, the colleges in the dist- tember 19th, she described in particular, al problems and organization have been solved, by rikts of Kharkiv, Lviv and Odessa accepted 5.000 her stay in Kyiv and Kharkiv in the Uk­ the “ ingenious0 pocket-solution theories of Marx and new students. rainian Soviet Socialist Republic. The sub­ Stalin, which very often are in direct contrast to the # # # laws of Nature. In an article entitled “ The Immediate title of her article, “ Ukrainians Resent On Oct. 1st., the new academical year began in Task of Training Centres’’, in “Pravda’’ dated Oc­ Being Taken for Russians But Prove to the art colleges and academies in Kyiv and Kharkiv. tober 6, 1953, the Deputy Minister of Agriculture of The schools of these two cities produce every year Be More Friendly and Talkadve”, is a the U.S.S.R. sums up all these defects as follows: more than a hundred highly-qualified specialists— fur­ clear indication of the general attitude of “ It is an untenable state of affairs that in certain im­ ther artists such as painters, sculptors, architects, sce­ portant fields of learning there is a complete lack of the Ukrainian population. nery-painters and pencil-artists. books and instructive material. So far there are no “In Kharkiv and later in Kyiv, two books of instruction on the cultivation of land, the # # # metropolitan centres of the Ukraine, I learnt that there is no greater offence than damentally it has always remained Uk­ famed University and Academy of Arts, to mistake an Ukrainian for a Russian. rainian. It was always very conscious and together with its theatres and entertain­ They reacted as if I had slapped them in proud of its “royal association” and histo­ ments. The heraldic lion that watches over the face and replied angrily: ‘Russian? rical traditions. After the downfall of the the city, bears on his shield the motto, Russian? N o ! N o ! Ukrainian! Ukra­ inian I”’ Austrian Empire, which had ruled over “ l e o p o l i s s e m p e r f i d e l i s ” . This means Galicia, quite naturally Lviv was ready that the city is always true to its basic Pursuing the objective remarks of this to proclaim instantaneously on November principles, of the Christian faith and American writer, who, incidentally, reveals considerable powers of perception, 1, 1918, the rebirth of the Ukrainian Western culture, conceived at its creation. State and Government. Lviv, today is a we are not surprised to read sentences This spiritual heritage of its founders, city of some 500,000 inhabitants, and such as the following which deal with has dilligently created, in the course of the Ukrainian Kings, Danylo and Lev, matters of a fundamental nature. the past centuries, its trades and indust­ wall always be faithfully kept by this “I knew Ukrainians cherished their ries, cultural and scientific institutions, its city. own nationality, but I did not realise they Page 12 UKRAINIAN OBSERVER No. 12 would consider it an insult to be taken THE AGRICULTURAL SITUA­ Khrushchov has been entrusted, with for Russian—as if that were the last thing TION IN THE U.S.S.R. the aid of the Stalin system of the Party they would care to be mistaken for. Their Continued from Page 7 and the collective economy measures, reaction sheds some light on why the with the vitally important task of supply­ rests with the District Executive Commit­ Kremlin continues to be troubled about ing the Moscow “proletariat” with food­ tees. It is the duty of the Regional Exe­ stuffs and the Soviet industries with the Ukraine, the second-largest republic cutive Committees of the Party “to trans­ in the Soviet Union, and the source of agricultural raw materials. Apparently fer the most efficient Party functionaries much of its food, coal and iron ore”. Khrushchov is keeping unerringly to the of the Regional, District and Republic “Stalin course”, in it’s most orthodox and From conversations with various Uk­ organizations to the rural areas”. Khrush­ rainians, Perle Mesta reports that it is primitive methods. Under Stalin’s rule chov, incidentally, mentioned the mobili­ practically all personal possession of obvious that the latter unanimausly zation of fifty thousand Party functiona­ expressed their anti-Communist and cattle by the farmers under the collective ries. anti-Russian attitude. All of them— system was abolished. They were deprived a taxi-driver who gave her information, Stalin’s successors are thus availing of holdings and vegetable plots belong­ a cinema-goer during an anti-American themselves of the Stalin system of sup­ ing to the farms, and in many cases farm- film, a woman who happened to be sitting plying the Moscow “proletariat” with bu'ldings were pulled down. All these on a bench in a park, to mention only a foodstuffs, but the economic sources of measures considerably restricted the acti­ few she conversed with, in some way or agriculture of the country have been vity and undermined the vitality of the exhausted to the utmost. From the eco­ other expressed their attitude in this res­ rural population. This is the sorry state nomic point of view the farmers, under pect. The taxi-driver in Kharkiv, for in­ of affairs which confronts Stalin's succes­ stance, talked to her quite candidly and the collective system, can hardly be counted upon as being in a position to sors. In view of this situation it is highly voiced his criticism of the regime. probable that within the next two or In her article, Perle Mesta states that it supply more products. The fact that they have been exempted from making the three years, they will be forced to admit was with considerable surprise that she their final defeat. This will no doubt never found a Russian who would tell her usual compulsory deliveries, proves that they have descended to such a level of be their last attempt to bring a “radical the population of Moscow, as if this was improvement in the economic status of a deep, military secret, but her Ukrainian poverty that all attempts to restrict their the Working-classes” (as they call it) driver replied without hesitation, “We activity or to exert pressure on them are according to Stalin’s methods. have about 1.000.000 people in Kharkiv— no longer of any avail. roughly one-third Russians, one-third Uk- rainans and one-third Jews.” She then 66 National Problem s in the U. $. S. Ml." goes on to relate an experience she had in a cinema. “I was terrified by what hap­ by Oleh R. Martovych pened a few hours later, while sitting in Author of “ Ukrainian Liberation Movement” a movie theatre, after dinner. The film with introduced a scene about “The Voice of Ethnographical Map of the Soviet Union America”, and went into a vicious attack by Dr. My kola Kulyckyj on the United States. An Ukrainian man, Co-Author of “ Atlas of Ukraine” having heard me speaking English, kept Introduction by John F. Stewart leaning ove- to say; ‘Lies! All lies’!” Foreword by She was no less surprised to observe Maj.-General J. F. C. Fuller, C.B., C.B.E., D.S.O. the Rusians, travelling first-class, to stress Price: Great Britain — 5/- their role as rulers of the Ukraine. U.S.A. and Canada — $ 1,25 Of all the town and cities in the In other countries at price U.S.S.R. that she visited, this American to correspond. woman diplomat was undoubtedly most Orders to be sent to : impressed by Kyiv, the capital of the Uk­ UKRAINIAN INFORMATION SERVICE, raine, which she liked best. “The people of 28, Minster Road, Kyiv, as a whole, were as cordial as those London, N.W. 2. I had met in Kharkiv, and their city was even more beautiful—-the most impressive city I visited in the Soviet Union. They seemed particularly pleased when they DAS UKRAINISHE LWIW discovered I was an American—one of the first they had seen since Moscow lift­ Illustrated Publication (in German) ed its ban prohibiting foreigners from describing the beauty of the Capital of travelling to Kyiv, the capital of an osten­ sibly independent country and a member Western Ukraine of the United Nations”. THE CITY OF LVIV American Russophil political leaders are particularly recommended to read this objective and candid report of her Price: $ 2. journey to Russia, which Perle Mesta has Orders to be sent to: written with a sincere warmth of feeling. Verlag Ukraine, They will gain the necessary knowledge München, Rumsfordstr. 19, of conditions and a better insight into the Germany. Ukraine and U.S.S.R. in general.

Printed by “ Ukrainian Publishers Ltd’ :, 237, Liverpool Rd., London, N. 1., Tel. NORth 1828. IK D A m I All B S E P 1E P Vol. V No. 1 -2 LONDON, JANUARY-FEBRUARY 1953 Price 1 sh THE RIGHT OF UKRAINE FULL INDEPENDENCE ONLY UKRAINIAN POLITICAL PARTIES REFUSE TO JOIN THE CO-ORDINATING TO INDEPENDENCE CENTER OF THE AMERICAN COMMITTEE FOR THE LIBERATION OF THE PEOPLES OF RUSSIA AND DEMAND THOROUGH SEPARATION LEADING THOUGHTS OF THE FROM RUSSIANS ENCYCLIC BY POPE PIUS XII. THE TASK OF U.C.C.A. IN EUROPE ber of the political policy board of the On 30th Dec. i 952 the Pope Pius X II In the middle of December , a U.C.C.A. and editor of Ukrainian Bulle­ published an Encyclic to the Clergy of 1952 Delegation of the “Ukrainian Congress tin, and 4. Mr. Stephen S Jarema, Exe­ Oriental Churches, in which he stressed Committee of America” (U.C.C.A.) arriv­ cutive Director of U.C.C.A., a former religious persecution behind the Iron ed in Europe for a series of conferences member of the New-York State Assemb­ Curtain, and most of all—sufferings of with Ukrainian political emigree groups. ly and a practising attorney in New York the Church in the Ukraine. City. As French Press and Radio point out The aim of the Delegation was to con­ (the Commentator of ‘Radio Paris’, during vince Ukrainian political organizations in UKRAINIAN POLITICAL PARTIES Europe of the advisability of Ukrainian his 10 minutes review of the Pope’s mes­ participation in the “ Co-ordinating Center The Delegation of the Ukrainian Con­ sage on 2nd Jan. 1953 drew attention to gress Committee of America had to deal the references to the Ukraine in the En­ of Anti-bolshevik Campaign” (C.C.A.S.) in Munich, sponsored by the “ American with following Ukrainian free political cyclic), it is the first time the Pope had Committee for the Liberation of the centers, organisations and parties: in a solemn address defined in such detail 1. Executive Organ of Ukrainian Na­ the position of the Ukrainian Catholic Peoples of Russia” (ACLPR). In the course of almost four weeks, tional Coucil; 2. Foreign Representation Church. of the Ukrainian Supreme Liberation The Encyclic, addressed to Catholic the Delegation of U.C.C.A. visited suc­ cessively the Ukrainian political centres in Council; 3. Units Abroad of the Orga­ Bishops of Eastern Rite, refers to the nization of the Ukrainian Nationalists- problems of the Catholic Church in the Germany (Munich), Italy, Spain, France, and Great Britain. The main talks, how­ Revolutionaries (O.U.N.-R.), 4. Organi­ Ukraine, Bulgaria and Rumania. The zation of Ukrainian Nationalists-Solida- basic part o f this document, according ever, were held in Munich where the leaderships, Central Committees and Exe­ rists (O.U.N.); 5. Union of Ukrainian Het­ to French Press, is devoted to the analysis man-Adherents (monarchists); 6. Union of the situation in the Ukraine. Talking cutives of the decisive Ukrainian emigree political organisations and parties reside. of the Lands of United Ukraine; 7. Uni­ about 6 millions of Ukrainian Catholics on of the Creative Forces of Ukraine; of Peremyshl, Stanyslaviv, Uzhhorod and The essential public meetings took place in Munich on 19, 20 and 22nd of De­ 8. Ukrainian Revolutionary-Democratic in the archdiocese of Lviv the Pope de­ Party; 9. Ukrainian Socialist Party; 10. scribes their fate under Soviet occupation. cember, all being also attended by the representatives of the free Ukrainian Ukrainian National-Democratic Associat­ Ukrainian nation was first to become a ion; 11. Ukrainian National State Union. martyr for the sake of her faith. The press and prominent Ukrainian indivi­ duals. This is practically—with exception of trial of Ukrainian bishops in K iev result­ Communists—a broad*fan of all Ukrai­ ed in their condemnation; the Bishops of The “Ukrainian Congress Committee nian parties and political organizations Peremyshl and Stanyslaviv died in prison; of America” is a super-structure uniting who, from the extreme right to the radi­ the bishop of Uzhhorod was murdered. far above sixty social, cultural, charita­ cals, met in common session the Delegat­ The Archbishop-Metropolitan of Lviv ble, political etc. organizations of Ameri­ ion of U.C.C.A., and after prolonged de­ condemned in to 8 years imprison­ cans of Ukrainian descent, practically the 1945 liberations between themselves, in answer ment, serves in a hard labour camp. In U.C.C.A. represents the whole bulk of the to the proposals of the Delegation, pre­ the termin of his imprisonment old as well as the new Ukrainian emi­ 1953 sented in a “ Declaration” their united comes to end. Catholic priests are gration in the USA. 3,000 and unanimous view-point. (We publish deported or deprived of all rights. Almost The American conferees were: 1. Dr. this “ Declaration” on page 8 of this all of them were replaced by the emisar- Lev E. Dobriansky, Associate Professor issue of “ Ukrainian Observer”). ies of Moscow. of Economics at Georgetown University, UKRAINIAN NON-CO-OPERATION In the Encyclic the Ukrainians are Washington, d .c ., and the President of Ukrainians have long remained aloof, treated as a separate national community the Ukrainian Congress Committee of and as the “Declaration” of the parties with a marked spiritual distinction, which America; 2. Mr. Dmytro Halychyn, Exe­ show, continue to stay aloof from the has claim to the same rights, as other cutive Vice-President of the U.C.C.A. and “American Committee for the Liberation nations. President of the Ukrainian National As­ Continued on Page 16 sociation; 3. Mr. Walter Dushnyck, mem­ Continued on Page 2 Page 2 UKRAINIAN OBSERVER No. 1-2 of the Peoples of Russia” . This Ukra­ during their recent talks with the chief rated parties plucked to pieces, point by inian attitude was thoroughly justified by of the A.C.L.P.R., Admiral Stevens, “put point, the untenability of the contentions a number of important reasons. First of several conditions and demands concern­ of A.C.L.P.R. that the allegedly revised all, A.C.L.P.R. was dominated from its ing, their collaboration” ; it contends by and improved statutes of Co-ordinating very beginings by the forces and indivi­ implication that these conditions and de­ Center now warrants the Ukrainians the duals who, though anti-communist, pro­ mands had been now basically satisfied. just break and equal chances with the posed a perpetuation of the Russian im­ This implication is the proper back­ Russians. perialist system and ignored the rights of ground of the visit of the Delegation of The Ukrainian public opinion main­ the non-Russian nations within U.S.S.R. U.C.C.A. in Europe and its talks with tains that now as before there exists the to determine their future existence as the representatives of the Ukrainian po­ situation of a clear Russian preponde­ independent, sovereign states in accor­ litical parties. In its own press-release rance in the whole “ revised” scheme. dance with their acts of self-determina­ of December 18, 1952 the Delegation of Already the bare fact that against their tion in 1917-1919. For the Ukrainians U.C.C. states as follows: manifest will and desire the Ukrainians who have long struggled for a Ukraine “Recently, however, important po­ are deliberately inserted into one and in­ thoroughly free of Russians and other licy changes have been made (in divisible organization together with the foreign occupants, policies of A.C.L.P.R. A.C.L.P.R.) which respect Ukrainian Russians, constitutes an act of clear pre­ made co-operation simply impossible. interests and have smoothed the way determination favouring openly the Rus­ for Ukrainian membership (in Co­ sians and harming gravely the liberation WITHOUT UKRAINIANS ordinating Center)... The task now chances of Ukrainians. What cogent rea­ NO ANTI-BOLSHEVIK FRONT remains for American delegation to sons justify the necessity to build up a Yet, the A.C.L.P.R. was and remains convince the emigree leaders that liberating organization like A.C.L.P.R., fully aware that the creation of a common Ukrainian independence will not be resp. the Co-ordinating Center strictly on anti-bolshevik front without the partici­ compromised by their co-operation geographical, political and imperial lines pation of Ukrainians makes no sense at and that Russians, who barely com­ of the present constitutional structure of all and is simply unpracticable. This is prise one-half of the total population the Soviet Union? The Ukrainians do not plainly admitted in a press-release of of the U.S.S.R., will not dominate find a satisfactory answer, except the quite A.C.L.P.R. of December 24, 1952, issued the Co-ordinating Center of the Anti­ evident deduction that A.C.L.P.R. is on occasion of the trip of the Delegation bolshevik Struggle which is located bound to preserve the existence of this of U.C.C.A. to Europe. We read: in Munich” . empire also for the future. “ From the time of its inception, the American Committee for the L i­ PARTIES DENY CHANGES NO “COMMUNITY OF FATE ” beration of the Peoples of Russia The Delegation of U.C.C.A. has been By this scheme the entire world is paid much attention to the necessity received in Europe by the Ukrainian taught and is being made accustomed to of obtaining participation of the Uk­ centers in five countries with remarkable see the lot of Ukrainians inseparably rainians in the united anti-bolshevik pleasure and cordiality; the Ukrainian fettered to the future of the Russians. action of the emigration. The forty political emigrees were very glad to meet Thus, a community of fate is artificially million Ukrainian people are nume­ personally the leaders of the dominant created for the Ukrainians in unwanted rically second among the peoples and effective organisation of the Ameri­ fellowship with the Russians; something of the Soviet Union. Their large and cans of Ukrainian descent. The existence the Ukrainians are frantically striving to well-organized segment of the emig­ and the work of U.C.C.A. proved to be in avoid. This creates the world-wide psy­ ration includes in its ranks major the hard post-war years for the mass of chological feeling and political under­ political, cultural and intelectual ele­ Ukrainian refugees in Europe of great standing that the Ukrainians belong “ na­ ments which would be of notable help and assistance. turally” to the Russian sphere of life; help to the front of the anti-bolshe­ However, the emigree Ukrainian poli­ the implying contention is that both cau­ vik struggle. .. It is our aim to assist tical parties in Europe came to the opi­ ses, the Ukrainian and the Russian, stand all those forces in the emigration nion that the leaders of U.C.C.A. were and fall together. The inevitable further which are willing and able to lead a wrong in assuming that, indeed, such implication is that both nations are equal­ really active struggle against the com­ important policy changes had been made ly responsible for the existence and the munist tyrants for uniting and co­ in A.C.L.P.R. and its structure with re­ outrages of bolshevism and Russian im­ ordinating their efforts. Here the role spect to Ukrainian interests, as really and perialism, and in the case of a new world of the Ukrainian emigration could unequivocably to “ smooth the way for armaggedon both nations will have to be very significant. For this reason Ukrainian membership in the Co-ordinat­ endure the consequences. Now, the Uk­ the leaders of the Committee and ing Center”. rainians have never been the originators its European representatives have On the contrary, the Ukrainian poli­ nor the disseminators of bolshevism; the engaged in the last two years in nu­ tical parties reached the conclusion that communist regime has been imposed merous talks With the representatives the possibility of their participation in upon Ukraine by the means of the most of various Ukrainian groups con­ A.C.L.P.R., resp. in Co-ordinating Cen­ rude and implacable Russian terror. No cerning their participation in the ter has been rendered by now even more other nation in the world paid a higher common emigree action. Now, these difficult than ever. They have tried to tribute in resisting bolshevism, than the negotiations have brought their first make their American guests understand Ukrainians; nearly ten million Ukrainian positive results: Professor Lev Do- and agree that no satisfactory precondi­ peasants alone were exterminated by briansky and three other leaders of tions for the participation of Ukrainians this imperialistic regime. The Ukrainians the Ukrainian Congress Committee in the Co-ordinating Center had been ful­ simply refuse to be put on a par with the of America have gone to Western filled. The parties stressed and tried to Russians; they refuse eventually to be Germany for conferences with the proove that in reality basically nothing A-bombed for sins and trespasses never European groups of the Ukrainian has changed at all. Neither the name nor commited. emigration” . the statutes of the A.C.L.P.R., resp. the UKRAINIAN DEMANDS Co-ordinating Center had been altered. UNANSWERED QUESTIONS The above press-release states further RUSSIAN PREPONDERANCE The Delegation of U.C.C.A. was said that that the mentioned group of the leaders The Ukrainian emigree political press the Ukrainian parties do not understand of the Ukrainian Congress Committee, as the mouthpiece of the above enume­ why the freedom-loving Americans ab- No. 1-2 UKRAINIAN OBSERVER______Page 3 solutely insist in keeping the Ukrainians within an organization quite clearly do­ THE UKRAINIANS AND THE ELECTION minated by the Russians; why the U k­ OF GENERAL EISENHOWER rainians are forced by that to endure BY ZEN ON P ELEN SKY further this fatal ‘ community of fate” with the Russians; and why the Ukraini­ In common with the rest of the world, from making a good many reservations ans are not free to be dealt with, say, the Ukrainian political emigrees in the and even preserving a certain scepticism within the frame of the “ Committee for four continents have followed the course with regard to both contesting parties. Free Europe”? The answers the Dele­ of the American presidential elections The reason for the Ukrainian reservat­ gation gave to all these question were with the closest attention. It is self-evi­ ion was that the Ukrainian liberation felt by the audience as evasive, and in dent that the interest of the Ukrainians problem did not seem to exist within the any case, not satisfactory enough. was prompted by considerations of whe­ personal intellectual horizon of either of UKRAINIANS WERE WILLING—IF.. ther this election, and the eventual in­ two candidates, nor was it included in Still, notwithstanding of all doubts and stalment of a new president in the White the electioneering political programmes apprehensions, the Ukrainian indepen­ House, would have a deleterious or fa­ of either party. Whoever won the election, dents parties—and there exist no others vourable effect upon the liberation strug­ the Ukrainians were quite certain that which really count—left no doubts that gle of Ukraine against the Russian the issue would scarer by better their they are willing and able to join and to bolshevist domination. precarious position, wether behind the co-operate with America-led front of Like all other national communities Iron Curtain, or in exile. suppressed and endangered nations in in the free world, the Ukrainians are di­ Nevertheless, the symphaties of Ukra­ their common anti-bolshevik struggle. vided into various parties and groups. inians everywhere in the free world in­ This willingness and readiness is shown The attitude of the Ukrainians towards clined towards Gen. Eisenhower and the without any doubts in the Paragraph 1. the presidential campaign was therefore Republican Party. We believe that most of the “ Declaration” : not quite unanimous. The great represen­ of the American Ukrainians voted for “The co-operation of Ukrainian tative organisations, however, mostly re­ Gen. Eisenhower. The deciding factor political powers with various Ame­ frained from voicing an official opinion. may well have been that the Democrats rican groupings in the common This was the case, for example, with and their policy are very well known, front of anti-bolshevik struggle, the leading union of Ukrainians, that and experience of this party holds forth based on an adequate political plat­ of Americans of Ukrainian origin in the no promise for the Ukrainian liberation form, is equally necessary for the U.S.A., the “ Ukrainian Congress Com­ problem. The Republicans, on the con­ Ukrainian liberation fight as mittee” . This organisation gave its hund­ trary, promised nothing, but at the same well as the anti-communist struggle red-thousand-odd supporters a comple­ time did not commit themselves; con­ in general. Hence, the enumerated tely free hand. There arose in the U.S.A. sequently they at least opened up the Observer. Gal. 26. Ukrainian committees for the support possibility of a chance. Ukrainian political institutions and of the democratic, as well as the repub­ In the minds of most Ukrainians, the organizations declare herewith their lican, candidates. Democratic Party in the U.S.A. is con­ readiness to carry on their fight The alert interest of the Ukrainians in nected with two indelibly bitter experi­ against bolshevism and Russian no way developed into passion, or into ences. Firstly, the Democratic Govern­ imperialism commonly with Ame­ a bitter campaign on behalf of Gen. ment of President Woodrow Wilson re­ rican anti-communist groupings, Eisenhower or Gov. Stevenson. More­ fused, in the years 1918-1921, to apply provided the accordant precondi­ over, it did not prevent the Ukrainians, the principle of self-determination for tions would be fulfilled” . especially those outside the U.S.A., the nations to the liberation movement A.B.N. AS NUCLEUS of Ukraine. Wilson’s Foreign Minis­ By this the Ukrainian parties agree that what it really and loyally means. Of ter, Robert Lansing, would not play the the creation of the common front of the course, this would necessitate many new- part of “partitioner of Russia”, and re­ nations oppressed and endangered by the difficult deliberation, substantial statuto­ fused Ukraine the status even, of an bolshevism and Russian imperialism is ry changes, and personal shifts on the side independent nation. One part of Ukraine of paramount importance and are ready of A.C.L.P.R. and its sub-structures as to (Galicia and Volhynia), comprising 8 to join such a front. satisfy fairly the just and well-founded million people, was even granted by the For instance, the “ Organization of Ukrainian demands. American Democratic Government, in Ukrainian Nationalists-Revolutionaries” UKRAINIANS HOPE TO BE the framework of a wider Entente-policy, (O.U.N.-R.),known also as the “Bandera- UNDERSTOOD to Poland—and thus delivered them up movement” , as can be seen from their The propositions of the Ukrainian par­ to inhumane political oppression and special party statement (which we pub­ ties as expressed in their “ Positions” are national persecution« lasting nearly 20 lish in this issue of Ukrainian Observer now at hand. They are felt by the whole years. on page 9) proposes that the existing Ukrainian exiled community as just and Secondly, the Ukrainians could not Well-known “Anti-Bolshevic Bloc of Na­ fair, and thoroughly acceptable also for forget that it was again a Democratic tions” (A.B.N.) might be taken as a nu­ all realy democratic and freedom-loving Government in the U.S.A. which, under cleus of such a common organization. Russians. The Ukrainians feel keenly that F. D. Roosevelt, formally acknowledged But all Ukrainian parties stress with in­ such their attitude corresponds thoroughly and, especially during the Second World dubitable clearness that they would be with the innermost wishes and longings War, cultivated friendly relations with ready to join only under the main pre­ of the whole Ukrainian nation. In con­ the bolshevist government of the U.S.S.R., conditions that their cause would be sequence, the Ukrainians in exile, as the which finally degenerated into the present treated politically and organizationally natural and legal spokesmen of their en­ peril of all mankind. As before, this go­ in a clear and effective separation from slaved home-country, hope ardently that vernment denied the national indepen­ the Russians. their attitude, as taken by the Ukrainian dence of Ukraine, and professed itself The main point, however, remains the political parties, would be understood for the long out-of-date and frail “Unity” frankly declared willingness and readiness and appreciated properly and sympathe­ of Russia. of the Ukrainians to join such a common tically by the decisive and judicious men A later offspring of this russophile po­ front. The Paragraph 1. of the ‘Positions’ of A.C.L.P.R. and all other competent licy of the Democratic Party was perceiv­ should be understood and accepted by American circles. ed by the free Ukrainians in the crea- Page 4 UKRAINIAN OBSERVER No. 1 - 2 tion of the “American Committee for the Liberation of the Peoples of Russia” MOSCOW’S DARK CLOUD OVER UKRAINE in the time of President Truman’s go­ THE UKRAINIANS IN EXILE FEAR THE RUSSO-BOLSHEVIK MASS- vernment. In spite of numerous, firm, ACTION AGAINST THE UKRAINIAN INTELLECTUAL “BOURGEOIS and mostly bloody, manifestations of po­ NATIONALISTS” AFTER THE FASHION OF THE RECENT MONSTRE litical independence and desire for free­ TRIAL IN PRAGUE dom on the part of the Ukrainians, this “ American Committee” insisted upon the BY PETRO STEPANENKO preservation of the fiction of the “ Unity UKRAINIAN 'BOURGEOIS NATIO­ that there exists such widespread “ bour­ of Russia”. As a logical consequence, NALISM’ geois Ukrainian nationalism” , to which the practical “work of liberation” of this the Russian Soviet power has lately been committee was placed in the hands of On the grounds of an attentive study of the recent press and radio, the Ukrai­ compelled to devote so much time and the ardent Russian chauvinists and new attention? And, in particular, whence kinds of imperialists. And there was no­ nian community in exile expects with an ever-increasing fear tha't Moscow is quite does it come into 'the consciousness of thing, nothing at all, in the behaviour of quite young people, who already were President Truman’s Democratic Govern­ obviously creating the “ proper” psycho­ logical atmosphere and prepares once born in the Soviet time, who could have ment at the end to admit of any infe­ no proper, living picture of the old, ci­ rence that this American Democratic po­ more widespread extermination measures against Ukrainians. vic, pre-war times, and knew nothing licy would ever alter. The Ukrainians Especially it is commonly feared that, different from the socialist, communal could not promise themselves anything in the wake of the showJtrials and pur­ order—and have nevertheless ‘somehow’ new or better from the Democratic Par­ ges which, in the course of the last two achieved an ardent Ukrainian national ty’s remaining in power. years, have taken place in the satellite consciousness? Naturally that does not mean that, states, 'there is being prepared a similar with the Republican’s accession to power, MOSCOW DOES NOT TAKE ROOT everything will change overnight. The Monstre action in Kyiv and Lviv, the One well remembers how, in the early two capitals of Ukraine, against the Uk­ only encouraging word of the new elect­ summer of 1951, Moscow’s comprehen­ rainian ‘bourgeois nationalists’ which ed President Eisenhower during the sive ideological, political, and national- will be followed by mass-extermina'tions. electioneering-campaign with regard to administrative campaign against the It is not yet definitely known in Uk­ this problem consisted of his utterance ‘bourgeois Ukrainian nationalism’ was rainian exile circles how many, or which, that “ the U.S.A. would never have an started with the sharp attack of the Mos­ Ukrainian personalities have already been easy conscience as long as the nations cow “ Pravda” on the poem of the Ukra­ chosen by the M .G.B. for this nex't pub­ inian poet Volodymyr Sossyura— ’’Love occupied by the Soviets remainded en­ lic court exhibition and for annihilation slaved” . Yet from the formulation of a Ukraine” (written 1942), and whose au­ a't the wall or on the gallows. Neverthe­ principle to its practical realisation is a thor was threatened with serious conse­ less, it is possible today to make quite very, very long way. President Eisenho­ quences. Since that time, Moscow’s in­ probable guesses, because the names of tellectual pressure on Ukraine has not wer did. not mention the Ukrainians as a quite definite circle of people are being being among these enslaved peoples. It abated for one moment; in the contrary, mentioned more and more often in the will