Fate, Chance, and Fortune in Ancient Thought

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Fate, Chance, and Fortune in Ancient Thought FATE, CHANCE, AND FORTUNE IN ANCIENT THOUGHT LEXIS ANCIENT PHILOSOPHY Adolf Hakkert Publishing - Amsterdam Carlos Lévy and Stefano Maso editors 1. Antiaristotelismo, a cura di C. Natali e S. Maso, 1999 2. Plato Physicus, Cosmologia e antropologia nel ‘Timeo’, a cura di C. Natali e S. Maso, 2003 (out of print) 3. Alessandro di Afrodisia, Commentario al ‘De caelo’ di Aristotele, Frammenti del primo libro, a cura di A. Rescigno, 2005 (out of print) 4. La catena delle cause. Determinismo e antideterminismo nel pensiero antico e con- temporaneo, a cura di C. Natali e S. Maso, 2005 5. Cicerone ‘De fato’, Seminario Internazionale, Venezia 10-12 Luglio 2006, a cura di S. Maso, ex “Lexis” 25/2007, pp. 1-162 6. Alessandro di Afrodisia, Commentario al ‘De caelo’ di Aristotele, Frammenti del secon- do, terzo e quarto libro, a cura di A. Rescigno, 2008 7. Studi sulle Categorie di Aristotele, a cura di M. Bonelli e F.G. Masi, 2011 8. Ch. Vassallo, Filosofia e ‘sonosfera’ nei libri II e III della Repubblica di Platone, 2011 9. Fate, Chance, and Fortune in Ancient Thought, F.G. Masi - S. Maso (eds.), 2013 LEXIS ANCIENT PHILOSOPHY (ed. minor) Libreria Cafoscarina Editrice s.r.l. - Venezia Carlos Lévy and Stefano Maso editors 1. Plato Physicus, Cosmologia e antropologia nel ‘Timeo’, a cura di C. Natali e S. Maso, 2011 2. Cicerone ‘De fato’, Seminario Internazionale, Venezia 10-12 Luglio 2006, a cura di S. Maso, 2012 LEXIS ANCIENT PHILOSOPHY Adolf Hakkert Publishing - Amsterdam Carlos Lévy and Stefano Maso editors IX ADOLF M. HAKKERT – PUBLISHING Amsterdam 2013 Volume pubblicato con il parziale contributo PRIN 2009 responsabile prof. Carlo Natali Il volume è stato sottoposto all’approvazione di Elisabetta Cattanei (Università di Cagliari) e di Michel Fattal (Université Pierre Mandès-France - Grenoble) ISBN 978-90-256-1288-7 ADOLF M. HAKKERT – PUBLISHING Amsterdam 2013 FATE, CHANCE, AND FORTUNE IN ANCIENT THOUGHT edited by Francesca Guadalupe Masi and Stefano Maso Contributors Michele Alessandrelli, Maddalena Bonelli, Erik Eliasson, Fritz-Gregor Herrmann, Francesca Guadalupe Masi, Stefano Maso, Pierre-Marie Morel, Gabriela Rossi, Emidio Spinelli, Francesco Verde, Jula Wildberger ADOLF M. HAKKERT - PUBLISHING INDICE Introduzione 11 Francesca Guadalupe Masi e Stefano Maso 1. Freedom and Necessity in Plato 19 Fritz-Gregor Herrmann 2. Chance and Accidental Causes in Aristotle: 41 Metaph. E 3 in the Light of the Concept of Tyche Gabriela Rossi 3. Ragione, fortuna e prosperità. L’incidenza della sorte 63 sull’azione e la felicità: Aristotele, Fisica B 5, 197a 25-32 Francesca Guadalupe Masi 4. Alexandre d’Aphrodise et le destin comme cause productrice 83 Maddalena Bonelli 5. Bodies, Predicates, and Fated Truths: Ontological Distinctions 103 and the Terminology of Causation in Defenses of Stoic Determinism by Chrysippus and Seneca Jula Wildberger 6. ‘Quarundam rerum initia in nostra potestate sunt’: 125 Seneca on Decision Making, Fate, and Responsibility Stefano Maso 7. Cleante e Crisippo sul rapporto tra provvidenza e fato. 145 A proposito di Calc., in Plat. Tim. 144 Michele Alessandrelli 8. Epicuro e la desacralizzazione della necessità 159 Pierre-Marie Morel 9. ΤΥΧΗ e ΛΟΓΙΣΜΟΣ nell’Epicureismo 177 Francesco Verde 10. Plotinus on Fate (ΕIΜΑΡΜEΝΗ) 199 Erik Eliasson 11. Il ruolo della ΤΥXΗ: Hans Jonas e la ‘provocazione’ cinica 221 Emidio Spinelli Index locorum 239 Index nominum 245 Elenco degli autori MICHELE ALESSANDRELLI, Università di Roma, La Sapienza MADDALENA BONELLI, Università di Bergamo / Centre Léon Robin ERIK ELIASSON, Istituto Svedese di Studi Classici a Roma FRITZ-GREGOR HERRMANN, University of Wales, Swansea FRANCESCA GUADALUPE MASI, Università di Venezia, Ca’ Foscari STEFANO MASO, Università di Venezia, Ca’ Foscari PIERRE-MARIE MOREL, Université Paris 1, Panthéon-Sorbonne / Institut Univ. de France GABRIELA ROSSI, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Argentina EMIDIO SPINELLI, Università di Roma, La Sapienza FRANCESCO VERDE, Università di Roma, La Sapienza JULA WILDBERGER, The American University of Paris INTRODUZIONE Nel II libro della Fisica, Aristotele offre la prima sistematica indagine filosofica sul caso (automaton) e sulla fortuna (tyche). In breve, l’autore si chiede se esistano, che cosa siano, che differenza ci sia tra loro e in che modo rientrino nello schema causa- le da lui stabilito. L’indagine aristotelica, com’è noto, muove dalla considerazione del linguaggio ordinario, delle opinioni di quanti negano che caso e fortuna siano delle cause e di coloro che, pur ammettendo che lo siano, non ne trattano in modo adeguato. ‘Caso’ e ‘fortuna’, infatti, sono nomi che ricorrono frequentemente nella lingua per individuare le cause di quegli eventi eccezionali, preterintenzionali, imprevedibi- li e inaspettati, che, in altre circostanze, avrebbero potuto essere il risultato della de- liberazione umana o della natura, e per distinguerli da quelli che hanno luogo neces- sariamente allo stesso modo o ricorsivamente e da quelli intenzionali e prevedibili. Si dice, per esempio, che un tizio andato al mercato incontri ‘per caso’ o ‘per for- tuna’ il suo debitore, che non si aspettava ma che certamente sperava di vedere, per recuperare il suo credito. O, ancora, si dice che il figlio di Creso sia stato ucciso ‘per caso’ dal giavellotto lanciato da Adrastato che intendeva colpire un cinghiale, e in questo modo si cerca di distinguere questo evento da altri analoghi, la cui struttura, tuttavia, rivela un diverso grado di volontarietà: per esempio, dal caso di Ettore ucci- so dal giavellotto lanciato da Achille con la precisa intenzione di ucciderlo. Sembrerebbe quindi che il senso comune, ricorrendo a questi termini, registri una differenza reale tra eventi causalmente determinabili ed eventi causalmente indeter- minati, di cui una teoria filosofica sulle cause, che intenda essere esaustiva, si deve occupare: non solo e non certo per avvallare le intuizioni prefilosofiche, ma per capire se una distinzione di questo tipo possa essere sfruttata e integrata in un’indagine sugli enti e sui processi naturali intesa a rivelarne il carattere intrinsecamente teleologico. Aristotele lamenta l’inadeguatezza con cui i suoi predecessori hanno trattato della tyche e dell’automaton, non considerandoli esplicitamente cause, ma ricorrendovi laddove la propria teoria si rivelava insufficiente (come nel caso di Empedocle), op- pure riconoscendo loro un ruolo causale proprio laddove l’Universo manifestava maggiormente la propria stabilità e ciclicità (come Democrito). Da qui la necessità di un’indagine sistematica su questi due candidati plausibili al ruolo di causa che, pur fuoriuscendo dalla normatività naturale e umana, rivelano una certa ‘direzionali- tà’ e che perciò, se non adeguatamente intesi, potrebbero essere confusi con i pro- cessi