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Microbiology World Nov – Dec 2013 ISSN 2350 - 8774 Microbiology World Nov – Dec 2013 ISSN 2350 - 8774 www.microbiologyworld.com www.facebook.com/MicrobiologyWorld ~ 1 ~ Microbiology World Nov – Dec 2013 ISSN 2350 - 8774 President Mobeen Syed, M.D. King Endward Medical University Lahore MSc. from ASD, BSc. from Punjab University D-Lab from MIT MA USA Vice-President Sudheer Kumar Aluru, Ph.D Human Genetics, Sri Venkateswara University, India HOD of Biology Department (Narayana Institutions) Managing Director Dr. D K Acharya, Ph.D Asst Prof., Biotech Dept. A. M. Collage of Science, Management and Computer Technology, India Chief Editor Mr. Sagar Aryal Medical Microbiology (M.Sc), Nepal Reviewers Mr. Samir Aga Department of Immunological Diseases Medical Technologist, Iraq Mr. Saumyadip Sarkar, Ph.D ELSEVIER Student Ambassador South Asia, Reed Elsevier (UK) M.Sc., Research Scholar (Human Genetics), India Editors Dr. Sao Bang Hanoi Medical University Dean of Microbiology Department (Provincial Hospital) Microbiology Specialist, Vietnam Mr. Tankeshwar Acharya Lecturer: Patan Academy of Health Sciences (PAHS) Medical Microbiology, Nepal Mr. Avishekh Gautam Lecturer: St. Xavier‘s College Medical Microbiology, Nepal Mr. Manish Thapaliya Lecturer: St. Xavier’s College Food Microbiology, Nepal www.microbiologyworld.com www.facebook.com/MicrobiologyWorld ~ 2 ~ Microbiology World Nov – Dec 2013 ISSN 2350 - 8774 Table of Content Page No. Nobel prize winners in Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics 4-7 Genetic Background of Alzheimer’s Disease 8-10 Interview with Dr. Ayush Kumar 11-13 Microbiology and art: A comfortable combination? 14-17 Research Process 18-21 Non Treponemal Tests 22-25 Cultivation of viruses: Cell culture systems 26-29 Immunoglobulin’s in Periodontitis 30-33 Online Microbiology Course 34-36 www.microbiologyworld.com www.facebook.com/MicrobiologyWorld ~ 3 ~ Microbiology World Nov – Dec 2013 ISSN 2350 - 8774 NOBEL PRIZE WINNERS IN MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY AND GENETICS 2011: Bruce A. Beutler Jules A. Hoffmann Ralph M. Steinman Discoveries concerning the activation of innate immunity Discovered the role of dendritic cell in adaptive immunity 2008: the Nobel Prize was shared between Harald zur Hausen, for his discovery that human papillomaviruses can cause cervical cancer, and Françoise Barré-Sinoussi and Luc Montagnier, for their discovery of HIV 2005: Barry Marshall and Robin Warren: For the identification of Helicobacter pylori and its role in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease 2001: Leland Hartwell Paul Nurse Tim Hunt Identified key molecular steps in the cell cycle using yeast as a model organism 1997: STANLEY B. PRUSINER Discovered and characterized prions as a new biological infectious agent containing only protein and no nucleic acid 1996: The prize was awarded jointly to PETER C. DOHERTY and ROLF M. ZINKERNAGEL for their discoveries concerning the specificity of the cell mediated immune defense. 1990: The prize was awarded jointly to JOSEPH E. MURRAY and E. DONNALL THOMAS for their discoveries concerning organ and cell transplantation in the treatment of human disease. 1989: The prize was awarded jointly to J. MICHAEL BISHOP and HAROLD E. VARMUS for their discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes. www.microbiologyworld.com www.facebook.com/MicrobiologyWorld ~ 4 ~ Microbiology World Nov – Dec 2013 ISSN 2350 - 8774 1987: SUSUMU TONEGAWA for his discovery of the genetic principle for generation of antibody diversity. 1984: The prize was awarded jointly to NIELS K. JERNE, GEORGES J.F. KÖHLER and CÉSAR MILSTEIN for theories concerning the specificity in development and control of the immune system and the discovery of the principle for production of monoclonal antibodies. 1983: BARBARA MC CLINTOCK for her discovery of mobile genetic elements (transposons). 1980: The prize was awarded jointly to BARUJ BENACERRAF, JEAN DAUSSET and GEORGE D. SNELL for their discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions. 1978: The prize was awarded jointly to WERNER ARBER, DANIEL NATHANS and HAMILTON O. SMITH for the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics. 1975: The prize was awarded jointly to DAVID BALTIMORE, RENATO DULBECCO and HOWARD MARTIN TEMIN for their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumor viruses and the genetic material of the cell. 1972: The prize was awarded jointly to GERALD M. EDELMAN and RODNEY R. PORTER for their discoveries concerning the chemical structure of antibodies 1969: The prize was awarded jointly to MAX DELBRÜCK, ALFRED D. HERSHEY and SALVADOR E. LURIA for their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses. www.microbiologyworld.com www.facebook.com/MicrobiologyWorld ~ 5 ~ Microbiology World Nov – Dec 2013 ISSN 2350 - 8774 1968: The prize was awarded jointly to ROBERT W. HOLLEY, HAR GOBIND KHORANA and MARSHALL W. NIRENBERG for their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis. 1966: The prize was awarded to PEYTON ROUS for his discovery of tumor inducing viruses 1965: The prize was awarded jointly to FRANÇOIS JACOB, ANDRÉ LWOFF and JACOUES MONOD for their discoveries concerning genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis. 1960: The prize was awarded jointly to SIR FRANK MACFARLANE BURNET and SIR PETER BRIAN MEDAWAR for discovery of acquired immunological tolerance. 