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M. TULLII CICERONIS ILAELIUS

DE AMICITIA

EDITED

WITH INTRODUCTION AND NOTES JOHN K. BY LORDV

PROFESSOR OF LATIN, DARTMOUTH COLLEGE

-._>

RE VISED EDITION

NEW YORK - =- CINCINNATI -=- CHICAGO AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY COPYRIGHT, 1898, av AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY

LORD. — CIC. DE AMlC.

W. P.3 NOTE TO THE REVISED EDITION

THE text adopted for this work is that of Baiter and Kayser. Any changes from the standard text are men tioned in the notes. In preparing the notes, the aim has been to furnish all explanations that seem necessary for the clear under standing of points of grammar, history, biography, and ancient Customs. In addition to this the attention of the student has been called by translation, and remark upon special passages, to the literary character of the essay and to the clear and happy development of the subject. The quantities of the long vowels have been marked to aid the student in correct pronuncia tion, for which the practice of reading aloud is recom mended. Many editions have been consulted, but chief assistance has been received from those of Lahmeyer, Long, Nauck, Reid, and Seyffert, for which credit is given in the notes. I also wish to express my thanks to the editors of the Ameri can Book Company for their suggestions and assistance.

DARTMOUTH COLLEGE, September, 1897. 3

INTRODUCTION

_-.°.-_

THE student of Cicero’s works who is not acquainted with the life and character of the man himself has but an imperfect apprehension of their merit and their meaning. The personality of Cicero was unique and transparent, dis playing itself to an unusual degree in all his writings, which, whatever their subject and method of treatment, record his own experiences, and show his studies and reflections col ored by the events of his own life. This dialogue on friend ship, though ostensibly representing the opinions of Scipio and Laelius, in reality outlines the relations and feelings of _ Cicero and Atticus. The following sketch of Cicero’s life may prepare the way for that appreciation of the man and his work which a fuller study cannot fail to give. MARCUS TULLIUS CICERO was born at Arpinum, a small town in southeastern Latium, January 3, 106 B.C.,— in October of the reformed calendar, — of a family belonging to the equestrian order. He soon exhausted the advan tages 0f the schools of his native town, and was sent to Rome to gain the best instruction which could there be had. The literary character of the training there given accorded perfectly with the bent of his mind; and with a delight that maturer years only increased, he seized upon the study of literature, especially of Greek— for Latin lit 5 6 INTRODUCI‘ ION

erature was as yet enriched by the works of but few of those whose namés subsequently rendered it so illustrious. Greek literature was closely connected with Greek philoso phy, and for the acquisition of this he “was stirred by a wonderful appetite.” Before he was twenty he had become the proficient pupil and friend of the greatest living teachers of the three leading schools of Greek philosophy,— Phae drus the Epicurean, Diodotus the Stoic, and Philo the Aca demic. But literature and philosophy did not engage all his attention. The profession of a man of letters was then almost unknown at Rome, and offered no attractions to one desirous of political preferment. It was the man of affairs, the eloquent lawyer and statesman, the successful general, that gained the suffrages of the people. With ambition for high political distinction, Cicero followed zealously the study of law under the foremost jurists 0f the day, Q. and P. Mucius Scaevola, and of rhetoric under the foremost rhetorician, M010 of Rhodes, then ambassador at Rome. He wrote respectable poetry in his teens, and became a prose author at twenty. But he continued his studies without attempt at public activity till he was twenty-five. He studied action and delivery under Aesopus and Ros cius, the leading actors of the time, and visited the forum daily to observe the practical application of the rhetorical art by the great orators, like Sulpicius, in their harangues to the people. Several hours each day he declaimed, i.e., practiced discussion and debate in both Greek and Latin, though mainly in Greek, and, to improve his style, wrote translations and paraphrases of the best Greek authors. Though looking forward to law, as we should say, he loved learning for learning’s sake, and determined to leave nothing undone to bring within the SKETCH OF CICERO 7

compass of his knowledge the varied fields of thought. “Night and day,” said he, “I spent in the examination of all branches of learning." Such was his diligence and ‘power of acquisition that when, at the age of twenty-six, he made his first public speech, the only quality of an experienced orator which he lacked was familiarity with a large audience. But intense application exhausted the slender physique of the young orator, and in 79 he left Rome to regain his health. Going first to Athens, which, from his love of Greek letters, was a hallowed spot, he spent a year in the study of philosophy and rhetoric, then, passing on to Asia, studied rhetoric under various teachers, but espe cially under his old instructor, Molo of Rhodes. At the end of two years he returned to Rome, renewed in health, and with an improved literary and oratorical style. Much of its early redundancy had disappeared; and though it was always, in his own figure, a full stream, it ceased to overflow its banks. Business came to the brilliant young advocate in abundance; and so popular did he become that, without the aid of wealth or family influence, he was elected quaestor in his thirty-first year— the first in which he was eligible. His province was Lilybaeum, the western part of Sicily, where he distinguished himself by a just and righteous administration. So grateful was the remem brance of his people that, on his return to Rome, they besought him to conduct the impeachment of their extor tionate and tyrannical ex-governor, Gaius Verres. Prose cutions were contrary to Cicero’s nature and principles— in one other case only, that of T. Manutius Plancus, did he appear as a prosecutor; but the requests were so urgent that he consented. The result was the exile of Verres. 8 INTRODUCTION

In 68 Cicero was elected aedile, and in 66 praetor,— offices gained by his great popularity, ——and, as with the quaestorship and later with the consulship, at the earliest age permissible by law. The labors of the forum and the senate, in which his curule office gave him the right to sit, still occupied his attention; and during his praetorship he delivered his famous speech on the Manilian law, whose object was to confer upon Pompey the command of the Mithridatic war. Soon after. his praetorship he announced himself as a candidate for the consulship; and in due time, after an exciting contest, was elected by acclamation over seven competitors as first consul. The year 63 was made mem orable by the conspiracy of Catiline. This man, whose manifold vices were redeemed by scarcely a single virtue, had been a competitor of Cicero for the consulship; but maddened by his defeat, and the consequent loss of oppor tunity to enrich himself by official plunder, he formed a plan for the murder of the consuls and the destruction of the city. The conspiracy was detected; and through the wise management of Cicero the ringleaders were arrested and executed, Catiline’s forces defeated, Catiline killed, and the city saved. The execution of the conspirators without a formal trial, and simply on the strength of a vote of the senate, was doubtless an illegal measure, and was seized upon by Cicero’s enemies as a weapon against him. Scarcely had he left oflice when a tribune introduced a bill author izing Pompey, who had completed the war in the East, to return to the city with his army to restore the violated con stitution. The asserted violation was the execution of the conspirators; and Cicero, though not named in the bill, was the one against whom it was aimed. The bill did not SKETCH OF CICERO 9 become a law, but it was the beginning of the hostility which in a few years drove him into exile. The oppo sition to Cicero was not because he had executed the con spirators,—for in so doing he had but obeyed the orders of the senate, —but because he was not in sympathy with the men and influences then powerful in the state. The times were troubled and out of joint, the republic was rapidly coming to an end. Wealth, extensive foreign dominion, and outward splendor concealed the weakness resulting from the loss of ancient virtue. The state was in that condition of moral exhaustion which always pre cedes a downfall, and whose duration depends upon the readiness of selfish and able men to seize their opportunity of making its powers their own, or upon the action of those who, with a true patriotism, risk the overthrow of law in order to reestablish it more securely, and destroy a gov ernment to save a people. This state of affairs Cicero did not see, because he would not; and with a wonderfully exact knowledge of what was about him, deliberately shut his eyes to the inevitable re sult. He was a patriot worthy of Rome’s earlier history. He loved his country; he gloried in her past and in the institutions of the fathers; he revered her ancient tradi tions; and, in the dearth of contemporaneous virtue, loved to display the examples of her earlier patriots. He thus became the center of whatever conservative element yet remained; and as the watchwords of virtue and patriotism are often most effective in stirring those who themselves possess little virtue or patriotism, he exerted a powerful influence upon that mob of citizens which, destitute of love of country, desired to be reminded that they were the de scendants of those who had loved their country in a marked 10 INTRODUCTION degree. His support of a measure was taken as a guaran tee that it was in accord with the spirit of the past, and his open opposition was difficult to withstand. When, there fore, crafty men —n0tably the great triumvirate, Caesar, Crassus, and Pompey, who by their union became the strong est force in the state—began to lay masked schemes for their own aggrandizement, they found it necessary for their full success to draw Cicero to their side. The triumvirate tried to win him by offers of various responsible positions, but, finding they could make no impression upon him, deter mined to remove him from the city— not openly, but by leaving him to the malice of personal enemies. There was a profligate young noble, Clodius by name, who had become incensed against Cicero because he had testified against him when accused of sacrilege. Having been adopted into a plebeian family, he was elected tribune, and proceeded at once to take measures to have Cicero ban ished from the city. His charge against Cicero was the old one of illegal execution of Roman citizens. In March of 58 he was successful, and Cicero was interdicted from fire and water—La, banished on pain of death—within a distance of five hundred miles from Rome. This result was reached by the secret aid of the triumvirate, or at least by their acquiescence. From Caesar Cicero had little to expect; but from Pompey, who owed his greatness in no small de gree to the eloquence of Cicero, and who, since his return from the East, had more than once been aided by the friend ship and the advocacy of the great orator, he had a right to expect assistance. But regard for favors received and the claims of friendship weighed little against the prompt ings of a selfish political purpose, and Pompey, with base ingratitude, withdrew and left him naked to his enemies. SKETCH OF CICERO II

The years between his consulate and exile Cicero passed mainly in retirement and devotion to study. He published an edition of his consular orations, wrote a poem on his consulship, and a history of it in Greek and in Latin; but, with an insatiable appetite for literature, he delighted in gathering and reading books. He established libraries at his villas at Tusculum, Formiae, and Antium, where he spent much time in study. A friend, Paetus, gave him a valuable library, which was in Greece, and, in his anxiety for such a treasure, he wrote to Atticus, “ If you love me, and feel sure of my love to you, use all the endeavors of your friends, clients, acquaintances, freedmen, and even slaves, to prevent a single leaf from being lost.” The most melancholy period of Cicero’s life was the year and a half of his exile. The severity of his disaster overcame him. Neither friends nor his beloved books gave him any comfort. His one companion was his misery. Glorious memories and cheering hopes alike failed him. He could only indulge his grief, and implore his friends to aid him. These, in fact, did their utmost. Scarcely had he left Rome when they began to take measures for his recall. In a short time his return became the burning political question of the day. The consuls of the next year, and all the tribunes but one, were in his favor. The triumvirate gave their consent to his recall; the senate de clared that it would transact no business till he returned; the chief towns of Italy sent deputations to Rome to aid his cause. But still Clodius, and the demagogues who were his friends, found means to defeat all these united forces till August, 57. No more striking illustration could have been given of the utterly demoralized condition of the Roman state than the proceedings in this agitation for the 12 INTRODUCTION

recall of Cicero. It ought to have convinced him that it was useless to talk of Curius and Fabricius in a state in which patriotism had been exchanged for self-seeking, and statesmanship for the arts of the demagogue. Cicero’s return was like a triumphal procession. Not withstanding his haste to see Rome, such crowds of friends from all the towns delayed his journey, that he was twenty four days in passing from Brundisium to Rome. When there, aristocracy and plebeians vied with each other to give him welcome. But his enemies were still lively and strong. “My condition,” wrote he to Atticus, “is for prosperity slippery, for adversity good.” He therefore ' withdrew, as far as possible, from public life, and while still being the foremost advocate in the forum, and the most eloquent speaker and the wisest counselor in the senate, and still keeping all his interest in the welfare of the state, betook himself more and more to the enjoyment of literary studies and composition. In the years that in tervened between his return from exile and proconsulate he wrote the De Omtore', De Re Pub/z'm, and De Legz‘bus. His productions were not as numerous as at a later time, for his work was still mainly one of preparation. He was “devouring literature,” and giving himself “unreservedly to the life most in accordance with nature, that of the student.” In 51, by the revival of a law that no consul should enter upon a provincial government before five years from the close of his consulship, the ex-consuls of more than five years’ standing were compelled to draw lots for the vacant provinces. Greatly to his disgust, Cicero drew the prov ince of Cilicia. The only satisfaction which his govern ment gave him was the opportunity to revisit Athens. SKETCH OF CICERO - 13

His administration was wise and merciful; and in those days, when provincial governments were sought almost wholly for the opportunities they afforded their fortunate possessors to enrich themselves, it was a rare thing for one to care more for the interest of his subjects and the de mands of justice than the establishment of his own fortunes. He left his province at the expiration of a year, accom panied by the blessing, and not, as was usually the case, the curses, of those over whom he ruled. He returned to Rome early in 49 to find himself in “the flames of civil war.” Caesar and Pompey, whose alliance, interrupted by the death of Crassus in 53, had turned into a bitter rivalry for the supreme power, which, from the tottering state of the government, would plainly be the prize of the stronger, had made their appeal to the sword. The state of affairs was what Cicero had long foreseen, but he was not prepared to meet it. He knew not what to do. He could not join with either party in a war with Roman citi zens, neither could he remain neutral. He had never been drawn toward Caesar; and Pompey, with whom were all his affiliations, disgusted him with his arrogant self assurance and weakness. After long uncertainty, he joined the cause of Pompey; but his tempest-tossed spirit was never satisfied, and his allegiance was of little value. The conduct of the civil war, and Cicero’s part in it, are to be learned from the histories of the times, and the special lives of Cicero. It is enough to say that, after Pharsalia, Cicero recognized the ultimate triumph of Caesar as in evitable, and, returning to Italy, awaited the pleasure of the conqueror. This proved to be that he should no longer oppose Caesar—a promise which he was ready to make. 14 INTRODUCTION

This promise Cicero kept, but he could not actively sup port Caesar, and from the close of the war in 47 to the death of Caesar he, therefore, withdrew himself from poli tics, and tried to forget the loss of his country in literary work. Within this period he wrote no less than eighteen works: Hortenrz'ur, or De P/zz'lorap/zz'a; Parlz'tz'oues 0m torz'ae; Brutus, or De C/arz's Oratorz'éur; and Oratar. In 45 he lost his daughter Tullia. to whom he was devotedly attached. To assuage his grief, he read every treatise of the philosophers on consolation, and wrote himself a treatise,1 *De Consolatz'one. It was followed by the Aca demica, a work on the new Academic philosophy; De Fz'm'bus Bollorum at ill/[1210171111, a work on ethics; Dz'sputa tionzs T useu/anae, on happiness and morality; De Natura Deorum, De Dir/inaling De Fato, Calo .Maz'or, or Dr Senecz‘ute; Laelz'ur, or De Amicitz'a; Paradoxa, discussing some Stoic propositions; T opz'ca, a work written on a sea voyage, and from memory, in explanation of the Topics of Aristotle; De Optima Genera Dz'cma’z', De Oflcz'z's, and *0: Gloria. Probably some others of his productions belong to this period, as the *De Vz'rtutz'bur, De Augurz'z's, and *Epz'sz‘ola ad Cassan'm dc Orlz’z'nauda Republica. These works, so varied in their range, and all excellent in execu tion, while produced in those three years, do not belong exclusively to them. They were the mature fruit of a life time of research and reflection. Some of them had been begun before; others were the execution of plans which had been long in mind, and for which preparation had been made. But the fact that within that time they were produced by a man who turned to their composition to find

1 Of those marked with a star only a few fragments remain, or they are en tirely lost. SKETCH OF CICERO I5 relief from grief at the loss of that to which his whole public life had been devoted, and which he loved with an intense affection, and who, in addition to his public griefs, was bearing one of the heaviest sorrows that can visit a human heart,~—-the loss of a beloved child; this fact gives proof of mental vigor in the very highest degree, and of literary power which has rarely if ever been equaled. The assassination of Caesar in 44 brought Cicero again into public life. He had no part in that act of political folly, but he fully justified it. He and the conspirators seem to have imagined that Caesar was only an obstacle to the ordinary working of the government, and that, if he were removed, all would go on as before. The terrible years of war and proscription,which followed showed how frightful was their mistake. In fact, the great mistake of Cicero’s life, arising from his love for the institutions of his country, was his failure to perceive that their vitality was gone, and that something must be substituted in their place; but his sincerity he attested by the work and the sacrifice of his life. On the death of Caesar, he became the acknowledged head of the republican party. The next two years were the most glorious of his life, untarnished by any selfish action or motive. He threw all his boundless energy into the task of saving his country. By speeches in the senate and in the forum, by countless letters and appeals to indi viduals, by encouragement and advice, he endeavored to stimulate the weak and direct the strong, to bring all classes into sympathy with the republican party, and to stem the tide that was steadily setting toward empire. Within this time was given that series of fourteen speeches against Antony which, unequaled at Rome for oratorical power and terrible invective, received the name of Philippics. But [6 INTRODUCTION he could not succeed. Events are stronger than men. His labors and hopes were alike fruitless. One after another his plans miscarried, friends failed, and enemies triumphed ; and when Augustus, Antony, and Lepidus, who controlled the troops, united to form the second triumvirate, with the avowed object of the partition of the powers of the state among themselves, nothing was left for him but to flee before the proscription in which his name was foremost. Twice he set sail to leave Italy, and twice returned; the second time with the .exclamation, “Let me die in the country I have saved so often! ” His pursuers were upon him, and on the morning of December 7, 43, overtook him at his Formian villa, just as his slaves were again hastening him away to the sea. Perceiving their approach, he called upon his slaves to halt, and stretching his head from the litter, and looking fixedly at the foremost of his enemies, said, “Here, veteran, if you think it right, strike!” The bloody act was soon done, and his head and hands cut off and taken to Antony. Cicero’s services to the state as a public officer, adviser, counselor, or originator of measures of great public benefit, unless it be in the matter of Catiline, were not such as to give him fame above many of his contemporaries. As a scholar, Varro equaled him in the extent of his acquire ments and productions, though not in their quality and value. As an orator, Cicero was without a peer at Rome, and his oratory has given him perpetual remembrance; but the greatest benefit which he conferred upon his coun try and the world was as a man of letters. His writings formed an era in the Latin tongue and Latin literature. Before his time, the language was rough and not fully developed. He, more than any one else, rendered it fixed, SKETCH OF CICERO I7 and united its strength to rhythm and melody; while his writings form the richest part of Latin literature, and, as Quintilian says, form the standard by which to test pro ficiency in Latin. Cicero was the leader of the Hellenic culture of his time. He opened to his countrymen the fountains of Greek philosophy, diffusing a knowledge which before had been confined to a cultured few, and at the same time opening a new department in the use of the Latin language. He was not an original philoso pher, but he had a philosophic mind of great power, and loved philosophy for its own sake. It was to its pursuit that he turned in all the intervals of public activity, and to find rest in weariness and consolation in sorrow. “With out thee,” he says of philosophy in his latest years, “what would my life have been? To thee do I come for refuge, from thee do I implore aid, to thy bands do I commit myself, as in my earlier life for the most part, so now wholly and unreservedly. A single day within thy courts is better than an immortality in the tents of wickedness. Whose aid, then, shall I sooner enjoy than thine, who hast given me tranquillity of life and taken away the fear of death?” A thorough acquaintance with the various philo sophic systems of Greece enabled him not merely to trans late the works of the Greeks, but to adapt and remodel them for the more practical Romans. It was, therefore, a twofold debt that Rome owed Cicero,—the enlargement of her literary life, and the enriching of her language. Without Cicero those great writers,—Vergil, Horace, Livy, and others whose works form the treasures of Latin liter ature, —would have been impossible, at least as we know them. To the debt of Rome to Cicero is to be added, then, that of the cultivated world. DE AMICITIA - 2

I 8 INTRODUCTION

References. — The best life of Cicero is that of Forsyth; Trollope’s is a special plea, but eminently worthy of read ing; Middleton’s is voluminous, and not always reliable; Abeken’s Life and Letters of Cicero, translated by Meri vale, is invaluable; Niebuhr’s lectures on Cicero and the men and events of his time may well be compared with the different estimate of Mommsen in his history; Col lins’s Cicero in the Ancient Classics for English Readers, and Cruttwell’s and Teuffel’s Histories of Roman Litera ture, may well be consulted. The various Histories of Philosophy—as Ritter’s, Ueberweg's, and Mayor’s—dis cuss Cicero’s philosophical views, as also the preface to Reid’s edition of the Arademz'm. The article in Smith’s Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology is to be consulted.

THE LAELIUS

Character of the Work. ———The character of the Laelz'us, or De Amz'cz'tz'a, is indicated by its title. It belongs to the ethical works of Cicero, and is a treatise on practical friendship. In its composition Cicero avoided largely the theoretical discussion of the subject in which the Greek philosophers so often indulged, and endeavored to present the duties and relations of friendship as they appeared in actual life. It was written not by Cicero the philosopher, but by Cicero the Roman. It bears on every page the stamp of one who had been trained in the busy, practical life of Rome. The view of friendship is not universal, but adapted to the special conditions of the time and state in which it was written. As its opening chapter states, CHARACTER OF THE LAELIUS 19 it is exactly the sort of treatise that would have been written by one Roman friend to another: the one a man of much learning, wide observation, and deep re flection, who in the service of the state had “sounded all the depths and shoals of honor,” and experienced in the alternations of fortune the blessings of real, and the disappointments of pretended, friendship; the other, one who, by his hearty sympathy, wise advice, unfailing loy alty, and readiness to give assistance, had proved his claim to the title of true friend. One who expects to find in the work an exhaustive discussion of the nature of friendship, and of many questions that arise in its workings, will be disappointed. To understand it properly, it must be re ferred to Rome,——to the character and conditions there existing, to a state that made itself the chief factor in each man's life, and reckoned no man successful who did not spend his energies in its behalf. The clearer the concep tion which one can form of the foundations of Roman character, and the identification of personal ambitions with service to the state, the better will he be prepared to ap preciate the beautiful picture which, on that background, Cicero has painted of the fellowship of kindred and vir tuous souls. The form of the treatise is the dialogue, not the fre quently recurring question and answer, but the statement of the views of one speaker interrupted sufficiently to keep in mind the idea of a conversation. The object of this form is to prevent the formality of the essay, and to give the appearance of reality. The conversation is not put into the mouth of a legendal‘y or imaginary person, “for fiction has too little authOrity,” but into that of Laelius— a man renowned for a life-long friendship; inasmuch as 20 INTRODUCTION

“conversations of this sort, resting on the authority of men of earlier times and likewise renowned, seem for some reason to possess greater weight.” This conver sation is reported as having occurred soon after the death of Scipio, I29 B.C. Time of Composition. —The Laelius was written in 44 B.C., probably in the month of June, after the Cato .Maz'or, to which it is a companion. The time was one in which the first hopes for the restoration of the re public, formed at the death of Caesar, were turning into disappointment; and the forebodings which Cicero puts into the mouth of Laelius must be taken as the forecast which he was making for the state in his own times. The careful student cannot fail to see in many places, and especially in the discussion of the effect of friendship on political action, the references to Cicero's own times. Sources. —The subject of friendship was one upon which many Greek philosophers had written. Without doubt Cicero was familiar with most, if not all, of their writings, but imitations are infrequent. Correspondences are noted between various parts of the Laelius and a book of Theophrastus, wepl (,iuM’as; Xenophon’s Memo rabilia, 2, 4—10, embodying a discourse of Socrates on friendship; and Plato’s T/zmetclus and Lyrz's. But as has been said, the work is not of a character to have been drawn from Greek sources. It is Cicero’s own development of the subject, after reading the Greek authors, from his own observation, experience, and re flection. Interlocutors in the Dialogue. —The chief speaker is GAIUS LAELIUS, and secondary parts are given to Q. Mucws SCAEVOLA and GAIUS FANNIus. INTERLOCUTORS 2 I

GAIus LAELIUS, surnamed SAPIENs, the constant com panion and friend of Scipio the younger, was the son of Gaius Laelius, who had been the friend of Scipio the elder. He was born about I86 B.C., and died at an un certain date, but probably not long after Scipio. He was prominent in the state, being plebeian tribune I5I, prae tor I45, and consul I40, holding also the office of augur. In the third Punic war, as the lieutenant of Scipio, he ren dered distinguished services. In early life he was attached to the popular party, and, probably in his tribunate, brought forward a bill for the distribution of the public lands. It met with great opposition, and either on the ground of expediency, or because he lacked the courage of his con victions, he withdrew the bill and became a follower of the aristocratic party. In 145 he opposed the proposition of C. Licinius Crassus to make the priesthood elective by popular vote; again, in 133, the efforts of Tiberius Grac chus; and in I31 the proposition of C. Papirius Carbo, to allow reelection to the tribuneship. But his reputation does not rest principally on his public services. “ He was more of a statesman than a soldier, and more of a philoso pher than a statesman.” The movement in favor of Hel lenic studies, beginning with the embassy of the Athenians to Rome in 155 B.C., which consisted of the three philoso phers,— Diogenes the Stoic, Carneades the Academic, and Critolaus the Peripatetic,—found in Laelius an earnest leader. Under the instruction of Diogenes, and afterward of Panaetius, he adopted the Stoic philosophy, and, with Scipio, became the center of that circle from whose pat ronage Latin literature received such advantage. His influence, arising from his own culture and the generous assistance he gave to others, was very powerful in aid 22 INTRODUCTION of the new literary impulse. The poet Terence was his friend, the purity of whose Latinity was ascribed by many of that day to the revision of Laelius. The style of Lae lius, though represented by Cicero as occasionally rough and archaic, was in general noted for its smoothness. His daughter Laelia, who married Q. Mucius Scaevola, was the most cultivated woman of her day, and her conversa tion gave the tone to polite society. The character of Laelius is always mentioned by Cicero in the highest terms as gentle, upright, and self-controlled. He is in troduced as a speaker in two other dialogues,—the Cato Maior and De Republz'm. Q. Mucws SCAEVOLA, the son-in-law of Laelius, be longed to a family in which Cicero says the knowledge of civil law had become almost an heirloom, and was him self a lawyer of great learning and experience. Cicero, who always speaks of him in terms of warmest praise, studied law under his instruction. He was praetor 12I B.C., and consul 117. He is usually known by the title of augur. He was born 157, and died not later than 86 B.C. Cicero introduces him as an interlocutor in the De Oratore and Dr Refine/ind. GAIUS FANNIUS, also a son-in-law of Laelius, had little prominence in the state, but had some distinction as a man Of letters and an author. He wrote a history, not now extant, which Cicero mentions with the faint praise that it was written in a style not destitute of grace. He also appears in the De Repuélz'ca. PUBLIUS CORNELIUS SCIPIO AEMILIANUS, though not an interlocutor in the dialogue, yet deserves mention as the one whose opinions are ostensibly presented. He was the son of L. Paulus Aemilius, the grandson by ado'ption INTERLOCUTORS 23

(through his elder son) of the elder Scipio Africanus, and the foremost man of his time. So early in life did he make manifest his preeminent ability, that, in order to give him the conduct of the third war against Carthage, the laws were suspended to allow of his election as consul before the legal age. At a later time he was elected con sul, without being a candidate, to complete the war against Numantia. But, while excelling as a general, he stood with Laelius in the front rank of the new Hellenic move ment, and so devoted was he to the pursuit of these studies, that he did not suffer his campaigns to interrupt them, but, while engaged in them, took with him his friend the historian Polybius, that by constant intercourse with him he might perfect his knowledge of Greek literature and philosophy. Scipio, rather than Laelius, was a typical Roman. The austerity of his character was modified, but not removed, by the refining influences of scholarship. He was a member of the aristocratic party, and a strenu ous opponent, though a brother-in-law, of Tiberius Grac chus. In I29 B.C., when political feeling ran high over the execution of Gracchus’s agrarian law, Scipio was found dead in his room on a morning following an excited debate in the senate; but, though rumors were abundant, his murderer was never known.