necessitate a stupendous and pro­ it has increased from month to month. press and on the radio, and accusations tracted task on the part of the Ukraini­ It is almost impossible to enumerate are being levelled against 'them. ans to make the Republican administra­ all the reproaches and occasions which tion of the U.S.A. well-disposed towards CAMPAIGN AGAINST UKRAINIAN Moscow has since poured upon the most the Ukrainian ideal of independence. INTELLIGENTZIA notable exponents of the Ukrainian in­ Nevertheless, as already stated, the Re­ The recent notorious Slansky trial in tellectual life. There is also not one Uk­ publicans have, up till now, at least not Prague, which ended with the hanging rainian intellectual, writer or artist who has not in meanwhile publicly admitted said “ No” . This party has, in its history, of the i i defendants, had primarily an not been tained by any anti-Ukrainian economical background. There had to be and bitterly rued his ideological ‘defec­ decisions and attitudes. There exists, scapegoats found for the catastrophic fai­ tions’ and ‘mistakes’. There is not one therefore, the inducement to regard the lure of the Soviet economic system in Ukrainian town in which mass-exposi­ government of President Eisenhower with Czechoslovakia. In Ukraine, Moscow’s tions of ‘public criticism’ i. e. expositions every symphatetic expectation, and at the weakness is on another level. There are of mass-self criticism by these accused same time the Ukrainians’ obligation to reasons to fear that Moscow’s next blow and suspected, have not taken place. All explain and to prove to the new govern­ will be directed, not so much at the eco­ the Soviet newspapers in Ukraine and in ment their standpoint and their aim of nomists, as at the intellectuals; against Moscow are always full of them. liberty. Certainly it would make an in­ writers, poets, journalists, scientists, ar- The main accusation which is made delible impression on the national me­ 'rists, etc. concerning all these ‘defections’, ‘errors’, mory of the Ukrainians, should they re­ It is a remarkable thing with the and ‘mistakes’ is always the same—the gain their freedom and national-political “ Marx-Lenin-S'talinist theory of conscious­ reproach that, in Ukraine, there is too independence during the government of, ness” . According to the learning in their li'ttle admission and acknowledgement of and with the help of, the Republicans. ‘Dialectics of Materialism’, 'the conscious­ Moscow’s leadership. There is too little internal and external Russianisation ap­ * * * ness of mankind is built up on the cur­ rent economical foundations, and that is parent. There is in this country still too DANGEROUS FILM TITLES reflected in their minds. Since, according much consciousness of national differen't- ness, of national peculiarities and of a Three films are now being shown in to Stalin, socialism has been prevalent in right to independence and liberty. K ie v : "Far from Moscow’’, "In our free the Soviet Union since 1929 ('the First Ukraine” and "I want to live in joy’’. The Five-Year Plan, collectivisation of agri­ VANISHED FIGURES man putting up posters stuck them in culture, etc.), the general socialist cons­ Since the summer of 1951, the experts such order that passers-by looked round ciousness should, in the more than twen­ on Ukrainian Soviet literature have sought terrified while reading them. On the ad- ty years which have now elapsed, have in vain for such names as the once well- vertismen'ts’ board was to be read : "I long ago gained ground, and established known Ukrainian Soviet writers: I. Ste- want to live in joy”—"far from Moscow ’ itself firmly on this socialist material foun­ bun, O. Kylymny\, Y. Kotsiubyns\y, P. —“in our free Ukraine.” dation. How, then, has it come about Kozlanyu\, P. Panch, I. Vilde, Y. Vyh~ No. 1-2 UKRAINIAN OBSERVER Page 5 ren, P. Usen\o, A. Trostyanevs\y, K. tsiubynsky the “ forefathers of proletarian THE CASE OF ROMAN AND Storehati, etc. Vanished from the li'terary literature in Ukraine” . That was wrong. WOLODYMYR SWITENKO field are more and more well-known Uk­ The forefather of all the proletarian lite­ In a letter of the 13th January, 1953, the Extra­ rainian literary critics, such as L . Novy- rature in the world can and may only be dition Commission of the United States High Com­ chenkp, H . Omelyanen\o, M. Novykpv, a Russian, and that Maksym Gorky7; missioner for Germany informed the General Secre­ 0 . Bash\yn, A. Trypilsky, A. Kurylenko tariat of the Central Co-ordinating Committee of everyone else can only have learned from Ukrainian Welfare Organizations that the District and several others. No-one hears anything him. The contention of the two attacked Court in Warsaw had sentenced Roman and Wolody- more of the Ukrainian processors of the critics, that the Ukrainians could have myr Switenko to death. Following an appeal Roman Universyty of Lviv : S. Tsyb\o, IV. Alad- produced proletarian literature by them­ Switenko’s sentence was commuted to imprisonment kyn, G. Herbytsky, K . Hladkjvsky, and selves and without any connections with for life. Wolodymyr Switenko’s appeal was dismissed, and he was executed at Warsaw on the 29th Oc­ S. Ossechnivsky, who were publicly de­ Gorkyj ‘leads obviously to national iso­ tober, 1952. nounced, in the Moscow “ Pravda” of lationism and to the enstrangement of the Roman Switenko and his son Wolodymyr were July 1951, in a ‘critical letter’ signed by development of the Ukrainian democra­ arrested in Munich in June 1948 on a denunciation the well-known Moscow literary hacks in tic literature from that of Russian pro­ by Ishok Mandel, a lew who accused them of having Ukraine — L. Kizin, L. Korneychuk, taken part in the persecution of Jews in Horodok letarian literature” . The ultimate conse­ in the Ukraine, during the German occupation in and K . Stetsiuk- quence is ‘the despicable, extremely pe- the years 1941 to 1943. rucious Ukrainian bourgeoise nationa­ The U.S. Authorities referred the matter to the MOSCOW DOES NOT TRUST THE lism’ which inevitably leads to betrayal German Courts for preliminary investigation. This UKRAINIAN COMMUNISTS of the Soviet fatherland and to the en­ was carried out by the Chief District Attorney, Dr. Now the Moscow central organ “ Com­ slavement of the nation ‘in the chains of Hafer, who took the evidence of some 50 witnesses. Two other Jews supported Mandel’s charges, but munists of U .S.S.R.” has sharply attacked American imperialism’. were by no means clear in their statements. Over the “ Communist of Ukraine” in its 20th Thus close the net of Moscow’s evi­ 40 witnesses, who were personally aquainted with number of November, T952. It attacked dence. These accusations go in colmns. the accused, gave evidence in their favour and em­ no; only some articles or one number, phasised that during the German occupation a numebr More and more new names are indicated. of Jews owed their lives to the Switenkos who, re­ but all the editions of this monthly jour­ The critics, Omelyanenko and Novycov gardless of their own danger, had helped them nal in Kyiv in the years 1951 and 1952. had ‘formed schools’ ; in their footsteps to hide from the Germans. The publication of this criticism immedi­ went, in a “ completely wrong direction” , Notwithstanding this evidence, the efforts of the ately after close of the 19th Congress of the critics and writers Y. Zaruba, H. lawyers for the defence and the protests and petitions the Communist Party of the U.S.S.R. is, of Ukrainians and of people of standing, including Multykh, A. Kronyk, and V. Gott. The the Apostolic Visitator, Bishop Ivan Buchko, the without doubt, a harbinger of an immi­ writer A. Ishchuk had written a quite U.S. Authorities decided to accede to a demand by nent severe purge. objectionable, basically ‘nationalist Uk­ the Polish Government to hand over the Switenkos We learn that the “ Communists of rainian review’ on the greatest posts of for trial in Poland. An attempt however by Wolody­ Ukraine” carried out its duty ‘ extremely Ukraine, Lesya U krain'ka, which was myr Switenko, in the presence of American’ Prison unsatisfactorily’, is conducted on a ‘mi­ Authorities and Polish Representatives, to cut his ‘teeming with ideological faults’. Just as arteries to avoid extradition, caused a postponement. serably low ideological and doctrinal le­ bad, objectionable and nationalistic was During the night i9/20th January, 1950, however vel’, is ‘not up-to-date’, and ‘does not a recently published book of Y. D . Dmyt- the Switenkos, who were in the German prison of sufficiently regard or value the practice renko on ‘The social-political and philo­ Munchen-Stadelheim, were there unexpectedly and of the construction of the communist so­ sophical views of Taras Shevchenko.’ secretly handed over to Representatives, dressed in ciety. The editorial staff of what is, ac­ civilian clothes, of the Polish Military Mission in MOSCOW MAKES PREPARATIONS Berlin. Of the U.S. Authorities the Chief Adviser cording to the Party, the most respon­ to the Land Commisioner for Bavaria, Mr. Leonard sible journal of Ukraine ‘possesses no FO R WAR Hanze, and a Representative of the Prisons Depart­ courage for initiative’, ‘ does nett pay Thus, dozens and dozens of ‘disrepu­ ment, Mr. Saul Moskovitz, were present. The lawyers enough attention to the ideological work, for the defence had not been informed that their table’ Ukrainian names, with which one clients were to be handed over. does not cultivate the necessary relations could fill, not one bu’t very many and very We are aware that the General Secretariat of the wi'th the party organizations’. large docks, have lately been published Central Co-ordinating Committee of Ukrainian Wel­ fare Organizations had earlier petitioned the United EVERYTHING GOOD COMES ONLY in the Stalin-controlled Russian press. On this side of the Iron Curtain it is not yet States High Commissioner in Germany against the FROM MOSCOW extradition of the Switenkos. In reply to this petition known, if it should come to the supposed the U.S. Extradition Board explained that they had And now the journal’s deadly sin : “ In deterring action in Ukraine, who of the been handed over on evidence supplied by the Polish the pages of the journal, the necessary many attacked would be specially selected Authorities and on the condition that, in the event bitter campaign .is not carried on against for the ‘representative’ trial, and who of their being found not guilty, or after completing any but a death sentence, they would be returned tQ the increasing spread of the nationalist even still lives. Yet the ever-mounting bourgeois ideology” . The editorial staff the U.S. Zone of Germany. intensity of the Russian-bolshevik cam­ The sentence has now been disclosed. We see that takes no trouble “ to interrupt and to bring paign of hate against the ‘bourgeoise Uk­ the result of the extradition* which we anticipated home the blessings of the Lenin-Stalinist rainian nationalists’ makes one justified and of which the U.S. Authorities were warned has nationality policy” 'to the members of the in expecting and fearing the worst. In come to pass. A sentence which we cannot believe to have been just has been passed and carried out. party and to the masses. The problems the Prague Slansky trial it was the Jews, of ‘the development of the socialist na­ The sufferers are two men for whom the entire the Zionists, who were regarded, and community of Ukrainian Refugees interceded, not tions’ are not suitably worked ou't. And, attacked, as the threat to the Muscovite indeed shield them from punishment if they were above all, there is no adequate propagan­ domination of Stalin. Moscow sees in guilty, but to ensure a fair trial for them in a Court da made for the principle of ‘the Stalinist Zionism the ‘American fifth column’, of the Free West. This was denied to them. friendship of the nations and, particular­ which supposedly attacks the bolshevist ly, of the friendship of the great, leading rule in U.S.S.R. from within. It would (Extract from No. 5, Vol. IX, of the “ Ukrainian Thought” of the 29th January, 1953) Russian nation” . be only too logical if, in consequence of And now come the names. The Ukra­ the Russian policy of terrorisation, the inian literary critcs, H. Omelyanenkp and ‘Ukrainian bourgeois nationalists’ were ine which is most to be feared. Conse­ M. Novykpv, for example, are guilty, the next to come into the Russian dock, quently, the free Ukrainians in exile that in an article, on the Motives of the as successors of Slansky and Co. Moscow stare, as if under a spell, at the menacing, Ukrainian October-Revolu'tion, published knows that, in the event of any serious black Muscovite cloud which has lately in 1950, they designated the Ukrainian international armed dispute, it is the re­ been gathering from 'the north and brood­ writers, Ivan Franko and Mykhaylo Ko- sistance and fight for liberation of Ukra- ing thicker and deeper over Ukraine. Pago 6 UKRAINIAN OBSERVER No. 1 - 2 of the Collective Farm and of a communal MORALE AND POLICY IN THE U.S.S.R. social life, the evidence of the Soviet Press (Based on the article published in the " Ukrainian Thought” No. 5, Vol. IX of the 29th January, 1953). clearly shows that in the “ Outlying Re­ The experience of the late war have not be ruled and kept at work or criticism gions” ,and most of all in the Ukraine, brought about profound changes in the stifled by terror alone, a new approach better opposition to the system of Collec­ morale and outlook of people within the had to be found. tive Farming continues. Correspondingly, U.S.S.R., and Soviet internal policy and Thought had received a new stimulus the Soviet Press throughout the U.S.S.R, propaganda have had to be adjusted to by contact with the outside world. The daily inveighs against the “ bourgeois the altered political climate. new perspective gained by men who had nationalism of the Outlying Regions” . Before World War II the basis of all acquired first-hand knowledge affected Never has 'there been such a spate of political indoctrination and of the ideo­ the mental atmosphere within the U.S.S.R. propaganda literature, never have so many logical education of the many different and the armies of internal propaganda pamphlets been published concerning peoples of the Soviet Union were the fact had to take account of it. Ukrainian naional aspiration, as during and the meaning of the 1917 October The late war gave the oppressed nations the past year. To judge by a careful ana­ Revolution, the onward march of victo­ within the Soviet Empire an opportunity lysis of the Soviet Press, however, the rious Marxism and the “ Communist to attack their Russian masters from campaign does not appear to meet wi'th Paradise” which, it was claimed, had within. While the struggle for the abolit­ much success. already been at least partly realised. ion of the Collective Farm system (“ kol- The propaganda would seem to be in­ The experiences of the war and of the khosy” ) and for the restoration of the effective because the population turns a years following the war have shown the Churches was universal, armed National deaf ear to it. The people do not frequent premises on which this indoctrination Resistance Forces fought against the Rus­ the clubs, the reading rooms and the and education were based to have been sian Fighting Forces on their Lines of “ Homes of Culture” , they do not read false. Masses of the inhabitants of the Communication, whilst at the same time the pamphlets and the papers showered U.S.S.R. served in the Soviet Armed For­ fighting against the German invaders. On upon them. To overcome their sullen ne­ ces, saw living conditions in the “ liberat­ the other hand many men of the enslaved gative attitude a vast machinery of “ Agi­ ed” countries and became aware of the peoples deserted and fought against Rus­ tation and Propaganda” (“ Agitprop” ) has realities of both the outside world and sia with the German armies. been set up. Some of its aspects approach of their own situation. A new approach These developments destroyed the pre­ the ludicrous. In one administrative dist­ to the problem of raising the morale of tence of Russia leading a Union of free rict in the Ukraine, containing less than 30 the population, a new starting point for peoples within the U.S.S.R. to a common villages and population slightly below their political re-education had to be goal on the road of Socialist reconstruct­ 30,000, between 800 to 1,000 agitators and found. ion. The real situation inside the vast propagandists are employed. We read 'that This was the more important as a new Soviet Empire, with its conglomeration in one Collective Farm village every fa­ generation had grown up, to whom the of nationalities dominated by a ruthless mily is a subscriber to one or two news­ conditions and events of the October Soviet Russian imperialism, became appa­ papers and periodicals, that, as the villa­ Revolution meant little and the stories rent. The Moscow Government dropped gers do not visit the Village Hall on of the proceeding period of despotic Tsa­ the mask of Socialist Brotherhood and their own, they are summoned . to meet­ rist rule meant less. Much of what had aippealed to Russian nationalism. Soviet ings in the fields in the lunch hour and been taught before the war had been Russian imperialism proceeded from the in the evenings, when the same news­ discredited by what they had seen them­ “ liberation” , conquest and reenslavement papers are read aloud to them, to prevent selves. The invincibility of the U.S.S.R. of its formerly oppressed nations to the any escape from the wireless which 'they had proved a delusion. The myth, which conquest and enslavement of many new will not go to listen to at the Village Hall. had contrasted the prosperity and well­ countries and nationalities. The main purpose of these broadcasts being of the Workers of the Soviet “So­ In spite of the victories in the late war, is to eradicate “ Ukrainian bourgeois na­ cialist Paradise” with the terrible suffer­ however, and of its conquest since, tionalism” , 'to urge close attachment to ings and distress of workers leading a Moscow has lost ground outside the “ Iron the “Big Elder Brother”, the Russian wretched existence under the “ Capitalist Curtain” . The membership and enthu­ people, and to praise the benefits bestowed yoke” , was exploded in the eyes of men siasm of foreign Communist Parties and on the Ukraine by Collective Farming. of this and a slightly older generation of the network of organisations inspired During and after the war the armed who, in the Soviet Armies, for the first or influenced by them has fallen off, and Resistance Movement was suppressed with time had an opportunity of seeing the there have been confusion and division the utmost severity. It was either comp­ world and of contrasting standards of in their ranks. More and more Moscow letely crushed, or driven underground as living in “ the Capitalist Hell” , with their has to rely on its own paid agents abroad. in 'the Ukraine, where its continued ex­ own miserable condition. Stalin’s “ Solici­ In the U.S.S.R. as well disillusionment istence encourages the people in their hope tude for the people” appeared a mockery has spread. Popular apathy or hostility for eventual delivery from Russian domi­ when millions were treated as expendable force “the Boss” (khazyain), as Stalin is. nation and stiffens their determination material in war and millions more were unofficially referred to in governing circl­ passively, to resist the Soviet system, while deported to terrible suffering in the Forc­ es, and the clique of the Kremlin to rely the Kremlin is baffled in its attempts to ed Labour Camps. on their own men, the M .V.D. (the for­ defeat a popular and nation-wide ideo­ Realisation of the truth may have been mer “ O.G.P.U.” ), the Communist Party logy- . , incomplete and, in the main, confined and the Political Educational Apparatus In this figh't against such oppression to those who had seen life in the outer of “politruki” . Moscow is handicapped by the fact that world for themselves. But the traditional The division between a sullenly indif­ many of its formerly reliable supporters propaganda claptrap, based on the bles­ ferent or hostile population and the agen­ have become uncertain and lukewarm, sings of the October Revolution and the cies of government is most marked in and by a definite decadence in both the thirty years and more of beneficient Soviet the territories where armed resistance in Communist Party and Government organs construction that were supposed to have the fight for national independence during in the U.S.S.R. Both are, to an extent, given the Workers of the U.S.S.R. a new the late war was most active and most results of the late war. heaven and a new earth, had lost its formidable. Whilst in Russia herself the During the war and after its successful power to attract and to convince. As even population has, since the war, settled conclusion the lower ranks of the Soviet in Eastern Europe vast populations can­ down, docile if not content, to the routine Armed Forces could not fail to observe No. 1-2 UKRAINIAN OBSERVER Page 7

that none robbed and plundered the popu­ workers, all of whom, as well as their factory standard of living and for the lation of the “ liberated” countries and wives and adolescent children, must put misdemeanours of Russian officials. of Eastern Germany so shamelessly or in a minimum of 180 to 240 full working The technique is as follows: treated 'them with such brutal violence days in 'the year before they can think of Grave offences or neglect of duty which as the Officers of the Red Army, as the doing any work on the ground allotted Russian officials have been guilty, or pos­ Soviet War Minister brought out in his for their personal use. sibly simple failure, are fictiously repre­ report to the 19th All-Russian Communist In the demoralisation following the war sented as being crimes committed by a Party Congress. the restoration of discipline in the ranks Jewish official, who may have been ap­ During the war the Party lost many of the Party has been the most serious pointed to a particular post for that very of its most reliable members. Its ranks preoccupation of the Soviet Government, purpose, or by several Jews acting in con­ were much diluted by further recruitment which has tried to improve matters by cern. If a crime which it is intended to as well as the replacement of losses, par­ continual “ purges” and the suspension attribute to a Jew has been committed ticularly in the second half of the war. of further admissions to the Party. The by a Russian, neither his guilt nor his Numbers in the Party Machine continued fact that it was eventually found necessary punishment will be allowed to become to grow, and the quality of 'the men so to convene a Party Congress, the first known. A Ukrainian may become in­ employed steadily deteriorated. In addi­ since before the war, to tackle 'the prob­ volved as well, but preferably as an in­ tion to demoralisation consequent on lem on an Empire-wide basis, publicly nocent fool who has been hoodwinked contact wi'th the outside world and the to castigate the misdemeanours of mem­ by the cunning rascally Jew. If a Russian opportunities of conquest, corruption and bers and to decide on a programme to official cannot be kept out of the affair inefficiency spread throughout the Party improve matters indicates 'the gravity of he will be represented as the Chief whose in every part of the Soviet Empire. They the situation and the enxiety felt in the generous trust has been betrayed. assumed such alarming proportions that Kremlin. Anger against the Jews as the pretended they were a problem absorbing the attent­ Against a background of general ma­ authors of shortages and suffering caused ion of the 19b Congress of the All-Russian laise and dissatisfaction varying from in the Ukraine by Soviet Russian misrule Communist Party, the first it had been apathy to bitter hostility, a new tone has and its abuses is artificialy worked up. found necessary to convene after many for now about a year crept into Soviet A favourable atmosphere for a launching years. Members of the Party were heavily publications, particularly those published of a pogrom is thus to be created. A scape­ criticised, corruption, demoralisation and for consumption in the Ukraine. This goat for the failure of the regime was lack of discipline were stated to be wide­ new tone has an antisemitic edge. The urgently needed. The foundation for the spread, and severe purging was stated to literature has now for a considerable time campaign against the Jews were laid long be necessary. Resolutions were passed and and with increasing directness and vio­ age. Its latest development is the propa­ the Statutes of the Party were altered. It lence aimed at working up indignation ganda that the Ukraine has to go short was found necessary to include a decla­ and racial hatred against the Jews. of food and clothing owing to a Jewish ration that it is the duty of a Communist “ It’s really, the Jews who are to conspiracy, while Moscow, and indeed “ to be honest and frank with the Party.” blame!” For everything. There always in the Kremlin itself, the verj heart of The Soviet Press complains that deceit were a certain number of officials of the the U.S.S.R., the Jewish doctors, as the on. the part of Party Officials by'the supply old “ Okhranka” , the Secret Police of agents of American Capitalism and in of untrue and misleading informations Tsarist days, in the ranks of the O.G.P.U., order to prevent the world-wide liberation is one of the graver offences, but by no and those who survive in the M.V.D. of the Workers, have destroyed and are means the only one. Among a wealth of will remeber the cry “ beat up the Jews seeking to destroy the leaders of the Uk­ criticism an extract from 'the “ Soviet and save Russia” , cunningly inspired by rainians’ Big Brothers, the Russians, by Ukraine” , a newspaper published by the agents of the Tsarist Government. Par­ poison. Soviet authorities in the Ukrainian lan­ ticularly in the Ukraine the cry was a These attempts to turn the hostility to guage, of the 9th January, 1953, gives favourite expedient to divert active host­ Russia of the oppressed nations against this typical example of abuses in the ility to Russian domination and to direct the Jewish scapegoat may or may not end Snihuriw District of the Nikolaev region it against the unfortunate Jews. When in attempts to bring about pogroms in in the Southern U kraine: popular suspicion and indignation had the Ukraine (such as Odessa and Kishi­ “ ...... the Chairman of the Collective been whiped up to the required pitch, nev) which would be represented as “ ex­ Farm, ComradeAvramenko, runs his farm a “ pogrom” would be unleashed. Jewish plosions of the wrath of the Working Mas­ on the same lines as Comrade Zoloty *). shops would be plundered and destroyed, ses.” It would certainly be confidendy When leaving his office he often gives a number of Jews would get hurt and a expected that the Strident clamour of the instructions to “ say that I am on leave few might get killed. Some hours later anti-Jewish propaganda campaign would or ill if anyone asks for me.” the Police would start intervene and arrest divert attention from the purge of perhaps “ This was the answer given to a caller looters and “ disorderly elements” . They some hundreds of thousands of members on the 30th December 1952. In fact, how­ made sure that the latter included pro­ of the Communist Party, mainly Russians, ever, Avramenko was carousing with his minent Ukrainian Nationalists, whether by which the Kremlin is trying to restore nephew, Fedir Plakusha. The day before they had anything to do with the pogrom its creaking administrative machinery to he had been drinking with his son-in-law’s or not. Evidence against them could working order, and from the real cause father, and the day before that with his always be produced. of the failures of the Soviet Russian regime brother. And that’s how it is every day. Now the things are not quite so simple and its consequence of suffering. “ The wife of one of the foreman, because the number of Jews in the Ukraine Present official propaganda among the Melanya Remez, only worked 1.4 day were greatly diminished by massacres and oppressed nationalities, and particularly during the whole of 1952. The Chair­ deportations during the German occupat­ in the Ukraine, can be summarized in man’s wife did not even do as much as ion, and the proportion of Jews in appoint­ these slogans: “ Enslaved younger sons, that ments of authority and influence, which join in a close and lasting union with When this is how the local representa­ had been very great, has been greatly re­ your elder brother, Moscow, to defeat the tives of the Communist Party behave one duced, 'their places in the Ukraine mainly Jews and to serve the U.S.S.R.. Fight can imagine their relations with the peo- being taken by Russians. Still there are uncompromisingly against bourgeois na­ ple; and the feelings of the Collective Farm enough left to blame for the shortcomings tionalism. Strenghten the Collective Farm *) The Chairman of a neighbouring of the regime and its administration, for System!” Collective Farm (Ed.) the lack of everything essential to a satis­ A. O. Page 8 UKRAINIAN OBSERVER No. 1 - 2 nations before the bolshevist-Russian ag­ WHY DO THE UKRAINIANS NOT JOIN IN? gression are no longer valid. In other THE UKRAINIANS OPPOSE THE POLICY OF THE AMERICAN COMMITTEE words, all national decisions, votings, etc. FOR THE LIBERATION OF THE PEOPLES OF RUSSIA", AND HAVE NOT will be made again after the fall of bol­ JOINED THE “CO-ORDINATING CENTER" IN EUROPE shevism. Thus, for example, in 'the case of the Ukrainians, it now counts for no­ THE SEARCH FOR A "REPRESEN­ The non-Russian partners of K.C.A.B. thing that, on Jan. 22nd, 1918 in the case TATIVE BODY" are: (1) Georgian National Council; (2) of the East Ukraine, and on Nov. 1st, The Committee for Aserbaifanian Natio­ As has been repeatedly reported in our 1918 in the case of West Ukraine, they nal Unity; (3) The Union of the Arm e­ journal, the American Committee for the announced and established their national nian Fighters for Liberty; (4) North-Cau- Liberation of the Peoples of Russia independence, and that on Jan. 22nd, casian National Union; (5) The Turjes- (A.C.L.P.R.) has already been trying for 1919, the solemn union of the two parts tanim Committee for Liberation (“ Tur- nearly 2 years to form a combined repre- of Ukraine was proclaimed by their le­ kely"). It should be noted from the be­ sensative body from the political emigrees gally elected parliament. Three of the ginning that the non-Russian organisa­ from the U.S.S.R. proudest pages of Ukrainian history have tions and committees enumerated can in The task of this body would be to re­ been simply torn out. This is a demand no way count as really representative bo­ present before the world the entire free, as unreasonable as if one were to suggest dies of the corresponding nationalities. non-bolshevis't “ Russia” and to wage a to the Americans to expunge from: their They are organisations representing only propaganda-campaign against the bolshe- history with their own hands the Decla­ one aspect of the national feeling and vist domination, both inside and outside ration of Independence of July 4th, i have joined the K.C.A.B. only under deep 776 'the borders of what, in the U.S.A., is and to declare it invalid. understood by the term “ Russia” . Such protest from their other national unions. a body would be one of the most effective They represent, as in the case of the Tur- A STUPID JOKE weapons of the free world in the cold war; kestanian “ Turkely” , scarcely a fraction On the other hand—with reference to it would become a kind of Anti-Comin- of the freedom-loving Turkestanian popu­ the political programme—'the following jorm. lation. ought to be ,noted. The nations of the I't is, however, remarkable that, alth­ WHEREIN THE UKRAINIANS WILL Soviet Union might perform an act of ough the Americans have spared no ex­ NEVER YIELD self-determination in some, unspecified, form, bu't not before bolshevism has been pense and have appointed some of their Here, however, we are particularly in­ destroyed in all the territory of the present best brains as leaders of the A .C.L.P.R., terested in the position of the Ukrainians, Soviet Union and a new democratic order no real success has yet resulted from these in whose name this journal speaks to the has been established everywhere. If we actions. world. We have already presented in these now conjure up a picture of the materia­ WHAT IS K.C.A.B .? pages so many times the reasons for 'the lisation of a new great war or of a revolu­ If one is to believe the Russian emegree recusant attitude of the Ukrainians that tion in the U.S.S.R. we must not imagine press and a statement of the A.C.L.P.R., it is superfluous to revert to them in de­ that the individual nations of the U.S.S.R. such a representative body is supposed to tail once again. The Ukrainians want will be allowed to perform an act of self- have finally been formed in Munich on their full national-political sovereignty determina'tion as soon as their territories October i6th, 1952. From out of 4 Rus­ and complete and unconditional separation are freed from bolshevism. No, they must sian and 5 non-Russian splitter groups from Russia. They will never surrender wait until all have become free; that is, there rose into being a "Co-ordinating 'this standpoint of theirs, nor alter it. in the first place, until the, 90 million Center of the Anti-Bolshevist Campaign” Every Ukrainian who thinks and behaves actual Russians (Muscovites) have become (C.C.A.C.), better known among the emi­ otherwise will be regarded, instinctively free and have established their political grees by the Russian abbreviation, and automatically, by the free Ukrainian power and set themselves firmly in the K.C.A.B. Strangely enough, this Russian community, as a traitor to his country, saddle. Only then might the Ukrainians, abbreviation is phonetically identical with and will be 'treated accordingly. the Byelorussians, the Georgians, 'the the word “ \atsab", which has for centu­ Well could, and should, a common anti- Caucasians, the Turkestanians proceed ries been a popular term among non-Rus- bolshevist front be formed, composed of with their acts of self-determination and sians for bearded, tight-fisted, covetous peoples from behind the Iron Curtain, their liberation. What such a “ liberation” and greedy Muscovite. This “ K .C .A .B .” and not excluding the Russians, provided looks like in practice, when a strong Rus­ was instantaneously understood and in­ that the Americans and the Russians un­ sian government is sitting in Moscow or terpreted as a “ nomen-omen” , an invo­ conditionally recognise 'the right of the St. Petersburg, the non-Russian peoples luntary 'tell-tale of what this “ represen­ nations of the Soviet Union to form their know from bit'ter, centuries-long experi­ tative centre” was meant to be : one more sovereign national states on an ethnogra­ ence. And if the Muscovites swear to instrument of the unceasing Russian im­ phical basis, and separate from Russia. perialism. their democracy, their liberalism and their The K .C.A.B. has been joined by such " NON-PREDECISION” ‘fraternal feeling’ a thousand times over, Russian exile parties a s: (1) The League But 'that is exactly what the “ democra­ no-one will ever believe them. of the Struggle for Peoples’ Freedom tic” Russian parties of the K .C .A .B., as In this connection, the circumstance (Russian abbrev.