1959: The prize was awarded jointly to SEVERO OCHOA and ARTHUR KORNBERG for their discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid. 1958: The prize was divided equally, one half awarded jointly to GEORGE WELLS BEADLE and EDWARD LAWRIE TATUM for their discovery that genes act by regulating definite chemical events and the other half to JOSHUA LEDERBERG for his discoveries concerning genetic recombination and the organization of the genetic material of bacteria. 1954: The prize was awarded jointly to JOHN FRANKLIN ENDERS, THOMAS HUCKLE WELLER and FREDERICK CHAPMAN ROBBINS for their discovery of the ability of poliomyelitis viruses to grow in cultures of various types of tissue. 1952: SELMAN ABRAHAM WAKSMAN for his discovery of streptomycin, the first antibiotic effective against tuberculosis. www.microbiologyworld.com www.facebook.com/MicrobiologyWorld ~ 6 ~ Microbiology World Nov – Dec 2013 ISSN 2350 - 8774 1951: MAX THEILER for his discoveries concerning yellow fever and how to combat it. 1946: HERMANN JOSEPH MULLER for the discovery of the production of mutations by means of X-ray irradiation. 1945: The prize was awarded jointly to SIR ALEXANDER FLEMING, SIR ERNST BORIS CHAIN and LORD HOWARD WALTER FLOREY for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases. 1930: KARL LANDSTEINER for his discovery of human blood groups. 1928: CHARLES JULES HENRI NICOLLE for his work on typhus. 1919: JULES BORDET for his discoveries relating to immunity. 1913: CHARLES ROBERT RICHET in recognition of his work on anaphylaxis 1908: The prize was awarded jointly to ILYA ILYICH METCHNIKOV and PAUL EHRLICH in recognition of their work on immunity. 1907: CHARLES LOUIS ALPHONSE LAVERAN in recognition of discovery of malarial parasite. 1905: ROBERT KOCH for his investigations and discoveries in relation to tuberculosis. 1902: SIR RONALD ROSS for his work on malaria, where he discovered the life cycle of Plasmodium in mosquito. 1901: EMIL ADOLF VON BEHRING for his work on serum therapy, especially its application against diphtheria www.microbiologyworld.com www.facebook.com/MicrobiologyWorld ~ 7 ~ Microbiology World Nov – Dec 2013 ISSN 2350 - 8774 Genetic Background of Alzheimer’s Disease Alzheimer‘s disease, the well-known progressive neurologic disease of the brain, leading to irreversible loss of neurons and the loss of intellectual abilities, including memory and reasoning, which become severe enough to impede social or occupational functioning. There are multiple researchers and also it has carried an importance of current research which carried an important understanding about the genetical background of Alzherimer‘s. A research published in Journal of Neuroscience where the UK researchers, University of Kentucky identified several variations in DNA sequence, where each can modify Alzheimer‘s risk. They identified a potential genetic variation near the gene CD33, which is thought to inhibit clearance of amyloid beta The results obtained, indicating the inhibition of CD33 may reduce Alzheimer‘s disease. A drug was tested for acute myeloid leukemia targets CD33, suggesting the potential for treatments based on CD33 to mitigate the risk for Alzheimer's disease. Although they suggested that further studies must be conducted before this treatment approach could be tested in humans. Another research where four new genes have been identified where researchers from a consortium of 44 universities and research institutions in the United States, including Rush University Medical Center, identified four new genes linked to Alzheimer's disease. The research was published in the journal Nature Genetics. Source: http://images.sciencedaily.com/2011/04/110403141329-large.jpg www.microbiologyworld.com www.facebook.com/MicrobiologyWorld ~ 8 ~ Microbiology World Nov – Dec 2013 ISSN 2350 - 8774 The genetic analysis was performed with more than 11,000 people with Alzheimer‘s disease, along with the same number of elderly people with no symptoms of dementia. Earlier a gene of apolipoprotein E-e4, APOE-e4, identified over 15 years ago, has
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