SUMMARY

Chap. I. Dedication to Atticus. Chaps. II.—IV. Introduction to Dialogue. Chaps. V.—XXVI. Discourse of Laelius. 17—25. Introduction. 26-32. Love the Foundation of Friendship. 24 INTRODUCTION

33-35. Dangers to Friendship. 36-76. The Friendships of the Wise. 77—100. Common Friendships. Chap. XXVII. Conclusion. 1—5. Cicero sends to Atticus a treatise on friendship, which, for convenience’ sake, he throws into the form of a dialogue, representing it as a conversation received from Scaevola, who in turn said that he, in company with Fannius, had it from Laelius, the friend of Scipio. 6—16. Fannius begins the conversation by saying that people, having noted Laelius’s absence from the last meeting of the augurs, wonder if it was from grief at the death of Scipio (6, 7). To Scaevola’s remark that he attributed Laelius’s absence to ill health (8), Laelius replies that he is right, that public duty always should take precedence of private grief (8, 9), and that his sorrow is soothed by the recollection of Scipio’s glorious life and painless death (Io—12), by the assurance of his immortality and consequent well-being (13, I4), and by the precious memories of their friendship (I 5). Laelius is then urged to discourse on friendship (I6). 17—25. Laelius asserts his inability to discuss the subject in any but a practical way (I 7). Friendship can only exist between the good, a term to be taken in its common meaning, and not as defined by the philosophers (I8, 19). It consists in the absolute unanimity of desire and feeling, rests upon virtue, and is better than all earthly advantages (20, 21). The advantages of friendship and their universal recognition (22—24). Laelius urged to proceed (25). 26—32. Friendship is founded on affection, which is the work of nature (26), as is seen by the fact that beasts love their Offspring (27), and that virtue is admired even in an enemy (28). Friendship is not the result of reciprocal favors, though they may aid it (29, 30), or of a desire for reward (31), or pleasure, as some philosophers wrongly think (32). 33-35. Life-long friendships are rare, from political and other disagreements, or from change of character with age (33). Marriage, the desire for money or office (34), and the demand for an improper service, all tend to break friendship (35). 36—44. How far should a friend aid 2. friend ? Examples of men whose friends ought not to have aided them (36, 37). In politics the best Romans have always preferred patriotism to friendship (38, 39). SUMMARY 25

Friendship is no excuse for unworthy deeds (40). The prospects of the state from the associations of evil men are bad (41), but, if friends are abandoned when they begin to do evil, the state can not be harmed (42, 43). “Honorable in all things ” should be the rule of friendship, with readiness to give and takAdvice (44). 45—55. Some false views of friendship are combated; that it should not be too close for fear of anxiety (4.5); that it is sought for assistance and relief (46). These views destroy friendship, as they do virtue, for pain and pleasure are inseparable in it (47), and freedom from feeling is impossible (48). Friendship has utility, but it rests on natural, kindly impulses (49—51). Possession of all things can not give, or supply the place of, friendship, as tyrants learn (52—55). 56-61. Three false views discussed, with a criticism of Scipio‘s upon a remark of Bias (56—60). Slight departures from rectitude are i sometimes allowed (61). 62—66. The choice of friends. Care should be exercised in the choice of friends (62), and these should not be hastily accepted (63). The tests of friendship (64) and its rich qualities (65, 66). 67, 68. The relation of old friends and new. 69-75. The relations of superiors and inferiors (69—72). Pro priety is to be considered in doing a service (73). The relations of friends of mature life and those of youth (74). Infirmity of temper should not interfere with the duties of friendship (75). 76—100. Friendships which bring disgrace should be broken (76), but not so as to produce enmity (77, 78). To prevent this, caution is necessary in choosing friends (79, 80), and mere advantage must not be sought (80,81). Similarity and virtue make friends (82, 83), but the judgment must be exercised before we love (84, 85). This, how ever, is not commonly the case (86). Friendship is the natural law of life, though we are very slow to recognize it (87—89), for we are not able to hear or to tell the truth without offense (89, 90). Flattery, the worst foe to friendship, must be guarded against (91—96); but flattery only hurts him who wishes to receive it, and is less injurious when open than when covered (97—100). 100—104. Virtue is the only basis and bond of friendship (100), as Laelius found in his own case (101). His intimacy with Scipio was the greatest blessing of his life. Virtue and friendship, therefore, are to be placed above everything else (102-104). The following abbreviations are used. For Latin Grammars: H., Hark ness’; M., Mooney’s; A., Allen and Greenough’s; G., Gildersleeve’s; B., Bennett’s; Mad., Madvig's; L., Lane’s. For editors: L., Long; Lah., Lahmeyer; N., Nauck; 0., Orelli, edited by Halm; R., Reid; Sey., Seyfiert, edited by Miller. For works of reference: Dict. Biog., Smith’s Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology; Dict. Ant., Smith’s Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities; Rams., Ramsay’s Manual of Roman Antiqui ties; D., Ddderlein’s Latin Synonyms; Nag, Nigelsbach’s Latinische Sti listik; Plut., Plutarch’s Lives, edition of Little & Brown, five vols., I878; Lex., Harper’s Latin Lexicon. References to passages in Cicero’s works are made to the sections. References to Harkness’ Grammars are given in two forms, the first referring to the Complete Latin Grammar (1898), the second, in brackets, to the Standard Grammar. 26 M.TULLH CICERONIS LAELHE

DE AMICITIA AD T. POMPONIUM ATTICUM

I. Q. Mficius augur multa narrare dé C. LaeliO 1 socerO suO memoriter et ificundé solebat nec dubi tare illum in omni sermOne appellare sapientem; ego autem a patre ita eram dédfictus ad Scaevolam 5 sumpta virili toga, ut, quoad possem et licéret, 5.

1. Q. Mficius (Scaevola) was the time of Mucius, sixteen at the called the Augur, to distinguish him time of Cicero’s writing~had the from the Pontifex Maximus of the control of the whole system of divi same name, son—in-law of Laelius, at nation, so far as the public service whose nomination he was chosen was concerned. (Rams, p. 328.) — augur. He died not later than Laelié: see Introduction.—2. me 86 3.6. He is one of the inter moriter, with atcuratt rememfiranre, locutors in the first book of the never means ‘from memory,’ 2 memo 1)? 01151511, and in DE Republiui. rid, as opposed to d? sn'z'plfi. Mu Cicero says of him, Brulu: 102, i: cius’s strength of memory in recalling 6ra'lfirum in numerfi nfin fuil, ifiri: matters so long past is the point (fr/Hi: ink/1215101115 algae omni pm? brought out. Cf. Madvig on De a'mtz'ae genera praestilit; and in id. Fin. 1, 34. — 3. sapientem, the 306, ego aulem z'firz's civilis .rludifi wz're.— 4. ita, with the result Ma]. rim/tum 0pm” dabam Q. Smevalae, —5. sumpta . . . toga: the boy’s Q. f., qui qua/1172mm "Er/lim— :2 ad toga, praetexta, was laid aside, and the doamlum (la/Inf, [amen (firzrulenlz'bus man’s toga, z/irz'lz's, was assumed about respondmda’ studifixfix (rm/2'de dari the fifteenth year, or at the Liberalia, bal. See Diet. Biog., Stan/01a 6, in the month of March next succeed and Introduction—augur: the Col ing the completion of the fourteenth lege of Augurs—nine in number in year. The time depended somewhat 27 28 LAELIUS

senis latere numquam discéderem. itaque multa ab e6 prfidenter disputata, multa etiam breviter et com mode dicta memoriae mandabam fierique studébam éius prudentia doctior; qu6 mortuo me ad ponti 5 ficem Scaevolam contuli, quem finum nostrae civi tatis et ingeniO et ifistitia praestantissimum audeO dicere; sed dé hOc alias, nunc redeO ad augurem. cum saepe multa, tum memini (1me in hemicyclio 2 sedentem, ut solébat, cum et ego essem fina et pauci m admodum familiarés, in eum sermOnem illum inci dere, qui tum feré multis erat in Ore: meministi upon the will of the father. (Rams., regulating power over all matters p. 422; Dict. Ant., art. toga, p. 849, whatsoever connected with the reli a.) -— possem, subjective; lioéret, gion of the state and public obser objective. — I. numquam diacéde vances. (Rams., pp. 326, 327.) — rem: lawyers of repute at Rome 5. finum: modifies praestantissimum. were accustomed to give free advice, Its force is best given by an emphatic and to open their houses daily in the Ike. The absence of the definite arti morning to all who wished their coun cle in Latin is often met by an apposi sel. These receptions were the law tive or an adjective. schools of the time, and young law 8. cum . . . tum memini, 1r: students attached themselves to par member much that 11: said on many ticular jurists to profit by their daily ocrasz'onr, but parlirularly l/mt. (R.) expositions of the law. In imperial With multa supply mm direre. When times eminent jurists had the £12.: r: memz'm' is used of one recalling vividly rpondmdi— the right of giving opin an occurrence of which he was wit ions—on questions of law presented ness, it takes the present infinitive, to them. These opinions were called otherwise the perfect.—hémicycli6: respfinm pridenlz'um, and had the a semicircular place, either indoors force of judicial decisions—multa. or out, in which seats were so ar dicta, many of his wire dir ranged that the occupants could see cusrz'ons, many also of his brief and each other’s faces. — Io. admodum: pz'l/zy maxims. Many perfect parti— modifies paun'; cf. grdlum admo ciples have in the neuter the significa dum, § 16; like our ‘comparatively,’ tion of a substantive, but are modified admodum is either prepositive or post as participles by adverbs—4. ponti positive.—II. feré is usually post ficem: the college of ponlz'firés, nine positive, and denotes that the word it in number in Cicero’s boyhood, exer modifies is not to be taken in an ex cised a general superintendence and act or absolute sense. — erat in fire, CHAPTER I. 29

enim profectO, Attice, et e6 magis, quod P. Sulpicié I'Itébare multum, cum is tribfinus pl. capitali odi6 5. Q. PompéiO, qui tum erat cOnsul, dissideret, quOcum conifinctissimé et amantissimé vixerat, quanta esset hominum vel admiratic') vel querella. itaque tum Scaevola, cum in earn ipsam mentiOnem incidisset, exposuit n6bis sermOnem Laelii dé amicitia habi tum ab i116 sécum et cum alterO genero, C. Fannio, Marci filiO, paucis diebus post mortcm Africani.

10 éius disputatiOnis sententias memoriae mandavi, quas h6c libr6 exposui arbitratfi meO: quasi enim ipsOs indfixi loquentis né “inquam” et “inquit” was going the rounds. Cf. est in mani ardent supporter of the aristocratic 6ur, §96; and in are er! olnni populfi, party, and an intimate friend of Sul Ter. Ad. 93.— I. P. Sulpicic'az Sul picius till they took opposite sides in picius was tribfinus p/zbi: 88 B. C. He the struggle between Marius and Sulla. became one of the Marian party, and On Sulla’s departure for the East, Pom was killed by Sulla. He is an inter peius was left in command of Italy, but locutor in the DE aritfire. Cicero he was murdered by the soldiers of Cu. praises him highly as an orator; see Pompeius Strabo in 89 11.0. (Diet. Brulu: 203, Fuit enim Sulpz'eius vel Biog., Pampeiur 6.) — quécum : usu mdxime" omnium, qufis quidem ego ally used of a definite, yin-cum of an audi-uerz'm, grandi: el, ut ila dimm, indefinite, person. —— 5. admiritici, Irag‘icu: finilar; 116x cum migna, tum surprise. -— querella, eomplaint; be mum's et splendida; gerlur e! ma'l'u: cause of evils they feared for the state. corporz': ita venustus, u! [amen ad 5. itaque turn, a! that time, 1 forum, min ad .rmenam instilfitus vi my; tum does not correlate with rum. aéritur; inrildla el vohibilis nee ea —6. eam . . . mentic'mem = Eiur redunddn: [amen nee rircumfluén: rn' mentz'o'nem. Cf. eum sermo'nem, firtil/J. (Dict. Biog., Sulpiriur 2.)— §2. —8. C. Pannifi: C. Fannius, 2. fitébare multum, were much in A1. fi/iur, C. Laelz' gener, et ma'rz'bur the roeiety of. Suhstantives in et ipro'gmere dieendz" dzirz'ar. (Brulu: English often take the place of the 101.) —9. post mortem A., I29 B.C. Latin verb.—capitali 0616, dead/y —Io. aententias =10eo's, main divis hatred. Cf. Hor. Sal. I. 7, 13, ira ion:.— 11. librt'): the preposition is fuit rapildlis, u! fillima dividerel omitted when the reference is to the mar:.- 3. Pompéiaz Pom whole work, but expressed when it is peius Rufus, consul 88 13.0., was an to a portion.— 12. ipafis =praerenlés, 30 LAELIUS

saepius interpc'merétur atque ut tamquam 2'1 prae sentibus coram habéri sermo vidérétur. cum enim saepe mécum agerés, ut dé amicitia scriberem ali quid, digna mihi rés cum omnium cognitione tum nostra familiaritate visa est; itaque féci non invi tus ut prodessem multis rogitfi tu6. sed ut in Catone Maiore, qui est scriptus ad té dé senectfite, Catonem induxi senem disputantem, quia nfilla vidé batur aptior persona, quae dé i115. aetate loquerétur,

IO quam éius, qui et difitissimé senex fuisset et in ipsa senectfite praeter céteros floruisset, sic, cum accépissémus a patribus maximé memorabile'm C. Laelii et P. Scipionis familiaritatem fuisse, idonea mihi Laelii persona visa est quae dé amicitia ea ipsa I5 dissereret, quae disputata ab e6 memimisset Scaevola. genus autem hoe sermonum positum in hominum veterum auctoritate et e6rum inlustrium plus nesci6

and is modified by quasi. — 2. 06mm tion of his physical and mental powers, (co-0s), in presence ofi takes its special which Would have been expressed by meaning from the context; co'ram dz" vzguissel, but especially to his prosper :ere, ‘to speak face to face’; (dram ous circumstances and prominent posi vidérz, ‘to see with one’s own eyes.’ tion in the state. Cf. Cat. Alai. 8, tz'bi 5. féci . . . ut: a favorite con prop/er 0175s at :fipz'a's e! dignita'lem struction with Cicero, intensive for tuam tulerribilifirem seizerlzite'm vidéri. prifui. -— invitus, I was nut unwill Flfirérz, a common metaphor, corre ing. The main predicate of an Eng sponds closely to our ‘to be illustrious.’ lish sentence is often expressed in (Nag, p. 516.) Metaphors can rarely Latin by an adjective or adverb. — be transferred directly from one lan 7. Catone Miifire: written in April, guage to another. — 15. dissereret: 44 B.C. — 9. persona, lit. ‘a mask’; disserere in distinction from dz‘sputare hence, ‘a character’ represented by an is the exhibition of thought in con actor, and a ‘type of character.’ 1n~ nected discourse; a’z'sputdre states an dfizere persfinamis an expression bor opinion, and the maintaining it in an— rowed from the stage, meaning ‘to swer to question or objection, but it bring on to the boards.’—II. flam— does not mean ‘ discuss.’—- I7. vete isset refers, not merely to the preserva mm, mm of garligr film’s. —nesci6 CHAPTER II.

qu6 pactO vidétur habére gravitatis; itaque ipse mea legéns sic adfic'ior interdum, ut CatOnem, nOn mé loqui existimem. sed ut tum ad senem senex dé senectute, sic h6c libr6 ad amicum amicissimus scripsi dé ami s citia. tum est CatO locfitus, quO erat némO feré senior temporibus illis, némO prudentior: nunc Laelius et sapiéns—sic enim est habitus—et amicitiae glOria excelléns dé amicitia loquétur. t1] velim a me animum parumper avertas, Laelium loqui ipsum putés. C. Fan 10 nius et Q. Mficius ad socerum veniunt post mortem Africani; ab his serm6 oritur, respondet Laelius, cfiius tOta disputatiO est dé amicitia, quam legéns té ipse cognOscés. II. Fannius. Sunt ista, Laeli; nec enim melior I5 vir fuit African?) quisquam'nec clarior: sed existimare débés omnium oculOs in té esse coniectOs finum; té sapientem et appellant et existimant. tribuébatur hOc modo M. CatOni, scimus L. Acilium apud patrés

qu6 pactz'): adverbial, and without in such cases ipse, not ipsam, is put, influence on the mood of vii/Elur. because there is an implied contrast 3. sed resumes the thought of § 3. between the subject of the verb and —senem: this clause and the follow other persons, so that ipse : Kai (11716:; ing illustrate the association of words here, ‘yon yourself, as well as others.’ formed on the same root, and the Translate: You will rerognize your rhythmic arrangement of clauses that own likeness. characterize the I.atin.——4. scrips'i: 14. aunt ista, if is as you my. the epistolary perfect, with reference Fannius replies to a remark of Laelius, to the one receiving the letter.— that no one can take Scipio’s place in 7. sapiéns corresponds to pridenlior, the state. The pronoun iste, referring excelléns to senior; chiasmus.— to the second person, is common in 8. ti velim: an expression of polite replies.—— 15. sed . . . existimant: ness, like our ‘1 would wish,’ or ‘I but from Laelius’s intimacy with Scipio, should like to have.’—- 12. cfiius: to and his general reputation for wisdom, be taken with est, and to bin: is [be people have turned expectantly toward whole distussion to be referred. — him—18. modo: Cato had been I3. ipse: B. and 0. have i/mun, but dead twenty-one years, but modo, 32 LAELIUS nostr6s appellatum esse sapientem, sed fiterque a1i6 quodam modo : Acilius, quia prfidéns esse in ifire civili putabatur, Cato, quia multarum rérum fisum habébat et multa éius et in senatfi et in for6 vel pro visa prfidenter vel acta constanter vel responsa acute ferébantur, propterea quasi cognomen iam habébat in senectfite sapientis. té autem alio quodam modo non solum nfitfira et moribus, vérum etiam studio et doc trina esse sapientem, nec sicut vulgus, sed ut érfiditi

IO solent appellare sapientem, qualem in reliqua Graecia néminem—nam qui septem appellantur, e65 qui ista

nip”, max, and proximi are often were most awkward.” There is still a used of relative time.-—-Acilium: sup slight anacoluthon. —4. prévisa prfi' posed to be the person mentioned in denter, wise firemstr; iota 05n DE Légz'bu: 2, 59, a commentator on stanter, manly ulleranzer; respc'msa the X11 tables, and a contemporary of acfité, dear dealt-iam in matters of Cato.—I. fiterque, sc. sapiéns ap law; these represent Cato in the three pzl/alu: est; a common ellipsis of con fold light of senator, orator, and jurist. versation. By such constructions the Cf. multa . . . dida, § 1. conversational character of the piece 7. té . . . esse sapientem: the is preserved.— 2. quadam, in a some construction is confused, but the mean what dzfl'erenl way. Quidam, in con ing clear. Essa depends on existimant, nection with an adjective, is often used but, owing to the parenthesis, the idea like quasi and lamguam to soften a. is repeated in the different form 1mm metaphor, or to indicate that the noun . . . sapienlem. Cf. mz'lit sapientfa Laeli, to which it is joined is not to be taken Hor. Sat. II. 1, 7'2. — 8. nati'ira et in its literal or full signification.— manbus denote nalural endawmmls, 4. habébat et multa: the reading the former referring to the intellectual of R., who says: “I have inserted :1 powers, the latter to the natural char on my own conjecture. Without it, acter; studio at doctrinfi denote Cato is one of the subjects to the verb acquiremmlr, studifi, ‘zeal in acquisi putribdlur (appellitus) ; with it, is tion,’ doctrind, ‘ attainment.’ Slua'ium the subject of the verb lzabEbal below, is commonly contrasted with mfirés, proplered repeating quia, owing to the but sludz'um, or devotion to the pursuit length of the sentence. With the old oflearning, depends on 111072;, a’artrz'na reading (B. lzabébat: mulla), a long or attainment on ma'ris combined with stop was needed after lmbiéal, another minim. -— 10. reliqui, proleptic with after fzre'bantur, and the transitions reference to At/lifliI-— II. septem, CHAPTER II. '33 subtilius quaerunt in numero sapientium non ha bent —, Athénis unum accepimus et cum quidem etiam Apollinis oraculo sapientissimum ifidicitum: hanc esse in té sapientiam existimant, ut omnia tua in té posita esse ducis huminosque cfisfis virtute in feriorés putes itaque ex me quaerunt, credo ex h6c item Scaevola, quonam pacta mortem Africini ferfis, eoque magis, quod proximis Nonis, cum in hortos D. Brfiti auguris commentandi causi, ut adsolet, ve

10 nissémus, tu non adfuisti, qui diligentissime semper illum diem et illud munus solitus esses obire. Scaewla. quaerunt quidem, C. Laeli, multi, ut est a Fannio dictum, sed ego id respondec'), quod animum adverti, te dolorem, quem acceperis cum summi viri tum amicissimi morte, ferre moderate, nec potuisse non commovéri nec fuisse id humanitatis tuae; quod autem N onis in conlégio nostro non adfuisses, valetu dinem respondeo causam, non maestitiam fuisse. Laelz'us. Récté ti quidem, Scaevola, et véré: nec eo enim ab isto officic'), quod semper usurpavit cum vale

sc. sapz'mlis. — I. subtilius, will: panied, doubtless, by a gesture.— more than usual madness. The refer 8. 11011355, ‘pleasure-gardens '; in the ence is to the Stoics. —3. sapientis singular, a ‘vegetable-garden.’ To simumz the response of the oracle obtain an unobstructed view of the was: Zogbbs Zo¢oKMis ' ao¢drrepos 5’ sky the augurs met outside the city Efipmlfi'qs. lAuapsz ae mil/raw wapd walls, in some private gardens. The rns ao¢u51aros.—4. omnia Nones was probably their day of meet ease: the Stoic doctrine, that virtue ing.—9. D. Brfiti: a prominent gen is to he considered thc only good.— eral, ms 138 B.C., and a man of 5. virtl'lte interit-aram of less impor cultivated taste, was grandfather of mnce l/zan virum-d crédt') . . . Caesar's assassin. Scaevoli, timid/lem alsa from Sme l4. summi . . . amicissimis a vola lure; tradi is parenthetical; sc. noun modified by two adjectives regu quaerunty not quaerere ,- lll-f is often larly precedes 0r follows both, but by used of one in the company, accom separating them throws them both into me AMICITIA— s 34 LAELIUS

rem, abduci incommodé me6 débui, nec fill?) casfi arbitror hoe constanti homini posse contingere, ut filla intermissié fiat ofl'icii. tfi autem, Fanni, quod 9 mihi tantum tribui dicis, quantum ego nec adgnosco 5 nec postulo, facis amicé, sed, ut mihi vidéris, non récté ifidicas dé Catone: aut enim némo, quod quidem magis credo, aut, si quisquam, ille sapiéns fuit. qu6 modo, ut alia omittam, mortem filii tulit! memineram Paulum, videram Galum, sed hi in pueris, Cato in per

prominence.--I. nec . . . officii: pression of politeness. A substantive the main thought of the sentence is clause with quaa' is often used as an the paramount claim of duty, and it is accusative of specification, and sup in such opinions, which exhibit the plies the place of our verbal.—-4. ad inmost conviction of every true Roman, gn5506, so. lamquam débilum mi/zi. that the national character appears in —5. vidéris: the personal form is its full greatness. In comparison with preferred to the impersonal, as the duty, Laelius calls the death of his life person forming the judgment is made long friend by the mildest of terms, prominent.— 7. quisquam: used be iuzommoa’ri, and declares that no cir cause of the implied doubt. — 8. alia, cumstance whatever is sufficient reason i.e. proofs of his wisdom. See Cal. .1 to interfere with the performance of Mai. 12. —9. Paulum: Aemilius "a. duty. — 2. constanti: firmness, a Paulus had four sons, two of whom a vital element of R0man.character, were adopted into the family of the belonged to him quem d5 rune/111i Scipios, and two died in early youth, muszi pl'a‘paxz'tzique sullentia' 12171111 one at the age of twelve, five days be ran/umélia, milla 'w's, mil/um peri fore his father’s triumph over Perseus, culum paler! dipellere. Pro Lfgario the other at the age of fourteen, three 9, 26; cf. Hor. 0d. III. 3, 1-8: days after the triumph. \Vith memi neram supply mortzm filifirum ferre. “ Iristnm et tenacem propositi virum," etc. In all passages where memini is thus ——contingere: this verb is not used used with the accusative of a person of fortunate circumstances only, but of there is an ellipsis of an infinitive. (R.) whatever happens naturally, like our —G-51um, cos. 166 B.C.; often men expression, ‘to fall to one’s lot.’—-ut, tioned by Cicero 'as a student of as namely that, introduces an appositive tronomy and a man of refined and clause of result. cultivated mind. See Dict. Biog., 3. quod . . . dicis . . . tacis Gal/u: Sulpiriur 2. —hi, sc. marlem amicé, far saying, I t/mnkynu; lit. ila Iulérzml. —in pueris, in 1/1: [(138 ‘aet a friendly part,’ a common ex— afbays. —perfect6, malure, in oppo CHAPTER III. 35 fect6 et spectato vir6. quam ob rem cave Catoni 10 anteponas né istum quidem ipsum, quem Apollo, ut ais, sapientissimum ifidicivit: hfiius enim facta, illius dicta. laudantur. 5 III. De me autem, ut iam cum fitroque loquar, sic habétote : ego si Scipionis désiderio me movéri négem, 4, qu'aom id récté faciam viderint sapientés, sed certé mentiar. moveor enim tali amico orbatus, qualis, ut arbitror, némo uniquam erit, ut confirmare possum,

IO némo certé fuit; sed non-egeo niedicinéi: me ipse consolor et maximé i116 solicio, quod e6 errore 6211‘66, quo amicorum décéssfi plérique angi solent. nihil mali accidisse Scipioni put6: mihi accidit, si quid accidit; suis autem incommodis graviter‘ angi non amicum, sed sé ipsum amantis est. cum i116 véro quis néget ictum esse praeclaré? nisi enim, quod ille minimé putabat, immortalitatem optare vellet, quid non adeptus est, quod homini {is esset optare? qui summam spem civium, quam dé e6 iam puero habue

sition to pueris.—- 1. apect5t6, tried 7. quam: quam, tam, ila, tam‘us, by experience, as metals by fire. quantus, and a few other words, are I. cave: equivalent to 115, and often separated from the words they under the general principle that a gen modify, either for emphasis or rhythm. eral negative is distributed negatively, -viderint, fut. perf. indie, a com it is carried out by n? . . . quills/n.— mon expression, by which a ques 3. hfiius: spoken of Cato on account tion is deferred, or left to another’s of his nearness in time, and because consideration.—sapientés, i.e. the he was a Roman. Practical service to Stoies.—12. qu5 . . . décéssfi: two the state was the highest duty of every ablatives with the same verb are a Roman citizen, and in comparison with harsh but not uncommon construction, this all pursuits which, though requir one denoting the nearer, the other the ing the possession and employment of remoter cause. — 15. cum i115 . . . natural ability, were not concerned in praecliré, Iii: md was glorious. the administration of the state, were i 7. immortilitfitem, sc. carparis. considered trifling, levia'ra sludz'a. —-I9. iam modifies kabuerant; cf. 36 LAELIUS

rant, continuo aduléscéns incrédibili vi'rtute superavit; qui consulatum petivit numquam, factus [consul] est bis, primum ante tempus, 'iterum sibi suo tempore, rei publicae paene sér6; qui duabus urbibus éversis inimicissumis huic imperio non modo praesentia, vérum etiam futflra bella délévit. quid dicam dé moribus facillumis, dé pietate in matrem, liberalitate in sororés, bonitate in suos, ifistitia in omnis? nota sunt vobis. quam autem civitati carus fuerit, maerore

IO funeris indicatum est. quid igitur hunc paucorum annorum accéssic') iuvare potuisset? senectus enim quamvis non sit gravis, ut memini Catonem ann6 ante quam est mortuus mécum'et cum Scipione disserere, tamen aufert earn viriditatem, in qua etiam nunc erat

15 SClplé. quam ob rem vita quidem talis fuit vel for- 12 quam, § 10. — I. virtfite: his youth tion. At Papiria’s death he showed ful campaigns were marked by extra his generous disposition, liaerdlz'tzite, ordinary bravery. (Plut., vol. ii. p. 317.) by giving the legacy to his sisters, and —3. ante tempus, i.e. before the his natural benevolence, bonita'le, by legal age of forty-three. His first con giving his father’s estate to his eldest sulship was 147 B.C., when he was brother. For Scipio’s character, See thirty-six; his second 134 B.C.—B\15, Momm., vol. iii. 109. The preposition favorable. —4. sérr'): because the is repeated with successive nouns war with Numantia had dragged on when they are taken separately, but for eight years, to the loss and dis when they are grouped in meaning it grace of the Romans. —du5bus . . . is omitted. ~— 12. ut memini: Cicero éverais: Carthage was destroyed 146 skillfully attempts to give an air of B.C.; Numantia, 133 B.C.— 6. quid reality to his dialogue, Cato Maior, dict-1m dé: a common formula to in which Laelius is an interlocutor. — indicate that it is unnecessary to enter I4. vifidititem,freslmess; cf. Verg. upon a subject or that the subject is Am. 6, 304; crzida viridirque senectur. too great to be fully treated. — 7. pie -—nunc: Scipio’s death was so recent tite: he exhibited his filial refit/ion that its effect was still a present one, by caring for his mother, Papiria, after and tuna would have referred to the her divorce from his father, and by time of dz'merere. giving her a legacy which he had re 15. fortfina vel glorii, of forlum ceived from his grandmother by adop ar fame; glo'rizi here implies 'uirlux, CHAPTER IV.