—L.B.N .S.); (2) Russian well as their present American patrons in that the “ programme” does not mention People’s Movement (R.O.N.D.); (3) Uni­ New York and Munich, do not want to by a word that, in this act of self-deter­ on of the Struggle for the Liberation of grant to- 'the Ukrainians and the other mination, the United Nations or perhaps the Peoples of Russia (S.B.O.N.R.); (4) nations of the Soviet Union. On the cont­ some other international court of arbitra­ Union of Fighters for the Liberty of Rus­ rary, the entire political programme and tion will be invoked is very characteristic. sia (S.B.S.R.). All these parties pretend the organisation statute of the K.C.A .B. To quote from the programme: “The to be purely democratic in design and pur­ has, from the first, been so drawn up and creation of the Co-ordination Centre sig­ pose, but they all insist most emphatically ordered as to consolidate and guarantee nifies the victory • of the principle that, on the preservation of the territorial and 'the unity of the Russian empire for ever. with the final liquidation of 'the commu­ constitutional unity of the Russian em­ One of the principles of this “ program­ nist dictatorship in the U.S.S.R., all ques­ pire and fanatically refuse the idea of the me” asserts that the A .C.L.P.R., as well tions of the future of the peoples who separation from the empire of even a as the K.C.A.B., works on the basis of live today in 'the territories of the Soviet single non-Russian nation. non-predecision which were made by the Union will be settled by the peoples No. 1-2 UKRAINIAN OBSERVER Page 9 themselves, according to their wishes and UKRAINIANS IN COMMON FRONT without any interference from outside”. That means: first comes the destruction DECLARATION of bolshevism, then the creation of a BY THE UKRAINIAN POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS AND ORGANIZATIONS Russian government and then the “ libe­ CONCERNING THE ANTI-BOLSHEVIK ACTIVITY OF VARIOUS AMERICAN ration” of the non-Russian nations, but in CIRCLES such way that no-one from outside can Authorized delegates of all Ukrainian b) it tends to weaken morally and po­ interfere. political institutions and organizations in litically the most powerful and active fac­ In Russian this is called—“ Democracy” . Europe have discussed the affair of the tor of the anti-bolshevik fight within the After the announcement of this “ politi­ “ American Committee for the Liberation Observer. Gal. 31. cal programme” , the American gentle­ of the Peoples of Russia” on December U.S.S.R., namely the national movements men of A .C .L.P.R. in New York thought 27, 1952, based on information from the for liberation and national independence it proper heartily to congratulate the lea­ delegation of the Ukrainian Congress of the non-Russian peoples; ders of the K .C .A .B. on this “ noteworthly Committee of America (U.C.C.A.) on c) it diverts the policy of the United achievement” of 'theirs in the direction of the 19th—20th Dec., 1952. At this meet­ States of America to supporting Russian the “ liberating of the peoples of Russia” . ing, specially convoced for this purpose, imperialism and renders the co-operation Tens of thousands of Ukrainians, how­ the delegates unanimously resolved in the between the national movements for li­ ever, and their free press in 4 continents name of the institutions and organiza­ beration and American anti-bolshevik ac­ have received and interpreted this distort­ tions represented, that the following de­ tivity impossible; ed and insidious proclamation as one of claration shall be regarded as obligatory d) it abuses the American aid and funds the stupidest political jokes of recent directive for the Ukrainian policy as to by combatting the antibolshevik move­ times. the said affair: ments for the independence of the nations ) Co-operation between the Ukrainian But this is not all. The liberal spirit of 1 subjugated by Moscow. political forces and various American Russian “ democracy” shines forth even Those principles upon which the circles in the field of anti-bolshevik cam­ C.C.A.C. is based render impossible such jmore brightly from the lines of the re­ paign and on appropriate political basis solutions of the organisation statute of reform of it that would allow the Ukra­ is necessary for the Ukrainian struggle inians to join. Therefore any attempts in the K.C.A .B. This statute lays down that for liberation, as well as for the common the, so to say, sovereign and, in certain the direction of reform are in vain. Only fight against bolshevism. Therefore the the complete rejection of the said concep­ sense, legislative supreme council of the undersigned Ukrainian political institu­ Co-ordination Centre shall consist of 30 tion would render the organization of a tions and organizations are willing to fight Russians and the remaining 30 places shall common and expedient fight against bol­ against bolshevism and Russian imperia­ be distributed among the non-Russian shevism possible. lism in common with the said circles, “minorities” . Since, according to the plan, 3) Ukrainian political organizations are under certain conditions. about 10 non-Russian nations are to be wilting to participate in the activities of 2) The delegates are of unanimous represented in the K .C .A .B. and every the various anti-bolshevik American cir­ opinion that the political conception and “ minority” nation will, rightly, receive cles, provided that the following premises the structure of so-called “ Co-ordination the same number of votes as the others, have been realized: Center of the Anti-bolshevik Campaign" each non-Russian nation will be alloted a) Affirmative attitude towards the fight (C.C.A.C.), which was constituted with exactly 3 votes. Consequently 3 votes of of Ukraine and the other subjugated considerable assistance from the “ Ame­ the whole 60 fall to the share of the Uk­ peoples for their national independence; rican Committee for the Liberation of rainians as well. Is that not a wonderful All national representations joining the the Peoples of Russia”, renders co-ope­ calculation for the Russians? It suffices anti-bolshevik front bind themselves to ration with American circles impossible. only for them to draw one or two “ mino­ respect the struggle of all nations for The C.C.A.C. repudiates the principles of rities” , such as the Armenians (population their independent democratic states, wit­ the Atlantic Charter and the United Na­ hin their ethnographical boundaries and 1,000,000) or the North-Caucasians tions and the equal rights of nations; it (population 1,100,000) on to their side not to work against their fight. Only allows representatives of those Russian to obtain, in a wholly democratic manner, Russian anti-bolshevik forces, which will parties to join and prevail, which, in an absolute majority, and to grind all respect the principles mentioned and will practice, is based on Russian imperialism observe them in their activities, are all­ others into 'the dust. Ukraine, incidently, and deny the right of the Ukrainian and represents 20 p. c. of the entire population owed to join the common front; the other subjugated peoples to restore and more than 50 p. c. of the economic b) Each national representation keeps their independent and democratic states. its independence in all domains of a li­ resources of the whole Soviet Union (in­ This conception impairs in its principles cluding 73 p. c. of the sugar production, beration policy. International co-opera­ our struggle for deliverance and common tion is to be achieved* in co-ordination 62 p. c. of 'the manganese, 53 p. c. of the fight against bolshevism, as wheat, and 61 p. c. of the anthracite, etc.). and not in one-sided leadership; a) it is for maintaining the Russian c) Co-operation is exercised through The extreme cynicism of this “ democra­ empire at the cost of the subjugation of tic” calculation is shown also in the fact equal delegations of each national group Ukraine, and the other non-Russian pe­ (equal votes to each people, as in the that the Russians splitter groups, such as oples; the “ League of the Struggle for the Peo­ United Nations); ples Freedom” (L.B.N.S.), of whose ex­ d) Each national group is represented istence in the Soviet Union hardly anyone construction of the K.C.A .B., all 'the free by authorized delegates of the political has the faintest notion (and God knows Ukrainian journals on this side of the emigration of their respective people; how many “ hangers-on” , with their po­ Iron Curtain and also the overwhelmin­ 4) On the basis of these premises the litical programmes, may be counted in the gly greater part of non-Russian public American circles have the possibility to “ representative body” of the K.C.A.B!), opinion were full of derision and con­ endorse the common anti-bolshevik front have, by reason of the method of distri­ tempt for such a “ liberation-scheme” ? Is and to warrant simultanously the reali­ bution, received more than 5 places, com­ i't any wonder that the Ukrainians have sation of the premises mentioned above pared with only 3 for 'the 45 million strong decisively rejected even the suggestion by appropriate political conception. Ukrainian nation. Is it any wonder, that, that they should sit at the conference- Thus natural possibilities are at the after the publication of the “inspired” table with such “ statesmen” ? same time given for a successful func- Page 10 UKRAINIAN OBSERVER No. 1 - 2 tioning of the common front of all sub­ Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists the peoples behind the Iron Curtain in jugated peoples fighting for liberation, (Solidarists) (O.U.N.S.); order to stimulate an active anti-bolshe- including all peoples within the U.S.S.R. Union of Ukrainian Monarchists vist campaign, it can only be accompli­ as well as the so-called satellites subju­ (S.H.D.); shed by the proper support of the idea gated now. Ukrainian Peasant Party (S.Z.S.U.); of state independence for those nations. The Executive Committee of the Uk­ Ukrainian Democratic Revolutionary The co-operation of American circles rainian National Council (V.O.U.N.R.); Party (U.R.D.P.); with a common front must not be just Foreign Representation of the Ukraini­ seizing a favourable opportunity, nor a Ukrainian Socialist Party (U.S.P.); an Supreme Liberation Council (Z.P. means for political pressure on the Krem­ U.H.V.R.) Ukrainian National Democratic Asso­ lin, in order to come then to an agreement Units Abroad of the Organization of ciation (U.N.D.O.); at the expense of the enslaved peoples. Ukrainian Nationalists (Z.CH.O.U.N.); December 27, 1952. 5) The still free, but menaced peoples, as well as the subjugated peoples, must STATEMENT fight shoulder to shoulder in a united BY THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE OF THE ORGANIZATION OF front against bolshevism, the foe of the UKRAINIAN NATIONALISTS (O.U.N.) ON THE QUESTION OF CO­ whole freedom-loving world. OPERATION WITH AMERICAN INSTITUTIONS, THEIR CONCEPTIONS The guarantee of victory over the com­ AND MEASURES CONCERNING THE SETTING-UP OF A COMMON ANTI­ mon enemy is the consolidation of the BOLSHEVIK FRONT anti-bolshevik campaign of the west bloc and the revolutionary national struggle The Executive Committee of theO.U.N. (Co-ordination Center of the Anti-Bol- of the peoples under bolshevist oppress­ Units Abroad having approved of the shevik Campaign) has sown suspicion united “Declaration” taken up by Ukra­ among the peoples enslaved by Moscow, ion. inian political institutions and organi­ who are friendly towards the western Only to combat the U.S.S.R. from zations of December 27, 1952, formu­ world, and want it as an ally in the anti­ outside, without the co-operation of the lated and drawn up with the active parti­ bolshevik campaign. allied revolutionary forces, can bring no cipation of our representatives, and also The so-called C.C.A.C. is an obstacle decisive success, and the co-operation of having approved of joint Declaration of in the way of that campaign and the the latter depends on the recognition and the national political centres and the na­ participation of non-Russians in it is support of their struggle for liberty. tional liberty organizations of the peoples equivalent to treason. The role of the subjugated peoples in subjugated by Moscow, of December 14, 3) Those Russians who do not approve the anti-bolshevik world front bases on 1952, this Committee issues following ad­ of the subjection of other peoples, and their own all-round revolutionary, and dendum and expositions: who are prepared to fight against Bolshe­ especially armed, political fight against 1) The only basis for co-operation be­ vism for their own national state withi» occupation. tween the Ukrainian and American in­ its ethnic borders, may join the common Special significance should be given to stitutions in the anti-bolshevik campaign front of the oppressed peoples. the Ukrainian Liberation Movement, — is the recognition of the idea of the whole The Executive Committee of Units Ab­ O.U.N. and U.P.A. (Organization of the of Ukraine as a sovereign state and the road of the O.U.N., declares that, up to Ukrainian Nationalists and the Ukrainian dismemberment of the Russian empire now, not one Russian political group has Insurgent Army) which have without in­ into national states, the support of said came forward in favour of breaking up terruption directed and organized the nations in their national fight for free­ the Russian dungeon of nations and the armed political campaign for the whole dom against bolshevism and all other building up of national states in their of Ukraine; the Ukrainian people, how­ forms of Russian imperialism. ethnographical borders. ever, to be the main force in the total 2) The American Committee for Libe On the contrary, the project of the anti-bolshevist revolutionary proceedings ration of the Peoples of Russia perse­ American institutions to form a common within the U.S.S.R., which will conclude veres in its insistence on the opposite anti-bolshevist front by setting their hope with the general uprising. platform, namely on the preservation of upon the participation of the Russians The whole action outside the U.S.S.R. a united and indivisible Russian empire. and casting them for the principal part —the Ukrainian as well as that of the That platform makes any co-operation has no proper foundations. That idea, and West, —in the common front must take impossible for us. all steps taken in that direction, tend to its bearings from the ideal, political po­ Beside the Russians, there are no bring America’s anti-bolshevik policy and sition of the revolutionary struggle in “peoples of Russia”, but there are peoples action to a standstill and weaken the Ukraine, with due regard to- its require­ enslaved by Russia. The anti-bolshevik active anti-bolshevik front, as that is di­ ments, so that it is afforded the necessary fight for freedom waged by the peoples rected against any and every kind of Rus­ all-round, moral, political and technical subjugated by Moscow has nothing in sian imperialism. support. common with the action of the Russian 4) For successful joint action the West imperialists working against the bolshe- should set the subjected peoples in the 6) The idea of a common front for the vist regime as such. The subjected peoples centre of interest, not the Russians, who revolutionary anti-bolshevik fight for are fighting for their detachment from are intent on imperialist aims and will freedom is anchored in the Anti-Bolshevik Russia without regard to its political con­ thus bring dissension into the common Bloc of Nations (A.B.N.), the co-ordina­ stitution, while the Russian imperialists front. tion centre of that fight. The A.B.N. was of every trend are aiming at retaining The recognition by the American fac­ formed in the fire of the underground those peoples within the Russian Empire. tors of the idea of sovereign, democratic campaign against two fronts, against Hit­ The menace to the freedom-loving states within their own ethnographical lerism and bolshevism, on the initiative world is to be found in imperialist Russia. borders, instead of the decayed U.S.S.R., and with the participation of the O.U.N., As long as that empire exists there will would make firm ground upon which all U.P.A., Armenian, Azerbaijanian, Georg­ be no liberty and no freedom from fear participants in the common front might ian, Idel-Uralian, North Caucasian, Tur- in the world. The pro-Russian action in build their co-operation with America kestanian, Byelorussian and other Natio­ the A.C.L.P.R. (American Committe for for the future, as well as to-day. nal revolutionaries. the Liberation of the Peoples of Russia), If the object of the American “psycho­ A.B.N., built up on the principle of particularly the founding of the C.C.A.C. logical warfare” consists in mobilizing equal rights, is a union of national free- No. 1-2 UKRAINIAN OBSERVER Page 11 dom organizations of the peoples long subjected by Moscow and those recently DECLARATION enslaved ,who are all fighting for the THE NATIONAL-POLITICAL CENTRES AND NATIONAL LIBERATION- destruction of bolshevism and the disso­ MOVEMENTS OF THE NON-RUSSIAN PEOPLES IN THE U.S.S.R. MAKE lution of the U.S.S.R., and for their own THE FOLLOWING DECLARATION OF THE STANDPOINT OF THEIR independent national states, in their own ANTI-BOLSHEVIST, NATIONAL FIGHT FOR LIBERATION ! ethnographical borders, as well as for the return of their expelled or deported coun­ I account of their mutual enmity, bolshe­ trymen. x. Bolshevism, which has already cru­ vism and the anti-communist Russian The fundamental conception of the shed so many nations and is preparing imperialistic forces began a common mi­ A.B.N. bases on the nations’ own forces, to conquer the entire world, is a mixture litary aggression of our national States, their national struggle for freedom and of Russian imperialism and communism. with the aim of destroying them once their collaboration in a joint front. These two elements, of different origin, more enslaving our peoples within the A.B.N., organized and maintained by its have, in the process of history, grown bounds of the Russian Empire. In this own resources, without outside aid, is the together into an indivisible unity, and conquest of the independent non-Russian expression of the aims of the peoples in are working in one direction. They are nations they were aided by the so-called their fight for freedom, and is their de­ held together by their common aim, by White-Russian anti-communist forces, cisive role of an individual and indepen­ their effects on various spheres, and by who were themselves subsequently anni­ dent force in the world struggle against reciprocal reinforcement. Bo'th strive for hilated by the bolshevists. bolshevism. the mastery of the whole world, which This hostile attitude towards our nat­ The A.B.N. and its idea must not be follows the creation of a single world- ions’ fight for freedom still exists in the underestimated where it is a question of empire, accompanied by the supremacy Russian anti-communist emigree circles the serious treatment of the problem of of communism in all spheres of life and and guides their political action towards a common front against bolshevism. the domination of Russia. Their common the establishment of a Russian Empire, 7) The interests of that front require path is characterised by internal decompo­ which is also the be-all and end-all of that America gives up its pro-Russian sition, conquest and domination of more bolshevism. policy and evinces a favourable attitude and more nations, the abolition of their 4. Although our countries were con­ towards the fight for liberty and indepen­ independence, their right to self-determi­ quered by armed force and occupied by dence being waged everywhere, in the nation and their national character. Their Russian bolshevists, our people have not spirit of the noble ideas for which Wa­ aim is the extermination of religion and given up the struggle. This struggle is shington’s America once took up arms. of all cultural, political, social and econo­ directed equally against Russian imperia­ For the victory of the freedom-loving mic order which are anti-communist. lism and against the communist regime world, a positive attitude on the part of Added to this is the liquidation of all of force. The ultimate goal of our fight the Western Powers towards the Ukra­ hostile elements, and the suppression of for freedom is this : —the complete elimi­ inian anti-bolshevist liberation movement, .nation and human beings and all signs nation from our countries of these two its principles and struggle in Ukraine of life under this ruthless, terrorising elements of bolshevist oppression, our un­ itself, and the joint stand of the political dictatorship. conditional liberation from every subser­ organizations in emigration of December Russian imperialism and communism vience to Moscow, and the restoration of 27, 1952, as well as the analogous stand can regard each other as the strongest our national, independent States on the taken by the other peoples in the thral­ mutual support and guarantee of their democratic lines, with the safeguarding dom of Moscow, and the idea and action mastery. The uniting of these two ele­ of all liberties, with social justice, the free of the A.B.N., is indispensable. ments, their aims and their working is development of religion and culture and 8) The Executive Committee of the the main characteristic of bolshevism. the well-being of all citizens. Units Abroad of the O.U.N. hopes that 2. The enemy of all liberty-loving people Our nations“ struggle agaiiist bolshe­ the U.C.C.A. (the Ukrainian Congress is not solely the bolshevist amalgamation vism embraces all spheres of life. It con­ Committe of America) will distance itself of Russian imperialism and communism, sists of frustrating the anti-social plans from any measures and efforts to get but also each of these two elements inde­ and actions of bolshevism, of preserving Ukrainians to join the C.C.A.C., or si­ pendently. Russian imperialism and com­ and developing all forms of our national milar formations, and calls upon the munism retain their inimical traits in heritage, the strengthening in our people U.C.C.A. to share the united attitude of whatever form they manifest themselves, of every kind of resistance against bolshe­ all the Ukrainian political powers and be they separated from each other, or vism and Russian imperialism, and their defend the position of the Ukrainian in­ hostile to one another, or even if they preparation for the national revolutions dependence policy. appear to be opposed to the regime of which will destroy Russian bolshevist do­ Observer. Gal. 30. Stalin. Their opposition to the Kremlin mination and commurrism. It has many All Ukrainians abroad and all western or any other element does not divest them forms, ranging from passive resistance anti-bolshevik circles should remember of their noxiousness or make them ene­ and silent sabotage to the political-military the words of the appeal made by bellige­ mies of bolshevism, for each of them, in revolutionary dealings of the organized rent Ukraine, October 1949, “ .. .the only its own particular sphere, speaks the same underground movements. salvation for the world lies in the imme­ language as the Kremlin and prepares 5. The chief plans of the world-wide diate and complete destruction of Russian for the latter’s expansion. That applies campaign against bolshevism—not only imperialistic bolshevism in its present also to the anti-communist variations of that of the nations already subjugated, starting point. That can only be accomp­ Russian imperialism among the emigrees but also of those now menaced—must be lished by the organized power of a uni­ and to anti-Stalinist communism, such carried out with the aim of destroying form front of all peoples subjected, or as Trotzkyism and Titoism. completely both its constituents, i. e. Rus­ threatened by Russian bolshevist impe­ 3. Our peoples were the first victims sian imperialism and communism. rialism” . of the bolshevist raids when, at the end That conception of the anti-bolshevist December, 30, 1952 of the World War I, they freed themselves campaign which is based only on the fight The Executive Committee from the domination of Tsarist Russia against the bolshevist regime and the of the Units Abroad of Organization of and restored their independent national communist system, or only against 'the Ukrainian Nationalists (O.U.N.) States. Then, without any division on intended aggressions of the Russian-bol- Page 12 UKRAINIAN OBSERVER No. 1 - 2 shevist imperialism, is quite wrong, as democratic plebiscite is acknowledged tonomous States” of the Soviet Union it carries with it a tolerance towards 'the But, at the same time, it is strictly limited were formed. The “ Co-ordinating Center” other element of the same adversary. by the statement that his right can only and all Russian emigree circles are not Still more misguided and dangerous, be exercised after the destruction of the willing even to put similar formal rights however, are the attempts to form a plan bolshevist regime in all the territories of in writing. of campaign against bolshevism on the the Soviet Union. This means that the 4. The attempt of the American-found­ assumption that it is possible to turn the non-Russian peoples are denied the right ed “ Co-ordinating Center” to deny to the Russian imperialism and communism into of determining their own fate by the help liberation-movements of the non-Russian mutual enemies and, for this purpose, to of national revolution. nations the right to political liberation is regard certain of their variations as alliens, It is further maintained in Point 3, that of great significance, as i't is calculated and thus, in order to win these over to this democratic expression of will may to weaken the liberation campaign and sacrifice the reliable, anti-bolshevist na­ be made only by means of a plebiscite the entire anti-bolshevist front. tional forces of the non-Russian nations, or by the vote of the national assemblies 5. The participation in the “ Co-ordinat­ and their cause. These attempts repel all or of the “ All-Russian” Assembly. Thus ing Center” of five insignificant non-Rus­ those who will not work either with Rus­ the Russians will be given the right of sian splitter-groups of the Armenian, sian imperialism or communism. This regarding only the decision of the “ All- Azerbaijanian, Georgian, North-Caucasian plan cannot bring liberty, peace and se­ Russian” Assembly as binding on them­ and Turkestanian emigrees is nothing else curity to the freedom-loving peoples, any selves. Point 2 of the political programme than a complete denial, on their part, of more than it has been achieved by the refers to the February Revolution of 1917 the liberation-campaign of their people, victory over Hi'tler in alliance with the as the basis of the nations’ democratic who will never cease from fighting for U.S.S.R. expression of will. We maintain that 'the their national independence. They would II national policy of our peoples is not to never have come into being if the Ameri­ i. The so-called “ Co-ordinating Center of be dated from the February Revolution, cans had not been involved, as the Russian the Anti-Bolshevist Campaign” which but has been determined and exemplified are no longer in the position by their own has been brought in'to being by the by the cen'turies-old history of our nations. power to attract anyone to co-operate with lavish help of certain American poliical This revolution, incidentally, as seen from them. It runs completely counter 'to the circles, must, in its composiion and by the standpoint of the non-Russian peoples, wishes and the attitude of these nations its programme—as may be seen from its is a denial, on the part of Russia, of the as manifested by 'the formation of their statutes and other official publications— genuine democratic fundamentals, because independent status in the years 1917/18. be regarded as an attempt: she refused 'to recognize the natural right In their long struggle against the Russian a) to incorporate in the anti-bolshevist of the people to order their individual oppressors, these nations clearly showed front the disrupting Russian imperialist lives. The “ Co-ordinating Center’s” con­ their fundamental attitude towards the forces, particularly when they are opposed ception of liberation is, therefore, only question of their own political life. The to the regime; to destroy the present regime, and nothing fact that the above-mentioned political b) to grant to them decisive influence more. sects have attached themselves to the “ Co­ over 'the anti-bolshevist revolutionary cam­ In the statutes and in the Communique ordinating Center” divests them of the paign within the bounds of the U.S.S.R.; of the directing-body of the Conference right to be regarded as spokesmen for c) to sacrifice the liberation campaign of 'the C.C.A.C. from 10th till 18th Octo­ their nations. of the non-Russian peoples subjugated in ber 1952 a clear distinction was made Against this political background we Soviet Union, in favour of the Russian between the full powers of, on the one may justly affirm that the “ Co-ordinating imperialism; hand, the Russian representative and, on Center” does not truly represent the above- d) to direct American policy, which the other, of the representative of non- mentioned nations and their liberation- plays a very important part in the free Russian peoples. The national organizat­ movements, but the imperialist interests world’s fight against bolshevism, on to ions are considered 'to be the representa­ of the Russian emigree organizations. the “ broad path” of support of Russian tives of the individual nations. The Rus­ 6. The co-operation of American po­ imperialism; sian organizations, on the other hand, litical circles in the founding of the “ Co­ 2, The so-called “ Co-ordinating Center speak not only on behalf of the Russian ordinating Center” reveals that their poli­ of the Anti-Bolshevist Campaign” is nation, bu't also in the name of all the tical understanding is incorrect. This is working for the continued existence of nations of the U.S.S.R. They appear to clearly shown by their support of Russian the pressure of the liberation movements be champions of the liberty of the “ peo­ imperialists tendencies and in their mis­ of the present-day U.S.S.R. This aim is ples of Russia” , and not of the Russian trust of the liberation movements of the to be realised by denying the non-Russian nation alone. This arrangement pursues non-Russian peoples. Such an American nations of the U.S.S.R. the right 'to sepa­ the aim of securing for 'them the role of policy renders impossible any co-operation ration from the Russian Empire. Their overlord of all the other peoples of the between the American anti-bolshevist for­ revolt against bolshevism is to be carried Soviet Union. This arrangement, by the ces and the liberation-movements of the on under the slogans of the unity of 'the way, is reminiscent of a method which non-Russian peoples. present empire. This aim is clearly ref­ the bolshevists use also: in the U.S.S.R. 7. Our attitude towards the “ Co-ordi­ lected in the programme and the structure 'there exist Communist Parties of every nating Center” is completely negative. We of 'the “ Co-ordinating Center” . Above all, nation, except the Russian themselves— condemn and combat its attempts to di­ the “ Co-ordinating Center” denies the in Russian territory exists only the Com­ vert our liberation campaign from its true legality of the restoration of the national munist Party of the Soviet Union. course or to pass itself off as representing States of the non-Russian peoples in the 3. The programme of 'the “Co-ordinat­ this campaign. style of the national revolutions of the ing Center” is, in the sphere of national 8. We declare: we will carry on our years 1917/18; the free expression of the problems, more reactionary than that of struggle against bolshevist, and every other wills of the peoples in our democratic the bolshevists, as set out in the Soviet kind of imperialism, regardless of all States is not recognized. Constitution (1936). The bolshevists do obstacles that may confront us on the way. These viewpoints are clearly emphasized recognize, at least on the paper, 'the right 9. We summon the non-Russian groups in the statutes of the “ Co-ordinating Cen­ of every nation to self-determination and who have joined the “ Co-ordinating Cen­ ter” . In Point 3, admittedly, the funda­ the secession from the U.S.S.R. Under ter” to sever 'their connection with the mental right of the above-mentioned peo­ the pressure of the liberation movemen'ts Russian imperialists and to tread the ples to self-determination by means of a of these nations, the “ Unions” and “ Au­ path of real liberation for their nations. No. 1-2 UKRAINIAN OBSERVER Page 13