autenticamente ed esplicitamente finalistici e, addirittura, essere assunti erro- neamente come modello di spiegazione della natura, della prassi e della produzione. Lo scopo di questo volume è di riprendere le ragioni aristoteliche, estenderle al pensiero antico nel suo complesso, svilupparle in sensi da lui inusitati o inesplorati. Francesca G. Masi – Stefano Maso La prima questione cui questo volume intende rispondere è la seguente: che cosa intendono i filosofi antichi, o almeno gli esponenti dei principali orientamenti filoso- fici dell’antichità, con le nozioni di automaton e di tyche? Si tratta, infatti, di nozioni complesse, che non sempre è facile rendere con una terminologia contemporanea e che anzi spesso rischiamo di fraintendere, applicando retrospettivamente le nostre categorie interpretative. Automaton, per esempio, è per lo più tradotto in italiano con ‘spontaneità’ o con ‘caso’. Con la prima espressione s’intende generalmente riferire il termine greco all’automatismo di alcuni processi che non sembrano avere né una causa estrinseca del loro generarsi né una finalità interna. Con la seconda, invece, s’intende mettere in rilievo l’indeterminatezza dei processi causali apo tautomatou. Tuttavia, non è chiaro come vada intesa questa indeterminatezza e, traducendo la nozione in questo modo, si rischia di interpretare inadeguatamente la nozione antica di automaton alla luce della nozione odierna di indeterminismo. Tyche, invece, si traduce di solito con ‘fortuna’, ma l’espressione non rende suffi- cientemente l’idea che il termine greco si riferisca a un principio causale sia di even- ti positivi sia ai casi di cattiva sorte. D’altra parte, per esempio nel caso di Aristotele, la critica ha molto discusso se la definizione da lui data di ‘fortuna’ possa effettiva- mente essere estesa sia a casi di buona che di cattiva sorte. In secondo luogo ci si è chiesti in che modo le concezioni dei filosofi antichi del caso e della fortuna si distinguano dalle opinioni comuni e dalle intuizioni prefiloso- fiche. Si sa, per esempio, che lo sforzo non solo di Aristotele, ma anche di altri filo- sofi come Epicuro, andò nella direzione di un confronto critico con la concezione popolare della fortuna inteso all’elaborazione di modelli causali più adatti alla spie- gazione dei fenomeni naturali e delle azioni umane. D’altro canto, le teorie filosofi- che antiche, come si è già detto a proposito di Aristotele, si sviluppano a partire da quelle stesse concezioni allo scopo di superarle e anche, in alcuni casi, di recuperarle e giustificarle. La terza questione è stata la seguente: in che misura le nozioni di caso e fortuna si giustificano nel quadro delle teorie ontologiche e causali antiche? Ammesso e non concesso che caso e fortuna esistano, il problema è ovviamente quello di capire qua- le sia la specifica funzione e la rilevanza che i diversi pensatori attribuiscono a que- sti fattori nella spiegazione dei processi naturali e produttivi. A questo proposito, si è inteso studiare, in particolare, la relazione che caso e fortuna intrattengono con un altro principio causale, introdotto dal senso comune e ammesso da molte scuole filo- sofiche, pur nella diversità delle sue declinazioni: vale a dire il destino. Ci si è pro- posti, più specificamente, di stabilire se destino e caso siano principi causali mutua- mente esclusivi o se, invece, siano compatibili e integrabili in modelli causali più complessi.
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