tfina vel gloria, ut nihil posset accédere, moriundi autem sénsum celeritis abstulit: qu6 dé genere mortis difficile dictfi est, quid hominés suspicentur vidétis. hoe véré tamen licet dicere, P. Scipioni ex multis dié bus, quos in vita celeberrimos laetissimosque viderit, illum diem clarissimum fuisse, cum senatfi dimisso domum reductus ad vesperum est a patribus conscri ptis, populc') Romano, sociis et Latinis, pridié quam ex céssit é vita, ut ex tam alto dignititis gradfi ad superos

IO videatur deos potius quam ad inferos pervénisse. IV. Neque enim adsentior iis, qui haec nfiper dis serere coepérunt, cum corporibus simul animos in terire, atque omnia morte déléri: plus apud mé anti quorum auctoritas valet, vel nostrorum maiorum, qui

and flrhina and m'rlm were two essen among whom the Latini held a pre tial qualities for a Roman general. eminent place, and are therefore spe Cf. Pro Leg: Almzz'l. 16, 47.— I. mori cially named. Before the Social War, undi limits both sénsum and relerz'lris. B.c. 90, the Roman state comprehended 3. quid . . . suspicentur: suspicion Cives Romani, Latini, i.e. the citizens of Scipio’s murder fell upon several of the old Latin towns, and the Latinae persons; upon C. Carbo, one of the Coloniae, socii, or inhabitants of Italy triumvirs under Gracchus’s law; upon who did not belong to either of the Sempronia, Scipio’s wife; upon the first two classes, and the provinciales renowned Cornelia, his mother-in-law; or subjects of Rome beyond the limits and upon C. Gracchus.— 5. celeber of Italy. (L.; Rams., p. 94.) Cicero rimoa: a bold figure taken from the was undoubtedly ready to describe a use of the word with places; lit. ‘ most scene which recalled his own return thronged.’—7. reductus, escorled, a home the night after the execution common mark of respect.——vespe of the Catilinarian conspirators. -— rum: with the prepositions ad, in, 10. (1655, to be joined with .rupzni: _—_ rub, the accusative of vesper is gener qui :zmt def; Infert'JB : fluinér. ally used, and not that of ampera— II. iis: the Epicureans, though 8. sociis et Latinis: these two some of the Peripatetics of the New nouns form one member of the triad. Academy held the same views. These ‘Socii et Latini,’ or ‘Socii nomenque doctrines came to Rome with the Latinum,’ is the usual formula to ex Greek philosophers about 155 13.0.— press the people in alliance with Rome, 14. vel: the clauses here introduced 38 LAELIUS

mortuis tam religiosa ii'ira tribuérunt, quod non fécis sent profecto, si nihil ad eos pertinére arbitrarentur, vel e6rum, qui in him terra fuérunt Magnamque Graeciam, quae nunc quidem déléta est, tum florébat, institutis et praeceptis suis érfidiérunt, vel éius, qui Apollinis oraculo sapientissimus est ifidicatus, qui non tum hoe, tum illud, ut in plérisque, sed idem semper, animos hominum esse divinos iisque, cum ex corpore excéssissent, reditum in caelum patére optimoque et IO ii'istissimo cuique expeditissimum. quod idem Sci 14 pioni vidébatur, qui quidem, quasi praesagiret, per paucis ante mortem diébus, cum et Philus et Manilius adessent et alii plfirés, tfique etiam Scaevola, mécum

by vel are in explanatory apposition pore for earparibux. The Roman with antiqufirum.—1. religiasa re tendency to realism avoided such ab fers to interments and sepulchers: stractions as “the body,” and usually Saerae .tzmt quae def: superb eo'nse eniployed the plural with reference to rrzitae :unl ,' rellgz'fime (luae a'eir [Vini each case.—9. optimo . . . cuique: bus relie/ae sunt. (faiu: II. 2; cf. with a superlative quisque is equivalent Tuxe. Dirp. 1, 27.— 3. fuérunt, lived , to owner with the positive, and denotes the simple conception of existence is a universal relation manifesting itself always expressed by es:e.—-M5gnam in each individual. With a second Graeclam: the part of Lower Italy superlative it denotes reciprocal com possessed by the Greek colonies. The parison. A return when ease is pra name ceased to be used after the portz'oned to the goodness and justiee Roman conquest, about 275 3.6. The of the individual. Cf. Ture. Dirp. philosophers are the Pythagoreans. I. 72. Cf. Cat. ll/ai. 78.—6. qui . . . ut 11. praesigiret, sc. max mari in plérisque: B. has euz'. . . uli tfirum. Stigfre enim ten/ire (mite ple'rl'rque. With each clause sc. dire est: 1': 137m”, auz' ante :dgit guam bat. On the subject of immortality obldta 1'5: ext, (liez'tur praera'gz're, id Socrates’s teachings were definite and ext, fulfira ante .m're. Div. I. 65. -—~ consistent; on other subjects he chiefly 12. Philus et Minilius: the former, propounded questions to puzzle others. cos. 136 B.C., noted for his uprightness Plérisque is neut. substantive for pl. and his love of Greek literature, per rEbux, a construction usually avoided lrene Latine loaui putribdlur Iitterali on account of its ambiguity. —8. 001' usaue quam eEterI, Brutus 108; the CHAPTER IV. 39 vénisses, triduum disseruit dé re publiczi, cfiius dis putationis fuit extrémum feré de' immortalitite animo rum, quae 56 in quiéte per visum ex Africano audisse dicébat: id si ita est, ut optimi cfiiusque animus in 'morte facillimé évolet tamquam é cfistodia vinclisque c'orporis, cui cénsémus cursum ad deos faciliorem fuisse quam Scipioni? quocirca maerére hoe éius éventfi vereor né invidi magis quam amici sit. sin autem illa vériora, ut idem interitus sit animorum et

IO corporum nec fillus sénsus maneat, ut nihil boni est . in morte, sic certé nihil mali; sénsfi enim amisso fit idem, quasi natus non esset omnino, quem tamen esse natum et nos gaudémus et haec civitas, dum erit, laetabitur. quam ob rem cum i116 quidem, ut supra I5 dixi, actum optiiné est, mécum incommodius, quem fuerat aequius, ut prius introieram, sic prius exire dé vita; sed tamen'recordatione nostrae amicitiae sic fruor, ut beaté vixisse videar, quia cum Scipione vixe latter, noted as a jurist, cos. r49 B.C. indicating a difference by comparison. See Dict. Biog.-— I. (15 1'6 pfiblicfi: -—12. natus . . . esset: the subject Cicero’s treatise of this name, pur was not intended to be Sripifi directly, porting to be a conversation between but the following relative clause brings Scipio and others, was written 54 B.C. him immediately before the mind as a The Somnz'um Sripifinir, which dis subject.—- 13. gaudémus: the ra— cusses the immortality of the soul, is tional feeling that is at once calm and found in the sixth book of the DE RE steady; laetibitur, will exull, the pfiblird.—3. quae refers to air? more lively feeling. Cf. Tusc. Diip. mum; plural by reference to the IV. 1 3. many sayings it contained—quiéte l6. fuerat, would have éem. Ideas = :Oflln§.—-5. tamquam: the com of necessity, propriety, duty, etc., being mon English metaphor which repre fundamental and unchanged, though sents the body as the prison of the the actions which should have resulted soul is rarely used by Cicero without from them do not occur, are expressed a softening tamquam or quasi. (Sey.) by the indicative. — i8. videar, sc. —9. vériéra, sc. run!.— to. ut . . . milzi. This construction has the mean sic, though . . . yel, a common way of ing of‘think’ or ‘fancy.’ The pronoun 4o LAELIUS rim, quocum mihi coniuncta cura de publica ré et dé privata fuit, quocum et domus fuit et militia com mfinis et id, in qu6 est omnis vis amicitiaei voluntétum, studi6rum, sententiarum summa consénsio. itaque s non tam ista me sapientiae, quam modo Fannius com memorivit, fama délectat, falsa praesertiml quam quod amicitiae nostrae memoriam spero sempiternam fore, idque e6 mihi magis est cordip quod ex omnibus saeculis vix tria aut quattuor nominantur paria ami

IO c6rum, qua in genere sperare videor Scipionis et Laelii amicitiam notam posteritati fore. Fanm'us. istuc quidemy Laeli, ita necesse est. sed,16 quoniam amicitiae mentionem fecisti et sumus 6ti6si, pergritum mihi féceris— spero item Scaevolae —, si, quem ad modum solés de ceteris rébus, cum ex te quaeruntury sic de amicitia disputaris quid sentizisl qualem existumés, quae praecepta dés. Scaevola. Mihi vero atque id ipsum cum tecum agere confirer, Fannius antevortit: quam ob rem

eo utrique nostrum gratum admodum féceris.

is seldom omitted except in the first is intentionally adapted to the free person. — I. voluntfitum: the word dom of conversation. volunld: in cicero frequently means I}. otiosi free from businesr. ‘inclination in politics.’ Cf. §§ 61, 92. Roman statesmen were wont to retire — 6. falsa praesertim = praeser to their villas at the times of the public tim cum falsa .rz'l.—8. cordi, plea: games, and there indulge in philosoph ing. For the characteristics of this ical discussions which, to their prac predicative dative, see R., vol. ii. pp. tical minds, were unsuitable for other xxv—lvi.—9. tria: Theseus and Piri times. The times of Cicero's dialogues thous, Achilles and Patroclus, orestes are generally those of the public festi and Pylades. ——aut, ar al marl. The vals.- I7. qualem . . . 6.55: the two fourth pair was Damon and Phintias, clauses explain quiz], and may be trans described in De oj 3, 45.— IO. ge lated your virw afl/te {Mary andprarl nere, sc. nmin'lia'rum. 'l'he clause, lite of friends/11f. — 19. antevortit, in repeating the idea of quad. . .fore, anlitifatzd. CHAPTER V. 41

V. Laelius. Ego véro non gravarer, si mihi ipse 17 confiderem; nam et praeclara rés est et sumus, ut dixit Fannius, 6ti6si. sed quis ego sum aut quae est in mé facultzis? doctorum est ista consuétfido eaque Graecorum, ut iis ponatur dé qu6 disputent quamvis subit6: magnum opus est egetque exercitatione non parva. quam ob rem quae disputari dé amicitia pos sunt, ab eis cénseo petitis, qui ista profitentur: ‘ego v65 hortari tantum possum ut amicitiam omnibus

10 rébus humanis anteponatis; nihil est enim tam na tfirae aptum, tam conveniéns ad res vel secundas vel adversas. sed hoe primum sentio, nisi in bonis ami 18 citiam esse non posse: neque id ad vivum reseco, ut illi, qui haec subtilius disserunt, fortasse véré, sed IS ad communem utilitatem parum; negant enim quem quam esse virum bonum nisi sapientem. sit ita sane :

3. quis . . . sum? .. . facultaa'? IfiB, earl/11y advantages. Cf. §22. — By the first question Laelius implies nihil est enim: enim takes the third that, as a practical statesman and law place when the stress resting upon the yer, and as a Roman, he is not a suit first word, containing the most impor able person to discuss such a topic; tant idea, makes the verb est or run! by the second, that he lacks the readi an enclitic; this occurs when the sub ness (fatulld's) gained by practice for ject is one of the pronouns 111?, is, such a discussion. —4. doctérum, quis, or the negative mil/us, 112016, or i.e. the philosophers. —5. Graecé nihil; when the predicate comes first, rum with eaque gives a more exac or if the subject precedes, the predi definition.—ut . . . subit6 : this prac cate is given in a following relative tice of off-hand discussion, first that of clause. See notes of Sey. h. 1.; Mad the Sophists, then of the New Acad vig on D: Fin. I. 43; Kiihner on emy, was adopted by Cicero himself. Tusr. Dz'sp. I. 66. Cf. Tusr. Disp. I. 7, Finer: iubébam 12. nisi: after a negative, nisi by 4? our? quis audire vellet. — 7. dis an ellipsis introduces an exception.— putfiri corresponds to qui/em exislu r3. neque . . . reseco, nor in 1111's mEs, hortari to quae praecepta 112:.— (slalemml) do 1 ml 10 [12: quick. 8. cénsefi: this verb takes the sub Laelius would not limit the range of junctive with or without ut when it friendship by a too subtile definition means ‘advise.’ — ro. rébus humi of ‘the good,’ as did the Stoics in 42 LAELIUS sed earn sapientiam interpretantur, quam adhfic mor talis némo est consecfitus, nos autem ea, quae sunt in fisfi vitfique commfini, non ea, quae finguntur aut optantur, spectire débémus. numquam ego dicam C. Fibricium, M'. Curium, Ti. Coruncanium, quos sapientis nostri miiorés ifidicabant, ad ist6rum nor mam fuisse sapientis; qua ré sibi habeant sapientiae nomen et invidiosum et obscfirum, concédant ut viri boni fuerint. né id quidem facient: negibunt id

IO nisi sapienti posse concedi. agamus igitur pingui, 19 ut aiunt, Minerva: qui ita sé gerunt, ita vivunt, ut

their discussion of a virtue that was with Pyrrhus. In later life he lived practically unattainable. — I. eam: in frugal retirement on a small farm, attracted from agreement with id by and died in poverty. Ti. Coruncauius rapimtiam. -— 3. fisfi vitique com was consul 280 B,C., and the first ple mfini, in 1/1: :xperimce of every-day beian pontifex maximus, in 254 B.C. life, opposed to fingunlur, ‘imagina In speaking of these three and of tion,’ and oplantur, ‘aspiration’ or others, Cicero says (De Nat. Dear. II. ‘speculation.’ — 5. Pibricium: Fa 165), qufirum néminem nisi iummle bricius, Curius, and Coruncanius (see dzfi talem fuixs: crédendum est. -— Dict. Bing), three contemporary Ro 7. Bibi habeant: the usual formula mans noted as generals, and the last of divorce. (Rams, p. 252.) ——8. con as orator and jurist, are often men cédant ut: tonzéderr, when giving tioned as examples of early Roman permission to do something, takes at frugality and virtue. Cf. Hor. 0d. I. and the subjunctive; when admitting 12, 37—44. C. F abricius Luscinus ren a fact, the infinitive, though the sub dered eminent services in the wars 'junctive is sometimes used. — 9. né against the inhabitants of southern . . . faeient, 1112': also 111:)! will not Italy and against Pyrrhus. When do. The conjunction net, instead of censor, at a later time, he expelled n5, is unnecessary from the climax Rufinus from the senate for having contained in n? . . . quidem. They ten pounds’ worth of silver plate. M. will not yield other points, least of all Curius Dentatus was famous for victo this. See Madvig, Excursus III. on ries over the Samnites, the Sabines, De Fin. II. 25. and Pyrrhus. He also constructed IO. pingui . . . Minerva: a prov works of great public utility, as the erb, as shown by at a'iunl. Let u: pra aqueduct, Aniémz's Vetus, to which he reed with plain mot/u;- wit. Crana devoted the booty taken in the war and invila Minerva are also found.— CHAPTER V. 43 eorum probétur fidés, integritas, aequitas, liberalitas, nec sit in eis filla cupiditzis, libido, audacia, sintque magnaconstantia, ut ii fuérunt, modo quos nominavi, hos viros bonos, ut habiti sunt, sic etiam appellandos putémus, quia sequantur, quantum hominés possunt, naturam optumam bene vivendi ducem. sic enim mihi perspicere videor, ita natos esse nos, ut inter omnis esset societas quaedam, maior autem, ut quis que proximé accéderet. itaque civés potiorés quam

IO peregrini, propinqui quam aliéni: cum his enim ami citiam natura ipsa peperit, sed ea non satis habet firmitatis; namque h6c praestat amicitia propinqui tati, quod ex propinquitate benevolentia tolli potest, ex amicitia non potest; sublata enim benevolentia 15 amicitiae nomen tollitur, propinquitatis manet. quanta autem vis amicitiae sit, ex hoe intellegi maximé pot

I. fidés . . . liberfilitas: for com Epirurmns, and Steplirs, chap. x.— pleteness of expression and the sake 7. ita, on this condition. Society is of rhythm, Cicero often uses two words thus represented as a necessity of man’s to express one general idea, and this condition, not as a voluntary compact. without hendiadys. These words are — 8. miior: a superlative would have to be taken in pairs, the first pair, more nearly corresponded to proximé, fidEs z'nlegrz'llis, referring more espe expressing the reciprocal comparison, cially to outu'ard’life, and aeguitris Ill: strangrr— [he nearer. Cf. De Oj'. liorrzilz'lds to inward character. Thus I. 50,: optimE autem societds homirzum we say that one is faithful and upright [onifinctio'que servrioilur, :5 at quis in a trust committed to him, and also que erit canizinrlissimus flu in cum just and generous in the management benignifdlis plfirimum (inferéfun— of his own. —2. cupiditis, libidfi, IO- aliéni, strangers, never ‘aliens.’ audacia, passion, raprirz, lenzzrily. -rr. ipsa: emphatic by position, (R.) —3. constant-.15: see on cin— nature and nature only.— 14. nén slanli, §8. Sequzmlur depends on potest;: the common predicate of a appellandfis, hence the subjunctive. negative and a positive sentence, which For the meaning of the Stoic doc form a contrast, is generally repeated trine, that the life of virtue was the by Cicero, and if it be posse, always. life according to nature, oiwlto'yov/sé If the predicate is not repeated, min vws {fin 1i quiver, see Zeller’s Sloics, item is used. (Sorof.) LAELIUS 44 I est, quod ex infinita societate generis humani, quam concilia'tvit ipsa natura, ita contracta rés est et adducta in angustum, ut omnis caritas aut inter duos aut inter paucos iungerétur. VI. Est enim amicitia nihil aliud nisi omnium divinarurn humanarumque rérum cum benevolentii et cal-itate c6nsénsi6: qua quidem haud scio an ex cepti sapientia nihil melius homini sit a dis immor tilibus datum. divitias alii praeponunt, bonam alii

10 valétfidinem, alii potentiam, alii honorés, multi etiam voluptatés: bélufirum hoe quidem extrémum, illa autem superiora cadfica et incerta, posita non tam in consiliis nostris quam in fortfinae temeritate; qui autem in virtfite summum bonum ponunt, praeclaré IS illi quidem, sed haec ipsa virtfis amicitiam et gignit et continet, nec sine virtute amicitia esse 1—1116 pact?) potest. iam virtfitem ex consuétfidine vitae sermo 21 nisque nostri interpretémur nec earn, ut quidam docti, verborum magnificentia métiimur virosque bonos

I. quod. . . iungerétur, i.e. out emotion, and in some relations of of the undefined union of mankind, place, e.g. accompaniment—7. baud which nature has formed, friendship 9016 an =f0rlarre; hence, if the sen unites two, or at most but few, in the tence is negative, no'n, 1117117, or mil/u: closest bonds of affection. is to be supplied. It is used in Cicero 5. eat . . . cc‘msénsioz the com of what is probable, in later writers prehensive nature and strong affection also of what is not probable. (R.)— of friendship necessarily restrict its I I. extrémum, adjective, this last i: range. —6. divine-tram humani berlz'al; sc. ext. Some take exlrémum rumque réru‘m: an every-day ex as = extrémum bonum. —- I5. illT, i.e. pression of universality, like our ‘things the Academics, whose views Cicero in heaven and earth.’—cum bene adopted in the main; sc. fariunt.-— volentii et ciritfite: an adjective 16. esse, exist; cf. § 100. expression, kindly and aflem'anale. 19. virosque: que connects nu Prepositional phrases are joined with merimu: and inlerpretémur, passing nouns denoting action, feeling, and over me . . . mélizimur, which is equiv CHAPTER VI. '45

e65, qui habentur, numeremusy Paulos, Catonés, Galés, Scipionesy Philosz his communis vita con tenta est, eos autem omittamusy qui omnino nusquam reperiuntur. talis igitur inter viros amicitia tantas 22 opportunitate-es habet, quantas vix queo dicere prin cipio qui potest esse “ vita vitilis,” ut ait Ennius, quae- non in amici mutua benevolentia conquiéscit? quid dulcius quam habere quicum omnia audeas sic loqui ut técum? qui esset tantus fructus in prosperis m rébus, nisi habérés qui illis aeque ac tu ipse gaudéret? adversis vero ferre difficile esset sine e6 qui illas gravius etiam quam tu ferret. dénique céterae rés, quae expetuntur, opportfinae sunt singulae rébus feré singulisy divitiae ut utare, opés, ut colarey honorés, ut laudére, voluptfités, ut gaudeis, valetudo ut dolore careas et muneribus fungire corporisz amicitia res plurimas continet; quoquo te verteris praesto est, nulla loco excluditur, numquam intempestivay num quam molesta est; itaque non aqua non igniy ut iiunt, locis pluribus utimur quam amicitifi. neque

alent to min milimtés, completing the of Latin literature, and held in high meaning of z'nlerprelémur, almost like esteem for his poetry and for his ser an adverbial clause in English, ‘with vice in giving form and rhythm to the out measuring.’ — t. P311158: the language—8. quicumz see on gui plural in the sense of ‘men like rum, §2. —9. tantus, 1/1: greal. Paulus.’ . The English 'the’ with an adjective 5. opportfinititéa: the word often translates tan/u: and lot. -— appor/linilzix is ‘opportuneness,’ rather lo. aequa Etc: after words of simi than ‘opportunity.’ To say that friend larity and equality a: has the force of ship has opportuneness is equivalent quam by ellipsis. The full form would to saying that it shows the character be atquiy at [17 ipse nequé gaudiris, istics of opportuneness on many occa gaud?rel.--i 1. sine e6 = nisi is tneL sions. (R.)-—-6. Ennius: a Roman - l4. opem political influence.— poet, born at Raudiae, Calabria, 239 19. aqufi, non igniz an every-day 8.6. He was regarded as the father expression for the necessities of life.

46 LAELIUS

ego nunc dé vulgari aut dé mediocri, quae tamen ipsa et délectat et prodest, sed dé véri et perfecta loquor, qualis eorum, qui pauci nominantur, fuit; nam et secundas rés splendidiorés facit amicitia et adversas partiéns commfinicéinsque leviorés. VII. Cumque plfirimas et maximas commoditatés 23 amicitia contineat, tum illz'l nimirum praestat omnibus, quod bonam spem praelficet in posterum nec debili tari animos aut cadere patitur ; verum etiam amicum

IO qui intuétur, tamquam exemplar aliquod intuétur sui. quocirca et absentés adsunt et egentés abundant et imbécilli valent et, quod difficilius dictfi est, mortui vivunt: tantus e65 honos, memoria, désiderium pro sequitur amicorum; ex quo illorum beata mors vide 15 tur, h6rum vita laudabilis. quod si exémeris ex rérum natfira benevolentiae conifinctionem, nec domus filla

Cf. De 0f. I, 52—3. pauci: adjec statements as a preparation for a new tives, especially superlatives, to which one, as here, seeing that.—-ill€1, sc. a relative clause is annexed to show tommoditrite. Some regard it as nom the limitation of the adjectives, are inative.—omnibus is neuter : owni placed in the relative clause. This hus rebus (see on plerisque, §13). — attraction results from the lack of a 8. bonam spem praelficet : pme definite article. Trans. surh as was hirmda' spem 6., ‘holds up the light of that afthe few whose names are handed hope.’ (R.) — 11. absentés . . .vi down (cf. §15).—5. partiéns com vunt: the sentence seems to mean mi'micinsque: the former refers that absent friends are represented by more to division; the latter to shar those who are present; that the des ing. Cf. in peritulz's commfinicandis, titute and the weak enjoy and rest § 24. upon the resources of their prosper 6. cumque completes the thought ous friends, and that the dead are‘ introduced by pl'z'ntz'pifi. — 7. conti kept in remembrance by those who neat: the verb of the first of two loved them; but, as L. says, all this clauses connected by turn . . . tum is is very vague talk. Cf. Orat. pro sometimes put in the subjunctive to Mil. 97. -— 14. beita more . . . vita express a sort of comparison or rhetor laudibilis, chiasmus. Lauddbz'lis, ical contrast, mm meaning ‘while’ or praiseworthy in not forgetting de ‘though,’ or to gather up preceding ceased friends. — 16. benevolentiae : CHAPTER VII. 47

nec urbs stare poterit, né a.ng quidem cultus per manébit. id si minus intellegitur, quanta vis amici_ tiae concordiaeque sit, ex dissénsionibus atque ex discordiis perspici potest: quae enim domus tam sta~ bilis, quae tam firma civitfis est, quae non 0diis et discidiis funditus possit éverti? ex qu6 quantum boni sit in amicitia ifidiciri potest. Agrigentinum quidem 24 doctum quendam virum carminibus Graecis viticini tum ferunt, quae in rérum nitfiri t6t6que mund6

IO constirent quaeque movérentur, ea contrahere ami citiam, dissipare discordiam ; atque hoe quidem omnés mortalés et intellegunt et ré probant. itaque, si quandG/aliquod officium exstitit amici in periculis aut adeundis aut commfinicandis, quis est qui id min

subjective genitive, denoting source. he maintained that the associating -—2. id refers to the whole preced principle of the universe was ¢i)\6-rnr, ing thought, the power of friendship, firimdrllz'p, and the disturbing one taken up again in the clause quanta leixos, dismrd. Cf. Dryden’s Ode on . sit. — 3. dissénsionibus, vari St. Cecilia’s Day: anre. The plural of abstract nouns is “ From harmony, from heavenly harmony, often used for the singular where the This universal frame began,” etc. idea is conceived as applying to sev — 9. rérum nitfiri t6t6que mun eral persons. 65: the twofold expression of a gen 7. quidem: here, as often, guide": eral idea. As far as it can be separated, introduces a particular statement in rérum na'lfird refers to ‘the constitu support or illustration of a general one. tion of things,’ and 1070' mursz to —8. quendam virum: Empedo ‘their arrangement and combination cles, born about 485 B.c.—viticini into the general universe.’ — ll. 1160, tum: the miles was primarily one i.e. the principle that friendship ‘diviné quodam spiritfi inflatus’ (Pro strengthens and discord weakens.— Al'r/zz'a, 18), whose utterances were 12. re, their mmt'ud.-— I 3. exstitit, sometimes prophetic and sometimes has been :xlziM/ra’. This verb never frenzied; hence the verb occasion means to ‘exist,’ but ‘to come into ally means ‘to talk nonsense.’ The existence.’——I4. adeundis, sc. pr?) meaning here is, wrale in inspired amirfi. Adire perirulum is ‘to go .rtraim. Emperlocles wrote a work, out to meet danger;’ in this case, 1repl quiet-we, in three books, in which therefore, one meets the dangers in 48 LAELIUS

maximis efferat laudibus? qui clamorés toti cavea nfiper in hospitis et amici mei M. Pacuvii nova fibula! cum, ignorante rége fiter Orestés asset, Pyladés Ore stem sé esse diceret, ut pro i116 necarétur, Orestés autem, ita ut erat, Orestem sé esse persevéraret. stantés plaudébant in ré ficta: quid arbitramur in véra facturos fuisse? facile indicabat ipsa natfira vim suam, cum hominés, quod facere ipsi non possent, id recté fieri in a1ter6 iudicarent. ‘