10. We appeal to American political circles to give up their policy of supporting PLENARY SESSION OF THE EXECUTIVE OF THE Russian imperialist tendencies and, in­ ANTIBOLSHEVIK BLOCK OF NATIONS (A.B.N.) stead, to turn to the advancement of the A common session of the Council of Diurchans\y, former Minister for foreign national liberation-movements of the na­ Nations and of the Central Committee affairs of the Slovak Republic and present tions subjugated by Moscow. of the Antibolshevi\ Bloc of Nations President of the Slovak Liberation Com­ We wish to express our earnest hope (A.B.N.) was held on 25'th Jan. 1953 in mittee, by the director of the A.B.N. in­ that the fundamentals o f, freedom, inde­ Munich—where important political and formation and propaganda service, Dr D. pendence and equality, which have played organizational problems were discussed. Ball^ansl{y, former Bulgarian Secretary of such a prominent part in the history of The Session was opened by the acting State and present member of the Presi­ the American nation, will not be denied President of the Council of Nations, Veli dium of the National Bulgarian Front, to our people and that, in their struggle Kajm Khan, President of the National by the head of the Statutory Commission, for human liberty and an independent Turkestanian Unity Committee, who also Prof. Dr Rudolf Virer, member of thé political life, they will be accorded the acted as Chairman. In his speech the Presidium of the Czech Democrats, and full support of the entire free world. Chairman stressed the importance of the by the director of Finance Department, (M. E. Resulzade) political moment, in which the Session Yarosiaw Roman, member of the Ukra­ President of the Azerbaijanian National takes place, pointed out the successes of inian Delegation to the A.B.N. In the Center the A .B.N . so far and drew attention to discussion of the reports and programme (A. Wanic\t) the A.B.N.-activities amongst the Moslem of activity took part all present national for the Presidency of the Byelorussian peoples in particular amongst whom the delegations, among others ing. W. Glas­ National Center A.B.N. struggle against Russian bolshe- gow, President of the Supreme Cossack (R. Gabashwili) vist Empire found great symphaty. Representation, Dr. S. Buck, representing President of the Georgian National Poli­ The main speech was adderssed by Mr. the Presidium of Croat National Commit­ tical Center Abroad /. Stetz\o, President of the Central Com­ tee, PrinceA/Y^o Na/pashidze, representing (E. Pataridze) mittee, former head of 'the Government the Presidium of the Georgian Political Chairman of the Georgian National of the renewed Ukrainian State in 1941, Organization, Prof. Dr. Wilhelm Szepes- Democratic Party and the head of the Executive of Units varlyay-Hendel, representing the Presidi­ (Prince Ni\o Na\aschidze) Abroad of the Organization of Ukrainian um of Hungarian Liberation Movement, for the Presidency of the Georgian Poli­ Nationalis'ts. The speaker summed up the editor Y. Gintis, representing the Presidi­ tical Organization result of 10 years activities of the A.B.N. um of the Lithuanian Regerneration Mo­ (Veli Kajum Khan) and outlined a practical constructive prog­ vement, Prof. A . B., representing the Pre­ President of the National Turkestanian ramme for work in the future. He stated sidium of Byelorussian National Center. Unity Committee in his speech that aims of the A.B.N. All reports were unanimously accepted (Garip Sultan) find in world opinion more and more as well as all important points of the new for the Presidency of the New Union of recognition and symphaties. -Then follow­ programme. All taking part in discussion Fighters for the Independence of Idel-Ural ed reports by the Secretary General of stressed that the A.B.N . with its ideology, (A. Magoma) representation and strength, surpassed by the A .B .N .’s Central Committee, Dr. President of the North-Caucasian Natio­ far similar enterprises and that co-ope­ Ctibor Po\orny, Vice-president of the nal Committee ration with the A .B.N . of all anti-com­ Slovak Liberation Committee, by the head (W. Glaskov) munist forces in present world struggle President of the Supreme Cossack of the A.B.N . Military Commission, Col. is inevitable. Certain resolutions concern­ Representation General Ferenz Far\ash de Kisbarna\, ing consolidation of A.B.N . organization (Yaroslav Stetzl^o) President of the Hungarian Liberation were also passed with unanimity. They Chairman of the Units Abroad of Movement, by the head of Commission eliminated certain doubts in respect of the Organization of for International Law problems and in­ the interpretation of A.B.N . status and Ukrainian Nationalists ternational relations, Prof. Dr. Ferdinand organization structure. (A. Km eta) for the Presidency of the Union of CONVENTION OF THE A.B.N. YOUTH Ukrainian Monarchists December 14th, 1952 IN GREAT BRITAIN The constituent Congress of the Youth The A B N Youth in Great Britain aims The Byelorussian Central Council dec­ Organisation of the Anti-Bolshevik Bloc at: organising and preparing young refu­ lares herewith its solidarity with the Dec­ of Nations in Great Britain (ABN Youth gees from 'the countries behind the Iron laration of the national-political centres in Great Britain) took place at the Caxton Curtain for the liberating struggle against and national-liberation movements of the Hall, Westminster on Saturday, 17th Russian imperialism and Communist op­ peoples subjugated in the U.S.S.R. of January 1953. pression in closest co-operation with the December 14th, 1952 and undersigns it. The Representatives of the following Anti-Bolshevik Bloc of Nations (ABN). February 1st, 1953 national organisations took part : The work of the A BN Youth in Great (R. OstrousXy) Association of Ukrainian Youth in Britain will be carried out with the as­ President of the Byelorussian Central Great Britain, sistance of three commissions: Political. Council Cossack ABN Group, Cultural and Phisical cultural. Czech National Council, A periodical will be published in Eng­ ‘'PARAMOUNT AND MOST IMPORTANT TASK Hungarian Liberty Movement, lish language. OF SOVIET PRESS” runs the heading of the editor­ Latvian National Guard, RESOLUTIONS ial in the " Soviet Ukraine” of 14. 1. 1953, which Polish A BN Group, thus defines this task : We, young representatives of Anti-Bol­ ‘ ‘Newspapers must denounce without mercy the Slovak Liberation Committee. shevik movements of refugees from va­ reactionary, antinational nature of bourgeois ideology, The Congress elected Count Denys rious countries enslaved by Communist Ukrainian bourgeois nationalism, zionism, and cosmo­ Halka-Ledochowskyj President of the Russian imperialism : Byelorussians, Cos­ politanism, insidious actions of warmongers driving to new war, in particular American imperialism, Council and Mr. Melchior Kiss Chairman sacks, Czechs, Hungarians, Latvians, the gendarme of the world, strangling freedom and of the Executive Committee, and. other Poles, Slovaks and Ukrainians, assembled independence of peoples” . Officers. this 17th day of January 1953 at'the Caxton 14 UKRAINIAN OBSERVER No. 1 - 2

Hall in London for the purpose of hol­ ding the ist Congress of the Anti-Bolshe­ Ukraine Behind the Iron Curtain vik Block of Nations Youth in Great PERSECUTION AND PURGE The fundamental comments on the first problem Britain, state our firm conviction that: CONTINUES were put forward by the secretary of the C.C. of 1. To-day’s world tension is a result the C. P. of Ukraine, L. H. Melnykpv, who also The Kievan “ Truth of the Ukraine” and its echo made the closing speech. The aspects of the second of the expansion of the traditional Russian the “ Soviet Ukraine” in their issues of 16th. Jan. question were dealt with in detail by the first deputy imperialism which in Bolshevism has 1953 start baiting in their article “ Socialist property of the chairman of the Ukrainian Cabinet, Comrade reached the peak of aggression; is sacred and inviolable” a whole number of “ Uk­ H. T. Kalchenkp. The third group of problems were 2. During the last thirty-five years our rainian” ministers because ” in commercial, export dealt with in a speech by the secretary of the C. C. and co-operative organizations and industrial enter­ of the C. P. of Ukraine, 0 . J. Kyrychen\o. nations have been brutally and deceitfully prises of the Ukrainian Socialist Soviet Republic enslaved by Moscow and deprived of their All the leading functionaries of the Communist inflitrated adventures, cheats, thieves” . . . Party of Ukraine took part in this plenary meeting. sacred rights to national and personal “ Former (already purged) secretary of Kiev District Without doubt die most important w ere:H.E. Hrysh- freedom; Party Committee, Comrade Hryza overlooked harm­ \o—secretary for the Kyiv district of the C. P. of 3. The final aim of Russian Bolshevism ful activities of thieves and speculators, . . . and Ukraine: M. V. Podhorny—secretary for the Charkiv former secretary of the same Committee even protect­ is world domination; district; V. Palladin—president of the Academy of ed criminals” . “ Associated with cheats and thieves Science of the Ukrainian S.S.R.; 1. D. Nazarenko— 4. To paralyse the defence of the free also former secretary of Podolian area Party Com­ secretary of the C. C. of the C. P. of Ukraine; H. world the Bolsheviks deceive and incite mittee, Nehoda, and the Chairman of the Area Ex­ H. Shevel—secretary of the Komsomol of the Ukra­ people with the false slogans of the Marx­ ecutive Committee, Bora” . ine; H. P. Pinchuk—Minister for Cultural Relations ism-Leninism, build up subversive com­ “ Ukrainian Council of Tradeunions local Trade of the Ukrainian S.S.R .; A. Hrytsenko— the com­ Union officers neglected control in general; the officers manding officer of the Kyiv military area; V. P. munist parties and inflitrate with their of militia (police), State Attorney, Court do not act, Zaporozhets—Minister of Trade of the Ukrainian Fifth Columns into vital organs of every do not apply the laws in their whole extent in respect S.S.R .; P. P. Hrytsenko—Minister for Industry of nation; of these enemies of the people” . the Ukrainian S.S.R. and, not least, M. S. Hrechu\ha 5. As long as the Russian imperialism “ Especially extensive malpractices were discovered —the chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the Ukrainian S.S.R .. They all took an dominates the nations of Eastern Europe in a number of enterprises of light-, food, timber, local, meat, and milk industries, in the building or­ “ active” part in the debates and made “ spacious and Asia no true peace can exist in the ganizations and in consumers’ and industrial co­ resolutions” concerning the questions under notice. World. operatives in Kiev, Charkiv, Odessa, Chernivtsi, Voro- Apparently neither the resolutions of the 19th OUR AIM S shylovhrad, Stalino, and Zhytomyr districts” . Congress of the C.P.S.U. nor the “ inspired work Recognising 'the great importance of This plundering became possible because the Minis­ of Comrade Stalin on ‘Economic Problems of Socia­ ter of Trade, Comrade Zaporozhets, the Chairman lism in the U .S.S.R .’ have created the desired impres­ the young generation in the liberation of the Ukrainian Co-operative Federation Comrade sion on the Ukrainian population or on the Commu­ struggle against Communism and Russian Malikov, the Minister of Food industry Comrade nist Party leaders. The party leaders, therefore, are imperialism, as well as in the future task Hrystiu\, the Minister of Meat and dairy industry, obliged to use radical means in order to achieve this of establishing a just order in the count­ Comrade Buten\o, the Minister of light industry, goal. Comrade Yesypen\o and others do not wage yet a ries now oppresed by Moscow, we decided The economic exploitation and social pressure in war against plunderers, cheats and those who waste the Ukraine is to be increased, in order to supply to form the A B N Youth Organisation in Soviet property. . Soviet-Russian imperialism with the reserves and the Great Britain which we hope will enable “ Such leaders ought to be reminded of Comrade means for wider policy of conquest. us to give an effective support in spreading Stalin’s words that a thief, stealing property of the ^ Finally, a suitable rising generation of helpers people, is a spy and traitor, if not something worse” , and realising the ideas of the A BN . must be moulded, who will assist the Russian op­ threatens the “ Soviet Ukraine” . pressors in accomplishing the complete subjugation WE D EM A N D . * * * of their country. * * * 1. The abolition of Communist regime P L E N A R Y M EET IN G OF C. P. OF in the countries enslaved by Russia; UKRAINE THE ABSENCE OF COMMUNIST 2. A complete dessolution of the Rus­ According to the report of the “ Rady an ska Ukraina” TRAINING IN sian Imperium into national sovereign of December 27th, 1952 (No. 305 (9512), the plenary CARPATHO-UKRAINE meeting of the Central Committee of Communist In the “ Radyanska Ukraina” of Dec. 26th, 1952 states. Among them will be the indepen­ Party of Ukraine was held from the 23rd to the No 304 (9511), I. Wash, the secretary for the Carpatho- 26th of December, 1952. The following questions dent states o f : Albania, Armenia, Azer­ Ukrainian realm of the Communist Party of Ukraine were the subject of discussions: baijan, Byelorussia, Cossackia, Czechia, devoted a detailed letter, under the heading “ More 1) The course of the propagation of the resolutions Estonia, Georgia, Hungary, Idel-Ural, Attention to the Matter of the Education of the of the 19th Congress of the C.P.S.U., of the inspired Workers” , to the economic and political problems Latvia, Lithuania, North Caucasia, Po­ work of Comrade J. W. Stalin, ‘Economic Problems of Carpatho-Ukraine. land, Rumania, Slovakia, Turkestan, Uk- of Socialism in the U .S.S.R.’ , and of the efforts towards improving the ideological work of the party Like every Soviet publicist, he begins with an raina; enumeration of the “ significant” resolutions of the 3. The application of the ethnic prin­ organizations in Ukraine” . 2) “ The setdement of the agricultural undertakings, 19th Party Congress, a broad description of the ciple in defining the borders between the preparation of the kolkhos farms, of the M.T.S. merits of the Lenin-Stalin party, and a quotation states. and of he collective organizations, with the purpose from Malenkov’s speech. He also declares that, in To help our nations to achieve these of obtaining greater yields in all spheres of agriculrure this region of the Ukrainian S.S.R. there are 300 new enterprises existing, 805 secondary and aims WE RESOLVE: in the year 1953, and of ensuring the realisation of the development schemes of collective catde-breeding, elementary schools are functioning, and that moic 1. To do our best to unite all Anti- and of the raising of the increased yields connected than 15,000 kolkhos-workers are attending suitable Bolshevik refugee Youth in Great Britain with it” . three-year courses of instruction in agricultural colleges. for the work assisting our nations in the 3) “ The intensification of the struggle for the pre­ There exist, however, also in this region “ inade­ struggle against the Muscovite enslavers; servation of the national and communal property and quacies and deviations” which are not sufficiently the improvement of the selection, education and combatted and expunged by the party organizations. 2. To work hard to gain support of the training of the lower party officials for the trade “ An unimaginably important place in the ideological British Youth and public opinion for the and cooperative organizations” . work in Carpatho-Ukraine is taken up by the fight just ideas of the A BN . against manifestations of bourgeois Ukrainian na­ 3. To organise and prepare our ranks protection extended to us in the spirit of tionalism” . In order to do away with this evil, the the most noble traditions of the land of party organizations must use various means. “ The morally, ideologically and physically for workers of Carpatho-Ukraine have recendy been en­ the great task of liberation. Magna Carta which has always defied abled to hear more lectures on the Stalinistic friend­ 4. To support directly the unrelenting tyranny. ship of nations in the U .S.S.R., Soviet patriotism, struggle of our nations for freedom and Young refugees — join the ranks of and the achievements of the Soviet lands in the independence, whenever possible. A BN Youth! fields of economy, culture, and science” . Courage liberates — cowardice enslaves ! He also refers to the fact that the Communist Party We, who are assembled at the Congress, and, naturally, the “ great Russian nation” have very take the liberty of expressing our grati­ Freedom-loving Youth of all nations— greatly helped the Ukrainians in this respect. It is tude to Her Majesty’s Gevernment and support the Anti-Bolshevik liberation self-evident that the Carpatho-Ukrainians must learn the British people for the hospitality and struggle! something from their “ Russian elder brother” . The No. 1-2 UKRAINIAN OBSERVER 15 workers of this region arc arming themselves with This article is at first seemingly meaningless to the splendid knowledge of the communist organization the casual observer; upon closer observation, however, UKRAINIANS ABROAD of their Russian brothers” . Apparently all the non- i; shows by many characteristic signs the general Russtam arc not in a position to achieve anything Soviet cultural policy. The young Ukrainian actors ADMIRABLE RELIGIOUS MANIFESTATION. In without the help of their " elder brother” . receive very little opportunity to cultivate their art. conclusion of the “ Week of the Union of Churches” The writers of this district, J. Hoy da and M. This shows the discrepancy between the number of and because of publication of the encyclic "Ecclesias Tomshany, and many others, write more about moun­ young actors who appear and the number who have Orientales” Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Mission in Paris tains, woods, flowers and clouds than about the passed the test. In place of the lack of instruction— arranged on r. 2. 1953 a magnificent religious mani­ Soviet people and their labour for the welfare of the the true cause— the reason for the deficiency is given festation. country. Naturally, they are not in touch with the as the lack of ‘ ‘systematical ideological work” in the On the same day at 10 a. m. Vicar General of the existing party organizations, which, in common with sense of the Communist Party. The declaration of Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church in France Very the "Union of Soviet Writers of Ukraine” , exercise no the adequacy of the party seems ridiculous when it Rev. Van de Male assisted by Father Bachynsky and control. The Russian-communist comprehension of is known that the artistic vocation does not tolerate Dr. Vivcharuk, celebrated a solemn Mass at St. Vo- artist and his works is no less than startling for cramping by party-political connections, and young lodymyr’s the Great. the uninitiated. And qualy naturally, the official artists, above all, need the maximum of liberty in At the service were present: Monseigneur Rupp, word of the party organization should be exclusively which to developc their abilities and the necessary Vicar General for Foreigners in France, representing authoritative for him, and not any ‘ ‘bourgeois en­ specialised knowledge and thus to develope their art Hi:: Eminence Cardinal Feltin, who was unable to take deavours” . adequately. part because of other arrangement, two representatives But J. Wash appears to have discovered one more Therefore it can certainly be maintained that such of the Apostolic Nunciatura in Paris, representatives evil in Carpatho-Ukraine. It would be better to say Soviet culture policy will bring the Ukrainian theatre, of foreign Missions in Paris, of religious orders, an "old evil” , but one which is not treated so much which possesses a great tradition and can look back clergy, and many French theology students. today by Soviet publicists, and that is: religion. with pride upon a free theatrical development, to the After the Service Mons. Rupp preached a sermon ‘‘With reference to the conditions in the Carpatho- brink of destruction, unless the requirements of free in French for large Congregation, pointing out the Ukraine, the fight against the remnants of bourgeois creativeness and activity are allowed to survive in importance of common prayers for unity of all Christ­ ideology as, e. g. the religious superstition, is of the Ukrainian world of art. ians. special significance.” It should here be noted that At 12 a. m. the next part of manifestation took religious feelings have always been very strongly THE FALSEHOODS CONCERNING place in the small hall of the Geographic Society. marked in Carpatho-Ukraine. Therefore many sys­ The Vicar General told in few words the assembled tematic lectures on popular and scientific subjects THE LIBERATION OF ioreign guests and Ukrainians about the purpose of have been given, for the purpose of eliminating these WEST-UKRAINE the celebration and read the letter-telegram to the religious leanings. The strength of the religious faith Pope, in which the Ukrainians in France assure of Formerly before the ‘ ‘elections” of local deputy which the Ukrainians have always revealed in their their determination to adhere to the faith of their councils the Soviet Press was always accustomed to bitterest hours has always been a thorn in the side ancestors and thank Holy Father for his warm words give an account of developments in the republic, or of the Russian oppressor. in the last encyclic. district of the same, in question, and to give in­ ‘ ‘One of the most serious inadequacies in the ac­ Few songs by the choir under Mr. Dratvinskv and structions for the future. This year also, shortly be­ tivities of the various local party organizations is the an address by Dr. Markus completed the programme. fore the elections of the local-deputies in the West- fact that they do not conduct the ideological education Ukraine, the “ Radyanska Uhjaina” of Dec. 28th, of the workers in the suitable manner” . Even the UKRAINIANS AT THE INTERNATIONAL STU­ 1952, No. 306 (9513) published a detailed leading, communist leaders of this Ukrainian province are DENTS’ CONFERENCE IN COPENHAGEN. The under the heading ‘‘ The Tremendous Transformations anything but excellent. Their functions are always 3rd International Students’ Conference in which re­ in the Liberated Areas” , which dealt with the general modified by the occasion. presentatives of Central Students’ Organizations of situation in the West-Ukrainian provinces, and at­ The resistance ol Carpatho-Ukraine is unbreakable! 44 nations of the free world took part, was held tempted to give advice for the future. from 12. 1. 1953 to 17. 1. 1953, in Copenhagen. MORE ATTENTION TO YOUNG Right at the beginning it is especially emphasized The delegates of the Central Union of Ukrainian ACTORS that the ‘ ‘Ukrainian Socialist Republic” was an Students who attended the Conference, were Boris Under this heading the “ Radyanska U\raina” of inseparable part of the mighty Soviet Union, i.e. of Makarenko of Louvain, Yuriy Borys of Stockholm Dec. 24th, 1952 No. 302 (9509), published a detailed Russia, and had the latter to thank for everything and Vsevolod Mardak of Paris. The Ukrainian De­ article, which deals with the problem of the rising very much ‘ ‘The Ukrainian people know well that legation succeeded in achieving legalization of the generation in the Ukrainian theatre and refers to the only by the help of the peoples of all countries, and Status of tlie Central Union of Ukrainian Students, importance of this sphere in the cultural life. ‘ ‘The especially the great Russian nation, and only on the admission of its delegates as representatives with full young actors need profound and careful assistance basis of the wise leadership of the Lenin-Stalin party, rights to speak at the plenary session and committees from the masters of the drama and continuous sup­ has the Soviet Ukraine been transformed into re­ ind to collaborate in all activities when problems of port from the party and Komsomol organizations” . public with a great socialist industry, a developed practical students activities are discussed. A general investigation of the standard of young collective agriculture, and a high socialist culture” . The Ukrainian delegates aroused interest of Danish actors was recently held in the Ukrainian Soviet In the opinion of the author I. Sobl{o, West-Ukraine Press and other student delegates gaining new friends republic. "About 800 young actors, working in 64 was not until now in the possition to raise itself up. and their symphaties. theatres of the republic, took part in this examination. "A low standard of living and political outlawry It was thereby ascertained that by far the greater were the results of severe national oppression” . The A CONFERENCE OF SCOUTS’ ORGANIZATIONS IN part were developing and improving” . entire life of the West-Ukrainian people was ‘ ‘mere EXILE was held on 7. 12. 1952 in New York. The After enumerating a few positive signs and naming misery” , and exposed to exploitation on the part of Scouts’ organizations in exile of Byelorussian, a few young actors who had specially distinguished the ruling classes. Under the compulsion of want, Estonians, Latvians, Lithuanians, Hungarians, Poles, themselves, the critic, Mr. Ya/(uben/{o, leader of the and the impossibility of acquiring any foothold in Russians, Ukrainians and Yugoslavs, were represented propaganda department of the Central Committee of the land, many Ukrainians had left their homeland at the Conference. the Komsomol, proceeded to an exhaustive criticism. and sought a living in various European and trans­ The need for such Conference arose from the fact In addition, the fact that only 245 participants out pontine lands. that the International Scouts’ Organization in London of 800 had, in this examination, gained the right to All this was changed, however, by the "liberation” does not recognise the Scouts Organizations in Exile appear on the stage, serves as a warning. of West-Ukraine. The inhabitants of these provinces and does not admit them to membership, adhering "The organizers of the investigation have already are now "extraordinary happy” and enjoying their to the principle of State Organizations. The Confe­ shown that the training of young actors does not existence under "the sun of Stalin” . But not only rence sent a memorandum tt^the International Scouts' have enough attention paid to it in the republic. The the ruling classes were to blame for the misery of Conference in London, demanding the admission of following incidents are characteristic: in the theatre the Ukrainian people; they had yet another foe. “ The the Scouts’ Organizations in Exile to membership in of Lviv, the examination days have never once been mosc terrible antagonists of our nations—the bourge­ the Internaional Scouts’ Conference, made known beforehand. The town commission app­ ois Ukrainian nationalists, who justically conceal from the Ukrainian Scouts two years ago. At this lied itself irresponsible to this business and therefore their counter-revolutionary intentions under their Conference Ukrainian Scouts acted as hosts. The de- a part of the performances of young actors could not national banner, have served with loyalty and faith The initiative to organize such Conference came be attended by individual members of the commis­ the Polish, German, French, Anglo-American, and legates of the Ukrainian Scouts were: A. Milanych, sion” . other foreign oppressors, and have helped them in R. Korchynsky, and R. Rohosha. Many deficiencies and failures can be traced back their dark designs of enslaving the workers of West- particularly to the ‘ ‘lack of systematical ideological Ukraine” . educational work and genuine creativeness in the Thus the “ Radyanska Uhp'aina” . To all this is only Ic is the standard-bearer of the Ukrainian national collective-concerns” and must therefore be speedily the following to be said: the West-Ukraine and its ideal and, as an uncompromising champion of Ukra­ eliminated. ‘‘The party organizational departments population have never striven after an alliance with inian independence, and has abundantly proved that and the present Komsomol officials show far too- little the Soviet Union; its chief attention has been centred it can best represent the interests of those very Ukra­ interest in the development of the budding actors and upon union with the other Ukrainian provinces only. inian workers and can defend their political and are therefore equally guilty in such cases” . Moreover, For the rest, it is pure nonsense to maintain that social interests. the attitude of the critics was subjected to an unfavou­ Ukraine has ever received anything from Russia or The Ukrainian nation will therefore never accept rable verdict, who "bestowed too little attention upon her successor, the Soviet Union, or is in any way the bolshevist lies about the alleged “ liberation” even the activities of the young actors in respect of their indebted to her. Further, the much abused existence oj a single Ukrainian district; it continues to strive militantly' towards the goal of an independent state. work” . of Ukrainian nationalism serves as a solemn warning. 