IO Hactenus mihi videor dé amicitia quid sentirem pot uisse dicere: si qua praeterea sunt—créd6 autem esse multa, —ab iis, si vidébitur, qui ista disputant, quaeritote. ' me. Nos véro a té potius: quamquam etiam ab 25 istis saepe quaesivi et audivi non invitus equidem, sed aliud quoddam filum orationis tuae. Scaev. Tum magis id dicerés, Fanni, si nuper in

the place of his friends, in roimnfini ‘intense interest and excitement the randz—s he shares them.——-l. climé audience rose. — IO. potuisse: re rés, applause. — cavei: the semi calling his question quis . . .fatulta's, circular part of the theater for the in §I7, Laelius thinks that he has spectators, fitted with rows of seats been able to express his view, quid rising one above another. (Rams, smlirem, in simple terms, as distin p. 353.) -— 2. hospitis et amici, my guished from the speculations of the dear guest-friend. Pacuvius, whom philosophers, qui . . . diva/ant.— Cicero calls (1): Opt. Gen. 2) the 11. autem: we say and. greatest Latin tragic poet, ‘summum 14. n65: sc. gitael'émus: a verb tragimm,’ lived 220-132 B.C. He was in the indie. or subj. is not often sup a native of Brundisium, and never be plied from one in the imp.-—- 15. quae coming a Roman citizen, is spoken of sivi, sc. quid smtirent. — l6. filum, as haspes. See Cruttwell’s llistary of (hamster or firm. The metaphor, dif Roman Literature, pp. 62—64.—nov§ ferent from our expression ‘the thread fibula: probably the Dulorzstes. For of the discourse,’ is taken from spin the story, see Diet. Biog., s.v. Ores/es. ning, where the fineness or coarseness The réx was Thoas, King of the Tau of the thread determines the character ric Chersonese.—6. stiantés: in their of the web. Cf. Hor. Ep. II. t, 225, hortis Scipionis, cum CHAPTER est dé VIII. ré pfiblici disputitum,

adfuissés: qualis tum patronus ifistitiae fuit contra accfiritam orationem Phili! Fann. Facile id quidem fuit ifistitiam ifistissimo vir6 defendere. Scaezl. Quid amicitiam? n6nne facile ei, qui ob earn summa fidé, Constantia iflstitiaque servfitam maximam glériam céperit? VIII. Lael. Vim h6c quidem est adferre: quid 26

IO enim refert qua mé ratione cogatis? cogitis certé; studiis enim generorum, praesertim in ré bona, cum difficile est tum né aequum quidem obsistere. saepis simé igitur mihi dé amicitii c6gitanti maximé illud considerandum vidéri solet, fitrum propter imbécilli 15 tatem atque inopiam désiderita sit amicitia, ut dandis recipiendisque meritis, quod quisque minus per sé ipse posset, id acciperet ab a1i6 vicissimque redderet,

lenui dEdurta poimata filfi. — I. GE auxiliary clause or a passive, is indi :6 pfiblici: see § 14. In the first cated in Latin by position. Cf. Ter. book Fannius is represented as present, Ad. 943, mi vi: est luzer quidem.— but perhaps he did not take part in the X3. igitur: like the English ‘then,’ subsequent discussion.—2. patronus, igilur introduces a statement as a advocale. (Rams, p. 312.) —3. ac summary of what precedes, or a dis cfiritam, Polixfied. This adjective is cussion for which the preceding sen not applied to persons. As a rule tence gives the occasion.-—c§gitanti English words of Latin derivation do . . . solet, the more I nfizrl [be more I not properly translate the words from think. The participle marks relations which they come, as they were largely and circumstances often expressed in derived from the debased Latin of the English by subordinate propositions Middle Ages, when the classical mean with conjunctions—illud =165e, the ing had- in many cases been lost.— fillowing. —— I6. meritis = beneficiz's. 7. servfitam, far maintaining. The —quisque, regularly postpositive to participle often takes the place of our s? or mm, in relative or interrogative verbal noun. clauses is attracted to the relative or 9. vim, 1011], this is via/mu. Em interrogative pronoun.— I7. posset: phasis, which in English requires an in translating, supply a verb, like ‘do,’ DE AMICITIA -4 so LAELIUS an esset hoc quidem proprium amicitiae, sed anti quior et pulchrior et magis a natura ipsa profecta alia causaz amor enim, ex qu6 amicitia nominata est, princeps est ad benevolentiam coniungendam; nam fitilitzités quidem etiam ab iis percipiuntur saepe, qui simulatione amicitiae coluntur et observantur tempo 'ris causi; in amicitia autem nihil fictum est, nihil simulatumy et, quicquid est, id est vérum et volunta rium. quipropter a natura mihi vidétur potius quam

IO ab indigentia orta amicitia, adplicatione magis animi cum quodam sénsfi amandi quam cogitatione quan tum illa rés utilitatis esset habitfira. quod quidem quale sit etiam in bestiis quibusdam animadverti pot est, quae ex se natos ita amant ad quoddam tempus et ab eis ita amantur, ut facile earum sensus adpa reat: quod in homine multo est évidcntius, primum ex ea caritite, quae est inter natos et parentés, quae dirimi nisi detestabili scelere non potest, deinde cum which is not necessary in Latin. (R., ali/iiim may be. This distinction, vol. ii. 1094.).—2. magis . . . causa: however, is not always observed.— it is as nalural to make good our 10. adplicfitifine, abl. of means.— weakness by the aid of others as it is Il. quantum: an unusual construc to love, but Cicero means that affec tion of a clause depending upon a tion is a product of nature irrespective verbal noun. — 12. illa :65 = z'llua', of any hope of gain—5. ab infra/u the formation of friendship. —-quod 1/1011. —6. temporis causi, to suit . . . quile, Ill: nature of this princi ille ormsinn. .(R.) ple. For the construction, H. 510, 6 9. potius . . . magis: potius (453,3); M.453,1; A. zor,e; 6.610; means ‘better,’ ‘preferahle,’ and indi B. 25r, 7.—r6. quod (in): like the cates an exclusive comparison between preceding quad, this refers to the gen two alternatives; one is taken to the eral principle—I7. quae . . . quae: exclusion of the other; magix means the second qua: has for an antecedent ‘more,’ and indicates a certain degree airitzilei modified by the clause qua: of the quality in the objects compared: . . . parentis. — 18. deinde cum: a thus, indigenlia is not regarded as a conversational change from deinde ex ground of friendship, but rigilritifi :imih', corresponding to primum ex. CHAPTER VIII. SI

similis sénsus exstitit amoris, si aliquem nacti sumus, cfiius cum moribus et naturi congruamus, quod in e6 quasi lumen aliquod probitatis et virtfitis perspicere videamur. nihil est enim virtfite amabilius, nihi128 s quod magis adliciat ad diligendum, quippe cum pro pter virtfitem et probitatem etiam e65, quos numquam vidimus, quodam modo diligamus. quis est qui C. Fabricii, M’. Curii non curn caritate aliqua'benevola memoriam fisfirpet, quos numquam viderit? quis

IO autem est qui Tarquinium Superbum, qui Sp. Cas sium, Sp. Maelium non oderit? cum duobus ducibus dé imperit') in Italii est decertatum, Pyrrh6 et Hanni

Cdrilzile and amfirir have in this sen usual charge by which the aristocracy tence the same meaning—3. 11'1an justified their hostility to those whose is that which diffuses light (Ilium); popular views and measures made in a figurative sense, as shown here them dangerous to their order. — by quasi, everything which makes it 11. Sp. Maelium: a rich plebeian self distinguished in any respect-— who gained the hatred of the aris which sheds light—either glory or tocracy by distributing corn to the distinction, or beauty, or clearness of populace in a time of scarcity. He knowledge and of spirit, or hope was killed 439 B.C. by Ahala, master or joy. (Sey.) —perspicere videa of horse to the dictator Cincinnatus, mur = perspicidmur, ut w'de'mur. By on refusing to obey the summons to a carelessness of expression the verb appear before the dictator. There of saying or thinking is sometimes put seems to be no ground for the charge in the subjunctive instead of the thing that he aspired to be king. — 12. d5 said or thought. certatum eat: the impersonal use 9. iisfirpet, think upon; lit. ‘to of a neuter verb, to emphasize an take for one’s use.’-—viden't, con action rather than an agent, is com cessive subjunctive—lo. '1‘. Super mon where we use the general ‘we,’ bum: the last king of Rome, expelled or the cognate noun with some part 510 lac—Sp. Cassium (Viscelli of‘to be’ or ‘to have’; diverta‘re is nus): a patrician who incurred the to engage in a decisive struggle. -— hatred of his order by proposing, in Pyrrhé: Pyrrhus, King of Epirus, his third consulship, 486 B.c., an agra came to the assistance of Tarentum rian law. He was put to death on against Rome, 28o B.C., but was driven a charge of seeking kineg power. out 274 B.C. ——Hanniba1e: the great (Momm., vol. i. p. 363.) This was the leader of the Second Punic War. 52 LAELIUS

bale: ab alter6 propter probitatem éius non nimis aliénos animés habémus, alterum propter crfidéliti tem semper haec civitis 6derit. IX. Quod si tanta vis probitatis est, ut eam vel in 29 eis, quos numquam vidimus, vel, quod mfiius est, in hoste etiam diligimus, quid mirum est, si animi homi num moveantur, cum e6rum, quibuscum fisfi conifincti esse possunt, virtfitem et bonitatem perspicere vide antur? quamquam confirmatur amor et beneficié

IO accept?) et studio perspect6 et consuétfidine adiunctfi, quibus rebus ad illum primum m6tum animi et amoris adhibitis admirfibilis quaedam exirdéscit benevolen tiae magnitfido; quam si qui putant ab imbécillitite proficisci, ut sit per quem adsequatur quod quisque désideret, humilem sane relinquunt et minimé gene rosum, ut ita dicam, ortum amicitiae, quam ex inopii

There is no evidence to show that‘ tive refers the fact to the conception Hannibal was cruel above his time,| of those who wonder. —9. quam or that he ever failed to keep his quam, and yet. Laelius wishes to word; but the proud Romans could restrict the general statement that never forgive the man whose unaided the perception of moral excellence is genius brought them to the brink of the ground of friendship.—benefi destruction. The terror with which ci6 accepta, by rereiving a :erm're; he filled Rome is shown by the fact see on serZ/a'lam, §25.-— II. quibus that after the lapse of two centuries . adhibitis, and by adding l/zere, he was never spoken of except with' ablative absolute. — am6ris: this de such epithets as ‘ dz'rus,’ ‘ dfirus,’ fines mfilum animi, the impulse of the ‘abfimz'mitu:.’-—3. 6derit, future in heart, which is one of love. -— 12. ad dicative; above it is subjunctive. miribilis . . . mignitfidé, a won “ Dirus per urbés Kfer ut Ttalis derfully strong feeling of good will. Ceu fiamma per taedas vel Eurus The abstract noun frequently takes Per Siculis equitivit undis." the place of an adjective.—I4. per — Hor. 0d. IV. 4, 41—43. quem . . . decideret, lhraugh whom “ Perfidus Hannibal." — Ibz'a'. 49. earl: one may oétaz'n what he desires. 4. eat: the indicative of assumed See on quirque, §26.— I5. genera fact—6. si. ..moveantur, ifwe sup sum, bzlg/z-éorn; note the softening pose men are aflerled. The subjunc effect of at ita dimm.—- 16. quam CHAPTER IX. 53 atque indigentia natam volunt: quod si ita esset, ut quisque minimum esse in $6 arbitrarétur, ita ad amici tiam esset aptissimus, quod longé secus est. ut enim 30 quisque sibi plfirimum confidit et ut quisque maximé virtfite et sapientia sic mfinitus est, ut nfillo egeat suaque omnia in $6 ipso posita ifidicet, ita in amicitiis expetendis colendisque maximé excellit. quid enim? Africanus indigéns mei? minimé hercule! ac né ego quidem illius: sed ego admiratione quidam virtfitis

IO éius, ille vicissim opinione fortasse non nfilla, quam dé meis moribus-habébat, me diléxit; auxit benevo lentiam consuétfido. sed quamquam utilitatés multae et magnae consecfitae sunt, non sunt tamen ab earum spé causae diligendi profectae; ut enim benefici libe 31 15 ralésque sumus, non ut exigamus' gratiam—neque enim beneficium faeneramur,—sed nfitfira propensi ad liberalitatem sumus, sic amicitiam non spé merce dis adducti, sed quod omnis éius frfictus in ipso amore

. . . volunt: this clause repeats the 9. virtfitia denotes ‘virtue’ in the idea of quam . . . prqflez'sei, but with true Roman sense of ability and suc additional detail, as inopid and indi cess in public life, in opposition to gentizi denote the lack of advantages, mfirihus, the excellencies of private property, influence, etc., which springs character. — 10. éius, subjective gen from natural weakness or inefficiency. itive. — 12. multae et magnae: the — 1. quod. . . esset, i.e. that the conjunction is not omitted, as in Eng origin of friendship is a sense of want. lish, between two adjectives modifying —ut. . . aptissimus, the fewer re one noun, unless one qualifies the con sources one thinks he possesses, the better ception of the noun and the other fitted is he for friendship. Cf. §46, adjective together. and on optimi euique, § 13. 15. exigimus: used of calling in 7. quid enim? The omission of a loan when due; hence, ‘to demand the verb here and with ina’zlgéns gives as one’s right.’— 16. sed: an inde the force of an exclamation rather pendent affirmative clause with sed than an interrogation. How then! often follows min yua‘ or nfin at, in Aflieanus need me./-——8. né . . . stead of a relative clause with guia, quidem, and surely neither did 1.— ut, or 11?, corresponding to the clause 54 LAELIUS inest, expetendam putamus. ab his, quI pecudum ritfi 32 ad voluptatem omnia referunt, longé dissentiunt, nec mirum; nihil enim altum, nihil magnificum ac divi num suspicere possunt, qui suas omnis cogitationés abiécérunt in rem tam humilem tamque contemptam. quam ob rem hos quidem ab h6c sermone removea mus, ipsi autem intellegamus natfira gigni sénsum diligendi et benevolentiae cfiritatemy facta significa ti6ne probitatis: quam qui adpetivérunt, adplicant sé

IO et proprius admovent, ut et fisfi éius, quem diligere coepérunt, fruantur et moribus; sintque parés in amore et aequalés pr6pénsi6résque ad bene meren dum quam ad reposcendum, atQue haec inter e65 sit honesta certatio. sic et utilitatés ex amicitia maxi mae capientur et erit éius ortus a natfiri quam ab imbécillitate gravior et vérior; nam si utilitas amici tias conglfitinaret, eadem commutata dissolveret, sed quia natfira mutari non potest, idcirc6 vérae amicitiae with qua“ or 14!. B. and 0. include the II. B.-—IO. fisi'i = (finsuélzidine, ‘com clause sed . . . sumus in the paren panionship.’-—u. parés et aequi thesis. 165: the word aequdlirmeans', properly, I. his, time opinions, neuter; cf. ‘ even,’ or ‘on the same level’; par, p/érz'sque, § 13.-—qui . . . referunt, ‘having the same quantity or size’; i.e. t/ze Epz'rureans.—4. suspicere, but in their secondiry applications raise their t/zoug/zls Io; antithetic to the two words become convertible. aoiéeEru/zl, ‘rlegrade.’—5. contem (R.) - 13. haec = luiiui‘ re? (see on ptam, dexpimble. The perfect partici cam mentio‘nem, § 3), refers to ome ple has often the force of an adjective merendum, and is attracted to gender in bill's, expressing quality without ref of cerla'lifi.—l 5. ab imbécillitate = erence to time.—-7. ipsi: the contrast ouam :1" a. i. (met. — 16. gravior, is really between the different opin more war/11y of honor, because resting ions, but in form between the persons upon moral grounds.—vérior, more holding them.—9. quam quiz see genuine, real, because the friend is on quad qua—la, § 27. — adplicant . . . loved for himself, and not from exte admovent: figures taken from navi rior motives. (Sey.) —I7. conglfl gation and travel; see Lex., Ad'plico, tiniret : a favorite metaphor with CHAPTER X.

sempiternae sunt. ortum quidem amicitiae vidétis, nisi quid ad haec forte vultis. Fann. Tfi véro perge, Laeli; pro h6c enim, qui minor est natfi, me6 ifire respondeo. Scaev. Recté ti'i quidem: quam ob rem audiamus. 33 X. Lael. Audite véro, optimi viri, ea, quae saepis sime inter mé et Scipionem dé amicitia disserébantur: quamquam ille quidem nihil difficilius esse dicébat quam amicitiam usque ad extrémum vitae diem perma

10 nére; nam vel ut non idem expediret incidere saepe, vel ut (16 re publica non idem sentirétur; mutari etiam morés hominum saepe dicébat, alias adversis rébus, alias aetate ingravéscente. atque earum rérum exem plum ex similitfldine capiébat ineuntis aetatis, quod summi puerorum amorés saepe Lina cum praetexta toga ponerentur; sin autem ad aduléscentiam perdt'i- 34

Cicero. (Nag, p. 546.) In translat also, said he, the eharaeters of men ing, it is better to drop the figure. change. — 15. summi puerc'arum —4. ms?) fine: because he was amfirés: when a genitive and an older. adjective limit the same noun, the 6. optimi: the word has a po genitive stands next the noun, and litical reference, indicating that the the adjective modifies the conception young men belonged to the aristoc of the noun and genitive taken to racy. — 8. quamquam, corrective gether. Here puerfirum amo'rum (see on this word, § 29), showing that means boyfriends-hips, which are char Laelius’s view of the enduring char acterized as summi.— I6. paneren acter of friendship differed somewhat tur, are laid aside 0r changed. from that of Scipio.— 10. expediret, 16. aduléscentiam: the periods heneficial; sc. utrique.—-—saepe modi of life were infantia, puerz'tia, adu fies mutriri, and is placed near the end léseentia, iur/entiis, seneelzis, but, as of the clause because it is explained with us, they had no definite limits. by alids . . . alids. —— l2. dicébat: a Adu/éseentia was from about fourteen verb of saying is often repeated, as to twenty-five. —perdfixissent, sc. in English, when some additional or pueri ama'rés; amrirés is probably the explanatory statement is made which subject of dirimi, and of labefartdri the reporter wishes to give distinctly in the next sentence, though some as the opinion of the original speaker; supply efis, but lahefnrtzire is rarely 56 LAELIUS

xissent, dirimi tamen interdum contentione vel ux6riae condicionis vel commodi alicfiius, quod idem adipisci fiterque non posset. quod si qui longius in amicitia provecti essent, tamen saepe labefactari, si in hon6ris

(1‘! contentionem incidissent ; pestem enim nfillam mais rem esse amicitiis quam in plérisqup pecfiniae cupi ditatem, in optimis quibusque honoris certamen et gloriae, ex qu6 inimicitias maximis saepe inter amicis simos exstitisse. magna etiam discidia et plérumque 35

IO ifista nasci, cum aliquid ab amicis, quod réctum n6n esset, postulfirétur, ut aut libidinis ministri aut adifi torés essent ad iniuriam, quod qui reci'isarent, quamvis honesté id facerent, ius tamen amicitiae déserere arguerentur ab iis, quibus obsequi nollent; illos 15 autem, qui quidvis ab amic6 audérent postulate, po stulatione ipsa profitéri omnia sé amici causa esse factfiros; e6rum querelli inveterata non modo fami

used of persons.—-2. condicionis: infirmity of noble minds.”—ex qufi this word may itself mean ‘marriage,’ = nam ex e6; hence followed by in but when the context is not decisive, it finitive. is defined by an adjective. Cf. Much 9. plérumque ifista, generally Ado aboul [Vol/ling, Act II. Scene IL: juslifiaole, i.e. on the part of those “ Friendship is constant in all other things who refuse to accede to wrong re Save in the office and the affairs of love." quests; but in §6l a certain degree — 2. aliciiius = aliu: (ziiur, ‘ some of acquiescence in wrong is allowed other,’ the general following the spe by friendship. — 12. ad inifiriam, cial.—quod, because—4. honéris, instead of a genitive with arlz'iZ/o‘rér; poliliml preferment. [Joni/'2: regu odim/zz're and aa'izimentum take a larly means the ofiicial rewards of similar construction of the thing for public life—7. quibusque: the plu which the assistance is given.-—quod: ral of guisque, which is seldom found the antecedent is aliquid quad . . . with superlatives, except in the neuter, esset, the intervening clause, ut . . . follows the same rule as the plurals of iniziriam, being epexegetic and par iiterque, etc., which are used of two enthetical. Some prefer to consider pluralities. Here it means a pair of quod a conjunction.—— I4. argueren friends—8. glériae, fame, “the last W: the impersonal construction with CHAPTER XI. 57 lifiritités exstingui solére, sed odia etiam gigni sempi terna: haec ita multa quasi fita impendére amicitiis, ut omnia subterfugere non modo sapientiae, sed etiam félicititis diceret sibi vidéri. XI. Quam ob rem id primum videimus, si placet, 36 quitenus amor in amicitii progredi débeat. numne, si Coriolinus habuit amicos, ferre contra patriam arma illi cum Coriolfino débuérunt? num Viscellinum amici régnum adpetentem, num Maelium débuérunt iuvare?

10 Tibérium quidem Gracchum rem pfiblicam vexantem 37 5 Tfiberone aequilibusque amicis dérelictum vidé bimus. at C. Blossius Cfimanus, hospes familiae ve

the infinitive is more common. For a statesman attempting to avert the argurre, see D.—3. subterfugere evils impending over his country from continues the figure of impendére, ‘to the accumulation of the wealth of the escape from an overhanging danger.’ state in the hands of a single class, —- 4. diceret: see on perspicere and the consequent pauperization of videa'mur, § 27. the great body of the citizens. “His 6. numne: a form rarely found, motives were the purest, and he suf perhaps only here and in 0: Dear. fered the death of a martyr in the Nat. I. 31, 88. The negative is in noblest cause that a statesman can creased by the enclitic.—7. Corio embrace, the protection of the poor linua: a brave aristocrat who derived and the oppressed.” (Schmitz, in his surname from the storming of Diet. Biog.) For a somewhat differ. Corioli. Observe that the position of ent estimate, see Momm., vol. iii. pp. rantrd palrz’am arma sharpens the 111-126, and Beasley’s Grarrln', [lla contrast, and that the repetition of rius, and Sulla.— n. Tuberone: Carialdno', instead of :6, implies ‘even nephew of Africanus Minor, fellow though their friend was Coriolanus.’ tribune and opponent of Tib. Grac —-8. Viscellinum . . . Maelium: chus, I33 B.C., and praetor, 123 B.C. see on §28.—9. debuérunt iuvire, -—amicis, who were 112': friends, ap aug/zl to have helped? Observe how positive of aegudlibux.——dérelictum, the idioms differ in the two lan :ntirrly left, like dipugndrz, dézerldre, guages. etc., the d? having the meaning of 10. rem pfiblieam vexantem: ‘formally’ or ‘completely.’ — 12. C. this is the view of the aristocracy uni Blossius: a Greek from Cumae, ad formly adopted by Cicero, but the viser of Gracchus, and under the measures of Gracehus were those of patronage of Scaevola. Every pere 58 LAELIUS

strae, Scaevola, cum ad me, quod aderam Laenati et Rupilié consulibus in consilic'), déprecatum vénisset, hanc ut sibi ignoscerem causam adferébat, quod tanti Ti. Gracchum fecisset, ut quicquid ille vellet sibi faci endum putaret. tum ego “etiamne,” inquam “si té in Capitolium faces ferre vellet?” “numquam” in quit “ voluisset id quidem, sed, si voluisset, paruissem.” vidétis quam néfaria v6x! et hercule ita fécit, vel plus etiam quam dixit; n6n enim paruit ille Ti. Gracchi Io temeritati, sed praefuit, nec sé comitem illius furoris, \ grinus coming to do business at Rome following imperfects are allowed be was obliged to put himself under the cause they denote actions continuing protection of a citizen, :m' quasi pa— during his life, which had been called trfinfi se' adpliaiuit, bearing a relation, to mind by feeisset. — 5. etiamne, sc. called liospitium, and analogous to lio'e putarEs?—7. si voluisset: by that of clientés. (Rams, pp. 85, 86. some editors this is taken as a ques -—r. quod . . . in cfmsilié, oeeause tion of Laelius, to which pdruissem is I rommonly sat in council with the the reply. Plutarch says (oil. on. tonsuls. (L. and R.) The senate was Gran/z. IV. p. 529) that Blossius the standing council, (finsilium, of the added: “ For he never would have consuls, but in cases of peculiar diffi commanded it if it had not been for culty they called to their assistance the people’s good.” -—8. quam néfa leading lawyers and statesmen. Adesse fla v6x: usually taken as an inter has the technical meaning of ‘to give jection with est supplied, while via/Eli: legal advice.’—2. déprecitum: the is used absolutely; but it is better to supine in um, denoting purpose, is supply sit, and make it depend di construed with verbs as an accusative rectly upon vidétis as an object. Lae of the end of motion.—3. tanti: an lius, the aristocrat, does not see that old locative, used to express valuation. Blossius’s answer was not a testimony (R., vol. ii. pp. lvii—lxi.) -—4. féois to his friendship merely, but to his set: it is important to distinguish confidence in the purity of Gracchus’s between the uses of quad with the motives, and the wisdom of the meas indicative and subjunctive; by the ures he had inaugurated. -—hercule indicative is given the speaker’s own (or melzerrule): the common form of judgment of a fact, by the subjunctive asseveration, shortened from ila m5 another’s judgment irrespective of fact. Hertules adiu-oet. — ro. temerltiti, The pluperfect is necessary here, be infatuation. — illius, subjective geni cause Gracchus was dead; but the tive, limitiugfuroris; cf. Eius, §30.— CHAPTER XI. S9 sed ducem praebuit. itaque hac imentii quaestione nova perterritus in Asiam profugit, ad hostis sé con tulit, poenis rei pfiblicae gravis iustasque persolvit. nfilla est igitur excusatio pecciti, si amici causi pec 5 caveris ; nam, cum conciliatrix amicitiae virtfitis opinio ' fuerit, difficile est amicitiam manére, si 5. virtfite défé ceris. quod si réctum statuerimus vel concédere 38 amicis quicquid velint vel impetrire ab iis quicquid velimus, perfecta't quidem sapientii si simus, nihil

IO habeat rés vitii, sed loquimur dé iis amicis, qui ante oculos sunt, qu6s vidimus aut dé quibus memoriam accépimus, quos novit vita communis: ex b6c numero nobis exempla sfimenda sunt, et e6rum quidem maximé, qui ad sapientiam proximé accédunt. vidé- 39 15 mus Pfipum Aemilium Luscinc') familiirem fuisse—

I. ducem praebuit: Laelius does lowed him to do.—4. peccaveris, not mean that Blossius was really the future perfect for the English present. leader of Gracchus, but that in his —5. virtfitis opinié, i.e. another’s passionate devotion he carried Grac belief in your virtue. Cf. § 98. chus’s slightest hint farther than Grac 9. 5i simus: some Mss. have chus intended.—-5menti§, in 1111': 5172qu xi; but two protases are not mad rtale, ablative of cause—quam; infrequent when one is subordinate to tic-me nbvi: a special investigation the other. The subordination of the into the acts of the Gracchan party second is here marked by quidem. was ordered I32 B.C. For the method, Cf. the use of relatives, §§ I3 and 27. see Rams, p. 289. The hasty and — 12. hoe numerfi = llfirum nu irregular character of Blossius’s ac mzrfi. Cf. on mmtifinem, §3.— tion is indicated by the asyndeton. 14. sapientiam, i.e. such as de —3. poenis . . . persolvit.: the scribed in §§ i8 and r9, by which punishment is represented as a debt men live in accord with nature. due the state, hence paid, perm/vii, 15. Pipum Aemilium: consul to it. Blossius had fled to Aristoni 282 B.C., when he conquered the cus, a claimant to the throne of Per Etrusci and the Boii, also 278 B.C.', gamus, in Asia; but, on the defeat of censor 275 B.C. The family name, Aristonicus by the Romans, I30 B.C., Pa'pum, omitted by 3., usually follows he Committed suicide, which the Stoic the name of the gens. —Luscin6, ' philosophy, which he professed, al sc. dericio‘; see § 18. Familia'ris, 60 LAELIUS sic a patribus accépimus, -~bis fina consulés, conlégfis in cénsfira; tum et cum iis et inter sé conifinctissimos fuisse M'. Curium, Ti. Coruncanium memoriae pro ditum est : igitur né suspicari quidem possumus quem quam horum ab amic6 quippiam contendisse, quod contra fidem, contra ifis iurandum, contra rem publi cam esset. nam hoc quidem in talibus viris quid attinet dicere, si contendisset, impetratfirum non fuisse? cum illi sanctissimi viri fuerint, aequé autem

IO nefas sit tale aliquid et facere rogatum et rogare. at vér6 Ti. Gracchum sequébantur C. Carbo, C. Cato,

used adjectively, takes a dative; used -- 10. at; 116:6: Laelius intends to substantively, takes a genitive. — imply that Carbo and Cato, in follow I. patribus = maifirious,‘ Patrés is ing Gracchus, did not show a friend commonly used only of parents and ship like that just mentioned.—- I I. C. grandparents, and d patribus aeripere (Papirius) Carbo: an able but un refers to oral tradition in distinction principled follower of Gracchus, and from memoriae prodz', written reports. one of the commissioners for carrying — 2. tum = a'einde, 'secondly.’ — out his agrarian law. He was praetor 4. igitur seldom stands first in Cicero, 131 B.C., when he introduced the cus but often in Sallust.—quemquam: tom of voting by ballot in the romilia note the difference of meaning from on the enactment or repeal of laws; that of quippiam. H. 513 (456, 457); and also introduced a bill, which was M. 84, 3; 41; A. 105,d,}1; G. 107, 3; defeated by the opposition of Scipio, B. 252, 4; L. 2402, 2388.—5. ab “allowing the reelection of the same amict'a. . . contendisse, e-oer pressed tribune as often as the plebs wished.” a demand upon lzis fi‘iend for anything. He became consul 120 B.c., and at An ut clause or an infinitive is more tempted to join the aristocratic party, common with tonlendere.—-8. 11511: but they would not receive him. The the adverb, by its position between the next year he was accused on some participle and the'auxiliary, is incor unknown charge by C. Licinius Cras porated, as it were, into the verb, and, sus, and committed suicide to escape as in English, gains emphasis thereby. condemnation. Cicero (Brutus 103 f.) — 9. Binctissimi, the purest ofmen; calls him summus irritfir, and says: srinttus is used primarily of one who llabémus 6rdtio'ne's nondum satis splen is devoted to the service of the gods, didri: verbis, sed anilds prudentiaeque and secondly of one who has a pure plenissfmds and est in mulls—s iudiciis and saintly spirit. See D., s. bonus. causisque cognitus. — C. (Porcius) CHAPTER XII. 61 et minimé tum quidem Gaius frater, nunc idem acer rimus. XII. Haec igitur léx in amicitia sanciatur, ut neque 40 rogémus rés turpis nec faciimus rogati; turpis enim excfisatio est et minimé accipienda cum in céteris peccitis, tum si quis contra rem pfiblicam sé amici causa fécisse fateatur. etenim e6 loco, Fanni et Scaevola, lociti sumus, ut nos longé prospicere opor teat futfiros cisus rei publicae: déflexit iam aliquan

IO tulum dé spati6 curriculoque consuétfido maiorum. Ti. Gracchus régnum occupare conatus est, vel ré 41 gnivit is quidem paucos ménsés: num quid simile populus Roma—mus audierat aut viderat? hunc etiam

Cat-.6 (medial-fix firdlfir, Cic. Brulu: which was not true. See Mad, Opuu. 108): grandson of the censor Cato and 2, 281. of L. Aemilius Paulus Macedonicus, 4. turpis, objective with r25, things consul 1 14 B.C., and afterward a legate which we should not ask, because they in the Jugurthan war, when he was are bad in themselves; subjective with corrupted by the king.-—l. et: the excisitio', an excuse which shows base third member of a series is not intro ness on the part of him who gives it. duced by at unless e! is also used be —7. etenim introduces a digression tween the first and second members; on politics extending to praeu‘pz'm but as the relations of a brother are dum est, in §42. Elmim is used not difi'erent from those of friends, C. so much to confirm preceding state Carbfi, C. Cali form a single member ments as to advance the general argu to be joined with Gdius.—m1nimé, ment, and has almost the same force sc. Ema—nunc, i.e. 129 B.c., the as parrfi, praeterrd. See Mad., D: reported date of the conversation.— Fin. 1, r, 3.—8. n65, sc. optimi/Es. acen'imus: C. Gracchus was one of -—10. spatic': curn'culfique: Wm? the commissioners under the agrarian has reference to the ground occupied, law of his brother, which in his own extension; :urriru‘lfi, to the track, di tribuneship he revived, and was the rection; but Cicero doubtless uses the earnest and eloquent advocate of Car terms here with but slight, if any, dis bo’s law for the reelection of tribunes. tinction; see onfia’és, § 19. Metaphors Some editors supply :eque'bdtur with from the race-course are very common. minim? and :equilur in the last clause, 11. vel, corrective, or ralfier. — but this makes Cicero assert that Gaius 12. quidem: like ipse (see 11. §5), did not support his brother’s measures, guz‘drm is often joined to the subject 62 LAELIUS post mortem secuti amici et propinqui quid in P. Sci

pi6ne effécerint sine lacrimis non que6 dicere. nam Carbonem, quocumque modo potuimus, propter recen tem poenam Ti. Gracchi sustinuimus; dé C. Gracchi 5 autem tribunatfi quid exspectem non lubet augurari: serpit deinde rés, quae proclivius ad perniciem, cum semel coepit, labitur. vidétis in tabella iam ante

when it really modifies the predicate. archy. I prefer, with R., “ to take It is best translated by the auxiliary the remark serpit . . . labilur as per ‘ did,’ or rather he did become a king. fectly general in scope, and as intended — r. P. Scipic'me (Nfisica): he to give the reason why Laelius dreaded was the murderer of Tib. Gracchus, to think of the future course of C. and on this account became such an Gracchus. Deinde is here used pro object of hatred to the plebs that the lepti/ally, i.e. it presupposes semel, senate thought best to withdraw him which comes soon after. Translate: from their fury by sending him on a ‘affairs soon move on, for they glide pretended mission to Asia, where he readily down the path of ruin when died soon after.— 2. 11611 quefi: ante they have taken a start.’ ” The Cicero does not use nequeo, though following, vidétis . . . Cassiri, affords he does use other forms of nequire. an example—7. coepit, sc. labi; cf. -—nam: nam often introduces the Livy, PraefI 9: lrihente deinde pan/(Z reason for making a statement instead tim disciplind uelut disidentis primo of the reason for the fact: ‘ I say this, mfiris sequdtur animfi, deinde ut ma for.’ The fact that the senate had gis magisque ldpsz' sint, tum ire toepe to bear with Carbo made it all the rint praeez'pitEs.—in tabelli, in the harder to send Scipio away.— 5. tri matter of the ballot. Cicero had changed bi'lnitfi: the tribuneship of Gaius his opinion since his speech against Gracchus did not occur till 123 B.c., Rullus, 63 B.C., when he called the six years after this conversation; but, ballot vindicem tatitae libertritis (II. as he had already shown marked 2, 4). The [Ex Gabinia, which author ability and aggressiveness, Cicero puts ized the ballot in voting for magis into the mouth of Laelius forebodings trates, was passed I 39 B.C.; the léx drawn from his own subsequent knowl Cassia, extending its use to public edge—6. deinde: a word of difficult trials before the Comitia, 137 3.0.; explanation. Sey. and L. refer it to and the 12x Papiria (see on Carhfi, defiexit . . . e5nsuEtudfi Indifirum, as §39), r31 B.c.—-iam ante, i.e. before introducing the second point of de Carbo’s tribuneship. The two preced generacy, i.e. rEs, the proposition to ing sentences are parenthetical. Lae introduce the ballot, the first being lius does not mention the lex Papiria, Gracchus’s attempt to establish a mon becauSe he had just referred in gen CHAPTER XII. 63

quanta sit facta labés, prim6 Gabinii lege, bienni6_ autem post Cassia: vidére iam videor populum a senatfi disifinctum, multitfidinis arbitri6 rés maximas agi ; plurés enim discent, quem ad modum haec fiant, quam quem ad modum his resistatur. quorsum haec? 42 quia sine sociis ném6 quicquam tale conatur. prae cipiendum est igitur bonis ut, _si in éius modi amici tias ignari casu aliqu6 inciderint, né existiment ita sé' adligatos, ut ab amicis in magma aliqua ré publica

10 peccantibus non discédant, improbis autem poena sta tuenda est, nee vérc') minor iis, qui secfiti erunt alte rum, quam iis, qui ipsi fuerint impietatis ducés. quis clarior in Graecia Themistocle? quis potentior? qui cum imperath bell?) Persic6 servitfite Graeciam libera visset propterque invidiam in exsilium expulsus esset, ingratae patriae inifiriam n6n tulit, quam ferre débuit: eral to the acts of Carbo, which in without ul, but at n? is commonly used cluded this lex, and which were fresh when a general purpose is announced, in the minds of his hearers, but men to which a negative turn is given. tions only the two preceding leges Often a clause intervenes between ul which had prepared the way for that and ne.--9. in magma aliqui r6 of Carbo. In the next sentence iam pfiblici, in mm: imporlanl pub/it refers to the time of the conversation, matter: improbis, like bani: above, and indicates the results of these has a political reference, the common popular measures. — 3. multitfidi people as distinguished from the aris nis, populus, used to avoid the repe tocracy.— 11. seefiti erunt: note the tition of populi, yet suggesting that exact use of the Latin future perfect the secret power of many opened the where we loosely use the present or the door for demagogism. past tense. — alterum: in expressing 5. quarsum haec, sc. disputi— general relations aller is used like the 7. éius modi, genitive of quality English ‘another.’— 14. imperitor: used like an indeclinable adjective. Eurybiades, the Spartan, had the gen —8. igniri 0551—1 alitu, zlgnorantly eral command, but the victories at or aacz'dmlally; conjunction omitted Artemisium and Salamis, which saved because the latter partly explains the Greece from permanent subjection to first.-—né: this is used by Cicero to ex the Persians, were due to the exertions press negative purpose both with and of Themistocles. —- 15. invidiam, un 64 LAELIUS

fécit idem quod viginti annis ante apud nos fecerat Coriolinus. his adiutor contra patriam inventus est némc'); itaque mortem sibi uterque c6nscivit. qua ré 43 talis improborum consensio non modo excusatione . amicitiae tegenda non est, sed potius supplicia omni vindicanda est, ut ne quis concessum putet amicum vel bellum patriae inferentem sequiz quod quidem, ut res ire coepit, haud scio an aliquando futurum sit; mihi autem non minori curae est, qualis rés publica m post mortem meam futural quam qualis hodie sit. XIII. Haec igitur prima léx amicitiae sanciitur, ut ab amicis honesta petémus, amicorum causa honesta faciimus, ne exspectamus quidemy dum rogémur, stu dium semper adsit, cunctatio absit, c6nsilium vérum dare audeamus libera plurimum in amicitia amico rum bene suadentium valeat auctorités, eaque et adhibeatur ad monendum non modo aperté, sed etiam écriter, si rés postulabity et adhibitae pareatun popularity—I. facit idem, i.e. ad future as for the present welfare of the hos/ix si mntulit. Cicero thus places state, I urge those views and measures the expulsion of Coriolanus 491 B.C.; which would prevent associations of but for the truth of the story, which men injurious to it.’——10. futfira, is forms the basis of one of Shakespeare's going ta h; the periphrastic is always plays, see Momm., vol. i. p. 360, and used to express what i: ta be, in dis Sir G. C. Lewis 0n the credi/lilia of tinction from simple futurity. Early Roman Histary, vol. ii. ch. xii. 11. igitur: resumes § 40 with the §§ 22, 23.—3. itaque: aqu flu, addition of prx-mm like the English ‘and so it came about.’—mortem ‘then’ or ‘ I say.’ See on igilur, § 26. . conscivit z the stories are —prima 15:, a: ille principal law, quite contradictory. See Plut., vol. i. predicate. __ 14. vérum: instead of 266, Nepos, Tlmn. lo, 4, and Cicero, viri (B. and 0., and most editors), Brutus 43. but the asyndeton in the other clauses 4. tilis: such as would bring evil strongly favors virum, and the sense upon one’s self.—9. mihil etc. The is fortified by :zZz'u: . . . déxpiranda est, connection is, ‘As things are going, § 90,—18. adhibitae, unxit/tm should and because I am as anxious for the befillawed. A preceding verb is often CHAPTER XIII. 65

nam quibusdam, quos audio sapientis habitos in Grae 45 ciz't, placuisse opinor mirabilia quaedam—sed nihil est, quod illi non persequantur argutiisz—partirn fugi endas esse nimias amicitias, né necesse sit finum sollicitum esse pro plfiribus; satis superque esse sibi suarum euique rérum, aliénis nimis implicari molestum esse; commodissimum esse quam laxissimas habénas habére amicitiae, quis vel addficas cum velis vel remittas; caput enim esse ad beaté vivendum SéCII

10 ritatem, qua frui non possit animus, si tamquam par turiat unus p16 pluribus. alios autem dicere aiunt 46 mult6 etiam inhumanius —- quem locum breviter paulo ante perstrinxi—praesidii adiumentique causa, non benevolentiae neque caritatis, amicitias esse expeten 15 dis; itaque, ut quisque minimum firmitatis habéret repeated in its perfect participle, where 6. aliénis is ablative of means. -— we say ‘then ’ or ‘afterward.’ 9. sécfirita'ttem: by this word Cicero 1. 11am gives support to the pre translates ewwtla, cheerfulnesr, of De ceding statements by introducing refu mocritus; dwdfieia, absent: ofemnlian, tation of the false views that are taken of the Stoies; and 1'16011'6, ery'nyment, of friendship. See on now, §41.— of Epicurus. (Sey.) It means here 2. miribilia quaedam = rapdooEa; ‘freedom from anxiety.’ Cf. Tum see on quid/1m, §'6.—3. partim is Dixp. V. I4, 42: xirfirildlem aulem logically a partitive appositive to qui num- adpellfi vamila'lem aegv'itfidz'm': éusdnm, and finds its correlative in in qud w'la befita pasila (XL-10. qui alifis, below; one of the many anaco . . . possit: this clause is logically lutha by which Cicero endeavors to independent, and might have em preserve the conversational character ployed the infinitive. See on qua: of the treatise. The reference is to . . . fuissel, §88. the Epicureans. —4. nimiz'is, loo inti 11. alios: the Cyrenaics.— 13. ante, male. Editors remark the resemblance see §26.—14. expetendis: expel”: between this passage and one in Eu is to seek from an intelligent choice; ripides, Hz'ppolytus, ll. 253-263: Xpilv adpztere, instinctively or blindly; cf. 761p ita-plus sis dMnfihovs. duMas, etc. adprlenlius, § 50. —- 15. habéret: the ——5. plfiribus, for more than one, present would regularly have followed i.e. himself.—sibi is pleonastic with dicerz, as "mm erset would have fol ruique, like ‘ own ’ with possessives. -— lowed plazuirre in §45. Sey. explains DE AMlClTIA—s 66 LAELIUS minimumque virium, ita amicitiis adpetere maximé: ex e6 iieri ut mulierculae magis amicitiarum praesidia quaerant quam viri et inopés quam opulenti et calami tosi quam ii, qui putantur beati 6 praeclfiram sapi 47 entiam! solem enim é mundo tollere videntur qui amicitiam é vita tollunt, qua nihil a dis immortalibus melius habémus, nihil iucundius quae est enim ista sécfiritis? specié quidem blanda, sed reipse multis locis repudianda ; neque enim est consentaneum illam

10 honestam rem'actionemve, ne sollicitus sis, aut non suscipere aut susceptam dépénere. quod si curam fugimus, virtus fugienda est, quae necesse est cum aliqua cura rés sibi contrariis éspernétur atque oderit, ut bonités malitiam, temperantia libidinem, ignaviam fortitudo itaque videas rébus inifistis iustos maxime dolére, imbellibus fortis, flfigitiosis modestos ergo hoc proprium est animi bene constituti, et laetari bonis rébus et dolere contrariis quam ob rem, si 48 cadit in sapientem animi dolor, qui profecto cadit,

by saying that dicere is equivalent to marriage alliance. Rams, pp. 252 dixz'sxe, the preSent being used be and 423, repudium. — reapse : ri cause the statements are still found . ipsi-multis locis, for many in their works; but that does not ex reaxonr. -— l4. igniviam torum-iam plain the preSent yuaeranl. It is one chiasmus, as often in a series.— of those violations of rule that every 16. fligitiésie: the flfig‘ill'firux was living language allows to the subtle one alius w'lae rui/a turpz'lfidz'nz's changes in the thought of the speaker. infista est.—erg6 sums up the answer ' See Mad., De Fin. III. 67.—4. pu to qua: . . . séairz'tzis? This mmi tanturz some read pulmlur. The his cannot be obtained, for the same former refers the words to Laelius, argument which leads us to avoid the latter to alirir. friendship also leads us to avoid 7. quae almost = yuan/i, ‘ of what virtue, the practice of which, with worth?’ 8. specié, ablative its delight in good and grief at evil, of specification. — blanda, enticing. is characteristic of a well-ordered The figure is of a maiden seeking a mind. CHAPTER XIV. 67

nisi ex éius anim6 exstirpatam humanitatem arbitra mur, quae causa est cur amicitiam funditus tollamus é vita, né aliquas propter earn suscipiamus molestias? quid enim interest motu animi sublato non dic6 inter pecudem et hominem, sed inter hominem et truncum aut saxum aut quidvis generis éiusdem? neque enim sunt isti audiendi, qui virtutem duram et quasi ferream esse quandam volunt: quae quidem est cum multis in rébus tum in amicitia tenera atque tractabilis, ut ct

IO bonis amici quasi diffundatur ct incommodis contra hatur. quam 0b rem angor iste, qui pro amico saepe capiendus est, non tantum valet, ut tollat é vita amici tiam, non plus quam ut virtutés, quia non nullas curas et molestias adferunt, repudientur.

15‘ XIV. Cum autem contrahat amicitiam, ut supra dixi, si qua significatio virtfitis élficeat, ad quam sé similis animus adplicet et adiungat, id cum contigit,

I. huminitfitem, the milk of/lu impressions. —- 10. diffundfitur, sc. 1mm kindners.— 3. aliquis : how dif quis. — 13. n6n plfis: except in the ferent from qui: or 17116:? H. 512 f. colloquial phrase ‘no . . . no more (455. 457); M- 84, 2, 4, 459; A- 202,11, than,’ we do not repeat the negative, 6; (3-107; Mm 493, 494; B152,1, but say ‘any more than.’ P117: means 2, 4; L. 2390, 2402—4. non 6506, ‘iu a greater degree.’ The sentence [do not my. The object is the rest is irregular for no'n p117: quam [171112 of the sentence.—5. pecudem, with rt moles/int, quis virtfitis adfirunl, out reason; truncum, without feel valent ut w'rtfitér repudimtur. ing; saxum, motionless and lifeless. 15. contrahat: the subject is :i (Lah.) Note the chiasmus. Cf. Hom. . . . Elfireat; the whole thought is re Odys. XIX. I63: 01’! 731;: dare 6pvbs peated in id. Translate by the passive. éa'dt wahatrpd'rov, 01’15' d1rb 1mm.— ~supri: cf. §§ 27, 29, 32; suprd 6. neque enim, following the implied strictly applies to writing, and ant: inference of the preceding question.— to speech. Cf. §46. — 17. id cum 7. isti, the Stoics.-——9. tenera atque contigit: the perfect is often used, tractabilis, gm!!! and easy to be m where we use the present, in subordi trmled. Tamra is opposed to dziram, nate propositions after indefinite rela trdttzibili: to ferream, as iron resists tive expressions, to denote time, place, 68 LAELIUS

amor exoriatur necesse est. quid enim tam absurdum 49 quam délectari multis inanibus rébus, ut honore, ut glorii, ut aedificio, ut vestitfi cultfique corporis, ani mante virtute praedito, e6 qui vel amare vel, ut ita dicam, redamare possit, n6n admodum délectari? nihil est enim remuneratione benevolentiae, nihil vi cissitfidine studiorum officiorumque iucundius. quid? 50 si illud etiam addimus, quod recté addi potest, nihil esse quod ad sé rem fillam tam inliciat et tam trahat

IO quam ad amicitiam similitfido, concédétur profect6 vérum esse, ut bonos boni diligant adsciscantque sibi quasi propinquitate coniunctos atque nature—1; nihil est enim adpetentius similium sui nec rapicius quam natura. quam 0b rem h6c quidem, Fanni et Scae 15 vola, constet, ut opinor, bonis inter b0n6s quasi neces- , sariam benevolentiam, qui est amicitiae tons a nazara con stitutus. sed eadem bonitas etiam ad multitfidi

or condition—I. exoditur: the fig 7. studifirum, personal nj'nlion, the ure is of the rising sun, continuing striving for another in which qfliu'a 51420121. have their source. (Sey.) 3. cultfi: the care of the body 10. aimilitfidc'), for :imililfid'z'nem, which tends to its beauty and adorn attracted by quad, from the accusative ment.—4. 66 qui, one that; it qui which regularly occurs with qua/u fol ‘ serves for additional definition; it, qui lowing an infinitive—I I. diligant, see calls attention to something of another on ut . . . adpareal, § 68. — l3. adpe< character.— 5. redamare: the coin tentius, used of the desire, rapicius ing of a word to imitate dwupzkei‘v is of the act. Present participles that excused by ul ila dimm. (Lah.) Re denote quality in general, and not a dalmire does not occur again till late definite action or relation, become Latin literature. The constant adjectives, and are followed by the use of ut iia dimm, quasi, tamquam, genitive.-—5imilium: neuter in agree and quidam shows how careful Cicero ment with the general negative nihil. was in the use of words. Like Caesar, — 15. necessariam, attributive, not he held it as a fundamental principle, predicate; sc. aux—~16. qui, attracted “ut tamquam scopulum sic fugiis in to the gender offfins .' a common con auditum atque insoléns verbum."— struction when th¢ relative adds a new CHAPTER xv. 69

nem pertinet; non enim est inhumina virtfis neque immunis neque superba, quae etiam populos universas tueri eisque optime consulere soleat, quod non faceret profectol si a caritate vulgi abhorréret. atque etiam 51 mihi quidem videntur, qui utilitatis causa fingunt ami citiés, amébilissimurn nodum amicitiae tollere; non enim tam utilitas parta per amicum quam amici amor ipse délectat, tumque illud fit, quod ab amico est profectumy ificundum, si cum studio est profectum,

IO tantumque abest ut amicitiae propter indigentiam colantur, ut ii, qui opibus et copiis maximeque virtfite, in qua plurimum est praesidiij minime alterius indi gent, liberalissimi sint et beneficentissimi. atque haud sciam an né opus sit quidem nihil umquam 15 omnino deesse amicisz ubi enim studia nostra viguis sent, si numquam consilioy numquam operi nostra nec domi nec militiae Scipio eguisset? non igitur utilitatem amicitiap sed utilitas amicitiam secuta est. XV. N6n ergo erunt homines deliciis difl'luentés 52 audiendi, si quando de amicitié, quam nec asa nec ratione habent cognitam, disputfibunt; nam quis est, remark about an object already defined. The verbal translates the first ut clause, — I. inhumfina: cf. illuminariley which is the subject clause of abut, § 48. —- 2. immfinis, unserm'ceable; the second is the correlative of tantum lit., exempt from mzim'a or services H. 570 (502, 3); M. 340; A. 332,11; toward the state.-——superba, repel 6.552, R. I; Mad. 440, Obs. 1; L. 1969. lenl. This word contains the ideas of — n. opibus, ablative of cause; for ‘proud,’ ‘oppressive,’ and ‘clifi'icult to the meaning, see on § 22.—I3. atque approach.’ (R.) — 3. tui-eri and c521 z quamquam. —— I 5. ubi = qui in r5, sulere indicate the two kinds of pub twhereinf-dlostra = meal i.e. Lae lic duties—imperia and magistra'tfix. lius’s.— I7. non . . . amicitia, it u See on these words, § 63. not lium fi'iendslu'p which. 5. fingunt, sc.es:e.—- IO. tantum 20. quam . . . cognitam, which abest ut . . ut, and m far are they do not understand llzearetimlly ar friends/up: from being clzerixlzed litat practz'ral/y. [labire with a perfect 70 LAELIUS pro deorum fidem atque hominum, qui velit, ut neque diligat quemquam nec ipse ab uno diligzitury circum fluere omnibus copiis atque in omnium rerum abun dantia vivere? haec eriim est tyrannorum vita, nimi rum in qua nulla fides, nulla cirités, nulla stabilis benevolentiae potest esse fiduciay omnia semper su specta atque sollicita, nullus locus amicitiaeg quis enim 53 aut eum diligat, quem metuat, aut eum, a quo sé metui putet? coluntur tamen simulatione dumtaxat ad

IO tempus: quod si forte, ut fit plérumque, cecideruntl tum intellegitur quam fuerint inopés amicorum; quod Tarquinium dixisse ferunty tum [exsulantem] sé intel léxisse, quos fidos amicos habuissetl quos infidosl cum iam neutris gratiam referre possetz quamquam miror 54 xs illa superbia et importunitate si quemquam amicum habere potuit. atque ut hfiius, quem dixil mores véros amicos parere non potuérunt, sic multorum

participle has almost the force of an 7. quis. . . putet: cf. “There is auxiliary.— I. ut . . . diligitur, will: no fear in love, but perfect love cast out loving 0r being/011211. The English eth out fear.” l John iv. 18—9. co present passive participle is supplied luntur . . . simulitiéne, i.e. they in Latin by a temporal clause. See receive the outward tokens of friend Nag, § 96, p. 384; ut: flu, or :6 ship.—dumtaxat modifies the whole candida-nes ut. Observe the logical expression rim. ad fem/5., ‘at least a arrangement, differing from the Eng temporary regard.’— ll. quod, and lish, the condition coming before the 1112': is what; see min igilur, § 51. fulfillment. — 2. circumfluere . . . The clause beginning with tum is vivere, hendiadys; render rz'rrum epexegetic. — I4. gratiam referre, fluzre by an adverb, lo'live ria/omly retrmtpmsel used of both good and in l/ze posrerrz'on of all.splmd0r:.— bad.—quamquam, and yet; Laelius 4. nimirum in qua, one, sure/y, in doubts the possibility of his having which. Some place a comma after any true friends. nimirumy but this word always comes 15. illi 111': well-known, causal at the beginning and not at the end ablative. —amicum, appositive of ofaclauSe. (R.)——5. atabilis agrees quemquam.—l6. atque, again, intro with bmezzolmtiae. duces the new point of the effect of CHAPTER XVI. 71 opes praepotentium excludunt amicitiis fidélis: non enim solum ipsa Portuna caeca est, sed eas etiam plerumque efl'icit caecos, qu6s complexa est; itaque efferuntur fere fastidic-i et contumicii, neque quic quam insipiente fortunata intolerabilius fieri potest. atque h6c quidem videre licetl eos, qui antea com modis fuerint m6ribus, imperi6, potestéte, prosperis rébus immutarit sperni ab iis veteres amicitiasy indul geri novis. quid autem stultius quam, cum plurimum ss lo copiis, facultaitibusp opibus possint, cetera parire, quae parantur pecfinifi, equos, famulos, vestem égregiam, visa pretiosa, amicos n6n parfire, optimam et pul cherrimam vitael ut ita dicamy supelléctilem? etenim cétera cum parant, cui parent nesciunt nec cuius causa laborent; éius enim est ist6rum quidque, qui vincit viribusz amicitiarum sua cuique permanet sta bilis et certa possessic'), ut, etiam si illa maneant, quae sunt quasi dona Portunaey tamen vita inculta et dé serta ab amicis non possit esse iucunda sed haec hactenus. XVI. Constituendi autem sunt, qui sint in amicitia 56 fines et quasi termini deligendiy de quibus tris video political influence, npén— l. prae clauses marking a contrast. — I6. ami potentium, appositive of multérum. citifirum, appositive genitive, attracted See on multae ei mdgna, s 30. — from amili/iae :uaz. Translate, but 4. fastidial lzaug/zlz'nesx; contuma ear/z unis/Hendslu‘p: are a possession. cii. se/f-wi/L-quicquamz like ni — l7. ut connects grammatically per— 112'1, qzn'xquam is often used in general mam! and fossil, but logically it sums comparisons—5. insipiente forti up the whole section, “\Vhat is more nfité, upslarl.-_8. sperni . . . novisz foolish than to gather perishable things bracketed hy B., because wanting in and neglect friendship, which is a last the Parisian M5. ing possession, seeing that,” etc. 11. veatem, tapes/ry—Iz. ami 22. finés, boundaries, as lines that 065: asyndeton is common in short may be changed ; termini, limits, as 72 LAELIUS sententifis ferri, quarum nfillam prob6: unam, ut eodem mod6 ergi amicum adfecti simus qu6 erga nosmet ips6s, alteram, ut nostra in amicos benevo lentia illorum ergi nos benevolentiae pariter aequili terque respondeat, tertiam, ut, quanti quisque sé ipse facit, tanti fiat ab amicis. hérum trium sententiirum 57 nfilli pr6rsus adsentior: nec enim illa prima véra est, ut, quem ad modum in SE quisque, sic in~amicum sit animfitus; quam multa enirn, quae nostril causi num