16 UKRAINIAN OBSERVER No. I - 2 the support of the Great-Russians, to BOOKS REVIEW whose emotions the annexation of the PAN-SLAVISM AND WORLD WAR II years 1939-1941 had appealed, and among by Hans Kohn whom some began to look upon him as ifUKPAIfllAU {The American Political Science Review) the leader who would bring about the Vol. XLVI September, 1952 No. 3 Pan-Slav and Pan-Asian expansionism of OPSEPVEP This study on “ Pan-Slavism and World extreme Russian nationalists and the Utopia of universal social justice of Sla­ of the War II” by Prof. Hans Kohn, who is a vophile messianists” . (p. 703). While these UKRAINIAN INFORMATION recognised authority on the problems of questions were debated with extreme cau­ SER V IC E nationalism and East-European history, tion and reserve at the meetings of the testifies to the author’s deep understand­ (U.I.S.) Pan-Slav Committee on August 10th, 1941 ing of 'the aspects of Pan-Slavism and Chief editor: Zenon Pelensky and April 4th, 1942, at the Third Pan-Slav its trends in recent history. Published by Congress in Belgrade on Dec. 8th, 1946 Right at the beginning, this survey ac­ the Russian-chauvinist line became quite UKRAINIAN PUBLISHERS LTD. curately estimates the political and intel­ apparent. “ The Pan-Slavism of the war 237 Liverpool Road lectual situation of the Pan-Slavic ideal years, promising the equality of all Slav London, N.I. Tel. NORth 1828 on the threshold of the Second World peoples, was openly replaced after 1947 War. “ In spite of later claims that it by a Pan-Russianism which imposed Rus­ had been the leader of the anti-fascist sian predominance on the Slav peoples THE RIGHT OF UKRAINE TO camp and of the Slav world from the first, but also on Magyars and Rumanians, beginning of World War II, the Soviet INDEPENDENCE Uzbeks and Caucasians” (p. 711). Union followed a strictly Russian policy, Continued from Page i neither anti-fascist nor Pan-Slav, from After the war, victorious for the Soviet Solemnly declaring the greatest solida­ August, 1939 to June 1941” (p. 699). The Union, the Russianized Pan-Slavism was rity of the entire Church with the Eastern able to sow its wild oats. But this also hid development and single phases of Pan- Churches, united with Rome, and with Slavism are handled, with the necessary the germ of the decline and gradual re­ the Church in the Ukraine in particular, care and scientific detachment, out of placement of this ideal. “ Altogether the Holy Father appeals to all faithful to period of Pan-Slavism in its third, com­ a deep factual and literary knowledge. pray for those who suffer persecutions. munist, Pan-Russian form came to its end. Prof. Hans Kohn rightly refers to the Some newspapers, e. g. French daily fact that the re-awakened Pan-Slavism be­ But even in its heyday it had been unable 'to solve, in spite of all totalitarian pres­ “France Soir", of 1st Jan. 1953, give such came more and more a variety of Russian comments: nationalism. The enthusiasm for the im­ sure and conformity, the old problems “No doubt, the Encyclic will be one of perialist expansion of Tsarist Russia, the disputed among the Slav peoples: the the fundamental basis, to which will refer glorification of the Russian army (Alex­ control of Teschen contested by Czechs the Ukrainian independents. The main ander Nevsky, Dmitri Donskoi, Alexan­ and Poles, the allegiance of Macedonia content of this Pope’s document will not der Suvorov, Mikhail Kutuzov), the sud­ to Yugoslavia or Bulgaria, and the desire be known in the Ukraine immediately; it den “ justification” of the tsarist policy of the Ukrainian people for independence will leak out there through chinks, it will of conquests, the degradation and dispa­ from'the Great-Russians” . (p. 711) be diffused in secret and will have a very ragement of those heroes of the liberty- Although one cannot agree with all great influence. campaign, Shamil and Kenesary Kasy- the author’s statements and interpreta­ mov, who heroically opposed the Russian tions, as, e. g. his doubt of the “ justified” And on this side of the Iron Curtain imperialist endeavours, the Soviet histo­ inclusion of the western Ukrainian dis­ it will be used by all movements to pre­ rical writings are by milestones on the tricts (occupied by the Poles until 1939) pare the break-up of Russian Empire and road to the resurgent Great-Russian chau­ to the main part of Ukraine, or even his downfall of Stalin’s regime. vinism, which today takes the lead in the concept of 'the whole Pan-Slavonic prob­ In the opinion of the French Press, Soviet Union. “It was only natural that in lem — one must grant him sincerity and Holy Father, although quite realizing that such an atmosphere the ghost of Pan-Sla­ a honest desire to elucidate this difficult the Encyclic will attract to him Stalin’s vism rose again — not the liberal Pan- phenomenon. We represent the view tha't hatred, published it with a triple object Slavism of the Western Slavs of 1848, but Pan-Slavism should be regarded only as in m ind: the Pan-Slavism of Moscow and of the a historical phenomenon, and could never, 1) to draw attention of the world to the Pan-Slav Congress of i 867; a Pan-Slavism in a modern world, defend its significance problem of hard situation of the small which preached the liberation of the other as a political reality. For it is fundammen- Catholic island in the Eastern Ocean of Slavs from alien influences by the Russian tally a rassist theory, which would never bolshevism people, a Pan-Slavism, which was Pan- withstand a thorough analysis. 2) to encourage the faithful whom his Russianism” (p. 704). Nevertheless one can quite agree with voice will reach, in their fidelity and en­ It is very true that during World War Prof. Hans Kohn’s final remarks as having durance II the Russians were very cautious to dis­ been proved. They ru n : “ Yet there are ) to recognize, in a manner as little com­ close their actual plans in connection signs — in Titoism, in the ever repeated 3 plicated as possible, the right of the Uk­ with the Pan-Slavism idea. They had to official accusations by Moscow against raine to independence. exercise a little caution in order not to Polish, Ukrainian, Uzbek, and Caucasian push 'the other Slavonic nations of the writers and historians — that the non- Soviet Union (primarily 'the Ukrainian and Russian peoples, Slavs as well as non- the Byelorussian) to another side. After Slavs, do not sufficiently appreciate being Moscow empire and may help one day to the end of the World War, however, the constantly reminded of the deep gratitude restore the principles of liberty, equality, situation changed completely. Even du­ which they owe to the “ grea’t” Russian and diversity on which the Pan-Slav ring 'the war, the symptoms appeared of people and of immutable dependence upon movement insisted in 1848, when it re­ the replacement of the Pan-Slavonic idea the leadership of the Russian people. It is jected categorically Moscow’s leadership by the Great-Russian chauvinistic inte­ not impossible that an enforced confor­ and looked to the West for guidance and rests. “ As it was, Stalin apparently became mity and loyalty driven 'to such length, inspiration.” (p. 722) convinced tha't he could count only upon may prove a weakening factor in the vast Y.Z.P. Printed by M. Caplin & Co. Press Ltd. 1-2 West Street, Croydon. Tel. CRO 2347. UKPAIH IAH ßSEPVEP Vol. V No. 3 LONDON, MARCH 1953 Price 1 sh

Stalin's death does not solve the main problem: THE STRUGGLE FOR LIBERTY THE SCOURGE OF RUSSIAN THE THIRD ANNIVERSARY OF THE DEATH OF THE C-in-C OF U.P.A. GENERAL TARAS CHUPRYNKA IMPERIALISM The division of the world into two and the blame for this lies mostly upon Stalin’s passing on March 5th, 1953 camps, which display specific qualities her own camp, in this case, the West. made the whole world to hold its breath. and whose difference manifests itself in It was Taras Chu.pryn\a, who, as Com­ An area for wide speculation was thrown all spheres of life more and more compre­ mander in Chief of tbe Ukrainian Insur­ open: what would happen next? Now hensively, had, sooner or later, to lead to gent Army (U.P.A.), fell on March 5th, that Stalin is gone, is there a chance for a sharper delimitation and even conflict 1950, and the third anniversary of whose the harassed world to come with the in the form of the “cold war” and actual death fell this year, knew very well of rulers of Russia to some reasonable fighting on the periphery. this deep and never to be bridged chasm terms? Does Stalin’s death mean that the The West, led on by the U.S.A., re­ between the West and bolshevism. He main obstacle to the world peace was re­ presents the principles of free develop­ often made it clear that this union of the moved? Or does Malenkov’s accesion ment in politics, commerce and science. Western Allies with the Soviet Russian to power rather mean the stiffening of Even 'the cultural intellectual action of regime, which in its very nature was communist abstinacy and hostility ? Is the human race are confined within this completely hostile, was quite misguided, this a chance for war or peace? Or, may­ framework of the free world. One pro­ as the principles and structure of these be, a permanent congelation of the pre­ ceeds from the preliminary condition that two worlds could not be reconciled. He sent world status will ensue, an intermi­ the free individual has a right to a free knew only too well that one day there nable hovering between war and peace? life as a citizen of a State, threatened by would come an end to this unnatural We are of the opinion that the world’s no-one, and living the life that is most relationship and that the fronts would anxious looking, at the lips of Ma­ suited to him. Every nation, as an organic, then again be sharply limited and opposed lenkov, or Beria, what he might or natural union of such individuals possesses to one another. On account of this accu­ might not say, now or in the future, is the right to the creation of such a form rate knowledge and in the consciousness not the right attitude. We are no prea­ of life which best suits its structure, pro­ that a conflict would one day be inevitable, chers of historic determinism; there is vided that their neighbour nations and he remained a't his post and defended the no denying of the tremendous importance mankind at large are not thereby exposed principles of freedom. of the human individuality on the course to any danger. His personal sacrifice, combined with of the world history. But we maintain All these things compose the conception a deep insight into the necessity for a that there still exist basic trends and ten­ of liberty. final abolition of the Russian-bolshevist dencies in the development of single na­ On the other side, and as representative system, are not only an individual pheno­ tions which come into existence indepen­ of a completely contrasting system, stands menon. Their significance can only be dently of the will of individuals. Single Russian bolshevism. This bitterly com­ properly and sufficiently estimated when leaders may sometimes greatly advance bats every appearance of liberty and strives one realises that he tvas a personification and increase, or weaken or reduce such for the domination of the world. It re­ of the long and bitter struggle for liberty basic trends, but they cannot nullify or cognizes no free development in 'the life which the Ukrainian nation, in the front cancel them. This or that way they do, of the individual and nation and denies line, has borne on its shoulders for 35 always come at last into being. the peaceful co-operation of all countries. years. This is the case with the national, in­ Its goal is the absolute world-domination His personality, the foresight that there born, perpetual Russian imperialism. It of an imperialistic system, which has, and must come a conflict which would lead is a continuous historical phenomenon. never will, tolerate a free impulse. to a clarification of these relationships,i.e. It never ceases. Some Russian leaders The opposition between the two camps which one of the two systems would gain may have enhanced, or lessened the im­ rests upon their differing attitudes towards the mastery in the world, should make pact and the pressure of it, but they freedom, which are not to be reconciled. him a symbol of freedom, not only for always stuck to it. The Ukrainian nation has already, for the Ukrainian nation, but also for the The peculiarity of Stalin’s historical ap­ a long time occupied a place in the camp whole free world. pearance lies in the fact that he pushed of freedom. She has defended, with all It is not given to all who fight for the conquest of Russian imperialism as her power and possibilities, this stretch freedom and give all their talents and nobody did before him to monstrous di- of the front of freedom; she was the first their lives to this cause, to realise its final Continued on Page 16 to fall a victim to Russian imperialism, Continued on Page 2 Page 2 UKRAINIAN OBSERVER No. 3 reached in Yalta, and later corroborated LIGHTS AND SHADOWS OF AMERICAN in Potsdam. The Ukrainian public opinion main­ REPUDIATION OF YALTA tains that not everything was Wrong and condemnable which had been voiced and UKRAINIANS SUPPORT REVOCATION ON MORAL GROUNDS BUT settled in Yalta. If anywhere, just in this UPHOLD THE JUSTNESS OF MOST OF ITS SETTLEMENTS case there can be applied the famous (U.N.)— On February 20th, 1953, and cautiously as not to commit U.S.A. words of Mephisto in Goethe’s ‘Faust’ : President Eisenhower sent to the Cong­ to promises and pledges which, maybe, “Ich bin ein Teil von jener Kraft, die ress of the U.S.A. a draft of the resolu­ should prove thoroughly unobtainable. stets Böse will und stets das Gute schafft” tion denouncing the U.S.S.R. for its The Wording of the Presidential draft — “I am a part of that power which al­ violation of the wartime Allied agree­ is shaped in pretty general terms. It in­ ways wishes the wrong, and still creates ments. A joint declaration by Congress cludes no specified, and in particular no the right”. and the President was demanded by territorial, nor structural committments. INSTEAD OF LIBERATION- which it should have been known that In this form it satisfies pretty thoroughly ENSLAVEMENT the United States “rejects any interpreta­ the aims and intents of liberal Republi­ Whenever and wherever the Ukrai­ tions or applications of World War II cans, and the bulk of Democrats. Up till nians condemn unequivocally and op­ agreements that have resulted in Russian now the opposition of the right-wing Re­ pose bitterly the Yalta agreements, it subjugation of free peoples” . publicans which found the Presidential happens first of all on moral grounds. By this, of course, the agreements of draft not being “hard” and “substantial” The basic wrong of Yalta agreements Yalta and Potsdam were clearly meant. enough, failed to materialise decisively. is not their territorial settlements. Most Although the Presidential draft does not Thus, it is very probable that the draft of them were just and desirable. The mention both these historical places, in would be accepted by the Congress in basic wrong of Yalta was the conscious his first press conference in his quality Presidential wording unanimously. and purposeful delivery on the side of as the Secretary of State, John Foster the main Western powers of so many Dulles indicated that the target of the CORE OF THE DRAFT nations— almost 100 million Europeans resolution are the “secret understandings” The core of the Presidential draft has — to the rule and domination of Moscow. reached at those conferences. following wording: Yalta should have been an act of libe­ The announcement of the impending “The Senate and the House concer­ ration. Instead, it became an act of bit­ repudiation of Yalta and Potsdam result­ ning— ter enslavement. Yalta agreements should ed in a world stir and commotion. A “Join with the President in declar­ have been the principal implementation Wide field for speculations was thrown ing that the United States rejects of the general principles of the Atlantic open. The main question was: how far any interpretations or applications Charter and the Basic Declaration of President Eisenhower really intends to go? of any international agreements or the then newly founded United Nations. Would this be a total repudiation, in­ understandings, made during the Here is the substantial quotation from the cluding also the proclamation of the de­ course of World War II, which have text of the pertaining Yalta declaration: sired reversal of the territorial settlements been perverted to bring about the “The establishment of order in reached in Yalta? subjugation of free peoples, and Europe and the rebuilding of natio­ TWO WASHINGTON TRENDS further— nal economic life must be achieved There are two trends of thinking m “Join in proclaiming the hope by processes which will enable the Washington concerning this problem. that the people who have been liberated peoples to destroy the last One camp, composed mainly of the rather subjected to the captivity of Soviet vestiges of Nazism and Fascism and conservative wing of the Republican par­ despotism shall again enjoy the to create democratic institutions of ty, supports the idea of the total repudia­ right of self-determination within their own choice. This is a principle tion, limbs and body. The other camp the framework which will sustain of the Atlantic Charter— the right which includes substantial numbers of the peace, that they shall again have • of all peoples to choose the form liberal Republicans, and almost all De­ the right to choose the form of of government under which they mocrats, is inclined to proceed reservedly government under which they will will live— the restoration of sove­ live, and that sovereign rights of reign rights and self-government to self-government shall be restored to those people who have been forcibly THE STRUGGLE FOR LIBERTY them in accordance with the pledge deprived of them by the agressor (Continued from Page i) of the Atlantic Charter” . nations” . victory. Among these is numbered Gene­ UKRAINIANS ENDORSE THE Now, the reality was that in spite of ral Taras Chupryn\a. DRAFT the above fine words, the “ Big Three” The motive of his work lies in the con­ assumed in Yalta the boldness to speak, The Yalta agreements concern most ception of the division of the Soviet Em­ to decide and to enter upon pledges and pire and the construction of a new order vitally Ukraine; no Ukrainian can re­ committments in the name and for in­ in Eastern Europe on the basis of a free main indifferent to the attitude which numerable peoples never bothering to col­ national development of the individual President Eisenhower and the present lect and to meet the opinions and the nations and an ordered and peaceful co­ Congress of the U.S.A. takes towards it. wishes of the peoples concerned. Nobody Generally the Ukrainian anti-communist, operation among them. has been asked. Nobody has been con­ democratic, national, public opinion, as When, however, the West achieves the sulted. Nobody has got a chance to say expressed by the voices of the free U k­ insight to see that liberty cannot be dis­ what he does or what he does not like. tributed and that every nation has a right rainian press, accepts thoroughly the “They had been married without being to it in the framework of an independent above wording of the Presidential draft asked”— as a Ukrainian proverb goes. National State, then the testament of this and finds it as being just and appropriate. Ukrainian statesman would receive the Especially, the Ukrainian public opinion THEY SHOULD HAVE KNOWN necessary regard, and benefit would ensue opposes most seriously and sternly all The contention was, of course, that to 'the struggle of the Ukrainian nation suggestions and manoeuvres which might once the genuinely democratic principles for the re-attainment of her national be inclined to question the justness of the would be applied, the peoples concerned liberty. majority of the territorial settlements would get a chance to express their opi- No. 3 UKRAINIAN OBSERVER Page 3 nions freely and to settle their impending entrusted to Moscow’s care and pro­ How much difference7 A Republican territorial and constitutional problems tection. senator in a high-policy making position among themselves. More and more the thoroughly dif­ meant nowadays that aim of the repudia­ But accepting such a platform, Messrs. ferent explanation of the mild and com­ tion consists “in kindling hope and in­ Franklin Roosevelt and Winston Churchil plaisant attitude of the Western powers spiration in the hearts of the enslaved on the one side, and the jolly, old “Uncle towards the Russian demands in Yalta peoples and in dismaying the Communist Joe” Stalin on the other side, had been engraved itself deeply in the minds of oppressor” . If there no policy of hard talking about thoroughly different things. Che peoples in question. It was not so pressures and effective sanctions against As Aune O ’Flare McCormick of the New much the Western concern about the the Soviet regime is planned and envision­ York Times (January 21, 1953) puts it. “security” of Russia which directed at ed, there remain “hopes and inspirations” “In reality there was no understanding that time the steps and the decisions of — what for? That the Soviet rulers one at these meetings. The tragic mistake the Western powers. It was rather the an­ day would change their mind and become was not in the effort to reach accord xiety of their own Western security which propitious? That a revolution in U.S.S.R. with Moscow, or in the form of the agre­ was predominant in Yalta. This was the would break out? That the communist ements, but in the failure to comprehend policy of appeasement at its height: the regime would miraculously fade away? that when Stalin spoke of self-govern­ feeding up of Russia, the throwing every Or— that what happen else? The presi­ ment, free elections, democratic proces­ thing into her insatiable tract as to get dential draft gives no answers. ses, joint action and the like he not only and secure one’s own peace— “for one UNITY OF UKRAINE gave his own meaning to these phrases hundred years at least”. For just so long but had no idea of what they meant in was foreseen the digestion of the sumptu­ But in case that one day there really our language” . ously devoured pray. “ something” may happen in Eastern Well, the Ukrainian opinion endor­ The peoples thus betrayed and sold Europe, the communist congealment may ses thoroughly the above statement of over never can and never will accept break up and a new flow of historic Aune O’Hare McCormick— except the some other excuse of that kind of the events may ensue, it is of utmost impor­ last words. Stalin knew very well Western powers, i. e., that the complaints tance that this bit of unvoluntary justice what the West undertood under the words of the peoples involved are of no avail which was involved in Yalta agreements democracy, free elections, self-determina­ because “anyway”, Stalin by all means might be preserved. tion, and the like. The trouble is— and would have taken what he virtually has FIRST, this applies to the assemblage remains— that using these Western wea­ taken; he simply had the power” . But and the unification of all Ukrainian eth­ pons allegedly in Western sense, he beat there is a difference whether somebody nographical territories, tom apart in the Roosevelt and Churchill upon their own takes something by its own, onesided, course of history between many neig- grounds. Out of this quid pro quo arise all arbitrary action and power, or whether bours, into one Ukrainian National State. present Western, also American, attempts he takes it by the consent and the written The repudiation of Yalta should never to “excuse” the Crimean deals with Sta­ and signed international agreement. be identical with the restoration of the lin by maintaining that “Yalta was all territorial status of Eastern Europe of right but Stalin has not kept his word” . “HOPE AND INSPIRATION’’— WHAT 1939. This status was with regard to Uk­ The main, the terrible, the never softe­ FORI raine an act of open defiance, a slap in the ning reproach of all nations and 100 mil­ It was, therefore, the highest time to face of the principle of self-determination. lion European people, who had been hard make a serious attempt, at least on the In clear violence of this principle large omitted and prostrated by Yalta agree­ side of the U.S.A., to repudiate morally parts of Ukrainian national ethnographi­ ments is : the Western Powers, Roosevelt an international agreement which became cal territories had been attached after the and Churchill, should have known by the legalized arrangement for the enslave­ World War I to the States of Poland, foresight not by hindsight, what in con­ ment of 11 nations and 100 million of Roumania, Czecho-Slovakia, then Hun­ currence with Stalin they are driving the people. The proposed joint resolution can gary. The largest chunk— 8 million Uk­ peoples into. at least make attempt to voide and to rainians— had been forcibly attached to eradicate the moral devastation in the Poland. IT WAS NOT DIFFICULT TO SEE hearts and minds of millions created by The Ukrainian problem was very well Stalin was no novice by then, and bol­ the deals and political barterings manu­ known to the British policy-makers of shevism was no new device. At that time factured in Yalta. that time. It is no accident that just the Stalin and bolshevism had a standing But, of course, the American verbal British Foreign Secretary George Curson record of more than 30 years, and what revocation of Yalta and Potsdam cannot drew 1919 his famous “line” separating a record! This was a record of most undo the effective material consequences the Ukrainian and Polish national terri­ implacable terrorism, constraint, treache­ of the Allied Crimean understandings. tories. Already at that time the British ry, lies, broken words, falsehoods, ag­ The difference between the former con­ policy was compelled by facts to acknow­ ression, robberies, thieveries, blackmails clusion and the present repudiation of ledge that the territories in question— — and the never abating lust for power. Yalta is that the conclusion was backed Galicia and Volhynia— are nationally and Was it so difficult to forsee how Stalin and implemented concurrently by the ethnographically undoubtedly Ukrainian. would treat peoples entrusted to his sphere force of scores of American divisions On the western side of the “Curson line” of influence? Was it enough for the free­ which in February 1945 invaded Europe. are still some ethnically Ukrainian terri­ dom and security of 100 million Euro­ But the present repudiation is backed by tories. peans to rely upon a “hunch” of Presi­ nothing: no divisions, no powerful pres­ In the meantime vast population shifts dent Roosevelt that he “knows” that by sures, no sanctions. The Russians remain and ethnographical adjustments have ta­ then “the present bolshevism is no more solidly entrenched in their new posses­ ken place in that regions. There are no the real old bolshevism”, that the present sions and apparently accept all this with Poles now in Western Ukraine as almost “Russia is in deep transformation to­ pretty leisure. The present effects of the all of them— nearly 3 million— had been wards restricted, purely national inte­ repudiation avail to no more than to a shifted to the West. One of the positive rests”, that “Russia wants only security”, situation in which somebody who got a traits of Yalta was that at last, after 6 that once she gets “ security” her imperia­ terrible scull hit by a baseball bat, now centuries of wars and bloody strifes, a listic drive will abate, hence— for the sake gets an excuse: “ so sorry sir, this wasn’t to a certain extent just Ukrainian-Polish of the “world peace” and Russia’s “se­ intended!” But already the admission of border had been established, with clear curity” the peoples in question can be the perpetrated wrong makes a difference. separation of both national populations. Page 4 UKRAINIAN OBSERVER No. 3 In any case, no mixed Ukrainian-Polish population shall again live in the same THEIR ANOTHER BIG LIE place because such a “solution” inevitably THEIR FIGHT AGAINST THE INDEPENDENCE OF UKRAINE will again create, as was the case between RUSSIAN EMIGREE IMPERIALISTS ARE MISUSING THE A.C.L.P.R. IN the two World Wars, unendurable claims for national mastery, a state of incessant By Petro Stepanenko mutual struggles, tensions and hatreds. A COLLECTIVE TRAIT based on lies and develop from lies. There Or shall again, as between two World That Russians understand to lie, are innumerable hues, tints, shades, colors, Wars, 700,000 Ukrainians go under the and to lie greatly, is very well known tones and keys in their cultivation of all Czech, resp. Hungarian rule, and another everywhere throughout the world. Gorky sorts of untruths,— in all their falsehoods, 900,000 Ukrainians under the Roumanian wrote a whole 'treatise expounding the fabrications, forgeries, inventions, missta­ domination? sociology of the Russian lie. It suffice to tements, dissimulations, shams, pretenses, All such “ideas” are for the Urainians read one single page of Dostoevsky’s impositions, bluffs, trickieries, colorings, plainly intolerable and in case of the at­ works to see at once how well, how per­ fictions, tales, conards, yarns, moonshines, tempts, their forcible implementation fectly, how masterly they know the busi­ subterfuges, evasions, feigns,—no, deci­ would provoke the Ukrainians to most ness of lying. The heroes of the Russian dedly, the English language is too poor embittered, bloody resistance. After cen­ literature relish in lies. You can be dead to raise an idea of the abundant welth turies of separations the Ukrainians at sure that 95 p. c. of all plots, complications of all sorts of untruths known in the last obtained their national unity, and and suspensions in Russian novels are Russian language. And the language un­ they will keep it— whatever price this may doubtedly is the mirror of a man’s soul. cost. symphatetic feelings of the oppressed na­ The Russian bolshevism reached the Thus it was wisely and thoroughly tions under the power of Moscow towards peak in the “ subtle” art of lying—revers­ justified that President Eisenhower at­ America and the democratic world in ing everything, making black white, good tached no revisionists and restitutional general. bad, liberty slavery, and so on. It took territorial strings to his project of the So again it was reasonable that the George Orwell’s frightful description of repudiation of Yalta. As the agreements Presidential draft avoids the international “ 1984” to implant all humanity an idea of Yalta constituted in its many parts a structural and constitutional commit­ what the Big Lie may develope to. The glaring injustice the restoration of the ments of any kind. In consequence, the biggest Russian Lie the Americans have status of would be a still more glar­ 1939 repudiation of Yalta remains in a purely up till now experienced was manufac­ ing injustice. President Eisenhower was moral sphere, voicing just principles but tured in Yalta. The “ Big Brother” has right to drop that hot iron. Whatever avoiding all hints with regard to possible kept literally not one word of all his comes, the Western frontiers of Ukraine practical implementations. The Ukraini­ most solemn promises and pledges. Here would in any case remain at least what ans can readily accept exactly such for­ it was that the U.S.A. had to learn that they presently are, despite of the fact mulations and wordings. the same word can have two and more that they do not constitute a just ethno­ thoroughly different meanings. graphic solution. GREAT CHARTER OF LIBERTIES But the repudiation of Yalta, if seen A STRANGE STATEMENT UKRAINE AND UNITED NATIONS properly, is in itself still only a negative Thus, when the Russians do distort and SECOND— the total repudiation of device, a proclamation— what the U.S.A. lie— the world takes it almost for granted. Yalta would also mean the expulsion of wants not. Yet the time ripens where the But the strange thing is that the Ameri­ Ukraine and Byelorussia from the United U.S.A. would be obliged to declare to cans allow the Russians to deceive them Nations. How such eviction should be the whole world, and especially to the once more, no more in Yalta, but this engineered in view of the fact that 59 peoples of Eastern Europe in unmistak­ time in the midst of New York, 6 East nations have recognized the membership able terms and propositions what it aims 45'th Street, in the premises of the “ Ame­ of Ukraine in this body— is anybody’s at positively. The time is ripening to pro­ rican Committee for the Liberation of guess. claim a Great Charter of Liberties for the Peoples of Russia” . Obviously, quite By the means of Ukrainian member­ all the peoples enslaved by Moscow, and involuntarily, the Americans concur in ship in U.N. the status of the existence not only those who became the victims of one of the biggest Russian political lies of a formally independent Ukrainian Russia in and after World War II, what ever devised. We have in mind the strange State had been at last internationally re­ the position of U.S.A. is, what the peoples Press release of A.C.L.P.R., issued on cognized. As the unification of all Ukrai­ in question can reckon with, what awaits December 24th, 1952, concerning the par- nian territories, also the international re­ them and for what they have to struggle ticipiation of Ukrainians in the “ Co-or cognition of the Ukrainian statehood is against the Kremlin. dinating Center of Antibolshevi\ Strug­ one of the involuntary justnesses which As the present Republican government gle” , set up shortly in Munich, Germany. Yalta had created. of the U.S.A. rejects the former policies We quote the word for w ord: The problem at hand is not to repudiate of the appeasement and the containment, “The Committee (i. e. A.C.L.P.R.) Yalta as to evict Ukraine and Byelorussia and enters boldly upon the policy of Li­ is well aware that the Ukrainian emi­ from United Nations but to look to it beration, it is necessary to clarify what gration is composed not only of various that the Russian-bolshevik stooge which by the word “liberation” is exactly groups, but is subdivided into two ma­ at present “represents” Ukraine in the meant? jor political trends : one for defending United Nations be replaced