IO quam facerémus, facimus [causa] amicorum! pre ciri ab indigno, supplicire, tum acerbius in aliquem invehi insectirique vehementius, quae in nostris rébus non satis honesté, in amicorum fiunt honestissimé; multaeque rés sunt, in quibus dé suis commodis viri boni multa détrahunt détrahique patiuutur, ut iis amici potius quam ipsi fruantur. altera. sententia 58 est, quae définit amicitiam paribus ofliciis ac volun tfitibus. h6c quidem est nimis exigué et exiliter ad calculos vocfire amicitiam, ut par sit ratio acceptorum stones set to mark the corners of a cially of the Roman canvass for office, field. Cf. § 36.— r. finam, i.e. of ambilifi, supply alirui. The infinitives Epicurus. Cf. Cic. I): Fin. 1. 68: are appositives of mulla.— I4. -que, efidem modfi :apz'in: eril adfertu: ergzi and so; not for multae alias r5: sunt, amicum, yufi in :E ipsum. — 6. tacit: etc., but this clause repeats and gives so editors generally, with Mss.; B. has more exactly the general statement farial. contained in the, words quam multa 7. prc'u'sus, to be taken with milli, . . . amicfirum. Cicero’s biogra not with adsmtior,’ ‘to none at all.’ phy shows many instances of the prac (R.)— 10. [causi] amicérum: the tice of these views. repetition of musd, which is not usual 17. quae définit, whirl: restrz'rts. in a second member, and its position, — 18. nimis . . . amicitiam, to reckon which is regularly after its limiting 100 ([0561] and mmnly will: friends/zip. genitive, are doubtless due to the de Cakuli were little pebbles used by boys sire for a forcible chiasmus. — preciri in learning arithmetic. — 19. pit sit and indignfi are both used absolutely. Iatit'), Illa! there may be a balame. With supp/it'd”, which is used espe Expimfirum is more common than CHAPTER XVI. 73 et dat6rum: divitior mihi et adfluentior vidétur esse véra amicitia nec observare restricté né plus reddat quam accéperit; neque enim verendum est né quid excidat aut né quid in terram défluat aut né plus aequo quid in amicitiam congeratur. tertius véro 59 ille finis déterrimus, ut, quanti quisque sé ipse faciat, tanti fiat ab amicis; saepe enim in quibusdam aut animus abiéctior est aut spés amplificandae fortunae fractior: non est igitur amici talem esse in eum, qui

IO lis ille in SF: est, sed potius éniti et efficere ut amici iacentem animum excitet indficatque in spem cogita tiénemque meliorem. alius igitur finis vérae amicitiae constituendus est, 5? prius, quid miximé reprehendere Scipi6 solitus sit, dixeroz negiba't fillam v6cem inimi I5 ciorem amicitiae potuisse reperiri quam éius, qui di xisset ita amare oportére, ut si aliquand6 esset 6sfirus ; nec vér6 sé addfici posse, ut hoe, quem ad modum pute'irétur, a Biante dictum esse créderet, qui sapiéns habitus esset finus é septem: impfiri cfiiusdam aut dalo'rum for the credits.— I. divitior, at might be referred to maid, and the common form in Cicero for dilior. because the rum as an antecedent be —4. excidat...détluat...conge comes distinguished frum nmz‘u' deli ritur, figures taken from the measure nitely as ‘that one.’ Cf. Nag, § 93, ment of grain; extidat', a general p. 375.—- 10. éniti et etficere, a expression, followed by the special sort of hendiadys, to drive 10 arouse. def/Zuni, ‘fall to the ground,’ and its — 12. alius, dzflrmL—m. esset opposite, congzrfitur. Some explain fisfirus: the subject is the indefinite excia’at and rangerilur of dry, and quix, to be supplied from mmire; dewuat of liquid, measure. with an infinitive, quem, ‘one,’ is 6. faciat: cf. the corresponding omitted.-— 18. Biante, of Priene. See clause in §56, where the indicative Dict. Biog. The saying is attributed fruit calls attention to the estimation by Gellius (Nari. Art. I. 3, 14) to which one has actually formed of Chilon, 120': [im— 11/115: lamqunm firl: himself. —9. sum, .tuc/l an one. 11/: filr/fimi fisfirus, 116: {til/em 1mm 61!: is used in the next clause, referring ri: lamquam flrldsse post amalfirus. to sum, as otherwise the subject of — 19. impfiri, :ardz'a’, 611:: minded, a 74 LAELIUS ambitiosi aut omnia ad suam potentiam revocantis esse sententiam. qubnam enim modo quisquam ami cus esse poterit eiy cui sé putabit inimicum esse posse? quin etiam necesse erit cupere et optare ut quam saepissime peccet amicus, qu6 pluris det sibi tamquam insa-is ad reprehendendumg rursus autem recte factis commodisque amici-arum [necesse erit] angi, dolére, invidere qua re h6c quidem praece- 60 ptum, cuiuscumque est, ad tollendam amicitiam valet:

IO illud potius praecipiundum fuit, ut eam diligentiam adhiberémus in amicitiis comparandis, ut ne quanda amare inciperémus eurn, quem aliquandé 6disse pos sémus. q uin etiam si minus félicés in déli end6 fuissémus, ferendum id Scipio potius quam inimici tiirum tempus cogiténdum putébat.‘ XVII. His igitur finibus utendum arbitror, ut, 61 cum émendfiti mares amici-arum sint, tum sit inter e65 omnium rérurn, c6nsili6rum, voluntatum sine ulla

general term particularized by ambi does not necessarily wish for them. — lz'isz' and omnia . . . rev/Mantis. The 5. sibi refers to the omitted subject of asyndeton brings impfiri into sharp “gum—7. factis commodisque, contrast with finu: E reptrm.— I. am ablative with angi and dolére; dative bibit-vsiy not ‘ambitious’ (see on arai with invidérz; zeugma. nilam, § 25), but ‘one devoted to the IO. fuitl past with reference to Bias. pursuit of ofiice.’—omnia . . . re — II. quanchy unemphatic ‘ ever’; vocantis, an: who regarded every distinguished from aliquando' as quis thing a: it gfi'eded 111': own influenza from aliquis. Cf. “Let us approach qm The two expressions describe our friend with an audacious trust in one absolutely selfish in his aims.— the truth of his heart, in the breadth, 4. cupere denotes the action of the impossible to be overturned, of his feelings; optire, of the intellect. foundations.” (Emerson, Essay on Laelius’s earnestness leads him to a Friendsln'p.) statement which facts do not warrant. 16. his . . . arbitror, It/zin/e, t/zeny A selfish man may be ready to take we must minuit/1 l/zexe limilL For the advantage of a friend’s mistakes, and impersonal use ofzitzjl-szyl l (42r,III. even be glad when they occur, but he n. 4); M. 295, I, n.; A. 294, c, n.; 'G. CHAPTER XVII. 75 exceptione communitas, ut etiam, si qua fortfiné acci derit ut minus ifistae amicorum voluntatés adiuvan dae sint, in quibus eorum aut caput agatur aut fama, déclinandum dé via sit, modo né summa turpitfido sequitur; est enim quatenus amicitiae dari venia possit. nec vér6 neglegenda est fima, nec mediocre télum ad rés gerendis existimire oportet benevolen tiam civium, quam blanditiis et adsentando conligere turpe est: virtfis, quam sequitur caritas, minimé repu

10 dianda est. sed—saepe enim redeo ad Scipionem, 62 cfiius omnis sermo erat dé amicitia—querébatur, quod omnibus in rébus hominés diligentiorés essent:

427, n. 5; Mad. 421, Obs.2; B. 341,4; limiting the service only by the caution, L. 1380.-—3. caput: political status modo nE .rur/mza lurpilzia'fi sequitur. exposed to déminfilifi capitis (Rams, — 7. rés gerendz'ts, not, as usual, the p. 83); it is also used of physical life. occupations of war, but those of states -—1ima, good name, opposed to infli manship and public life. -—- existi mia (Rams, p. 84). -— 4. déclinan mire:‘the subject is mix, the agent dum dé vii sit: Cicero’s statements of neglegmda. The thought is that here are very vague, and indeed diffi while we are not to neglect our repu cult to reconcile with § 18, — nixi in tation in the defense of our friends, bani: arm—ritz'am exse no'n pom; but or underestimate the good will of our that he thought it advisable to depart fellow-citizens, we must not resort to from the strict rule of integrity, in base arts and thus spurn the virtue that case it did not injure one in the public gains good will. -— 8. blanditi'is et estimation, is clearly seen from such adsentand6: the association of a places as this, and De Or. I. 44, where noun and a gerund is unusual in Cic he makes Scaevola say of Crassus, u! ero, though common in writers of the prfidmlibu: diszrlé, still/is diam véré silver age; but cf. z/énandi aut pilaz, vz'dezire divert; from De 0f 11. 51, §74. —9. virtfis: not virtue abso izidizz': est semprr in musz': z/Erum lutely, for the statement would then :equi, palrfiuz' min nuqumm z/Erz' si be a mere truism, but as defined by mz'le, ell'am sz' minus sit 'z/Erum, défen quam . . . ra'rz'tzis. den; and from his request of Atticus II. cfiius . . . amicitii, from to deny the authenticity of one of his whom this conversalion entirely tame; letters, 5;). ad At. III. 12, 2. It might cf. §33, and for the separation of the be further said that public morality at adjunct from its noun, cf. §5, cfiiu: Rome required such service in a friend, disp. e. a? a. —queréb5.tur: taken 76 LAELIUS capris et ovis quot quisque habéret dicere posse, amicos quot habéret non posse dicere; et in illis quidem parandis adhibére cfiram, in amicis déligen dis neglegentis esse nec habére quasi signa. quaedam et nfitis, quibus e65, qui ad amicitiam essent idonei, ifidicfirent. sunt igitur firmi et stabilés et constantés éligendi, cfiius generis est magna pénfiria; et iridi cire difiicile est sane nisi expertum, experiundum autem est in ipsi amicitii: ita praecurrit amicitia

IO ifidicium tollitque experiundi potestatem. est igitur 63 prfidentis sustinére ut cursum, sic impetum benevo lentiae, qu6 fitamur quasi equis temptitis sic amicitiei, aliqui parte periclitfitis moribus amicorum. quidam saepe in parvi pecfinifi perspiciuntur quam sint levés, quidam autem, qués parva movére non potuit, co gnoscuntur in migni; sin vér6 erunt aliqui reperti qui pecfiniam praeferre amicitiae sordidum existiment, ubi e65 inveniémus, qui honorés, magistrétfis, impe

from Xenophon’s [lie/n. 2, 4, 4. — brakm team, having made partial 4. signa, indications of character; [rial of tile qua/flies of our friends; n6tis, marks which distinguish from qua: ul :5. By the translation ‘team' others. (Sey.) —6. firmi, firm; not it is clear how the reading arm—cilizi is easily driven from a position; sta better. 0. reads amirz'll'is, and bilés, steadfast, not vaciilating; 05n R, by omitting the comma after ami stantés, £0)!!i5f!fll, whose thoughts a'lz'd, makes it an ablative of means and actions are conformed to settled with perirlild/ir.—l3. periclititis, principles. (Sey.) These three qual used passively. — 15. movére, a glad ities combined to make up the dis iatorial term, spoken of driving one tinctive Roman character of gravz'z‘a's. from a position he has taken. — — 8. expertum agrees with the sub 18. honc'arés, the usual and general ject of 1'22d1'za're. —9. praecun'it . . . term for offices; magistritfie, civil ifidicium, aulrun: l/zejuangent. “We ofiices; imperia, military and abso talk ofchoosing our friends, but friends lute authority conferred by a [Ex :12 are self-elected.” (Emerson.) rz'a'ta only on dictators, Consuls, and 12‘ qu6 . . . amicorum, t/zal we praetors, and essential to the con may me our friends/lip like a well duct of war in behalf of the state; CHAPTER XVII. 77 ria, potestatés, opés amicitiae non anteponant, ut, cum ex altera parte proposita haec sint, ex altera ifis amicitiae, non multo illa milint? imbécilla enim est natfira ad contemnendam potentiam; quam etiam si neglects] amicitifi consecfiti sint, obscfirfitum iri arbitrantur, quia non sine magni causa sit neglecta amicitia. itaque vérae amicitiae difficillimé reperiun 64 tur in iIs, qui in honoribus réque publica versantur: ubi enim istum invenias, qui honorem amici antepo

10 nat suo? quid? haec ut omittam, quam graves, quam difficiles plérisque videntur calamitatum socie tatésl ad quas non'est facile inventfi qui déscendant. quamquam Ennius récté

amlcus .L certus in I re _ 1ncerta a _ cérnitur, - potestfités, a term of varied signifi tions with Pompey—9. inveniaa: see cance, sometimes meaning all power on tzZ velim, § 5, and cf. invem'émm, delegated by the state to an individ §63. The two forms correspond to ual, sometimes synonymous with impe the English imperfect potential and rium, and sometimes meaning the future indicative, the latter represent power of inferior magistrates. (See ing the inquirer as ready to search, but Dict. Ant., 5. Patria Palestar.) The hesitant as to the point of beginning, Words are not used here with exact the former representing him as not significance, but as a general state searching, from doubt as to the result. ment of public influences averse to —10. gravée, burr/enrame; difficilés, friendship. “Our friendships hurry dificull to endure. — l4. amicus . . . to short and poor conclusions, because cemitur, “A friend in need is a friend we have made them of the texture indeed.” Cf. Barnfield, Ode from of wine and dreams, instead of the Poems in Dir/er: Humour . tough fibre of the human heart.” “ He that is thy friend indeed, (Emerson.) — 5. Obscfirfitum iii, He will help thee in thy need." i.e. their neglect of friendship will and Proverbs xvii. [7: “A friend loveth be overlooked on account of the at all times." Adversity proves true power they have obtained. The sub friends, but false friends are convicted ject of the infinitive is implied in the in two ways. The line is iambic trim preceding clause. eter, and probably from a lost tragedy. 7. itaque . . . versantur: how The scheme is true this is, Cicero learned in his rela L|>_lu.Ll>_|>Ll\/_,. 78 LAELIUS

tamen haec duo levitatis et infirmitaitis plerosque convincunt, aut si in bonis rebus contemnunt aut in malis déserunt. qui igitur utraque in ré gravem, constantem, stabilem se in amicitia-1 praestiterit, hunc ex maxime raro genere hominum iudicare debemus et paene divina XVIII. Firmimentum autem stabilitatis constan 65 tiaeque est éius, quam in amicitii quaerimus, fidés; nihil est enim stabile, quod infidum est. simplicem

IO praeterei et communem et consentientem, id est, qui rebus isdem moveétur, elegi par est, quae omnia per tinent ad fidelititemg neque enim fidum potest esse multiplex ingenium et tortuosum, neque vér6, qui non isdem rebus movétur naturaque consentit, aut fidus I5 aut stabilis potest esse. addendum eodem est, ut ne criminibus aut inferendis delectétur aut credat obli tis, quae pertinent omnia ad eam, quam iam dudum tracto, Constantiam. ita fit verum illud, quod initio dixiy amicitiam nisi inter bonos esse non posse; est

eo enim boni virI, quem eundem sapientem licet dicerel

-—2. auty sc. .6, but the construction . . . potest ease: by the chiasmus is harsh: with bonisl sc. mic, and with the adjectiveyfidusy containing the em malis, sc. amirfirum. — 4. praesti phatic thought, is repeated at the end terit; future perfect with the present of the sentence, preparing the mind alibi/mm because the latter states the for the next statement—15. adden general principle to be recognized dum, furthermore ,- the clause with whenever the special case shall occur. ut ni is equivalent to an exhortation. — See on fueratl § 15. I7. quam . . . tracta the present, 9. quod . . . est, a part of the with expressions of duration of time, logical subject, and not a clause of especially iam and its compounds, de characteristic; hence the indicative.— notes an action continuing in the pres simplicem, frank, opposed to multi ent, but begun in the past. we illogi; plzx. — I0. commfinem z Ken/6s, put cally use the perfect. The sense of the ting one’s self on the same footing as clause is purely adjective. — 18. fit, is others, murleaus.—I2. neque enlm :JIab/islled as true in argument. —ini CHAPTER XIX. 79 haec duo tenére in amicitia; primum, né quid fictum sit néve simulatum; aperté enim vel 6disse magis ingenui est quam fronte occultare sententiam ; deinde non solum ab aliquo adlatas criminationés repellere, sed né ipsum quidem esse suspiciosum, semper ali quid existimantem ab amico esse violatum. accédat 66_ hfic suavitas quaedam oportet sermonum atque m6 rum, haud quaquam mediocre condimentum amici tiae. tristitia autem et in omni re sevéritas habet

10 illa quidem gravitatem, sed amicitia remissior esse debet et liberior et‘ dulcior et ad omnem comitatern facilititemque proclivior. ‘ XIX. Exsistit autem h6c loco quaedam quaesti6 67 subdifficilis, num quando amici novi, digni amicitia, I5 veteribus sint anteponendi, ut equis vetulis teneros anteponere solémus: indigna homine dubitatiol non enim debent esse amicitiarum, sicut aliarum rérum, satietatés: veterrima quaeque, ut ea vina, quae vetu tio, in § i8.— 1. haec duo: cf. Emer opposed to remissior, ‘more uncon son, “There are two elements that go straincd’; and to liberim', ‘more open.’ to the composition of friendship, each —in omni ré sevéritis, lméz'lunl so sovereign that I can detect no su slermzerr (see on mm benevolentiri, periority in either, no reason why §20), opposed to duln'or and pri either should be first named. One is [lit/ion Truth. . . . The other element of I3. 1156 1005, at 1111': pair”. The friendship is Tenderness.”—primum relation of friendships would naturally . . . deinde, a slight anacoluthon; the come into a discussion on the choice subjunctive clause gives an injunction of friends. —-15. vetuHs, often con for the preservation of friendship, the temptuous, but here used of the weak infinitive clause the principle on which ness accompanying age; tenerfis, a a friend acts—5. semper . . . violi common epithet of youth in opposi tum, explanatory of suspz'rifisum; vii tion to the hardening effect of age.— lzitum : mm z'z'alrilifine aliun faeIum. 18. satietités: the plural of abstract 6. accédat, 10 1111': should be nouns is often found in Latin to de added a :‘weelnes: qf rorzz/erm/z'on and note the diHerent instances in which manners. — 9. tristitia, gluominen, the quality is exercised, or to give a 80 LAELIUS

statem ferunt, esse débet suavissima, vérumque illud est, quod dicitur, multos modios salis simul édendos esse, ut amicitiae mfinus explétum sit. novitatés 68 autem, si spem adferunt ut tamquam in herbis non fallacibus frfictus adpareat, non sunt illae quidem repudiandae, vetustas tamen su6 loco conservanda; maxima est enim vis vetustatis et consuétfidinis. quin ips6 equo, cfiius modo féci mentionem, si nfilla rés impediat, némo est quin e6, quo consuévit, libentius

IO fitatur quam intractato et nov6; nec vér6 in h6c, quod est animal, sed in iis etiam, quae sunt inanima, consuétfido valet, cum locis ipsis délectémur, montuo sis etiam et silvestribus, in quibus difitius commorati -w sumus. 15 Sed maximum est in amicitia parem esse inferiori; 69

concrete force—2. quod dicitur, not usually translated. — 6. vetu the rayz'ng, used like 141' a'iunt of pro stifle: the abstract implies the reason, verbial expressions. — simul: a com : ve/usld: amin'tiae, not ‘ an old mon meal requires association in time, friend,’ but ‘a friend because he is simul, as well as association in space, old’; cf. § 74. —9. 65: a kind of ana 12nd. The proverb means that a long coluthon, common in conversation, time is necessary to complete the work repeating equfi after the parenthesis. of friendship, i.e. to bring it to perfec —- qu6, sc. fiti.— 10. intrictitt'), un tion. broken; novfi, strange—10. in 1160 4. ut . . . adpareat: instead of . . . animal, in [11: {are afan animal: an accusative with the infinitive, the aly'm‘.—- 12. montuosis etiam: the infinitive, as an appositive to span, beauty and grandeur of mountains would express the matter as a fact; seem to have made little impression the u! clause, probably through an upon the ancients. The Romans re omitted clause, represents a purpose garded them as obstacles in the way or result—herbis refers to the young of their progress, adversaries to be grain. With fnl/a'rz'bus, cf. fundus overcome, and were more impressed mam/(ix, Her. 01]. III. I, 30. With by their wild and rugged character adpm'eal, sc. fieruL— 5. illae qui than by their grandeur. dem: yuz'a’em, annexed to a pronoun, 15. parem: Cicero requires equal marks a concession, and is followed ity for the highest friendship, but he by ad, lumen, etc. The pronoun is does not make it clear how it is to be CHAPTER XIX. 8t saepe enim excellentiae quaedam sunt, qualis erat Scipionis in nostro, ut ita dicam, grege: numquam sé ille Philo, numquam Rupilio, numquam Mummio anteposuit, numquam inférioris ordinis amicis; Quin tum véro Maximum fratrem, égregium virum omnino, sibi néquaquam parem, quod is anteibat aetite, tam quam superiorem colébat suosque omnis per sé esse ampliorés volébat. quod faciendum imitandumque 70 est omnibus, ut, si quam praestantiam virtutis, inge

10 nii, fortfinae consecfiti sint, impertiant ea suis com municentque cum proximis; ut, si parentibus nati sint humilibus, si propinquos habeant imbécilliorés vel anim6 vel fortuna, eorum augeant opés eisque honori sint et dignititi; ut in fabulis, qui aliquamdifi Is propter ignorationem stirpis et generis in famulatu

obtained. Cf. § 70. — I. excellen for dcfiniteness of subject, which with tiae: the plural with .raepe referring out it might be referred to Scipio. to different persons, but the singular 9. ut. . .ut. ..ut: the first is qudlir in case of Scipio.— 3. Philfi: explanatory, namely, that, the second see on §14. —Rupi1i6, consul 132 is final, the third illustrative.— 10. im 13.0. (cf. §37), a bitter opponent of pertiant is potential subjunctive.— Tib. Gracchus, but condemned in the ea, plural with reference to various tribunate of C. Gracchus, 123 B.C., for forms of eminence; cf. exrellenliae, his cruel and illegal persecution of the § 69. — l I. proximis, relativer. The friends of Tib. Gracchus.——Mum idea that service was due to any who mi6 (Spurius; cf. § 101), a man of had not an immediate claim upon one letters, and brother of the captor of was the gift of Christianity.— 13. for Corinth. In De Rep. 1, 18, Cicero tfinfi, exlernal mndz'lian, including again speaks of Scipio’s fondness for more than property. Observe the him, saying that he was one quem chiasmus by which ape: refers to far [Sex—pifi] inpm'mi: dilzlgééatr—S. Mixi [12nd, and hanfirz' and dzjg‘nildti to mum, the oldest son of Paulus Aemi anr'm5.— I4. fibulis: the word means lius Macedonicus, adopted by Q. Fabius either‘legends,’ like that of Romulus Maximus. Scipio was his younger and Remus, or ‘ plays.’ Either transla~ brother, but adopted into the gens tion will do, as Cicero doubtless had in Cornelia.—omnin5, certainly, or our mind only a narration that did not rest colloquial ‘enough.’—6. is: necessary on a basis of fact.—15. lgnfiritifi DE AMICITIA—6 82 LAELIUS fuérunt, cum cogniti sunt et aut deorum aut régum filii inventi, retinent tamen caritatem in pastorés, quos patrés multfis annos esse dfixérunt: quod est mult6 profectt') magis in véris patribus certisque faci endum; fructus enim ingenii et virtfitis omnisque praestantiae tum miximus capitur, cum in proximum quemque confertur. XX. Ut igitur ii, qui sunt in amicitiae conifin 71 cti6nisque necessitfidine superiorés, exaequére sé cum

IO inférioribus débent, sic inferiorés non dolére sé 5. suis aut ingeni6 aut fortfina aut dignitate superari; quo rum plérique aut queruntur semper aliquid aut etiam exprobrant, eoque magis, si habére sé putant quod ofliciésé et amicé et cum labore aliqu6 suo factum queant dicere: odiosum sane genus hominum officia exprobrantium, quae meminisse débet is, in quem conlita sunt, non commemorare qui contulit. quam 72 ob rem, ut ii, qui superiorés sunt, submittere 56 d6 bent in amicitii, sic quodam modo inferiorés extol

nem, i.e. on the part of others. In —15. queanti this verb is rarely distinction from igno'ranlz'a this word used except with a negative. — genus, has a passive and objective meaning, appositive to plerique; cf. dubilzitifi, and also refers to a special case, while § 67. igno'ran/ia is general. — stirpis et 18. submittere sé, i.e. to exhibit generic, damn! and family; the modesty.—19. sic . . . extollere, former is more general. —famu1§tfi, sc. :2 dibent, ‘so in some degree (as not abject slavery (sen/17m), but a con far as they can) ought inferiors to raise dition of dependence requiring service. themselves.’ 0. inserts :2. Many -—-4. véris, real, opposed to jfi/Iulir; editors take infiria'ri: as the object of Gertie, genuine, opposite of duéit's. — :xlolln'e; the sentence then means 6. capitur . . . cc'miertur, oxymoron. that superiors should not only lower 8. conii'mctiénis, kindred, which themselves, but lift their inferiors; but to some extent Cicero associates with there is no grammatical objection to friendship; cf. § 19.— n. qu6rum = the first explanation, and it accords red drum; see on quad . . . sit, § 43. more perfectly with the general course CHAPTER XX. 8; lere. sunt enim quidam, qui molestas amicitias faciunt, cum ipsi sé contemni putant; quod non fcré contingit nisi iis, qui etiam contemnendos sé arbitrantur, qui hac opinione non modo verbis, sed etiam opere levandi sunt. tantum autem cuique tri 73 buendum, primum, quantum ipse efficere possis, deinde etiam, quantum ille, quem diligas atque adiuvés, sustinére; non enim neque tfi possis, quam vis excellas, omnis tuos ad honorés amplissimos

IO perducere, ut Scipio P. Rupilium potuit consulem efficere, frfitrem éius Lucium non potuit. quod si etiam possis quidvis deferre ad alterum, videndum est tamen quid ille possit sustinére. omnino ami 74 citiae conroboratis iam confirmatisque et ingeniis et 15 aetatibus iudicandae sunt, nec, si qui ineunte aetate vénandi aut pilae studiosi fuérunt, e6s habére neces sarios, quos tum eodem studio praeditos diléxérunt:

of the argument. For a full discussion, the defeat of his brother Lucius, “ but see Sey. ad loo. —2. ipsi, they regard as it probably happened about the the slight as a personal one; see on same time as his own condemnation, ipse, § 5. —n6n feré, seldom ,- see on the latter indignity may have had more feré, § 2.—3. qui . . . quiz asynde share in causing his death.”— 11. n6n ton, as usual between two relatives potuit: see on § 19.-—12. detene, having the same antecedent; the sec in the way of office. ond, however, equals e! if, ‘ and they.’ I3. omniné . . . aunt, in general, 8. non . . . neque, a general we must come to our decision upon negative is distributed negatively, i.e. friendships only when the mind and the Romans said min . . . neque . . . 12)": are :leady and mature. The (fin neque, when we usually say ‘ not . . . firmdta aetrir was the period imme either . . . or.’ The anacoluthon pre diately following youth, when the mind vents the second negative, which would and body were in the possession of be neque alter quidvi: rustinire possit. their full powers, and the Roman cin — IO. perdficere, through the suc stantia, so necessary for true friend cessive grades. — ut, as, for z'nslam'e. ships, would be developed; aela'lihu: —Rupilium: see on § 69. He is is ablative absolute.— I6. vénandi said to have died of disappointment at aut pflae: see on blanditiir, § 61. — 84 LAELIUS

ist6 enim modo nutricés et paedagogi ifire vetustitis plfirimum benevolentiae postulabunt: qui neglegendi quidem non sunt, sed alio quodam modo aestz'maudz‘. aliter amicitiae stabilés permanére non possunt; dis parés enim morés disparia studia sequuntur, quorum dissimilitfido dissociat amicitias, nec ob aliam causam fillam boni improbis, improbi bonis amici esse non possunt nisi quod tanta est inter eos, quanta maxima potest esse, morum studiorumque distantia. récté

IO etiam praecipi potest in amicitiis, né intemperata quaedam benevolentia, quod persaepe fit, impediat magnas utilitatés amicorum; nec enim, ut ad fabulas redeam, Troiam Neoptolemus capere potuisset, si Ly habére, sc. optima-1. ms enim suits of later life. They are not to be modc'i, fir on that prinrz'ple. (R.) cast aside, but will hold a place dif This use of istfi seems to mean by im ferent from that of those found with plication ‘for if you should maintain maturer judgment.—4. aliter, other what I have just denied, then,’ etc. wise than on the principle stated in (L.) — paedagégi, 1it., ‘ boy-conduc the clause omninfi . . . sunt.—dis tors.’ These were usually slaves “ an parés . . . sequuntur, dissimilar swering in many respects to what we [Izaractzrs result from dissimilar pur new term nursery-governesses, who suits. Some take studia as the subject. taught children the first rudiments of —8. quanta=quam. 9. distantia, literature, and afterward attended them found only here in Cicero, and never to school.” (Rams, p. 422.) English of space. derivative ‘ page.’— 3. aeatimandi, 11. quaedam, a kind of; this word the reading of B. after Mommsen (the is often used by Cicero to make an Mss. have est). By some gui is referred expression less exact: see on §6.— to pazdago‘gz', but I believe that L. gives 12. 1160, followed by :t saepe instead the correct explanation, who considers of net; cf. nzqu: . . . at, § 79, and the clause istfi . . . [rostula‘bunt paren net . . . er, § 104.—r3. Neoptole— thetical, and :5: as the antecedent of mus, also called Pyrrhus, son of Achil qui. A Roman did not need to be les and grandson of Lycomedes. He told that friendship with a slave was was brought by Odysseus from the out of the question; and that is not house of Lycomedes to the Trojan war, the point here in view, but what is to and thence taken to Lemnos to gain be done in the case of early friends the aid of Philoctetes, who had the who are not drawn nearer by the pur arrows of Hercules, without which CHAPTER XXI. 85 comédem, apud quem erat educatus, multis cum lacri mis iter suum impedientem audire voluisset. et saepe incidunt magnae rés, ut discédendum sit ab amicis: quis qui impedire vult, quod désiderium non facile ferat, is et infirmus est mollisque nitfiri et ob eam ipsam causam in amicitia parum ifistus. atque in 76 omni re considerandum est, et quid postulés ab amico et quid patiare 5. té impetrari. XXI. Est etiam quaedam calamitas in amicitiis

10 dimittendis non numquam necessaria; iam enim a sapientium familiaritatibus ad vulgaris amicitias ora tio nostra délabitur. érumpunt saepe vitia amicorum tum in ipsos amicos, turn in aliénos, quorum tamen ad amicos redundet infamia: tales igitur amicitiae IS sunt remissione fisfis éluendae et, ut Catonem dicere audivi, dissuendae magis quam discindendae, nisi

the oracle declared Troy could not pose of gain, but only those which be taken. — 2. impedientem = [um rest on ‘r/irtus,’ the expression of a impediibat. The present participle has human sympathy (see § 50), and hence often a conative force. — 3. disce are ‘inler hono's.’—12. érumpunt . . . dendum, a temporary separation, not in, break out . . . upon. -— 14. redun a permanent estrangement. -- 5. infir det, subjunctive of result. -— Mimia, mus mollisque, weak and unmanly; not political infrimia, which prevented one connects these two adjectives, one from holding an honorable office, which form the first of the two mem but the disgrace working injury to bers connected by et . . . et. Que and one’s good name—'15. fisfis, inter et do not properly correlate. -—6. iii eourse.—§luendae, a word used es stus, perfect, i.e. guided by reason. pecially of disgrace and crime. -— 6. atque, and so; a summary of dicere, that Can said; ‘heard Cato §§ 73-75, and the conclusion of the say’ would be dicenlem. The distinc argument stated in § 36, with the ques~ tion is not always made with the infini tion Qudtenus amor in amicitid pri tive.——- 16. dissuendae . . . discin gredi debeat? deudae, gently rather than violently 11. vulgaris amicitiis: Cicero ended, lit. ripped, rent. Cf. De Of does not discuss selfish friendships, or 1, 120: Amirilids, . . . magi: deeére associations of individuals for the pur rinsent sapienlEs sénsim diluere quam 86 LAELIUS quaedam ad modum intolerabilis iniuria exirserit, ut neque rectum neque honestum sit nec fieri possit ut non statim aliénfitié disifinctioque faciunda sit. sin 77 autem aut m6rum aut studiorum commute—1th") quae dam, ut fieri solet, facta erit aut in rei publicae parti bus dissensio intercesserit-loquor enim iam, ut paulo ante dixi, non de sapientium, sed dé communi bus amicitiisy-cavendum erit né non solum amicitiae dépositae, sed etiam inimicitiae susceptae videantur;

IO nihil enim est turpius quam cum e6 bellum gerere, qu6cum familiariter vixeris. ab amicitia Q. Pompéii me6 nomine sé removeraty ut scitis, Scipio, propter dissénsionem autem, quae erat in ré publici aliénitus est a conlega nostro Metelloz utrumque égit graviter, auctoritate et offénsic'me animi non acerbi. quam ob 78 rem primum danda opera est né qua amicorum di

repent? praecizlere.- 1. exirserit, on my anouim — l4. Metellt') (Q. future perfect from exirdésnre. — Caecih'fi), a successful general and 2. neque . . . neque connect the ad orator, and political opponent of jectives; nec connects the verbs.— Scipio, but with whom his rivalry was 3. aliénitifi, the estrangement of feel friendly; a colleague also of Scipio ing; disifinctit-bj the outward break. and Laelius in the augurship. He 4. aut . . . aut: the first corre was surnamed Macedonicus, and was lates with aut before in rei 19126. ; the the stock illustration in ancient times second is used for 11:]. (See on ml, of human felicity. Cicero (Bra/u: 81) § I 3.) -— IO. bellum gerere = m: says of him: Nam Q. Illelellur, i: barium— ll. Pompéii, consul 141 alim- yuatluar fi/ii aima/der fué B.C. He is said to have promised rant, in primis est lzizéilu: Eloquénx. Scipio to aid the canvass of Laelius, The four sons here mentioned are de _ but broke his promise and ofi'ered scribed by Val]. Pat. 1, II: tium crine himself as a candidate. (Diet. Biog., sulziris rt rénsfirz'ux, aller diuidit-in Pompeiu: 3.) Cicero (Brutus 96) terliux cilzsul, qua—Hus mndz'dritu: co'n says of him: Q. enim Pompéiu: nan mkihzxp quem [mun-rem adeptus est. contemptus firdlar temporibus i/lz'sfuit, (Dict. Biog., Melellur 5.) qui summi: hominis homi per xi £0 15. quam ob rem, in view of the gnilu: sine illd conzmmdfilio'ne India statements of the two preceding sec rum ml adeplux. — 12. mea nimium tions—I6. pfimum, first in impor CHAPTER XXI. 87

scidia fiant; sin tale aliquid événerit, ut exstinctae potius amicitiae quam oppressae videantur. caven dum VErc') né etiam in gravis inimicitiis convertant sé amicitiae, ex quibus ifirgia, maledicta, contuméliae gignuntur; quae tamen si tolerabilés erunt, ferundae sunt et hic hon6s veteri amicitiae tribuendus, ut is in culpa sit, qui faciat, min is, qui patiatur inifiriam. Omnino omnium h6rum viti6rum atque incommodo rum fina cautié est atque fina pr6visi6, ut né nimis

10 cit6 diligere incipiant néve n6n dignos. digni autem 79 sunt amicitia, quibus in ipsis inest causa cur dili gantur. rarum genus! et quidem omnia praeclfira rara, nec quicquam difficilius quam reperire quod sit omni ex parte in su6 genere perfectum. sed plérique I5 neque in rébus humanis quicquam bonum n6runt nisi quod frfictuosum sit, et amicos tamquam pecudés e6s potissimum diligunt, ex quibus spérant sé miximum

tanee as well as time. — I. exstin § 27.~ 3. véré, intensive; the impor ctae . . . oppressae: the first means tant consideration is to prevent a rup slowly extinguished, like a fire; the ture of friendship; but if that occurs, second means overwhelmed by some it then becomes important to prevent sudden force; so Cal. Mai. 71: adu love from turning into hatred. — léscmtés mi/zi mari sic videntur, u! 8. omniné, to sum up; looking at (um aqua: multilzidine vi: flammae the matter a: a whale. (R.) There apprimilur; :enE: autem sit, at cum is also a slight concessive force. — sud spank, nfilld ad/zibitzi 11?, rinszim 9. cauti6: verbals in ii with we plus ignis exstinguilur. “Dissimilar often convey the idea of possibility. but cob‘rdinate metaphors are especially (Néig., §58, I, b, p. 226.) common with verbs which indicate 12. praeclira rim: the omission weakening, destroying, or removing, of the verb is especially common in or, on the other hand, producing, proverbial and sententious expressions, strengthening, prevailing, or posses and in. this case intensifies the asso sion of strength.” (Nfig., §128, 2, nance (prazcldra rdm).—- I4. omnI p. 514.) Cf. dissumdae and dinin ex parts, in every respect, modified a’mdae in §76. Observe the magi: by in mi gene", ‘within its own there and palius here; see on polim, sphere.’ 88 LAELIUS

frfictum esse captfirés. ita pulcherrima i115 et miximé 80 naturali carent amicitii per sé et propter sé expetita, nee ipsi sibi exemplc') sunt, haec vis amicitiae et qufilis et quanta sit; ipse enim sé quisque diligit, non ut aliquam a sé ipse mercédem exigat caritatis suae, sed quod per sé quisque sibi carus est: quod nisi idem in amicitiam trinsferétur, vérus amicus numquam repe riétur; est enim is, qui est tamquam alter idem. quod si h6c adpiret in béstiis, volucribus nantibus 81

IO agrestibus, cicuribus feris, primum ut sé ipsae dili gant—id enim pariter cum omni-animante nascitur, —deinde ut requirant atque adpetant, ad quas sé adplicent, éiusdem generis animantis, idque faciunt cum désiderié et cum quadam similitfidine am6ris I5 humini, quanto id magis in homine fit nfitfira, qui et sé ipse diligit et alterum anquirit, cfiius animum ita cum su6 misceat, ut efficiat paene finum ex du6bus.

1. ita, in surh a mse.-- 2. per 55 it is only by transferring this spirit to et propter 56, in and for itself: the friendship and considering a friend as former is objective, because friendship 'an other self’ that a true friend can is a worthy object of efi‘ort; the latter be obtained—ban = hfiius, i.e. nd is subjective, because friendship is tzirdlis; cf. eum, §2.— 6. quod . . . desirable for itself, apart from any idem, the same spirit, to be taken advantages that it brings with it.— together as in § 14. expetitfi, an objett of desire used 9. volucribus . . . feris, adjec like the verbal adjective in bill's; see tives with bisliis, the first three describ on [ontemplam, § 32.——3. nec . . . ing the natural dwelling place, the last Bit, nor do they take themselves as two the natural character, of animals. examples qf the nature and extent of — I4. désiderio, with eager longing, the power of this friendship. Cicero the word always implies longing for argues that love of self and true friend something which one does not have. ship are alike in being an affection for — 15. magis: because man is en an object without hope of consequent dowed with reason and capable of reward. Men love themselves simply reflecting upon the nature and beauty for love’s sake; but do not take this of his affection. —- I7. ut . . . dua love as an example of friendship; yet bua: cf. ul. . . ex phiribus, §92, and CHAPTER XXII. 89

XXII. Sed plerique perverse, né dicam impudenter, 82 habére talem amicum volunt, quales ipsi esse non pos sunt, quaeque ipsi non tribuunt amicis. haec ab iis désiderant. par est autem primum ipsum esse virum bonum, tum alterum similem sui quaerere in talibus ea, quam iam dudum trictimus, stabilitis amicitiae confirmari potest, cum homines benevolentia con iuncti primum cupiditatibus iis, quibus ceteri serviunt, imperibunt, deinde aequitate iustitiique gaudébunt xo omniaque alter pro altero suscipiet neque quicquam umquam nisi honestum et rectum alter ab altero po stulibit, neque solum colent inter se ac diligent, sed etiam verebunturz nam maximum ornamentum amici tiae tollit, qui ex ei tollit verécundiam. itaque in iis 83 I5 perniciosus est error, qui existimant libidinum pecca torumque omnium patere in amicitia licentiamz virtu tum amicitia adiitrix a natura data est, non vitiorum comes, ut, quoniam solitaria non posset virtus ad ea, quae summa sunt, pervenire, coniuncta et consociata cum altera perveniret; quae si quis inter societas aut est aut fuit aut futura est, eorum est habendus ad summum naturae bonum optimus beitissimusque

Horace’s reference to his friend Ver aller pri altero-1 expressing reciprocal gil (0d. I. 3, 8): dimidium animae action. man. 18. ad ea, quae . . . aunt, the I. perverse, with errors of judg highest 0211:, as :ummum bonum be ment; impudenter, with errors of low.-- 20. altera = alteriu: fulminis feeling—4. pit est, now it i: of vimm —quae, qués, the first is equal imparlanczi i.e. for the strength relative (see on quad, g 43), the second of friendship—9. aequitate I'll-liti indefinite—tus inter, anastrophe, tiique: acquild: is the view of justice usual only with dissyllabic prepositions, taken by a man of high principle and or when an attribute is attached to a honor; iustitia the legal or technical noun. It occurs especially with rela view. (R.) — 12. inter ea like t tive pronouns, LAELIUS

comititus haec est, inquam, societfis, in qui omnia 84 insunt, quae putant homines expetenda, honestis glorial tranquillitis animi atque iucunditisp ut et cum haec adsint beita vita sit et sine his esse non possit. quod cum optimum miximumque sit, si id volumus adipisci, virtuti opera danda est, sine qui nec ami citiam neque fillam rem expetendam consequi pos sumus; ei vero neglecti qui sé amicos habere arbitrantur, tum sé denique errisse sentiunt, cum e6s xo gravis aliqui cisus experiri cogit quocirci-dicen 85 dum est enim saepius—cum ifidiciris, diligere opor tet, non, cum diléxeris, ifidicare. sed cum multis in rébus neglegentii plectimur, tum mixime in amicis et diligendis et colendisg praeposteris enim utimur consiliis et icta agimus, quod vetimur vetere pro verbio. nam impliciti ultro et citra vel asa difiturnc') vel etiam officiis repente in medio cursu amicitiis exorti aliqui offénsione disrumpimus. XXIII. Qu6 etiam magis vituperanda est rei mixime 86

2. honestia, dirtimlion.—3. ani I 3. neglegentiiz ablative of cause. mi, to be joined with both tranquil —plectimur, we safer ; usually with HM: and izirundilds, which together the idea of wrong-doing as the cause form the third member of the series; of the sufi'ering.— 15. icta agimus: if izicuna'z'tzi: st00d alone as a fourth a proverb borrowed from the courts, member, algae would have been omit meaning, ‘to plead a case already ted, see on etl § 39; iflcunditd: means settled,’ hence, ‘to act too late.’ Cf. ckeerfulne:s.—4. beita vita, Imp Ter. P/zor. 419: 0/12! “ datum,” pinesx. — sine his = his d'éstilfita, iiunt, “nE agris.”— l6. filtré et ci modifying the subject. Prepositional tr6, 1it., ‘thither and hither,’ hence, phrases, especially with sine, are often ‘ completely,’ expressing the complete substituted for adjectives when no involvement or entanglement which ambiguity can arise—5. quodp the arises from mus difilurnus, or from antecedent is the clause, the posses qfitia. (L.) " sion of happiness. —7. neque = nec 19_ magis: ill-advised haste in the omm-milall.’ ‘nor any desirable thing m at formation of friendships which soon have to be broken reprehensible, CHAPTER XXIII. 91

necessariae tanta incfiria; fina est enim amicitia in rébus huminis, dé cfiius fitilitfite omnés fino ore con sentiunt. a multis virtfis ipsa contemnitur et véndi titio quaedam atque ostentatio esse dicitur; multi divitiis déspiciunt, qu6s parv6 contentos tenuis victus cultusque délectat; honorés véro, quorum cupiditate quidam inflammantur, quam multi ita contemnunt, ut nihil ine'mius, nihil esse levius existiment; itemque cétera, quae quibusdam admirabilia videntur, permulti

10 sunt qui pro nihilo putent: dé amicitii omnés ad finum idem sentiunt, et ii, qui ad rem pfiblicam sé contulérunt, et ii, qui rérum cognitione doctrinique délectantur, et ii, qui suum negotium gerunt 6ti6si, postrémo ii, qui sé totos trididérunt voluptatibus, IS sine amicitia vitam esse nfillam, si modo velint aliqué. ex parte liberaliter vivere. serpit enim nescio quo 87 but much more so is indifference to gains prominence by being followed the character of a matter so essential by ipsa.—contemnitur, 1': esteemed as friendship. — I. fina, the one lhing, of little wart/r, shy/lied; mntemnere attracted to agree with amirih'a; cf. hardly ever means ‘ despise.’ Cf. § 72. qui, § 50. Before 5 multis many —vénditfiti6, lit., ‘ a selling,’ implies editors read quamguam, which some the puffing of goods beyond their worth refer to the preceding, supplying some to help their sale.— 5. tenuis, inex such idea as ‘virtue is the foundation pensive—II. ii . . . contulérunt, of friendship’ (§ 20); others to the stalesmen, typical Romans; ii . . . following: “Although men disagree délectantur, phi/asap/zerx; ii . . . about virtue, wealth, etc., they agree 6ti55i, business men; ii . . . volup about friendship.” The latter is the tfitibua, voluptuarier. The Latin has thought of the text, in which the con no simple equivalent for many of our trast between friendship and the vari abstract terms and is forced to render ous things that are ill-esteemed is made them by a combination of words.— sharp by the asyndeton. Note the 13. 5ti55i, thoSe who do not engage stress given to the different objects by in public life. Cf. § 16.—-15. nfil the order, J multi: virlfis, mulli divi lam, wort/l rzatfiing.—— 16. liberaliter, lz'a's, lmmirés vérfi . . . quam multi. — ax bemmer freemen. The broad appli 3. multis refers to the Epicureans.— cation of this term arose from the virtfisjpsa, virtue even. The noun Sharp and terrible distinction drawn 92 LAELIUS

modo per omnium vitas amicitia nec ullam aetatis dégendae rationem patitur esse expertem suig quin etiam si quis asperitite e5. est et immanitate nitfirae, congressus ut hominum fugiat atque 6derit, qualem fuisse Athénis Timonem nescio quem accépimus, tamen is pati non possit, ut non anquirat aliquem, apud quem évomat virus acerbititis suae atque hoc miximé iudicare-tmn si quid tile posset contingere, ut aliquis nos deus ex hic hominum frequentia tolleret m et in solitudine uspiam conlociret atque ibi subpedi tins omnium rérum, quis niti-ira désiderat, abundan tiam et copiam hominis omnino adspiciendi potestatem ériperet: quis tam esset ferreus qui eam vitam ferre posset cuique non auferret fructum voluptatum omni um solitfido? verum ergo illud est, quod i Tarentino 88 ArchYti, ut opinor, dici solitum nostros senés com memorare audivi ab aliis senibus auditumz si quis in caelum ascendisset naturamque mundi et pulchritu dinem siderum perspexisset, insuivem illam admiri tionem ei fore, quae ificundissima fuisset, si aliquem

between freemen and slaves, and from r5. quod . .. auditum, which 1 the high ideas of dignity and power have heard it said that our old men associated with the former condition. tell as a [us/omary saying qf the Ta 1. illam . . . ratifinem, any call renline Arrhylas, I believe, having ing or purmiL— 5. Timanem, an ——quodwaived it . from . . solitum aliter aged is men.the subject Athenian misanthrope, the chief char acter in one of Shakespeare’s plays.— of auditum (are). Archytas was a 6. tamen . . . anquirat, yel must he celebrated philosopher, mathematician, seek—7. virus aoerbitfitis suae, general, and statesman of Tarenturn, his “gal! of billerness.” —9. hic . . . about 400 B.C.-—- 16. ut opinor is not frequentii, the satiety qf men; fuit used to indicate doubt, but for ease supplies the lack of ‘the.’-— II. re of quotation.—20. quae . . . fuisset: rum, i.e. food, clothing, and shelter.— N. says that these are the words of 13. ferreus . . . terre . . . aulen'et, Laelius, as otherwise quam . . . fore a play upon words, common in Cicero. would have been written; but relatives CHAPTER XXIV. 93

cui narraret habuisset. sic natura solitarium nihil amat semperque ad aliquod tamquam adminiculum adnititur, quod in amicissimo quoque dulcissimum est. XXIV. Sed cum tot signis eadem niti-ira declaret quid velit, anquirat, désideret, tamen obsurdéscimus nescio quo modo nec ea, quae ab ei monémur, audi mus. est enim varius et multiplex usus amicitiae multaeque causae suspicionum offensionumque dan tur, quis tum évitare, turn élevfire, tum ferre sapien

xo tis est: una illa subeunda est offensio, ut et utilitas in amicitia et fidés retineatur; nam et monendi amici saepe sunt et obifirgandi, et haec accipienda amicé, cum benevolé fiunt. sed nescio quo modo vérum est, 89 quod in Andria familiiris meus dicit, I5 obsequium amicos, veritas odium parit.

equivalent to et is, nam is, etc., take 14. tamfliiris meus: the poet either the infinitive or the subjunctive P. Terentius, an African by birth, but in the oratio obliqua.-l. sic, the a Latin writer of such excellence, and conclusion of this argument. so intimate a friend of Laelius, that Cicero now returns to the considera many of his contemporaries ascribed tion of amicitiae sapimlium. to Laelius the revision of his plays. 8. dantury arise, i.e. are unwit In the prologue to the Adelp/zi, Ter ‘ tingly given; note the enlarging scope ence himself says: of the infinitives: if one cannot avoid “Nam quod isti dicunt malevoli, homines suspicion or grievance, he should make nobilis Eum édiutare adsidueque una scribere; light of it; if he cannot do that, he Quod illi maledictum vémens esse existu should bear it as a wise man. — manty IO. illa . . . Offénsia, but there is Eam laudem hic ducit méxumam, quom illis placer, one grievance lo which we mth sub Qui vbbis univbrsis et populb placent, mit. (R.) -111a is explained, not by Quorum opera in hello, in 6tio, in negotio the following ut (final clause), but by Suo quisque tempore usu’st sine supérbia." naml which either translate ‘namely,’ The Andria was the first in order of or omit.—lI. et. . . at. . . et: the the six comedies of Terence; this line, first and third correlate; the second 68, is iambic trimeter: makes one member of the first two >6ul>_l>il v__| uu>l I v— verbs.— 12. base, i.e. admonitions — I 5. obsequium, flattery; it often and reproofs. means ‘deference,’ as below, in 06:: 94 LAELI US molesta véritéis, si quidem ex ei nascitur odium, quod est venénum amicitiae sed obsequium multo mole stius, quod peccatis indulgéns praecipitem amicum ferri sinit; maxima autem culpa in e6, qui et vérité tem ispernitur et in fraudem obsequio impellitur. omni igitur hic in ré habenda ratio et diligentia est, primum ut monitio acerbitéte, deinde ut obiirgitib contumelia careat; in obsequi6 autem, quoniam Te rentiéno verb6 libenter fitimur, comitis adsit, adsen

10 tfitio, vitiorum adifitrix, procul imovefitur, quae non modo amico, sed ne libero quidem digna est; aliter enim cum tyranno, aliter cum amico vivitur. cfiius autem aurés clausae veritati sunt, ut ab amico vérum audire nequeat, huius salus déspéranda est; scitum I5 est enim illud Catonis, ut multa, melius de quibus dam acerbos inimicos mereri quam e65 amicos, qui dulces videanturz illos verum saepe dicere, hos num quam. atque illud absurdum, quod ii, qui monentur, quifi. — I. molesta, troublemmel with clauses stands in the second clause reference to the feelings of the bearer; with ni . . . quidem or z/ixy min modo the comparative moles/I'm refers to the being in the first clause, the negative effect upon his character. The posi affects both clauses, so that nfin is tive of molesta and the omission of es! omitted after min mazim H. 655, 3 (552, gives to the sentence a half exclama 2); M.461, 11; A. 209,a,1; 6.482, R. 1; tory character.— 5. in fraudem, to B. 343, z, a; L. 1682.— II. aliter his own derlruction, as the result of . . . cum tyrann6,i.e. under a despot, self deception; cf. De of I, 91 z with whom friendship is impossible (cf. mz/endum ext n? adrenlrilo'ribus pate § 52), flattery may be used, perhaps is fatizimus auri: nim 1111121er no': simi necessary, for protection. musy 1'12 qua‘falh'farile erl. ——- 6. ratis 14. déspéranda: disperdre being et diligentia, eamesl heed; see on used with an object in the active, with fides, etc., § 19. \Vith tii/gentia alone, the sense of ‘to give up,’ may be used Cicero uses only adhz'bére.—— 7. moni personally in the passive.—scitum tiay found only here in Cicero; else . . . cate-illisl there is a neat saying, where he uses admanitz'fi. — 10. nan that of Cato; scilum refers to the form modo: when a verb belonging to two rather than the merit of the saying. — CHAPTER XXV. 95 eam molestiam, quam debent capere, non capiunt, eam capiunt, qua débent vacare; peccasse enim sit non anguntur, obifirgéri molesté ferunt: quod contra eportébat, delicta dolére, corréctiéne gaudere XXV. Ut igitur et monere et moneri proprium est 91 verae amicitiae et alterum libere facere, non aspera alterum patienter accipere, non repugnantem sic ha bendum est nfillam in amicitiis pestem esse maiorem quam adulationem, blanditiam, adsentfitionem; quam

IO vis enim multis nbminibus est h6c vitium natandum levium hominum atque fallicium, ad voluntatem lo quentium omnia, nihil ad veritatem cum autem 92 omnium rerum simulatio vitiosa est-tollit enim iudi cium veri idque adulteraL-tum amicitiae repugnat xs maximé: délet enim veritatem sine qui nomen ami citiae valere n6n potest. nam cum amicitiae vis sit in e6, ut minus quasi animus fiat ex plfiribus, qui id fieri poterit, si né in una quidem quaque finus animus erit idemque sempery sed varius, commfitibilis, multi plex? quid enim potest esse tam fléxibile, tam de 93 vium quam animus éius, qui ad alterius non modo

1. oapiunt: see on min palm, § 19. nem, constant anmt, arising from the —3. quod contra: some consider dislike to oppose. See D., x. advenit-ri ran/rd as a preposition governing -- quamvis modifies mul/ixq by a: quad, but it is better to consider it as many terms a: possible must we (liar an adverb, wherza: on fire conti-mm aderize this wire. ' quad being in the same construction 13‘ omnium rerum simulitié, as in the phrase quad si every form of bypou'igl. — [7. id, 9. adfilitic'mem, fawning, the i.e. z/érum.— 18. firms = m'nxla'nx, op spirit that seeks to gain personal ad posed to variu:.—19. idem z :Iabz'lz': vantages through servile flattery. The (see §62), opposed to cammfildbilis, word is used of dogs. — blanditiam and both together to multiplex, which (usually in the plural), fair speaking; here, as in § 65, means deceitful.— the desire, oftentimes amiable, of say que, but, as usual in an affirmative ing things to please.—adaentiti6 following a negative clause. LAELIUS

sénsum 5c voluntfitem, sed etiam vultum atque nfitum convertitur ? negat quis, neg6; ait, aia; postrémr') imperavi egomet mihi omnia adsentiri, ut ait idem Terentius, sed ille in Gnath6nis persona, quod amici genus adhibére omnin6 levititis est. multi autem Gnathénum similés cum sint 1006, for tfini, fama superiorés, hérum est adsentatié molesta,