by a genuine Only such positive clarification will at the complete independence of Ukra­ representative of Ukraine, freely elected long last undermine the strength of Krem­ ine; the other standing for federation resp. appointed to this international post lin and set America in the eyes of the with Russia. The opinion of the Com­ by the free will of Ukrainian nation. peoples oppressed by Moscow as their mittee is that both of these major trends The total repudiation of Yalta which true friend and liberator. In final account, should be represented in the future programmatically would necessarily in­ the Ukrainian public opinion evaluates political center and that neither one of volve the territorial restitution to the the moral repudiation of Yalta by Presi­ them can benefit at the expense of the status of 1939 would inevitably awake dent Eisenhower and the Congress of other. And the Committee does not anew the imperialistic appetites of Poles, the U.S.A. only as the first step in proper see any reason why the representatives Czechs, Hungarians and Roumanians— direction. But there is still a very long of these two major trends of the Uk­ and equally inevitably would chill the way to go. rainian emigration cannot take their No. 3 UKRAINIAN OBSERVER Page 5 places around the same table with their about their lives and activities. The Uk­ (The Easterner); many people wonder colleagues from the Russian and Natio­ rainian public opinion knows their lea­ what this name properly means? It is pub­ nal emigree organizations and to dis­ ders, who they are, where they live, how lished in New York, as the supplement of cuss jointly the proper means and they live, what from they live, what gifts Novoye Russ\oye Slovo (New Rus­ forms of their mu'tual collaboration in and capacities, what weaknesses and fai­ sian Word). The second is die Bulletin; the struggle against the common ene­ lures they possess. They are liked or dis­ it appears in Munich. At first it was sub­ my”. liked—but 'they are \nown. The Ukraini­ stantially financed by Mr. Isaac Pon Le­ Apparently the author, or the authors, ans know the programmes of these parties, vine of the A.C.L.P.R. Now it is- financed of the above statement started from the their ideological and tactical differences. thoroughly by the Russians. This must principle so profitably formulated by the And they know their material embodi­ be stressed with all clarity: it is the late Super-Master of Lies, Adolf Hitler, ments : the composition of their central Russians who, being interested in Uk­ who stressed that a lie must only be big committees, their internal oppositions, rainian “ federation” , publish and finance enough 'to be accepted and believed. The their Press, even their incomes. The Uk­ these two papers, and not the other way bigger the lie, the more chances has it to rainians know the real strength of 'these round: the Ukrainians who are honestly be accepted. The plain, average people groups and parties, i. e. which is entitled convinced in the national salvadon through simply cannot perceive that somebody to count upon the support of hundreds federation. could and would lie so terribly, hence— of thousands, and which is limited 'to the NO GROUND IN UKRAINIAN the people infer— “there must be some tiny amount of some dozens of followers. SOCIETY 'truth in it” . The Russians influencing the A CHALLENGE TO A.C.L.P.R. This has a much deeper meaning than A.C.L.P.R. again landed a “big stroke” But what about the “ federalist” move­ i't seems at first. How it comes that the inducing the unsuspecting Americans to ment? And especially: what about i'ts Ukrainian independents are able to pub­ believe, to sign and to publish the above “ size” ? Is there somewhere one Ukraini­ lish 90 periodicals, many of them at 'the declaration based thoroughly upon a most an federalist party? Or does there exist highest Western standards, without ever brazen lie. The idea was that 'the people more of them? Who knows? And here enjoying any outer supports and subven­ would infer that there really “ must be is our challenge: if A.C.L.P.R. knows tions? All this is done by their own means some truth in it” . But there is none. something substantial about that, we and devices. The answer is simple: 'this WHERE THEY FOUND UKRAINIAN would be extremely grateful to be taught happens because this independent Press FEDERALISTS? accordingly and properly enlightened. enjoys the'support of the entire mass of But we are afraid, the A.C.L.P.R. the Ukrainian emigrees, and because' this The Russian lie implied in the quoted would disappoint u s: i't would not be population is independent; it likes the statement lies in the contention that the in the position to divulge the pertaining ideas, 'the conceptions and the guidance “Ukrainian emigration is. . . subdivided data, simply because there exist no such of its free Press. into 'two major political trends : one de­ data. You cannot state something about On the other side; how does it come fending the complete independence of the nothing. What about federalist pro­ that there exist no Ukrainian “ federalist” Ukraine; the other standing for the fede­ gramme} What about the leaders, Press, press worth to be mentioned? How i't ration with Russia” . To put i't shortly, organization, membership, committees, is that just the Russians are obliged to there are among Ukrainians independents caucuses etc.? Make an experiment and finance their pitiably scanty Easterner and on one hand, and the federalists on the ask an average Ukrainian, anywhere, Bulletin? Were it not the Russians, not other hand. And both constitute “major everywhere, what he or she does know r. single number of these both splendid trends” . about the organization, the leaders, the publications would ever see the light of Reading this statement the Ukrainians programme of the Ukrainian “ federalist” day. Again the explanation is only too througout 'the whole free world are at a movement? You will be surprized: an evident: because the mass of Ukrainian loss trying to find out and to understand : average Ukrainian would give you a population stric'dy and uncompromisingly where of all places the A.C.L.P.R., and dozen and more names of Ukrainian refuses 'to accept and to support its pre­ especially its Chairman, Admiral Leslie political leaders, but none of them would posterous ideas. There is no ground among Stevens, has taken the “major 'trend” of be a “ federalist” . Ukrainians for such Press. This Press Ukrainian “ federalists” from? The Uk­ analysis constitutes an absolutely unrnis- rainian public opinion knows nothing of THE WITNESS 'takable proof that there exists no federa­ the existence of such a political Ukrainian One might think that first of all, a list “major political trend” among the group to be counted seriously with, nor “major political trend” should have a Ukrainians. of its dimensions which would allow it sizable Press at its disposal. What about to define it as a “ serious trend” . In rea­ the Ukrainian “federalist” Press? The THE RUSSIAN CONCEPT OF lity no such group exists. Here we under­ Ukrainian Observer has published in its "LIBERATION” take to prove this. April number 1952 a huge photograph It is unknown to us by what “argu­ What is a major political trend? We of the assembled titles of the Ukrainian ments” , manoeuvring? and practices the think that if a political trend is really emigree Press from all free continents. Russians convinced Admiral Leslie Stevens major, it ought to have its principal mani­ Exactly 99 items were exhibited: dailies, and the A.C.L.P.R. 'that among Ukrain­ festations, for instance its written founded semiweeklies, weeklies, monthlies, and ians there exists this mysterious federalist programme, its popularly known leaders, all sorts of political, cultural, scientifical “major political trend” . We are absolutely its ideological press, its tangible organr and religious journals. None of them convinced that the American leadership zation embodied in its circles, cells, com­ ever propagated federation with Russia. of A.C.L.P.R. accepted this contention mittees, membership, caucuses, offices, All of them always supported, and con­ bona fide. But instead, the more obvious elections etc. tinue to support, staunchly the full inde­ are to Ukrainians the Russian reasons We flatter ourselves to know exactly pendence of Ukraine. why they are trying, and that by all what 'the picture of the Ukrainian politi­ And now, the federalist “counterpart” : means and devices, to convince the Ame­ cal life in the home-country and in the how many papers have they? We know of ricans of the existence of that faked “ma­ exile looks like. Thus, we know of the none. Of course, we know that the Rus­ jor movement”. existence in exile of some 12 Ukrainian sians publish, since a year, two papers The Russians, all Russians, or better non-federalist, independent political in Ukrainian language propagating the to say, all Muscovites, of every .political groups, organizations and parties. On de­ submergence of Ukraine in a “Greater hue and slant, see the Russian empire in mand we would be able to say all essentials Russia” . One of them is the S\hidnia\ a mortal peril. They know that ’the Russo- Page 6 UKRAINIAN OBSERVER No. 3 bolshevik imperialism aroused at last the been made to build-up some outstanding at that in an American sponsored orga­ resistance and the reaction throughout Ukrainian “ federalist” personalities : nization. the whole imperilled world. They know “General” Gulay’s, “Dr”. Bogatyrchuks, The Russian “ Big Lie” about the exis­ 'that the periods of appeasement and con­ and the like. The Ukrainian society tence of a Ukrainian “ federalist” move­ tainment, 'these gratis insurance policies asked in amazement and bewilderment, ment is too preposterous to have a very for the preservation of the Russian em­ and even in some fascination: who are long standing. It would not be very dif­ pire, are swiftly running out, and that a they? Where do they come from? Who ficult to expose i't. The whole mankind policy of liberation is in making. The knows something about them? It is quite learns more and more how to treat and an'ti-holshevik Russian concept of libera­ understandable that 'the Ukrainian society to accept assertions, contentions and al­ tion, shared by all Russian so-called de­ simply refused to recognize them. legations which come from the Russians. mocratic parties, is to liberate them after Thus, in 'this particular case, too, the truth the downfall of bolshevism for their suc­ TRUTH WILL PREVAIL at last will prevail. There is a Russian cession in power, but never to liberate But the most amazing feature is that proverb saying that you can reach the “'the dung of the empire” — the non-Rus­ the Americans are lending a helping hand farthest corner of the world using the sian nations. Consequently, the Russian 'to all these Russian imperialistic schemes lies, but you will never be able to come idea is to pervert, to frustrate, to compro­ and devices. The above mentioned Press back. It is only once 'that the Russians mise, to prostrate and 'to render impotent release of the A.C.L.P.R. asks innocently are able to hoax the Americans with the all national liberation movements. —why then the Ukrainian independents “ existence” of Ukrainian “ federalist” How better to paralyze the Ukrainian cannot sit at the same round table with movement; the second time it would not liberation movement 'than by splitting it Ukrainian “federalists” , and discuss the work. into two parts, nullifying by that common plans against the common ene­ In Paul M. Angle’s fine edition of the efficiency of both of them? This is my? The anwer is : The Ukrainians can­ "New Letters and Papers of Abraham an old Russian device, applied one thou­ not do this, first, because there are no Lincoln" (Boston; Floughton and Mif­ sand 'times in Ukraine, and now repeated “Ukrainian federalists”, and, second, be­ flin, 1930, p. 81) we find a very fine word with remarkable assistance of Americans cause the people who pretend 'to be “ fe­ of the Great ABC which gives us an as­ — in New York. If there are no Ukraini­ deralists” are simply and evidently 'the surance that the A.C.L.P.R. will at last an federalists, they must be invented. If Russian imperialist stooges. Each such dispose of the Russian Big Lie, discussed they cannot be invented, they must be “ federalist” is in reality nothing else dian in 'this article. The word of Lincoln goes : created. Moscow was always able and one member and one voice more of the “It is the right of any people, sufficiently particularly deft in finding and in using Russian delegation in the “Co-ordinating numerous for national independence, to widely political stooges, even in the Center” . To let two Ukrainian delegations throw off, to revolutionize, their existing U.S.A.; see, the communist party of the represent the Ukraine in one centre, is form of government, and establish such U.S.A. It was not difficult 'to find its to make the Russian a referee and master other in its stead as they may choose” . stooges, too, among Ukrainians. of both of them. This is in what the true The Ukrainians, all of them, are choosing sovereignty, no federation. They know MUSHROOMING of •‘FEDERALISTS’' Ukrainian parties would never acquiesce. The Ukrainians refuse to concede to the nothing about federation, and refuse even We would be obliged to respect a U k­ Russian the role of the “ Big Brother” , to listen. That is all. rainian federalist movement if it had some really independent standing, say, if some­ body would have preached and advocated THE UNITED FRONT CLOSES the Ukrainian federation with Russia al­ ready 20, or io years ago, and if he would ITS RANK have been ready and willing to fight for The political dispute between the non- Secondly, the moment chosen for the it and to suffer for it. But no one such Russian Emigration from the U.S.S.R. publication of the declaration is very ideology, nor movement, was in the past and the “American Committee for the characteristic. When one heard here and 30 years ever forthcoming. There were Liberation of the Peoples of Russia has there that the “American Committee” no federalist ideologies, nor parties. added to its course one more event. We had won an unrivalled hearing among The most remarcable and astounding are thinking here of the common decla­ the non-Russian emigrees and when peo­ thing is that the Ukrainian “ federalists” ration issued by the national centres and ple spoke about the “Co-ordinating Cen­ and their “ parties” muschroomed specta­ Liberation-Organizations which was re­ ter of the Anti-bolshevist Campaign” as cularly into existence only after the produced in its entirety in the last num­ if it represented the political wishes of A.C.L.P.R. was created. It was obvious ber of our journal. these emigrees— all these rumours have that sooner or later the Ukrainians, too, This document seems to us so signifi­ been discredited by the declaration. It would have to come into the picture. The cant that we consider it appropriate to has been made clear that the national Russians know 'the power, the organiza­ refer to it once again. centres and liberation-organizations of tion, the intentness, the devotion of the The first thing that must be mentioned : the non-Russian peoples still hold them­ Ukrainian national liberation movement. although the declaration was not signed selves aloof from the programme of the The Russians know that 'the Ukrainians by all existing national centres and libe­ “American Committee” . It has been made are the natural leader, the mainstay of ration organizations, it was nevertheless clear that there can be no talk of com­ all other non-Russian national liberation approved by the most representative and promise with this programme, not to struggles within the U.S.S.R. Conse­ important. Everyone who takes an inte­ speak of complete approval. Furthermore, quently, the main task was, by splitting rest in East-European problems knows even those centres who, as it is here and the Ukrainian representation into “ inde­ What the Foreign Representation of the there stated, are either working with, or pendents” and “ federalists” , to emasculate Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists negotiating with the intention of working the Ukrainian participation in the stands for, and what part it played in the with the “American Committee”, have A.C.L.P.R., and 'to render it impotent at life of East Europe, the National Turkes- signed the common declaration. the very beginnings. tanian Unity Committee or the Caucasian Thirdly, organizations have joined in This is the proper explanation why all National Representation. They are orga­ signing the declaration who have been, at once, and thoroughly unexpectedly, a nizations which actually lead and set the and still are, waging bitter war among “ federalist” movement came into “being” . tone in the political life of their respec­ themselves by reason of the disparity All at once frantic Russian attempts had tive nations. among their political, social and spiri- No. 3 UKRAINIAN OBSERVER Page 7 tual philosophies. When, however, it is a matter of resisting the foreign Russian PRESIDENT EISENHOWER AND UKRAINE foe, they subordinate all internal quarrels TRENDS, HOPES AND EXPECTATIONS to the' composing of a united front. When By Z. Foray it comes to the ultimate welfare of their peoples and the defence of the indepen­ “ / join with you in the fervent hope Kennan’s sterile political philosophy of dence of their nations, they always find that the forty million enslaved people of the so-called “sceptical realism” prevail­ a common language. the Ukraine will once more enjoy free­ ed; this gentleman was the official ideo­ The common declaration has its poli­ dom and democracy” . logist of the Truman administration. And tical, as well as its moral value, which This wrote General Dwight D. Eisen­ this meant by its practical implementa­ is not to be under-estimated. It bears hower during the presidential election in tion : the constant division of the whole witness to forces which today, it is true, October 1952 to Dr. Borys Bazylevych, world in two parts— liberal and totalita­ are still deeply hidden, but which tomor­ a former Ukrainian D.P., now residing rian, free and enslaved, democratic and row, in the decisive hour, can and will in Pittsburgh, Pa., U.S.A. These words bolshevist. The word “peace” was meant make themselves felt. Every non-partial had been forthwith reprinted and broadly by this defeatist philosophy as the queer, observer of the political life of the non- commented in all Ukrainian free Press perverse symbiosis of these both princip­ Russian emigrees can imagine the win­ throughout the world this side of the les. Apparently it has not dawned yet in ding-up of events in Eastern Europe, Iron Curtain. These words of now Presi­ this camp of “sceptical realists” that the when they will be determined and mould­ dent Eisenhower proved that he is fully world we are living in is one world, one ed by the powers of such moral constancy aware of the present status of the enslave­ and indivisible, which can not be parti­ and by such a clear political programme. ment of Ukraine and of the necessity of tioned, and just as the U.S.A. in 1860, It should also be pointed out that the her liberation. can not continue to live as a “house di­ declaration provides a clear answer to The majority of free Ukrainians this vided”— half free, half slave. the much-debated question of whether sides of the Atlantic, quite openly hoped The hopes and expectations of so many bolshevism and Russian imperialism are for and desired the election of General peoples and nations surged towards pre­ mutually opposed manifestations or not. Eisenhower to presidency. It was quite sidential candidate Eisenhower because All the signatories are agreed that bol­ obvious, too, that the vast majority of they awaited that the mortal deadlock of shevism is only a tool of Russian impe­ Americans of Ukrainian descent voted the defeatist policy of containment would rialism and they derive that conviction the Republican ticket. Of course, the Ge­ finally be broken, the whole previous from the centuries-long experiences which neral’s expression of symphaty for the trend of the petrification of Russian sla­ their nations have personally undergone. enslaved Ukraine was necessarily held in very of nations would be reversed, and a The “American Committee for the Li­ wide and general terms and did not com­ clearly dynamic, even revolutionary and beration of the Peoples of Russia” and mit his future practical policy to some revisionistic policy of fighting bolshevism the non-Russian emigration are still at specified course. There were no promises. and Russian imperialism, and a trend the starting-points where they were eight­ And there were no pledges. towards liberation, would ensue. een months ago and until the present day Still, the sympathies of Ukrainians This surge of hopes had been greatly neither side will allow itself to be con­ went thoroughly with the candidate strengthened and corroborated as candi­ vinced by the other. The political dispute Eisenhower. Committments or no com­ date Eisenhower repeatedly declared between them thus continues along the mittments, at least there was a chance during his election campaign in the first path which has so often been discussed of a change of previous Roosevelt-Tru­ days of September 1952 that the cons­ in our journal. The new element, which man foreign policy which left no margin ciousness of the Americans would never did not exist until now, in this dispute at all for Ukrainian hopes whatsoever. be at ease, so long as there are peoples is that, in the official American foreign The democratic Roosevelt-Truman po­ undeservedly enslaved and oppressed by policy, new forces have put in an appea­ licy engraved itself deeply in the minds bolshevism. In these statements a clear rance. It is just these new tendencies in and memories of Ukrainians as a con­ undertone of uneasy memories was to the American foreign policy which We sequent policy first of the appeasement, be heard, a nightmarish reminiscence of have observed since the assumption of then of the containment of bolshevism. American policies of the fading President the duties of government by the Repub­ Both these fines practically denied and Roosevelt which were to a vast degree lican Party that lead us to hope that the repudiated, the ultimate Ukrainian libe­ responsible for the present unhappy state “American Committee” and its program­ ration aims: after the overthrow of bol­ of the world. At the same time this was me will in future have no support from shevism, the revival of a united, sove­ an implicit announcement that in case the State Department. This would re­ reign, democratic, Ukrainian National of Eisenhower’s presidential victory, all dound riot only to the honour, but to State. “secret agreements” concluded by the the benefit, of the new American govern­ The foreign policy of the Democratic U.S.A. during World War II would be ment, which would thereby prove that administration was deeply statical, con­ repudiated which, through the vile mis­ it is not allowing itself to be led by rigid servative, in the bottom even reactionary, interpretation of Moscow, led to the en­ schedules, but by political expediency. bound to preserve the existing status quo, slavement of peoples. Indeed, this an­ averse to change anything. The main nouncement had been faithfully kept, as problem of this administration was not President Eisenhower sent on February to fight bolshevism and Russian imperia­ 20th, 1953 to the Congress a project of lyUKPAITJIfflN lism but only to stop and to “contain” it. a common resolution repudiating unjust The Democratic administration was eager and untenable parts of the settlements of to get peace from Moscow at any price, Yalta and Potsdam. OBSEPVEP even at the defeatist price of ultimately Of course, it is far too early to evaluate of thé letting down the definite enslavement of the policies of President Eisenhower; UKRAINIAN INFORMATION all the peoples devoured by Russia during these are only the beginnings. But so SERVICE (U.I.S.) the Revolution and World War II. much can be said right now : Published by With the Roosevelt-Truman adminis­ The free Ukrainians discern in the pre­ UKRAINIAN PUBLISHERS LTD. tration there was for the Ukrainians, and sent display of world politics the existence 237 Liverpool Road for so many more enslaved nations, no­ of the opposing— dynamic and static, the London, N.I. Tel. NORth 1828 thing at all to be hoped for. Mr. George revisionistic and the persevering powers, Page 8 UKRAINIAN OBSERVER No. 3 and th:y are glad to see that President Eisenhower leads the U.S.A. out from A STEP IN THE RIGHT DIRECTION the static and reactionary into the revisio­ EXTENSION OF DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS WITH UKRAINIAN S.S.R. AND nists camp. The Ukrainians hope for BYELORUSSIAN S.S.R. DEMANDED IN THE U.S.A. CONGRESS good that this trend will continue. The “The right freely to secede from the present shape of world affairs— “the On Monday, February 9th, 1953, the U.S.S.R. is reserved to every Union Re­ house divided”— cannot stand U.S.A.-Congressman Lawrence II. Smith, Republican of Wisconsin, introduced in public” ; and The Ukrainians believe that up till now the House of Representatives a Concurrent W HEREAS said Soviet Constitution President Eisenhower proceeds in the Resolution demanding the American ex­ provides tha’t each Union Republic has right direction. But now as then the main tension of diplomatic relations with the the right to enter into direct relations problem is and remains— Russia. Republics of Ukraine and Byelorussia. with foreign States and to conclude ag­ Disregarding all internal party diffe­ In our view, if adopted, this Resolu­ reements and exchange representatives rences, the free Ukrainian public opinion with them; and is united in the view that no peripherial tion would constitute one of the most corrections and settlements, such as say— important documents in the field of the W HEREAS said Constitution also pro­ conclusion of the armistice in Korea, a post-war international relations, and one vides that each Union Republic has its truce in Indochina, repudiation of Yalta of the most shrewd moves in the psycho­ own Republican military formations; and etc. can solve the problem properly. logical war against bolshevism and Rus­ W HEREAS the fundamental law as sian imperialism. It would gain innume­ The nesessity exists to go to the bottom expressed again in said Soviet Constitu­ rable new Ukrainian friends for the U.S.A. of the evil— the historical Russian impe­ tion provided : “ The Supreme Soviet of But first the text: rialism as such. It makes not much sense a Union Republic; * # * (e) Decides ques­ to cut away single limbs, or to beat off CONCURRENT RESOLUTNION tions of representation of the Union Re­ some sole teeth out of the dragon’s jaws; public in its international relations; (f) they have the property to rebuild and to Svoboda; 24. 2. 1953. N0.7/1953 Determines the manner of organizing 'the revive. W HEREAS the Soviet Government in Republic’s military formations” ; and Without the durable liquidation of the Moscow fosters, through propaganda me­ W HEREAS in contrast to the condi­ Russian imperialism no genuine world dia, the appearance of independent will tions prevailing in other Soviet Republics, peace would ever be possible. But the and status on the part of The Ukrainian the distinctive national banners and emb­ Russian imperialism can only be liqui­ Soviet Socialist Republic and the- Byelo­ lems of state maintained by the Ukrainian dated with the liquidation of the Russian russian Soviet Socialist Republic; and 5.5. R. and the Byelorussian S.S.R. are empire. Thus, the dismembernment of W HEREAS, in the historical order, the presumed to manifest symbolically the this huge monster, stolen, looted, cheated Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic ex­ sovereignty and independence of these and defrauded into one “unity” ,and kept ercised its complete sovereignty as a sig­ States; and together only by sheer constraint and ter­ natory, along with 'the separate States of W HEREAS the people of the United ror, is the great necessity and the last Poland and the Russian Soviet Federative States recognize the sovereignty of the main task of our age. Socialist Republic, to the Treaty of Riga Ukrainians and Byelorussians, which is The truth is that below this surface, in 1921, the official text of which appeared in harmony with the ideas expressed in in the first place the non-Russian nations in 'three languages—Ukrainian, Polish, the Declaration of Independence of the of the U.S.S.R., expect fervently, and and Russian; and United States and, therefore, stand ready even feverishly from President Eisenho­ W HEREAS on the formation of the to render to these peoples and to the wer that just he is the man of the century, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics the peoples in the Soviet Union any assistance able and willing, to break the terrible sovereign and independent status was af­ for the strengthening of their freedoms hold of the Russian bolshevist and impe­ firmed to the Ukrainian S.S.R. and the and their economic development; and rialist craziness. Byelorussian S.S.R. by 'the First Union W HEREAS it is clearly incongruous Constitution which declared that each of We are quite sure that President Eisen­ from every viewpoint to maintain the hower would never be in the position to the members Republics shall retain the recognition by this Government of .the avoid the final showdown with the bol­ right freely to withdraw from the Union; Ukrainian S.S.R. and the Byelorussian shevism— the last historical display of and 5.5. R. in the United Nations without 'the the national Russian imperialism. W HEREAS the Soviet Government has peace-orien'ted opportunity to establish, di­ With the time going the problem of given the impression tha't it favored the rect diplomatic inter-course with their ca­ American allies within the U.S.S.R. would sovereignty and independent status of pitals of Kyiv and Minsk; Now, 'therefore, definitely arise. We are of ultimate opin­ the Ukrainian S.S.R. and the Byelorussian be it ion that the Russians proper, the Musco­ S.S.R. when i't was stated that Republics vites, interested mainly in the preserva­ should have the right to secede from the Resolved by the House of Representa­ tives (the Senate concurring), That it is tion, per fas et nefas, of their compulsory U.S.S.R. and that such right was to be empire, never will be and never can be more than a meaningless scrap of paper; the sense of the Congress that the Govern­ the true allies of the free World led by and ment of the United States in support of the U.S.A. The repudiation of Yalta and a policy of liberation should proceed to W HEREAS sovereignty and indepen­ establish direct diplomatic relations with Potsdam, the programme of the liberation dence of the Ukrainian S.S.R. and the the Government of the Ukrainian Soviet only of the nations enslaved by Moscow Byelorussian S.S.R. is set forth in the Socialist Republic and the Government during and after the World War II., Constitution of 1936 which provides : stakes the problem decidedly too narrow. of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Re­ The liberty, too, is indivisible. In the first public, and in thé creation of posts of place the non-Russian nations are the behind the Iron Curtain the Russian im­ representation in 'the capitals of Kiev and real, dependable, dynamical force behind perialism and bolshevism. Minsk, respectively, consistent with dip­ the Iron Curtain which can be counted We believe to understand from the lomatic procedure in such matters” . upon. The Ukrainians are proud of introductory quotation to this article that Introducing his Concurrent Resolution, being the first, the strongest, the best President Eisenhower knows his position Representative L. H. Smith stressed in his organized nation in the field of forces and the liberation aims of Ukrainians, supporting floor speech that his Reso­ permanently and unflinchingly opposing and appreciates it duly. lution intends to help “ to free peoples No. 3 UKRAINIAN OBSERVER Page 9 WHEREAS the Government of the the previous attitude of “good feeling” United States recognizes the delegations and appeasement. The former idea was ON THE SIDELINES not to “provoke” and not to “ irritate” selected to represent the Ukrainian S.S.R. When one surveys the present-day po­ and the Byelorussian S.S.R. as accepted Moscow, and just to keep it “ smooth” licy of England, one can always find rea­ and “friendly” . To-day the Western Po­ nations of the United Nations; and sons which determine its present" course from the sted chains that bind them to wers cherish no more illusions, but the and structure, and which make the recent reluctance to become “mixed up” in Rus­ communist Russia against their will” . tendencies of the responsible men in the sian national problems—remains. The Smith-Resolution starts quite lo­ Government more comprehensible. It gically from the premise that once the Now, all illusions are gone, it is most would, however, be inadequate to attempt Republics of Ukraine and Byelorussia obviously in the interests of 'the effective to explain these only with the help of pu­ posses an internationally acknowledged psychological warfare against bolshevism rely political factors, without pointing out, legal status of independent and sovereign and Russian imperialism, particularly to before all, a whole series of spiritual and national States, the U.S.A. is obliged to expose to the full extent the Moscow’s ethical—or it is better to say—mental cha­ exchange with both of them direct mutual Big Lie of the “liberty” of non-Russian racteristics of . the English and, conse­ diplomatic relation. Why the U.S.A. fail nations in the U.S.S.R. The Kremlin pro­ quently, of their policy. to do this? paganda would never be able to conceal In the first place, the matter hinges It is ncct from sheer friendliness and and to suppress among the 45 millions of upon the innate empiricism, which is most love of humanity that Moscow aquiesced Ukrainians the plain truth that the U.S.A. strongly marked in the English philoso­ to concede to both these nations within sought the establishment of direct, friend­ phy of utilitarianism and realises itself the framework of U.S.S.R. their status ly and peacefull relations with the people in politics and,yet, at the same time has, of formal sovereignty. It was only after of Ukraine, but was prevented in this in its formation, led to every possible the most brutal and bloody Russian sup­ by the Russian interference and opposi­ variety of experiment. Its form has always pression of the liberation struggles of tion. The Ukrainians were always friend­ been able to deviate from rigid and con­ these nations that Moscow was able 'to ly interested in Americans. There was gealed conceptions and arises only out of incorporate them into the Soviet Union. never a reason for some tensions or bad the facts and does not exist previous to The Russian acknowledgement of their feelings between these two peoples. The the facts, in the widest sense of this formal sovereignty was the least Moscow Ukrainian nation is fully aware of the phrase. could do morally to keep 'them under fact that in the U.S.A. 1 and a half million As well as natural cautiousness and control. Moscow could not help being good Americans of Ukrainian descent are reserve must be mentioned one other cha­ under constant constraint to repeat inter­ living, all of them free and happy people. racteristic— the English optimism which, minably the same Big Lie to both peoples Why are we not allowed to have friendly in connection with native conservatism concerned: you are a free nation, you relations with Americans?— millions of and moderation, is always ready to over­ have your own State, you have your own Ukrainians would ask. The adoption of come every situation with a fai'tb in better constitution, you possess your full sove­ Smith-Resolution and the ensuing Russian things to come, without resorting to ex­ reignty, etc. refusal to accept direct American diplo­ treme methods, e. g. the sword. But Moscow’s “ friendliness” never went matic relations with Kyiv, would drive Only in 'this way can we attempt to so far as 'to allow the fully accredited into the minds of innumerable Ukrainians explain England’s whole policy since envoys of foreign nations to have their the more deeply 'the already existing clear 1945 which, after Mr. Churchill’s unsuc­ seats' and offices in Ukrainian Kyiv and cognition of the relentless Russo-bolshe- cessful attempts while the war was still in Byelorussian Minsk,— and to see for vist enslavement. progress, to check the late President Roose­ themselves what this Soviet “liberty” of But there is much more at stake than velt’s generosity and liberality towards the Ukraine and Byelorussia in reality looks U.S.S.R., was prepared to recognize the like. only the ac'tual interests of the Cold War and anti-bolshevik propaganda. The adop­ afterwards accomplished facts as a foun­ Yet if 'the Russians had their nationa­ tion of the Smith-Resolution would be, dation and starting point for the further listic and imperialistic reasons not to al­ first of all, an act of justice, long overdue, development, on a peaceful basis, of re­ low foreign diplomats to reside in Kyiv towards the Ukrainian nation as such. lations between the East and the West. and Minsk, it is difficult to understand This nation continues literally single- We are not of the opinion that the English why the foreign powers, in 'the first place handed its never ceasing, terribly sacrifi­ version of containment and appeasement the U.S.A., should acquiesce to this? cial struggle against the bolshevism and are the primary reasons for the much-dis­ Congressman Lawrence H. Smith bids a Russian imperialism, now for more than cussed weakness of old Albion, although, quite obvious explanation. He underscor­ 35 years. Nevertheless, Ukraine is, and it is quite apparent to everyone that, in ed in his above mentioned speech : “ Why till today remains, one of those “forgotten the Second World War, she was begin­ then, Mr. Speaker, does the United States nations” whose resistance against bolshe­ ning to be compelled to play second fiddle fail to establish full diplomatic relations vism the West, for decades, took simply to the U.S.A. in the matter of global po­ with the Ukraine and Byelorussia?. No — for granted. Ascending to power the litics. logical excuse exists why this has not to Republican Government of the U.S.A. The innumerable attempts, with the be done. . . There is a suspicion, however, promised the oppressed East European help of both old and new methods of that 'to do so, would be inconsistent to nations that they may count upon the sup­ diplomacy and commercial transactions— the Acheson policy of appeasement” . port of America. The adoption of Smith- on the one hand to persuade Russia, even And this hits the bull’s eye. Already Resolution by the Congress of the U.S.A. despite her obstructiveness, to a, more 1946 the British Government took up would constitute regarding Ukraine, at friendly modus vivendi, and on the other, this issue and approached Moscow with least in the moral and psychological field, to bring about her necessary weakening the proposal to exchange envoys with a really substantial assistance. The U.S.A. by 'the same means and by separation Ukraine and Byelorussia. But Moscow proposal to establish just at the present from her satellites, with the inclusion of showed an unhappy face— and London time, direct diplomatic relations with the China— form the actual structure of En­ dropped this hot iron hastily. The present Ukraine would be a sign for millions of glish policy during recent years. In one reluctance of the Western Powers to Ukrainian patriots both sides of the Iron word, there has been conciliation and still tackle the problems of the non-Russian Curtain that they really are not forgotten. more concilia'tion, which has often passed nations behind the Iron Curtain, is some­ This would have deep and lasting, very into importunity. We take as an example thing like af'ter-pains and after-effects of positive psychological effects. the recent participation of Sir Ivone Kirk- Page 10 UKRAINIAN OBSERVER No. 3 patrick, as the only guest from the West, in the celebrations of the Russian army. THE SITUATION IN THE U.S.S.R. This is not the place to discuss in detail (Condensed from “ Ukrainian Thought'' , Nos. 1, 2-3, Vol. IX, January, 1953.) the course and 'the results of the policy In 'the late World War, Germany was ditions which, as might seem, seriously up till now. This is all well-known and occupying a district of the U.S.S.R. which limit the conduct of underground or par­ we believe that, in many cases, this op­ had a population numbering 80-90 mil­ tisan warfare, it has been shown by the timism has led to self-delusion and is lion, among which were 30-35 million of late World War that these forms of war­ still following a mirage. This holds good Russians; nevertheless there was in its fare have expanded very much. (As in also for the empiricism, which has often region, no action taken to fight against France, Jugoslavia, Greece, Poland, Uk­ turned into 'the “empirical” extravagance. 'the German occupiers on behalf of Russia. raine, Slovakia and Lithuania). Moscow In this connection we take the liberty In spite of the fact that Moscow under­ was able to organize and direct revolutio­ of taking a few quotations from K.F.B. stands, as none other, the importance of nary and partisan warfare in Korea, Viet­ Middleton’s book entitled “ Britain and partisan warfare and knows its value, and nam and Malaya, but was unable to ac­ Russia—An Historical Essay” . On page established continuously functioning, spe­ complish this in the rear of the opponent 192 is written: “ . . .the British reaction to cial political and military academies and who was occupying districts of the any 'threat to a Mediterranean or Middle staffs for the organization of partisan-war­ U.S.S.R. notwithstanding the very favou­ Eastern State would. . . no doubt be stron­ fare in its own province, all attempts to rable military and political situation at ger. For the independence of Greece or organize partisan-warfare in the German- the fronts; the German occupation of Turkey, Iraq or Persia. . . to a far greater occupied territories of the U.S.S.R. were U.S.S.R. territory had lasted abou't two extent. . . than that of Poland, Hungary completely unsuccessful. Above all, in years before the German front was broken or Bulgaria” . And on p. 191: “ It would Ukraine were the Moscow-directed parti­ through in the areas of Moscow, Stalin­ be much more surprising, not to say an san activities combatted by the national grad and Leningrad and simultaneously act of extraordinary and unprecedented resistance-movement, which was also anti- the impossibility of occupying these points altruism, if Russia agreed to withdraw, German, and everywhere in the non-Rus­ of support became apparent. voluntarily to 'the frontiers of 1921-39. sian areas they met with general hostility. These actual political results of the last Nor would Europe in general, and Bri­ Moreover, looked at from the angle of war are decisive factors in the internal tain especially, have reason to rejoice” . . . the very great development of military situation in the U.S.S.R., and in its re­ “The Soviet living-space is so great in technique, means of communication and lations with the outer world, and on extent: that the desire to expand for the information, defence and similar con- them has Moscow directed i'ts attention sake of expansion cannot count. . .” . Nevertheless, a strange note is struck during the post-war period, in oder to We wish now to mention that, in 'the by the recent protests of the English po­ find some possibility of solving the in­ process of this appeasement, Poland, Bul­ liticians against the new American policy, terna! problems which, in the event of garia and Hungary have been lost to the which find their spokesmen primarly the slightest direct military conflict with West and the above mentioned countries amongst the opposition and also in Mr. any other power, would inevitably spell would have also gone the same way if Eden. In this situation, it is perhaps bet­ the doom of the U.S.S.R. These difficul­ the U.S.A. had prolonged its Rooseveltian ter to keep silence, as Mr. Churchill is ties are of the following kinds; organi­ policy. N. B. Persia is, in spite of every­ doing, and to listen, not only to the words zational, political, moral and economic. thing, lost to England. or Mr. Nehru, but to those of others, e.g. These three groups of problems con­ It would also be incorrect to assume Mr. Pearson who has clearly identified cerning internal organization and con­ that it was due to English policy that himself with the new tendencies in the ditions in the U.S.S.R. are the fundamen­ Tito was brought on to the side of the American policy. tals upon which Moscow is concentrating Wes't. We are much more of the opinion This by no means signifies that the all its attention, and it depends upon them ■ that this was due to Tito and Stalin new American policy is to be regarded whether Moscow will involve itself in themselves, and, by the way, because the as the best from every angle. That goes any kind of foreign political conflict former had no intention of becoming the also for liberation. There are still many which might contain the threat of direct latter’s disciple. questions unsettled concerning this prob­ participation in war. Because of the pre­ When one attempts, however, to come lem, and there Still exists the danger of sent situation Moscow is avoiding, with to the same arrangement with Mao.Tse- waverings, as long as it is deffini'tely all the means in its power, 'the risk of tung by means of rubber and machinery, declared: any kind of foreign political conflict. one is quite on the wrong track. Above 1) to mean a national liberation for all The weightiest organizational problem all, the whole idea of the peripherial subjugated nations, without classing them of the post-war period was, for Moscow, weakening of Russia is the same as at­ according to 'the length of time they have the \ol\hos question. During the war, tempting to extinguish a fire at the edge, been held in bondage by Russia; the kolkhos-system revealed its complete instead of combatting the core of the con­ 2) to regard as the main objective the incapability of assuring a normal pro­ flagration, and its causes. The expensive abolition of Russia’s imperialism in every vision of foodstuffs for the country and trade negotiations with the Chinese Com­ form, both now and in the future. The with the entry into the War of the U.S.A., munists have therefore no reason and no conception of the national libera'don and the allies began to send into the U.S.S.R. prospects, although China is suffering the granting of political independence to foodstuffs as well as the war materials. from lack of capital and cannot be satis­ the liberated peoples signifies, not only Despite the fact that the kolkhos-system fied by capital-less Russia. In the first r. victory in the Cold War, but also a was maintained in the occupied areas of place, all real-political and even psycho­ second front in the event of a new war. the U.S.S.R. by the Germans, who ex­ logical factors for this are lacking and Thus the success of America’s new blood­ ploited it for their own benefit, the sys­ it is too fantastic to believe that Stalin less campaign is, in the first place, de­ tem was nevertheless seriously undermin­ copied the mistake of the West in the pendent on this question. ed by them. Moscow’s post-war policy of case of China. It is also clear that with­ Consequently, President Eisenhower’s a speedy renewal of the kolkhos-system out these commercial transactions with latest policy has been readily approved posed, at the same time, some basic prob­ the West, China would be in a more by Ukrainians, because it means, not only lems which brought about the revelation difficult position, because this would mean the taking of the initiative in the Cold of Moscow’s incompetency in this kolkhos ?. further severe acceleration of her inter­ War out of the hands of Russia, but policy. One of the first of these basic nal economy, analogous to that in the also strengthens the hope for the liberation problems was the idea of dividing (par­ Soviet Union in the first years. of Ukraine. celling out) the kolkhos into biggish farms, No. 3 UKRAINIAN OBSERVER Page 11 i. e. the uniting- of 8-io families and al­ productivity, led to the rousing and to ters, and if anyone wanted more, this location them a definite piece of land, the strengthening of anti-kolkhos activities. would be branded, despite the fact that necessary agricultural machinery and the On the other hand, there was carried out 2,500 sq. metres had been prescribed by kolkhos, and the building up of relations in the kolkhoses a social-economic dif­ the statute, as “illegal” and a “ dissipa­ between the kolkhos and these large farms, ferentiation of the workers, by which tion” . If, for instance, a new kolkhos so that 'the latter should be responsible they were graded by means of bonuses, family lives in the house of an old one, for a common, fixed proportion of the the crea'tion of petty officials and so- that can lead to 'the refusal of the private production. This idea was put into prac­ called masters of agriculture, and thus allotment that is due to them or the tise to the extent of allotting the kolkhos- was created, at the cost of the rest, a confiscation of that which has already worker an individual or family share of socially privileged class of kolkhos- wor­ been granted. The liquidation and, at the production. After eighteen months, kers. This class had to solve the problem the same time, very great cutting down 'this system was seen to be incompatible of increasing production by means of the of the land which has been regarded by with the existence of kolkhoses and one mass-apparatus of all-embracing controls the kolkhos-workers as private property, such as led 'to reversion to old conditions. and forced labour, the idea of proletaria- are as may be seen from these illustrations For this reason this system was abo­ nising the kolkhos-workers was also re­ of the practices and regulations, the basic lished and the farms which obtained un­ jected on the grounds tha't a complete methods of socially impoverishing the til the outbreak of war—brigades and the abolition of the workers’ private produc kolkhos-workers. “In order to bring order kolkhos-workday— were reintroduced. A f­ tion for their own domestic use (gardens, into kolkhos-agricul'ture” , stock has been ter 'the liquidation of this “about-face” small stock, poultry in 'the private pos­ taken off the private land of the kolkhos- in the kolkhos policy, a possibility was session of the kolkhos-worker) would cast workers. This investigation revealed that sought for in the extreme centralisation another burden on the State, that of fee­ the majority of the kolkhos-workers were and prolétarisation of the kolkhos-wor- ding the kolkhos population. This, how­ illegally using the ground and were kers. Centralisation and expansion of the ever, would cause in proportion to the “ wasting the kolkhos-propertiy” . In one kolkhoses was to be carried out and hunger norm, the decrease of production, of the published reports which appeared their number reduced to a third. This from which the State derived profit, and in the Soviet Press it was stated that happened primarily in Ukraine and other the kolkhos-worker would develop into more 'than 250 million sq. metres of the non-Russian lands. This combination was a simple labourer, which would endanger ground had been restored to the kolkhoses planned as a general liquidation of the the productivity of the kolkhoses. From during this action. When one considers former villages and the herding of the 'the idea of urbanising and proletaria- that the unlawful excess, in each indivi­ kolkhos-popula'tion into so-called agricul­ nising the kolkhos-workers only the orga­ dual case comprised at the most only a tural townships. The “concentration” of nizational “concentration” was borrowed few square metres and, in 'the majority the kolkhoses has been carried out as a which had as its aim the stronger cent­ of cases, only the hundredth part of a means of strengthening the bureaucrati­ ralization of the management. hectare, one can imagine the enormous sation and centralisation in the manage­ In order 'to eradicate the slightest mani­ number of “ transgressors” which is re­ ment of the kholkhoses. Yet, apart from festation of social and economic indepen­ presented by this total of over 250 million the transportation of the kolkhos popula­ dence in the kolkhos-workers and to ar­ square metres. The Soviet daily Press re­ tion into the agricultural townships, a rest all progress that had been made in ports that the investigation into the pri­ mass-settlement in barracks of these people this direction during and after the war, vate holdings of the kolkhos-workers are would entail a great deal of work on the the cattle of the above-mentioned people continuing and are bringing more and part of the kolkhos-workers— the building were taken away from them directly after more fresh “extravagances” to the light. of the agricultural townships. That is, the war and collected together in great When one considers that the yardstock working for their own ends at the cost herds in the kolkhoses. Until the present of the “extravagance” which have been of the further degeneration of agricultural day, the Soviet Press has reported nothing exposed and eliminated in connection with production. For this reason, and because of the total amount of cattle, such as that the allotment of land amounts to 250 mil­ of this danger, Stalin has in his theorethi- the pre-war level has been reached. It is, lion square metres, and bears in mind cal publications on the growth of “ Socia­ however, emphasised at every opportunity the fact that, in a political-economic sense, lism into Communism” raised the kolkhos that the number of cattle in the kolkhoses this amount is very small when compared property to the level of “common natio­ and sovkhoses has increased. That means with the total area under cultivation in nal” property. He thus developed the that no, or very few, cattle were to be Ukraine (500 billion square metres), it is theory that kolkhos agriculture may slow­ found in the private ownership of a kol­ obvious that the fight over each single ly grow into “common national agricul­ khos-worker in the Ukraine, where before metre of ground and private property ture” . The nub of the matter is that the war at least a certain number were of the kolkhos-workers is primarily a po­ Moscow does not wish to give the kol- in possession of the population and com­ litical one. Thus it is regarded by the khos-worker separate work and to pay prised a part of the social subsistence of Muscovite despots in Ukraine (In Russia for it, even at 'the lowest price, but to the kolkhos-workers. A second method itself there have been no investigations pay in definite proportion to production, of socially and economically weakening carried out in connection with the private as is the case in the whole Soviet industry. the position of the kolkhos-workers is allotments of the kolkhos-workers and Thus, in the fundamental question of the post-war battle with the so-called no fight against the “dissipation” of the organizing 'the kolkhos-system, they have, “dissipation of the kolkhos-property and kolkhos property). after many attempts and false starts, de­ violation” of the Stalinist kolkhos-statute. The second basic organizational prob­ parted from 'the social and economic au­ In principle, this battle aims at the cur­ lem during the war constituted a party tonomy of an, in a certain sense, indepen­ tailment of the rights and the liquidation question. According to the calculations dent agriculture (small communal or in­ of the private allotments of the kolkhos- of the 19th Congress of the Communist dividual division of labour) on the one workers, in which are included gardens Party, which took place in October 1952, hand, and on the other, the centralising and orchards. In Ukraine, this private the number of party members totalled 7 urbanisation of 'the kolkhoses (transpor­ allocation of the kolkhos-workers is fixed million inclusive of 900,000 party can­ tation of the population into agricultural at 2,500 sq. meters. Although, according didates. It deserves to be mentioned that townships), and taken a “middle line” . to the statute, this allocation can amount the number of party members in the Uk­ The social-economic and productive au­ up to 2,500 the new families, on account raine is 700,000 or 10 p. c. of the total, tonomy was rejected as a thing which, of a government decree, received allot­ while the population of Ukraine made although tending to increase the general ments of never more than 1,500 sq. me­ up, in the year 1952, 22-23 P- c- of that Page 12 UKRAINIAN OBSERVER No. 3 of the entire U.S.S.R. This reveals the THE RUSSIAN ANTI-SEMITISM character of the Communist Party as a ON THE EVE OF NEW ARRESTS IN MOSCOW AND THE SATELLITE Muscovite monopoly-organization which, STATES like the German republic, commends in the colonies a certain number of mem­ By A. Kaminsky bers for the purpose of executing colonial The present wave of the anti-Semitism other is on a different plan. It is the duties. In the course of the late war and in the U.S.S.R., which has created wide­ question of the psycho-voluntary and, as a result of the measures taken for the spread concern in the West, especially especially the intellectual mass activity of recruiting of new members, the Party has, after the recent arrests of the notable the two peoples, which finds its origin in spite of the great loss of mass-members Jewish scientists in Moscow met in the in the above-mentioned elements. In this at the end of 'the war, nevertheless grown world-Press with series of explanations, connection let us remember the fact that on the whole. If one considers that the interpretations, comments, etc. Among in 1912, in considering the Jewish prob­ Communist Party of the U.S.S.R. is not the more important reasons given for lem in Germany, and particularly, in a political party in 'the usual sense of the Moscow’s recent anti-Jewish line are: treating of the very strong Jewish element word,, i. e. an organization of people who Russia’s efforts to bring the Arab world among the professors and lecturers in the are enrolled under a political leadership on to her side; the finding of a new scape­ German universities, Sombart wrote: or who stand for a certain policy, and goat at whose door can be laid the res­ “The Jews are, on the average, much rely upon the existing'social and economic ponsibility for the internal want, and more gifted and energetic than we” . With positions of their members, but an orga­ deficiencies; the estimation of Jewry as regard to the strong “Judaising” o f the nization for the purpose of seizing the an unstable element which, in the event cultural life of Germany which manifest­ power over the community and domina­ of war, would range itself on the side ed itself mainly in the 19th century, he ting the social and economic positions in of the West; preparation for a new ge­ suggested, even at that time, that a ‘nu- it, then membership of the Party produces neral purge; elimination of witnesses of merus clausus’ be introduced for the Jews a change in the social positions of the the death of Zhdanov. in German universities. members. The producer changes into. a Without attempting here to analyse and From the very beginning it was the castle-privileged “organizer-consumer” . to classify all these explanations accor­ Russian policy to give Jewry, as a group Thus it becomes clear that serious changes ding to their real motive and function, which was hostile because it was in orien­ in the number of Party-memberSj i. e. because together they actually form one tation and moreover particularly enterpri­ these “ organizers” and “consumers” will whole, we consider it necessary to empha­ sing and active, no possibility for deve­ create one of the most important general sise that they were considered and set lopment in any sphere, and attempted political and social problems. Each Party- down only from the standpoint and in in this manner to avoid the ‘Judaising’ member, and with him two or three other the light of the present general political of the Russians. From this developed people, are excluded from the process of situation i. e. the present status quo. In “Acts of Settlement” banishment of the productive work and are included in the every case, there is lacking a deeper ana­ Jewish element into the ethnographically number of “organizer-consumers” . The lysis and, above all, an attempt to find non-Russian lands (Ukraine, Poland), an higher a person stands in the Party hie­ the real origin of the present anti-Semi­ artificial and planned kindling and main­ rarchy, the ■ greater is the number of tism, to explain it in the light of the his­ tenance of religious, political, economi­ people around him who, to a greater or torical, sociological, and ideological com­ cal, social and even intellectual anti- lesser degree, are excluded from produc­ plex of Russo-Jewish relation, and thus Semitism, which included the organiza­ tive-activities and are assigned to the to place it rightly in the story of the an­ tion by the ‘Ochrana’ of a whole series “ organization” of the distribution and tagonism between Russian imperialism of ‘pogroms’, for which the so-called consumption - of the goods. and Jewry. Tshornosotenshtshyna’ and urban under­ The excessive growth of the Party is They must therefore be regarded as world were employed. Even then it Was accordingly a growth of the internal so­ secondary results, logically derived from attempted to make the Jews scapegoats cial economic disproportions, because the main phenomenon, i. e. Russian chau­ for the internal distress and even for every -Party-member brings, as already vinism, which, sooner or later, especially murder, as, for example, after the death mentioned, two or three workers out of in its zenith, had to lead to such a form of Tsar Alexander II in 1882. There was 'the direct production, which is automa­ of the Jewish question. Anti-semitism is, organized in this year in Kyiv, Warshaw tically used for the consumption of this and always was, characteristic of Russian and other cities a series of ‘pogroms’, as privileged class. imperialism; more, it is an integral part a result of which Jewish property to the Considering that the point in question of it. Its roots today lie, not in the daily, value of $80 million (according to the is that the -Party has one million super­ practical policy, but deep in the way of calculations of an American Congress­ fluous members, it is clear that two or thinking, philosophy of life, sociological man named Cox) was confiscated and three million people have been brought structure, in the very mentality of Rus­ 100,000 Jewish families were reduced to out of -the ranks of the productive slave- sian imperialism. Russian view on and beggary. These ‘sui generis’ prophylactic workers. In this connection, decisions are the way of life is fundamentally different measurer, against ‘Judaising’ found ex­ being made concerning the halting of from the Jewish one. The Russian and pression in the well-known slogan: mass-recruitment to the Party, 'the increase the Jew live in different world. “ Beat the Jews— save Russia” . of internal purges in the Party, and the This split between the Russians and Special attention should be given to strengthening of internal discipline; all the Jewry reveals itself on vertical and the problem of the Jewish participation 'this with the purpose of decreasing the horizontal planes. To the Jew, with his in the Russian Communist Revolution, number of Party-members. The conquest individualism, empiricism and piety, such which was significant in that many Jews of new territories during and after the characteristics of the Russians, as the became collaborators in the building-up war has brought relief to the Party in extremity of passivity on the one hand of a new Russian empire— the U.S.S.R. this respect, as 'the “organizers” have, to and, of aggressiveness on the other— This question, however, should be con­ a great extent, again been needed. In the “ Oblomovshchyna” and brutal boundless sidered quite objectively and from many districts of West-Ukraine, “ work” has imperialism, the superfluous mysticism points of view, and above all with a been found for about a hundred thousand and, at the same time, most mundane proper historical-sociological analysis. Party-members and, in 'this manner, the materialism, and collectivism with its de­ Firstly it must be made clear that Jewry “consumption” of “organizers” , has once nial of the human and humane, are alien played a certain part at this time and in more become considerably greatep., and distasteful. That was one aspect. The these spheres, not only in the bolshevist, No. 3 UKRAINIAN OBSERVER Page 13 but also in the other left-wing Russian fife to overstep limits that were dange­ Munich on November llth-14th, said of and non-Russian movements. rous for the Russians. There always ex­ t’:e Russian ‘Mensheviki’ in America: Nevertheless, Jewish-Ukrainian rela­ isted a quiet anti-Semitism, although it “Who are the ‘Mensheviki’? There are tions were at that time positively and cor­ was often employed by the Russians only seven people, five Jews and two rectly defined. Jews were granted, under against other nationalities. They accused Russians” . the act of 9. 1. 