10 cum ad vinititem accessit auctéritas. sécerni autem 95 blandus amicus i vér6 et internésci tam potest adhi biti diligentiii quam omnia fficita et simulata 5 sin céris atque véris. c6nti6, quae ex imperitissimis c'6nstat, tamen ifidicire solet, quid intersit inter popu I5 larem, id est adsentitorem et levem civem, et inter constantem et sevérum et gravem. quibus blanditiis 96 C. Papirius nfiper influébat in auris céntic'mis, cum ferret légem dé tribfinis p1. reficiendis! dissuisimus

3. negat: The quotation is from comma after simifis, and supplying the Eunfir/zu: 252, 253, and is in the sunt. — 10. vinititem, lit. ‘empti trochaic tetrameter catalectic meter ness ’; hence, insincerily.—-—auct5ri Ov>|vvvlivl__>| tie, i.e. the influence arising from superior advantages. L>|>uv|Lv|¥ r4. populirem: one who sup _/.u|->IL> ported the cause of the peopleI and —6. peter-mi: see on § 4. The hence opposed the optima'téx, was for character was that of a parasite, the pro that reason, in Cicero’s view, weak and fessional jester and toady.—7. quod unreliable; a demagogue. — 16. sevé . . . genus, a sari offrz'md rollirb. rum at gravem, in explanatory appo An antecedent is often attracted into sition to ro'nslantem. The repetition a relative clause in Latin, which in of inter is not necessary, but is for English is put in apposition to a pre clearness. ceding noun. 17. Papirius: see on Caréfi, § 39. 8. 1006, filmin 0rigin.—9. h6 —influ6bat, the figure of the gentle rum: R. reads gufirum, putting a but mighty inflow of water; cf. De CHAPTER XXV. 97 nos; sed nihil dé me, dé Scipione dicam libentius: quanta illa, di immortalés, fuit gravitas, quanta in oratione maiestas! ut facile ducem populi Romani, non comitem dicerés. sed adfuistis et est in mani bus Gratio. itaque léx popularis suffrigiis populi repudiata est. atque, ut ad me redeam, meministis, Q. Maximo fratre Scipic'mis et L. Mancino consuli bus, quam popularis léx dé sacerdotiis C. Licinii Crassi vidébatur! cooptatio enim conlégiorum ad

IO populi beneficium transferébatur; atque is primus instituit in forum versus agere cum popu16: tamen

Or. 3, 91: finitifi u! quam mixian —9. vidébfitur, a slight anacoluthon iurzmda, quam ma'ximé in :énrfir e6 by which the clause is made an inde 1'um, yuiaua'ium‘, influal. ——4. comi pendent exclamation, instead of de tern: Scipio was at that time a lmmo pending upon memz'nisli:. The indica privdlur, yet the leader of the people. tive is often used in indirect questions —in manibus, is published; some by the comic poets, who represented times the expression, like our ‘to have the speech of common life, and here in hand,’ means to have in preparation. Cicero purposely imitates the ease of —7. Maximo: see on § 69.—et, conversation; see on parlim, § 45.— usually omitted with names of con ad - . . beneficium, to popular rufl suls, is used here on account of the fi'age. Offices were called ‘beneficia insertion of fratre Saltio'nis. —8. léx populi,’ the favors of the people, just dé sacerdfitfi's: the colleges of as we speak of them as ‘gifts.’— priests were close corporations, filling 1!. forum: the Roman forum was by themselves, mopla'lifi, all vacancies divided into two unequal parts, the occurring in their number. The sub larger of which, about two thirds of stitution of a popular election, pro the whole, was the meeting-place of posed by this law, but postponed by the plebs, and was called forum, to its defeat, was secured by the lex distinguish it from the :amilium, the Domitia 104 B.C. The election was meeting-place of the patricians, from then made by a minority of the tribes which it was separated by the rostra. chosen by lot. This method was (Rams, p. 10.) Up to this time it had adopted lest the vote of a majority been customary for orators in speaking might seem to dictate to the gods in to turn toward the tamitium. Plutarch matters of religion. Cobptation was (C. Gran/114:. p. 537) ascribes the restored by Sulla 81 B.C., but taken change to the younger Gracchus. away again 63 B.C. (Rams, p. 326.) Agar: cum popula‘ was the common DE AMlClTlA—7 98 LAELIUS illius véndibilem orationem religio deorum immorta lium nobis defendentibus facile vincébat. atque id ictum est praétore me, quinquennic') ante quam con sul sum factus: ita re magis quam summa auctoritate causa illa. défénsa est. XXVI. Quod si in scaeni, id est in c6nti6ne, in 97 qua rébus fictis et adumbrétis loci plfirimum est, tamen vérum valet, si modo id patefactum et inlfi stratum est, quid in amicitia fieri oportet, quae tota

IO véritfite perpenditur? in qua nisi, ut dicitur, apertum pectus videis tuumque ostendfis, nihil fidum, nihil exploritum habeis, n6 amfire quidem aut amari, cum id quam véré fiat ignorés. quamquam ista. adsenta ti6, quamvis perniciosa sit, nocére tamen némini potest nisi ei, qui earn recipit atque ea délectétur. ita fit ut is adsentitoribus patefaciat auris suis m5. ximé, qui ipse sibi adsentétur et sé miximé ipse dele ctet. omnino est amins sui virtfis; optimé enim sé 98 ipsa n6vit quamque amabilis sit intellegit: ego autem

2O non dé virtfite nunc loquor, sed dé virtfitis opinione.

phrase for addressing the people, in unfairly because incompletely set forth. support of measures or in opposition It is opposed to inlfistrzilum, which to them.-— I. véndibilem, lit. ‘sala means ‘set forth in a clear light.’— ble’; hence plausible—3. praétore 12. amire . . . aut améri, depends mé: Laelius was praetor I45 B.C., and on explo'rlitum habea'x, you are not cer consul I40 B.c.—4. ré: Laelius owed tain even that you love or are loved, his success to the merit (r?) of his as you are ignorant of the genuineness case, and not to the influence of his of the feeling—I3. id refers to the office; he does not deny that influence, infinitives, and is the object of zlgwfirés. auctfirilzis, had something to do with 18. omninc'), to h sure. This the result, but the influence was not word introduces a statement complete summa, as it would have been if he in itself, but a limiting or corrective had been consul. clause with sea/or autem is often added; 7. adumbrfitis, i.e. merely out cf. § 69. ——virtfitis opinions, a rap lined, things not fabricated, firtis, but posed wirluz. There is a different CHAPTER XXVI. 99 virtute enim ipsa non tam multi praediti esse quam videri volunt: hos delectat adsentatic'), his fictus ad ipsarum voluntatem serma cum adhibétur, 6riti6nem illam variam testimonium esse laudum suarum putant. nulla est igitur haec amicitiay cum alter verum audire nan vult, alter ad mentiendum paratus est. nec para sitorum in comoediis adsentitid facéta nobis vidéré tur, nisi essent milites gloriosi. magnas vér6 agere gratias Thais mihi?

satis erat respondere H magnasnz ningentisl 1 inquit IO semper auget adsentator idp quod is, cuius ad volun tatem dicitur, vult esse magnum. quam ob rem, 99 quamquam blanda ista vanitas apud eas valet, qui ipsi illam adlectant et invitanty tamen etiam graviores 115 cbnstantiaresque admonendi sunt, ut animadvertant ne callida adsentitiane capiantur. aperte enim adu lantem némé nan videt, nisi qui admodum est excorsz callidus ille et occultus né se insinuet studiosé caven dum est. nec enim facillime agnoscitur, quippe qui etiam adversanda saepe adsentetur et litigare sé meaning in g 37.-—~2. videri sc. exse by Gnatho, a parasite, and in this prazditz'. Cf. Sallust, Cat. 54, 5: err: line, the first of an act, he asks with quam vidiri bonus malééal.—8. es what reception it met. The line is sent: the subject is ii, understood, plainly a part of the conversation, referring to those to whom parasites and the infinitive continues something attach themselves. Mile: Glfirifisu: which is omitted. - io. ingent'l's, was the title of a play of Plautus, to boundless.—-u. auget: cf. Juvenal, which reference may be made, but the III. loo-103: quotation is from Terence, Eunficbus, “ Ridés, maie-ire cachinna 391. The verse is iambic trimeter: Concutitur: flet, si lacrimas conspexit amicil Nccdolet', igniculum brfimae si tempore poscis, >L|>vv|uL|u_|>L|v_ Accipitendromiden; si dixerit‘Aestuo,'sfidat." —9. agere: Thraso, a braggart sol I6. aperte . . . videt, every am dier, had sent a present to his mistress delesl: ape” fiat/ay Observe that the 100' LAELIUS

simulfins blandiatur atque ad extrémum det manus vincique sé patieiturp ut is, qui inlusus sit, plus vidisse videitun quid autem turpius quam inlfidi? quod ut né accidat . magis . cavendum est: \ 5 ut mé hodié ante omnis cbmicas stult6s senés versaris atque inlusseris lautissimé. haec enim etiam in fabulis stultissima persona est 100 impravidarum et crédulorum senum. sed nescia qua pacta ab amicitiis perfectorum hominum, id est sapi m entium-de hac dice sapientii, quae videtur in homi nem cadere posse, —- ad levis amicitiis défluxit 6r5ti6. quam ob rem ad illa prima redeamus eaque ipsa con cludamus aliquandd XXVII. virtusy virtfis, inquam, C. Fanni, et tfi, xs Mfici, et conciliat amicitiis et conservat; in ea est enim convenientia rérum, in ea stabilitas, in ea c6n stantia: quae cum sé extulit et ostendit suum lumen et idem adspexit agnovitque in alio, ad id sé admovet vicissimque accipit illud, quod in altera est, ex qua zoexardescit sive amor sive amicitia. utrumque enim

Latin uses concrete expressions where your finger. —lnlfiaaerls : o. hasilus the English uses abstract—I. det mii ,- for double :, H. 244, 4 (240, 4); mam-15, give: in, a phrase taken from M. 101, 3; A. 128, e, 3; G. 131, 4; L. the arena, used of the vanquished 887. cr. Quintilian, I. 7, 20. The lines gladiator, who raised his hand in token are from the Epic/Eran of Caecilius, of submission; cf. our phrase, ‘throw and are iambic trimeter: up the sponge.’—5. ut: ut is used >6v|>_|>Llu_|>L|\/_ in interrogative and exciamatory ex >L|v_|>iiv_|>ilv_ pressions indicating the impatience of the speaker or the impossibility of 12. illa prima, viz., the statement the thing in question. The construc of § 65, that friendship can exist only tion is eiliptical.—5. cfimicos z in between the good. (fimaediis. See on mull/u e! mrignat, 20. sive . . . sive. (all it 1011:, ml! g 3o.-—6. vers'a'u'is, twirl me round 1'! friends/11:1); the conjunctions leave CHAPTER XXVII. IOI

dictum est ab amando; amfire autem nihil est aliud nisi eum ipsum diligere quem amés, nfilli indigentia, nfilla fitilitéte quaesiti; quae tamen ipsa effloréscit ex amicitii, etiam si tfi earn minus secfitus sis. hic 101 5 n65 aduléscentés benevolentifi senés i116s L. Paulum, M. Catonem, C. Gilum, P. Nisicam, Ti. Gracchum, Scipionis nostri socerum, diléximus ; haec etiam magis élficet inter aequilis, ut inter mé et Scipionem, L. Ffirium, P. Rupilium, Sp. Mummium: vicissim autem 10 senés in aduléscentium cfiritéte adquiéscimus, ut in vestri, ut in Q. Tuberonis; equidem etiam admodum aduléscentis P. Rutilii, A. Verginii familiiritite dé lector. quoniamque ita ratio comparita est vitae nitfiraeque nostrae, ut alia aetas oriétur, maximé

it indeterminate. — l. dictum: B. guz' est Corzulum adpelllitus, qm' item reads dur/um, “ but Cicero, in mention bi: [611:le cl rénsor fuz'l, lzabitum ing a thing, would say it was named Elngumtzm (Cic. Brutus 79). —-Ti. from some circumstance, but, in men Gracchum, son-in-law of the elder, tioning its name, would say that the and father-in-law of the younger Afri name is drawn or derived from some canus, and father of the two famous circumstance.” -—2. diligere tribunes Tiberius and Gains: rive/n quem amés: dillfere is the love rum grave”! Ium diam Eloquen/em founded on esteem, ama're is that of m'm‘tat fuz'sxe (Brulu: 79).-—9. Pfi afi'ection and of passion; the latter is rium Rupilium, Mummium: see the more general term. The one who on §§ l4 and 69. — II. Tfiberfinis: loves a friend from an appreciation of see on § 37.— I2. Rutilji: this man, his virtue is not urged by a sense of of spotless integrity, consul 105 B.C., need or a desire of gain.—-3. quae was one of the best products of the siti belongs, of course, only to Will' later republic. His virtue won him idle. — etfléréscit: metaphors derived the hatred of the equites, and through from the flowering of plants are very their influence he was unjustly con common. (Nag, p. 130, I. i, p.530.) demned for extortion, and banished, 5. Paulum: see on §9.—6. Ca 92 B.C. Cicero did not think highly t6nem, the censor:— Giilum: see on of him as an orator (see Brulur no, § 9.-—-P. Nisicam: Cornelius Scipio, 118).—Vergmii, known only as a son-in-law of the elder Africanus, and student of law with Rutilius under father of the Scipio mentioned in §41 : P. Mucius Scaevola.— i4. alia aetis, 102 LAELIUS quidem optandum est ut cum aequalibus possis, qui buscum tamquam é carceribus émissus sis, curn isdem ad calcem, ut dicitur, pervenire; sed quoniarn rés 102 humfinae fragilés cadficaeque sunt, semper aliqui 5 anquirendi sunt quos diligamus et a quibus diligfimur; caritfite enim benevolentiique sublitfi omnis est 6 vita sublata ificunditas. mihi quidem Scipio, quamquam est subito éreptus, vivit tamen semperque vivet; vir tfitem enim amavi illius viri, quae exstincta n6n est. 10 nec mihi soli versatur ante oculos, qui illam semper in manibus habui, sed etiam posteris erit clara et in signis : ném6 umquam animo aut spé miiora suscipiet qui sibi non illius memoriam atque imaginem propo nendam putet. equidem ex omnibus rébus, quas mihi 103 :5 aut fortuna aut natura tribuit, nihil habe6 quod cum amicitia Scipionis possim comparare: in him mihi dé ré publica consensus, in hie rérum privatarum con silium, in eadem requiés pléna oblectatic'mis fuit. numquam illum né minimi quidem ré offendi, quod

a new generation. (R.) Between these of § 96. — I 2. animfi refers to courage words B. inserts ex alizi, which, want in action, xpi to confidence in the ing in most Mss., are not necessary worth of the prize to he striven for. to the sense.—2. carceribus: the There is a slight zeugma, as mncz'piet mrreréx were small arched chambers would be the verb for 51):? rather than within which the horses and chariots :usripz'el; cf. dih'gmliam, § 89. -— stood before starting on the race. 13. qui . . . putet, wit/mu! thinking; (Rams, p. 348.)—-isdem repeats a common mode of supplying the lack aegua'libu: after the parentheses, in of a verbal noun. stead of the more common iis. -— I7. cfinsénsua: cf. § 15, where 3. calcem, the chalk-line drawn ca'nsénsifi is used with the genitive. across the circus in front of the car Both are abstract nouns, but cfinsémifi ceres. It constituted the goal analo is agreement as a state of mind, 56n gous to our ‘ winning post.’ rénsus is successive acts of agreeing. — IL in manibus, [21121: i! always 19. numquam . . . né . . . quidem: before me, difi'erent from in manibus see on min . . . nez/ur, § 73. -— oflendi, CHAPTER XXVII. 103 quidem sénserim, nihil audivi ex e6 ipse quod nollem fina domus erat, idem victus isque commi-misp neque solum militia, sed etiam peregrinationes rustica-itid nesque communes. nam quid ego de studiis dicam 104 s cognoscendi semper aliquid atque discendi, in quibus remoti ab oculis populi omne otiosum tempus con trivimus ? quarum rerum recordatio et memoria si una cum i116 occidisset, desiderium coniunctissimi atque amantissimi viri ferre nulla modo possem; sed nec xo illa exstincta sunt alunturque potius et augentur cogi tatione et memoria mefi, et, si illis plane orbatus essem, magnum tamen adferret mihi aetas ipsa sala cium; diutius enim iam in hoc desiderio esse non possum; omnia autem brevia tolerabilia esse débent, ts etiam si magna sunt. Haec habui de amicitia quae diceremr v65 autem hortor ut ita virtutem locétis, sine qua amicitia esse non potest, ut ei excepta nihil amicitia praestabilius putétis.

i.e. do anything at which he took the process of attainment. — 7. recor~ ofi'ense.-3. rfisticitifinés: in De ditia et memoria, thefres/z rel/lem Or. II. 22, Cicero says of Laelius and branre. See on jidth lg. jllemoriay Scipio: eis inrrédz'bz'liler repuertiseere as the more general term, would nat solitis exse eum r17: ex urbe tamquam urally come first. See on §75.-— E vinrli: évolzim'ssenl; and Horace, IO. alunturque, as often que has an Sat. II. 2, 74, 75, in speaking of them adversative force when introducing and Lucilius says: miga'ri tum illi et an affirmative following a negative dixrindi hidere diuer diraquerélur olus clause.--I3. difitius, very long.— salitl'. nihil . . . putétis: there is no con 5. cognoscendi . . . discendi, tradiction here to § 17, where virtue knowledge and instrurtion. Inqui is placed in advance of all other things, rendi aliyuid etzigmtireimuey audiendi inasmuch as virtue is the foundation patixrimum discimus. The former and support of friendship. refers more to the results, the latter to

INDEX TO THE NOTES

[The figures refer to the sections]

5 patribus accipere, 39. attraction, of adjectives, 22, 86; 01 ablatives, two in one clause, 11. antecedent, 93; of pronouns, in abstract substantives used for adjec gender, 3, 5o, 80; in number, 14; tives, 29; plural of, 23, 67; want of verb, 27, 35. ing in Latin, 86. augur, I, 7. 5c = quam, 22. ballot in voting, 39. accfiritus, 25. beneficium, 96. icta agere, 85. blanditia, 91. adesse, 37. bonitis, 12. adhibére diligentiam, 89. calculi, 58. adire periculum, 24. calx, IOI. adiuvire, 35. caput, 61. admiritifi, 2. carcerés, 10!. admodnm, 2. Cat?) Miior, 4. adsentitio, 91. causi, position, 57. adfilitio, 91. cautifi, 78. aduléscentia, 34. cave = mi, 10. adverbs separated from words modi cavea, 24. fied, IO, 89. cénsEre, 17. aequilis, 32. chiasmus, 3, 23, 47, 48, 57, 65, 70. aequitis, 82. clause with verbal noun, 27. aetis confirmita, 74. comminicire, 22. aliéni, 19. concédere ut, I8. alter, " another," 42. concrete for abstract, 99. amire, 100. condicit'), 34. ambitiosus, 59. conglfitinire, 32. anacoluthon, 6, 44, 65, 68, 73, 96. conjunction with two adjectives, 3o. anastrophc, 83. consénsus, 103. aqui, non igni, 22. constins, 8, 62. assonance, 79. contemncre, 86. asyndeton, 55, 59, 72. contendere, 39. 106 INDEX TO THE NOTES contingere, 8. gaudére, 14. co-opteitial 96. generésus, 29. c6ram, 3. genitive, position with adjective and cordi, I 5. noun, 33. cum . . . tum, 23. gerund joined with noun, 6!, 73. cupere, 59. gléria, 12, 34. dare mam—is, 99. gravitas, 62. dative predicative, I5. habere with participle, 52. de in composition, 37. haud sci?) an, 20. de RE Piblicziy 14, 25. hémicyclium, 2. debere with infinitive, 36. hendiadys, 53, 59. derivatives from Latin, 25. hercule, 37. desideriuml SL hic, of one near, 7. déspérire, 90. hon6rés, 34, 63. diligere, 100. hortus, 7. diserere, 4. iam with present, 65. disputare, 4. igitur, position, 39; resumptive, 26, distantial 74. 44. divitiorl 58. illud = 1666, 26. doctrina, 7. immfinis, 50. eius modi z adjective, 42. imperium, 63. Eluere, 76. indicative, to express propriety, etc., Empedocles, 24. 15; in indirect questions, 96; with emphasis by position, 26. quod, 37. enim, position, 17. indicere persénam, 4. esse, denoting existence, I3; “ in infimia, 76. 6re,” 2; “in manibus,” 96, 102. infinitive and subjunctive clauses, 8!. etenim, 4o. influere, 96. exigerc, 31. in manibus, 96, 102. expetere, 46. invitus, 4. existere, 24. ipse, 5, 19, 86. fibula, 7o. is qui, 49. facere ut, 4. iste, 5. famulitus, 7o. itaque = atque ita, 42; resumptive, 3. ferey 2. iis respondendi, I. filum, 25. ifistitia, 82. firmus, 62. labefactire, 34. fligitiésus, 47. laetari 14. fifirére, 4. lawyers, how consulted, 1. fortfina, 12, 70. lex Cassia, 41; Gabinia, 4!; Papiria, forum, 96. 41; de sacerdétiis, 96. future perfect, for English present, 37, liberalitis, l t. 42; used to defer a matter, 10, liberaliterl 86. INDEX TO THE NOTES 107 libr6, with and without preposition, 3. order of words, 53. lumen, 27. 6ti65us, 16, 86. magis, 27. oxymoron, 7o. magistratus, 63. paedagogi, 74. Magna Graecia, 13. par, 32. memini, with present and perfect in participles, instead of subordinate finitive, 2; with accusative, 9. clauses, 26; for verbal nouns, 25, memoriter, I. 29; present participle as adjective, memoriae prodi, 39. 50; with conative force, 75; pres metaphor, frequent with florére and ent passive participle of English other verbs, 4, 78, 100; softened by supplied, 52; perfect participle quidam, 6, 75; quasi, 6, l4; tam~ equivalent to adjective in “bilis,” quam, etc., 6, 14, 49. 32, 80; repeated, 44; used as noun Miles Gloriosus, 98. and participle, 1, 6. modo, 6. partire, 22. molestus, 89. patronus, 25. monitifi, 89. peregrinus, 37. morés, 7. perfect tense, epistolary, 5; for pres movére, 63. ent, 48. nam, 41, 45. periphrastic conjugation, “is going to nitfira, 7. be,” 43. n6, 42. persona, 4, 93. nec . . . et, 75. pietas, 12. negative, distributed, 73, 103; re pingui Minerva, 19. peated, 48. _ plural for singular, 23, 67. né . . . quidem, 3o. pontifex, I. nescio quo pacto, 4. popularis, 95. nimirum, 52. position of speakers in forum, 96. nisi, 18. potestis, 63. non, incorporated with verb, 39. potius, 27, 78. non . . . modo . . . né . . : quidem, 89. praesagire, 14. non queo, 41. predicate changed in translation, 4; non qufi . . . sed, 31. repeated in afiirmative and nega nouns, replace verbs in translation, 9, tive clauses, 19. 24; taken in pairs, 19, 104; with preposition repeated, I 1. two adjectives, 8. prepositional phrases instead of ad numne, 36. jectives, 84; instead of genitives, obsequium, 89. 35; joined with nouns, 19. omnint'), 69, 74, 78, 98. present tense with iam, 65. opés, 22. pronoun attracted, 3, 18, 32, 38. opportfinitis, 22. protasis, double, 38. optare, 59. quam, separated from word it modi optimus applied to aristocracy, 33. fies, IO. 108 INDEX TO THE NOTES

quamquam, 29, 33. Socratés, oracle about, 7. quando, 60. stabilis, 62. quasi to soften metaphor, 6, l4. studium, 7. que, adversative, 92, 104. subject omitted, 59. que . . . et, 75. subjunctive, attraction, 27; in expres quee-ai 4r, 7!. sions of politeness, 5, 64. quicum, 2, 22. subtilius, 7. quidam, to soften metaphor or word, superbus, 50. 6, 75. supine in um, 37. quid dicam d6, 11. tabella, 4-1. quidem, 4| g concessive, 68. tamquam, etc., to soften metaphor, quisquam, 9, 39, 54. 14, 49 quisque, in plural, 34; position with tanti, 37. se, 26; with superlative, 13, 29. tantum abest ut . . . ut, 5r. quacumy 2, 22. tener, 67. quod contra, 90. tenses used irregularly, 46, 64. quod, with moods, 37; with clause as “the,” substitutes in Latin, I, 22, 87. verbal, 8. toga, when assumed, 1. rapix, 50. film“: et citro, 85. realism in use of number, [3. fisfirpare, 28. redamire, 49. ut, in exclamations, 99; “ namely redficere, 12. that,” 8; ut n6, 42; ut . . . sic, relative clauses, logically independent 14. with infinitive or subjunctive, 34, fiti, used impersonally, 61. 45, 88. ut ita dicam, 29. relative pronouns, doubled, 27, 32; vanitas, 94. equivalent to demonstrative and viticiniri, 24. conjunction, 7!. vel, I3; correétive, 4.1. res divinae huminaeque, 20. véndibilis, 96. response. pridentum, I. venditztiaa 86. Romans, character of, 8, 10, I6, 62; verb, attracted, 27, 35; omitted, 79; indifl'erent to mountain scenery, 68; repeated, 33; impersonal, 28. without idea of obligations to hu verbal of English supplied by clause manity, 7o. with quod, 9; by relative, 102; by sacerdfitium, 96. participles, 25, 29. sinctus, 39. verbals in “ io,” 78. scitum, 90. vesper, 12. sécfiritis, 45. videar, “ I think,” 15; viderisi per sed, following non qual 3r; resump sonal for impersonal, 9. tive, 5. - r viderint, future perfect, [0. sibi habére, 18. virtus, 3o. - sive, 100. voluntas, of political inclination, 15. Socii et Latini, 12. zeugma, 59, 102. INDEX OF PROPER NAMES

[The figures refer to the sections]

L. Acilius, 6. Sp. Maelius, 28, 36. Q. Aelius Tfibero, 37, 101. M’. Minilius, 14. Q. Aemilius Pipus. 39. Cu. Mircius Corifilinus, 36, 42. L. Aemilius Paulus Mgccdonicus, 9, P. Mficius Scaevola, 1. 101. Q. Mficius Scaevola, Augur, I, 5. Archytis, 88. Sp. Mummius, 69, 101. Bifis, 59. Neoptolemus, 75. C. Blossius, 37. M. Pficuvius, 24. Q. Caecilius Metellus Macedonicus, Q. PompEius Rflfus, 2, 77. 77 C. Papirius Carbé, 39, 96. Sp. Cassius Viscellinus, 28, 36. C. Popilius Laenas, 37. P. corna-alius Scipia Aemiliinus (Kfri C. Porcius Cat6, Ce'nsor, 4, 6, 9, 101. cinus Minor) Numantinus, 3, 10. Pyrrhus, 28. P. Cornélius ScipiG Nasica Seripié, L. Rupilius, 73. 41, 101. P. Rupilius, 37, 69, 73, 101. Tib. coruncziniusp I8, 39. P. kutiliusl 101. M’. cul-ius Dentitus, 18, 28, 39. C. Semprfinius Gracchus, 39, 41. Ennius, 22, 64. Tib. Semprénius Gracchus, the father Q. F abius Miximus Aemiliinus, 69, 96. of the tribunesj 101. C. Fahricius Luscinus, 18, 28, 39. Tib. Sempr6nius Gracchus, the tri C. Fannius, 3. bum s1. 39, 41 L. Ffirius Philus, 14, 69, 101. C. Sulpicius Gilus, 9, 101. Hannibal, 28. P. Sulpicius Rfifus, 2. L. Hostilius Mancinus, 96. L. Tarquinius Superbus, 28, 53. D. lfinius Brfitus Gallaccus, 7. P. Terentius Afar, 89, 93. C. Laelius Sapifznsl I, 3, 4, 5. Themistoclés, 42. C. Licinius Crassus, 96. Tlmfin, 87. Lycomédés, 75. A. vel-gimusp 101. wg Lane’s Latin Grammars

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