1918, a national autonomy even the Americans of it. The internal The tragedy of Jewry lay, and still (the same was later demanded for all purges, from the time of Trotzky until lies, in the fact that, for so long, it has minorities at the forum of the League of today, were the result not only of the been unable to lead its own national life. Nations), a special ministry for Jews was constant struggle of Stalin and his clique In this connection we can draw a parallel: created with a Jewish minister at the for the Russian tone of the new empire before World War I the American Jews head, inscriptions in the Jewish language and his personal power, but also the ‘de- were, on the whole, strongly- anti-Rus­ on the banknotes and many other con­ Judaising’ of the Russian political opi­ sian and pro-German; as is well-known, cessions. Jews also took part in the buil­ nion, which was closely bound up with it. even Jewish businessmen, (for example, ding up of the new Ukrainian Army and It is well-known that Bucharin was the banker Jacob H. Schiff) boycotted an exclusively Jewish battalion was form­ reproached— and this was considered the the loans to Russian, although great be­ ed. And the presence of many Jewish doc­ greatest of his ‘sins’— for having called nefit was to be derived from it. Then tors in the ranks of the U.P.A. (Ukrainian the Russian nation a nation of Oblomovs. came the war, the peace, and the year Insurgent Army) had a certain tradition. In this connection “Pravda” wrote at the 1935. . . Before and during World War II It must also be emphasised that the iso­ time: “It is a historic falsehood and a the American Jews formed a strong cent­ lated anti-Semitic actions which took shameful piece of ignorance to maintain ral group, which was strongly pro-Rus- place at this time, were instigated by the that the Russian nation before the Revo­ sian. Then followed the end of the war, remnants of the old Russian reactionary lution was a nation of Oblomovs”. . . the peace and the year 1952. forces, with the aid of the urban crimi­ “This very Russian culture has played The difference? Today the time passes nal element, and could in no case have a great part in the development of many somewhat more quickly. been subscribed to by any kind of U k­ other nations of the U.S.S.R. The hatred rainian government or by the Ukrainian of the Russian nation is actually a hatred “BOURGEOIS IDEOLOGY” AND population at large. of the whole Soviet U nion... for the MANNER OF LIFE ARE RAMPANT In stating the significant part played by enemy knows what a strong will, energy, AMONG THE SOVIET MINOR the Jews in the Russian revolutionary and endurance the Russian nation has OFFICIALS groups, particularly in the socialist and displayed” . On this occasion is cited I.:- We have already much information concerning the bolshevist, the historical-sociological rea­ nin who praised the part played by the ruthless eradication of the Kolkhos-workers’ aspi­ sons must also be taken into considera­ Russian nation in the October Revolution ration to private property, and above all concerning its national pride and its beautiful lang­ the investigation of the size of the private allotments, tion. It is necessary to remember the i. e. the confiscation of the “ wasted ground” which centuries-long dispersion of the Jews uage. generally amounts to a few sq. metres or a hundredth throughout the whole world, which lead, In the article entitled “The Great Rus­ of a hectar (10,000 sq. metres) which exceed, die norm to a great extent, of their dissemination sian Nation”, which appeared in the of 0.15-0.25 of a hectar. In connection with Stalin’s and internationalisation, and the strong “Pravda” of . . , was the follo­ directive on the complete “ Socialisation” of the Kol- 15 1 1937 khos agriculture, that is, liquidation of the remnants tendency of the Russian socialism of this wing national creed of the Communists: of any kind of economic independence of the Kolkhos time towards the embracing of interna­ “We have our homeland, our great lang- workers, this process of annihilating the “ bourgeois tionalism. As early as the year 1873, P. guage... It is now becoming an inter­ endeavours” , has taken on an unusual severity. The Lavrov, the well-known theoretician and national language. All progressive people Soviet Press, however, reports many things which can be taken as definite conclusions that the “ private ideologist of Russian socialism, wrote the are learning it. We are proud of the names property ideoiogy” and “ way of life” of the Soviet following in his declaration of policy: of Pushkin, Lermontov, Tolstoy, Bielins- machinery is beginning to take complete command. “The question of nationality must com­ ky, Dobrolubov and Tshernishevsky; Even shortly before the last war, it was very rare pletely disappear...” That is already ;a Mendeleyev, Sitchanov, Pavlov and Lo­ that one met a district— or area— official o f the Com­ monosov, the mathematician Lobatshevs- munist party or a director of an undertaking, who prehistoric matter’. Another noted Rus­ had his own house, his little farm (cow, pigs, or sian revolutionary of this time, P. Tka- ky, the heroic explorers Przhevalsky and poultry), or an estate which he could call his own. tchov, stated, six years later, that “intel­ Miklukha-Makloy, the valiant seaman Today the newspapers report that in one district lectual progress leads to the annihilation Laptiev, Syedov and many others, who the whole District Council, beginning with the Sec­ are building up our national renown. .. retary of the local party organization had estates o f of national peculiarities”. 5-75 hectars (i. e. 3-4 times as much as is allowed to Furthermore, it is indeed superfluous Such a nation is capable of great deeds a Kolkhos worker), are building new houses or even to mention that, the programme of Rus­ of heroism and even of miracles” . palaces, as they are called by the Soviet Press. In sian Socialism and Communism, with its Yes it is right to add, that the number the Horoshkiv district of the Kyiv area, the President of Russian scientists, inventors, of all the of the district Foodstuffs Department, Stepanov, “ is promises regarding the social and political building his own house' ’ (Radyanska Ukraina of 2nd oppression of the Jews, held a great al­ great names since 1937 has 'increased’ Dec. 1952) and the former manager, who is at present lurement for the latter. in the “Stakhanovite” tempo. an engineer in Kachivka, Strelkov, built so much In considering Russian-JeWish relation Today, when the internal Russian poli­ that the work is not yet finished and the building has tical development is firmly fainted on, begun to fall to pieces” *) The chairman of the Exe­ during and after the Revolution, one im­ cutive Committee of the Kachiv City Council, Bu- portant fact must be noted: on the one the traditional old Russian State policy, lanciv, felt quite at home. “ He had the idea' of hand, the Jews, gradually recognising — and in one way and another, Jewry has enclosing his estate— and the fence grew out of the the true aims of the Russian Communists, acquired its political and national home, earth over-night” (Radyanska Ukraina, Feb. 14th that gives it the possibility of serving 1953.). Such and similar announcements are appearing which consisted of the reconstruction of in connection with other actual and fictious trans­ the Russian empire and the progressive its own people, the present open Russian gressions or incompetence o f the persons concerned, and permanent nationalisation of Com­ anti-Semitism is easily understandable. but this element of “ one’s own house” , “one’s own munism, ranged themselves mostly on It was also no coincidence that the estate” , “ one’s own fence appearing over-night” , the side of the “Mensheviki” and other strongpost Russian right-wing party the “ one’s own cow” , etc., are very symphatetic and characteristic of “ Social consciousness and aspirations” left-wing groups— on the other hand, the N.T.S.— preached anti-Semitism in its of the Muscovite Soviet machinery. Russian Communists, who were revealing programme... just as a well-known re­ presentative of the present emigration, *) The carrying out of the renovation of the private themselves in their true colours more, house, which had cost the State 5,700 rubles, had and more, never permitted, during the speaking at the congress of the recent been excellently accomplished by him. whole time, the r61e of Jewry in political Russian refugees, which took place in (Ukrainian Thought) 14 UKRAINIAN OBSERVER No. 3 MEMORABLE DAYS THE INDENPENDENCE OF CARPATHO-UKRAINE TARAS SHEVCHENKO, THE GREATEST UKRAINIAN NATIONAL POET (Reality and Significance) (1814-1861) When, on March 14th, 1939, the in­ dependence of the Carpatho-Ukraine was There is, in the whole history of Ukra­ erous imitators. Without in any way proclaimed, there was fulfilled the cen- ine, no other date which has been unre­ detracting from the Ukrainian folk-song, turies-long desire of the population of servedly and unanimously celebrated by Shevchenko has succeeded in raising an this part of the Ukrainian country. On all classes, organizations and parties as unadorned native poetry to the highest the same day, the statute (Osnovnyj za- March 9th— the birthday of TAR AS cultural level of modern European lite­ kon) of the Carpatho-Ukrainian Republic SHEVCHENKO. This day, moreover, rature. was passed by the Parliament of the Uk­ coincides almost exactly with the day of rainian minor State. Its text was as fol­ THE NATIONAL POET the poet’s death, March 10th. In the fi­ lows : gure of Shevchenko, the Ukrainian nation The tremendous value of Shevchenko’s Carpatho-Ukraine is an independent reveres its martyr, its greatest popular poetry in Ukrainian national life was in State. and national poet, as well as its prophet no way confined to the above; on the The name of the State is Carpatho- and permanent spiritual leader. contrary, Shevchenko’s attainments as a Ukraine. popular poet constitute only a chapter Carpatho-Ukraine is a Republic, head­ THE M A R TY R of his entire idealistic and literary achie­ ed by a President elected by the Diet of The material circumstances of Taras vement. In direct connection with the Carpatho-Ukraine. Shevchenko’s life were bleak and wre­ tradition of the Ukrainian Cossacks of The official language of Carpatho- tched. Son of a Ukrainian serf, he spent the 17th and 18th centuries, who strug­ Ukraine is the Ukrainian language. his childhood in his father’s poverty- gled heroically for national and political The colours of the national flag of stricken hovel in the village of Moryntsi sovereignty and succeeded in gaining it Carpatho-Ukraine are blue and yellow—• (Province of Kyiv), in the unfriendy for several decades, until it was destroy­ blue on top, yellow below on the bottom. household of a stepmother. Later, he was ed by Polish fickleness and Russian in­ The State Emblem of Carpatho-Ukra­ promoted to the post of servant and house trigues, Shevchenko, the first in the ine is the present national emblem: a painter to his overlord, the Russian land- whole Ukrainian realm of poetry to do bear on a red field on the left hand, four owner Engelhardt and, as such, he re­ so, used the national strivings of the blue and yellow stripes on the right hand ceived permission to study painting at Ukrainian nation as material for his as well as the Trident of St. Volodymyr St. Petersburg; but it was not until 1838 longer poems “The Haidamaki”, “The the Great. This part of the act has to that, thanks to the magnaminous initia­ Great Cavern”, “Irzhavets”, and very be resolved by a special act. tive of the court-painter Karl Briillow, many lyrics. Shevchenko’s patriotic fight The national anthem of Carpatho- and the Russian poet Ghnovski, that he against former Polish and the more re­ Ukraine is “Shche ne Vmerla Ukraina” was brought out of servitude and thus cent Russian domination of the Ukraini­ (Ukraine Still Survives). acquired tne opportunity to devote him­ an country, is uncompromising, his hat­ This act becomes valid immediately self, not only to painting, but also to red of the unjust usurpation of the Mus­ after its passage. Ukrainian poetry. covite “elder brother” (which he has also It is evident that Carpatho-Ukraine Yet this free literary activity of his, as stigmatised in his satirical poems “Cau­ had manifested its wish for an indepen­ far as one may speak of “ intellectual casus” , “A Phantasy” etc.) is unconcili- dent State. After a long and strenuous freedom” under the consistently reactio­ atory, and his entire poetic works became struggle for the maintenance of her na­ nary despotism of Tsar Nikolas I— was in the course of the 19th century, a kind tional identity and after a severely— ex­ of short duration. As early as 1847, the of Bible for all nationally conscious ploiting Hungarian subjugation, which poet was arrested on the pretext of re­ Ukrainians. was followed after the Treaty of St. volutionary and anti-Tsarist activities Germaine, Sept. 10th, 1919, by Czech and was placed as a soldier in a remote THE PROPHET dominion which, although milder, aimed garrison in Central Asian Kirghisia, at eliminating the aspirations for a U k­ whence he was not allowed to return to Thus is the far-reaching influence of rainian State and ideas of unity. There Russia, and then not Ukraine, until 1858. the poet upon Ukrainian spiritual life ensued a short period of political inde­ Three years later, as a result of the priva­ by no means exhausted. His later works, pendence and national reconstruction. tions he had endured in Central Asia, he such as the longer poems “ Maria”, “The This phase of national renewal was thus died in St. Petersburg without having tast­ Neophites”, “A Muscovite’s well”, decisive, and a new step on the path ed the joys of marriage and family-life are devoted to very deep problems of towards Ukrainian national consolidation which he valued and so greatly aspired human morality, emotional life and piety, had been taken. to. preach a lofty code of ethics and pro­ The statute that was passed on March phesy their realisation in Ukraine and th, , is a significant proof of the THE POPULAR POET 15 1939 in the whole of Europe. They may be reality of the political interests which In so far as the majority of Shevchen­ compared, as regards their spheres of in-» stir the Ukrainian nation. When, on ko’s poems are based upon Ukrainian fluence and their contents, with the later November 23rd 1938, Carpatho-Ukraine folk-songs, his poetry has often been works of Victor Hugo, which were so was granted the status of an autonomous compared with that of the Scot, Robert important in the French literature of the Republic, and in the elections o f Febru­ Burns, the Magyar, Patefy, and the Serb 19th century. Shevchenko loved his pe­ ary 12th 1939, 86.1 per cent, cast their Vuk Karadschich. That is true in as far ople and his native land above all, and votes for the Ukrainian national candi­ as Shevchenko in his lyrics, particularly always in the conviction that this nation dates, it could not be disputed that this in the early (pre-exile) period of his should and would continue to wage the part of Ukrainian land, only a small poetical activity, but often later as Well, war of good against evil, of freedom fraction of the whole territory, would proceeded from the Ukrainian folk-song against tyranny, of justice against un­ nevertheless defend the principle of Uk­ and brought its motive and external verse- justice. And it is this conviction that rainian independence with all the inten­ forms to artistic perfection, which has to-day makes millions of Ukrainian spi­ sity of its will. never been surpassed or even equalled, ritual followers of their great national But the efforts of the Ukrainian popu­ despite the oft-repeated attempts of num­ poet. lation in Carpatho-Ukraine were not di­ No. 3 UKRAINIAN OBSERVER 15 rected only at achieving political indepen­ dence for this province of Ukraine, but BOOKS REVIEW aimed simultaneously at a connection THE UKRAINIAN REVOLUTION, throw a very searching light on the poli­ and ultimate union with the other Ukrai­ 1917 — 1920 tical and diplomatic practices of the Wes­ nian territories. The independence and A STUDY IN NATIONALISM tern Powers, in their dealings with the unity of Ukraine was the ultimate goal By John S. Reshetar, Jr., Princeton, young Ukrainian state. In addition, one which hovered before all Ukrainians. Piinceton University Press, 1952 must mention the cautious handling of Unity was attained on June 29th, 1945, the writings and utterances of 'the Ukra­ when a treaty was signed between the The young American scholar, fohn S. inian statesmen and politicians of the se­ Soviet Union, in the first place Ukrai­ Reshetar, who is at present lecturer in poli­ cond half of the 20th century, which nian S.S.R., and the People’s Republic tical science at Princeton University, has speaks volumes for the author’s consumi- of Czechoslovakia, which at that time created, out of his original doctoral dis­ na'te lack of bias towards any kind of po­ renounced all claims to Carpatho-Ukra- sertation, a fundamental study of the wei­ litical leaning. The writings, also, of Rus­ ine. ghty problem of the Ukrainian Revolu­ sian origin,. of Maliarewsky, Oberachow, Political independence has, however, tion, 1917 — 1920, whose significance in Anishew, and of the Soviet publicists are not yet been achieved and remains the the pattern of the latest European history handled with the restrainst of extreme object of their desires. is not to be denied. This he has accompli­ objectivity. The attempts of the lamentably solitary shed by drawing upon and utilising, with In order to avert idle controversy with Czech and Hungarian emigree groups to the greatest care, all the sources and lite­ possible Russian and anti-Ukrainian critics propagate a Carpatho-Ruthenia or a Sub- rary works which are at present available. with regard to the Ukrainian question,the Carpathian-Russ, in order to create, with The comprehensive bibliography of author maintains in the preface that “'the the help of subversive elements, aber­ these works comprises the separate sub-di­ fact that Ukraine enjoys the status of a rations in the camp of Ukrainian inde­ visions : General Works on Ukraine, separate republic as well as membership pendence, as well as the provocative Books and Pamphlets, Memoirs, Docu­ in the United Nations is indicative of measures of certain circles, now abolish­ mentary Sources and Articles. The author the recognition that has been accorded it” . has carefully examined all these sources ed, of the “Committee of Free Europe”, It is not by chance, and even in an attempt to place before the reader, are deserving of no special mention and wholly justified, that the sub-title of this with great impartiality and objectivity, were nipped in the bud. work is “A Study in Nationalism”, be­ The reality of Carpatho-Ukrainian in­ the value and authenticity of each docu­ cause the Ukrainian revolution of 1917— dependence lies in the concentratedness ment. As especially serviceable must be re­ — 1920 was an ever-widening struggle for of the national campaign, and thé abso­ garded the exhaustive use of the American the attainment, and later preservation and documentary sources, which up till now lute majority possessed by the Ukrainian stabilisation, of the independent Ukra­ population, its importance in the mani­ have not been drawn upon, either by Uk­ inian national state. It signifies absolutely festo for Ukrainian sovereignty and its rainian or foreign authors, when review­ nothing that the leading Ukrainian men future. ing the Ukrainian political problem of of that time, such as S.Petlura, W.Wyn- the years 1917— 1920. To these belong, in nychen\o, Dmytro Doroshen\o, and THE 35th AN N IVER SA R Y OF 'the first place, “Foreign Relations of the Alexander Shulgin were members of the UKRAINIAN INDEPENDENCE United States, 1919, Russia — Washing­ Social — Democratic, Revolutionary— So­ On January 22nd, 1918 by the 4th Universal of ton, 1937” and the extremely valuable ma­ cialist, or Social — Federalist Party, or the Ukrainian Central Council in Kyiv, the indepen­ terial from “Papers Relating to the Fo­ who, in the party-political sense, were in­ dence and sovereignty of the Ukrainian State was reign Relations of the United States, The clined to the democratic-left; the funda­ proclaimed. When, on November 1st, 1918, the in­ Paris Peace Conference, 1919 — 13 vol. mental importance of their achievements dependence of the West-Ukrainian Republic was Washington 1942-1947”, which, above all, proclaimed, it could not fail to come to pass that or failures lies exclusively in their contri­ both parts of the Ukrainian land should combine. bution to the Ukrainian national cause. On January 22nd, 1919, both parts united to form marks the 35th anniversary of the proclamation of The fact that, at 'the same time, they stro­ the Ukrainian National Republic (U.N.R.). the free and independent Ukrainian Republic: The Ukrainian communities of the emigration ve to improve the social position of their W HEREAS, Ukrainians in Illinois are celebrating observed both these Ukrainian public holidays in people and to ensure the safety of de­ January 25th as a memorial to a once free Ukraina, a ceremonious manner, despite their dispersion in and mocracy in Eastern Europe in no way many Western countries. W HEREAS, Ukrainians in Illinois are observing this gainsays the aforesaid. On this occasion of the 35th anniversary o f the day by reasserting their belief in freedom for all restoration of the Ukrainian State, exhibitions, fes- In the classification of his material in people, and reaffirming their conviction that tyranny tiv concerts and demonstrations had been arranged and despotism cannot long prevail where man so chapters — I. Incipient Nationhood; with special care, especially in all the European and believes, and II. The Rise of Central Rada; III. The trans-oceanic cities. For this purpose special com­ W HEREAS, it is known that the love of freedom mittees were formed, including representatives of Republican Revival; IV. The Debacle lives on in the suppressed Ukraina, although the all Ukrainian social, political and cultural organi­ and VII. In Retrospect, the author has Republic was short-lived and fell under the forcible zations. In various cities, many foreign guests took occupation o f the Russian communists in 1920, and been successful, even if Chapters I. and part in these celebrations, in particular the repre­ W HEREAS, it is universally recognized that the II. leave something to be desired. These sentatives of other nations oppressed by Moscow, and resistance o f the brave and patriotic Ukrainian people in this manner, they gave evidence of their spiritual defects lie, however, not in the actual to communistic totalitarianism has never waned even unity with the Ukrainian nation. writing, but much more in the pragmatic to this day, Numerous American personalities, and especially perception of history, and such treatment Therefore, I, William G. Stratton, Governor of governors of the individual States, displayed this year Illinois, do hereby proclaim Sunday, January 25th, of the material by American historical their understanding and, in a way, their fellow- 1953, as Ukrainian Day in Illinois and take this op­ feeling for the Ukrainian nation and its endeavours writings that gives, with predilection, a portunity to ask all the citizens of this State to join to restore its political independence, and declared thoroughly exact and comprehensive pre­ with those of Ukrainian descent in appropriately the 22nd of January, or one of the last days of sentation of the facts, yet, in its estima­ and suitably noting the significance which it has January, “ Ukrainian Day” . for the Ukrainian people” . tion of the historical development, con­ This declaration was generally made in the form (Signed) nections, origins and inter-relations, is re­ of a statement from the present national representa­ tive, and, at the same time, the significance o f this William G. Stratton served and narrow in judgment. anniversary for Ukraine and the whole free, democ­ Governor of Illinois. The first chapter, therefore, suffers ratic world was given expression, “ Ukrainian Day” It would be a very good thing if, in future, the from defects on a large scale in a typical was proclaimed in the following States: Ohio, Mary­ anniversaries which have to do with the restoration introduction, and fixes the beginning of land, New Jersey, Connecticut, Pensylvania, Massa­ of independent States and the construction of a chusetts, Illinois and Wisconsin. In Illinois, the pro­ democratic order therein, were to be accorded simi­ the national liberation effort with Ivan clamation was as follow s: “ Whereas, this month lar attention and appreciation in Western circles. Kotlarevsky (1769-1838).Although, from 16 UKRAINIAN OBSERVER No. 3 a material standpoint, this method is quite viks were aided indirectly by the Volun­ THE SCOURGE OF RUSSIAN permissible, the historian and sociologist teer Army and the Poles, who were also IMPERIALISM must nevertheless try to trace the origins attacking the quickly-formed, inexperien­ (Continued from Page 1) of a spirit—and also of a political move­ ced, and somewhat traditionless Ukrainian mensions. He reached in the course of his ment, somewhat more deeply than John forces” (P.329) and. “ numerous attempts life for what the strivings and the en­ Reshetar has done. For 'this purpose, the to obtain recognition and aid in foreign deavours of ten predecessing Tzars were epoch of the Ukrainian Cossack Repub­ capitals and at the Paris Peace Conference needed. But the trend was always the lic could have provided very valuable ma­ ended in failure, and 'the government of same. There is no limit for Russia’s glut­ terial. In other respects, the author has the Ukrainian People’s Republic was tony. very pleasingly portrayed the national compelled to go into exile in 1920,but only For the first time in the history of the growth in “ Incipient Nationhood” . The after a heroic and costly struggle” (P.5), U.S.A. foreign policy a genuinely realistic importance of the work of M. Mikhnov- are much more to be regarded as the view of Russia’s imperialistic policy was sky also received a suitable appreciation, cause of the miscarriage of the Ukrainian viewed in the American Congress on lune which is sometimes, incomprehensively, struggle for liberty, as well as for the 26th, 1951, at the Foreign Affairs Com­ not to be found in other authors. failure of i'ts leaders. The leading persona­ mittee of the House of Representatives In the five subsequent chapters, John lities of the Ukrainian revolution were by the Secretary of State Dean Acheson. S. Reshetar Jr. handles, wi'th his own pe­ convinced democrats, who believed in jus­ According to the report of New York culiar exactitude, the ups and downs of tice, peace and liberty, yet “most of these Times of June 27th, 1951, Mr. Acheson four years of Ukrainian revolution. Whe­ men were intellectuals experienced in said: ther it is the activeties of Rada and its re­ theoretical disputation, literary endea­ “The makers of Russian policy, vour, and scholarly research, but hopeless­ newal in the “Republican Revival” , or whether Tzarist or Communist, have ly deficient in the art and science of po­ the critical elucidation of the Hetmanate always taken a very long view and litics - the endless struggle for power” Regime under Pavlo Skoropadsky, every­ think in terms of generations where (P.136). If they had proceeded according thing is regarded from the viewpoint of others think in terms of a few years to all the rules of power politics and noc political consolidation and national inte­ or a decade at most. believed in so many ideals, then thev gration, and suitably, commented upon. “The leaders are land-minded, and would have had cuccess in what is, in Extra special attention is given to the have a deep and abiding and, in the the words of Reshetar, “ a cruel, intermin­ 4 Universals, i.e. Messages to the Nation historical view, justified confidence in able and fascinating game” (P.315) and (June 23., July 16., Nov. 20, and Jan. the vastness of Russia as a factor in in which no very great sentimentality is 22, 1918), from which the legal foundation her security. permissible. of the Ukrainian national status develop­ “The ruling power in Moscow has ed, and, if not always happily formulat­ In the Great Eastern Revolution of long been an imperial power and rules ed and conceived, form, together with 1917 - 1920, a renewal of the Ukrainian a greatly extended empire. the Hetman-decree, a chapter in the Ukra­ State was not achieved; the Ukrainians “It is clear that this process of en­ inian national revival which is not to be have learned something from this and, croachment and consolidation by under-valued. with their nationalism, have created for which Russia has grown in the last Thorough examination of the Polish- themselves a weapon, which will bring 500 years from the Duchy of Moscovy -Ukrainian treaty of April 21, 1920, the about the desired result. In conclusion to a vast empire has got to be stopped”. Treaty in Riga, March 1921, and the con­ Reshetar says very logically that “ Ukra­ In its own commentary on Mr. Ache- tinuous conferences and negotiations 1918- inian nationalism has become a vital factor son’s statements, the New York Times -1919 show the difficult circumstances in in any analysis of Eastern European po­ of June 28th, 1951, in the article “Rea­ which the young Ukrainian state found litics, and it is commencing to receive lism About Russia” adds: itself, in the international sphere, and fi­ recognition and the attention which it “Viewed in the light of this history nally how it was handed over, part­ righdy deserves in the field of Slavonic there is a peculiar unreality attaching ly to the Poles, and partly abandoned to studies” (P. 331). itself to the American policies which Bolshevism. This attitude on the part of Yaroslav Z. Pelens\y after the First World War opposed the west was, at the best, confirmed by * * # any “dismemberment” of the Russian the statements, incorrect, in contradiction Empire even by nations fighting for to the 'truth, and, last but not least, absurd A BOOK ON THE UKRAINIAN their freedom, and which during the — of the American Secretary of State, Lan­ CHURCH Second World War facilitated a fur­ sing, in his letter to the American dele­ ther expansion of that empire in the gation in Paris on October 29, 1919: “ On Owing to the endeavours o f the Ukrainian Catholic clergy in Rome, there was published in January of name of military expediency and ef­ the basis of past investigation, the Depart­ this year a white book on the religious persecutions ment is disposed to regard the Ukrainian fort to satiate the insatiable.” in Ukraine. It was published in Italian under the Whatever happens after the death of separatist movement as largely 'the result heading of “ Primo incatenati. . Stalin, one trait to be taken with deadly of Austrian and German propaganda seed­ The book is based upon a collection of documents ing the disruption of Russia. It is unable and other material dating from 1945 onwards; the certainty: the pressure of Russian im­ to perceive an adequate ethnical basis for foreword is by His Excellency Bishop Ivan Buchko. perialism will never cease. Maybe, some erecting a separate state and is not convin­ The contents may be divided into the following changes and variations will take place sections; detailed information concerning the general in its future manifestations, the phenome­ ced that there is a real popular demand history of the Ukrainian nation and its church (988- for anything than such greater measure 1917), a chapter on the Ukrainians’ encounter with non of Russian possessed imperialism of local autonomy as will naturally result Communism, i. e. a forcible introduction by the will remain. Perhaps the death of Stalin from the establishment of a modern de­ Muscovite occupying forces of a misguided system will bring many such outward changes. and ideology. In the second half of the book, the But it will not solve the problem of the mocratic Government, whether federated martyrdom of Catholicism in Ukraine is illustrated or not. Page 287-288. (Similar sensless by an account of the story of Ukrainian Catholic liberation of the peoples enslaved by assertions are still being made in the Church and its destruction by Moscow in the years Russia, nor bring about the deliverance U.S.A., even today). 1945-1952. There follow very detailed statistics which of the whole world from the scourge of Reshetar regards the reason for the fai­ reveal the monstrosity of the crimes which Moscow bolshevism. Not the death of Stalin, the has committed against the Ukrainian Catholic Church. lure of 'the Ukrainian revolution too often death and the disappearance of the Rus­ This book also contains illustrations and photographs sian empire as such will be the proper as “in large measure, a result of undeve­ o f the bishop-martyrs. It all furnishes one with a very lopment of national movement.” (P.319). positive insight into the ecclesiastical history of solution. Else, there is no hope for the The established facts that “'the Bolshe­ Ukraine. world’s freedom and liberty. Printed by M. Caplin & Co. Press Ltd. 1-2 West Street, Croydon. Tel. CRO 2347.