DOCSLIB.ORG

Mineralogy of the Kraubath-Type Magnesite Deposits Of

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Mineralogy of the Kraubath-Type Magnesite Deposits Of Yerbilimleri, 30 (3), 169–180 Hacettepe Üniversitesi Yerbilimleri Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi Dergisi Journal of the Earth Sciences Application and Research Centre of Hacettepe University Mineralogy of the Kraubath-type magnesite deposits of the Khuzdar area, Balochistan, Pakistan Khuzdar Bölgesi (Belucistan, Pakistan)’ndeki Kraubath tipi manyezit yataklarının mineralojisi Erum BASHIR, Shahid NASEEM, Shamim Ahmed SHEIKH, Maria KALEEM Department of Geology, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, PAKISTAN Geliş (received) : 17 Ağustos (August) 2009 Kabul (accepted) : 17 Eylül (September) 2009 ABSTRACT Mineralogical studies of the magnesite deposits in the Khuzdar District, Balochistan, Pakistan were made using the X- ray diffraction (XRD) technique. These Kraubath-type magnesite deposits are hosted within serpentinized harzburgites, associated with Bela Ophiolite of Cretaceous age. The deposits occur as cryptocrystalline veins of stockwork-type, possessing botryoidal and bone habits. The ultramafic rocks of Bela Ophiolite were subjected to serpentinization. The hydrothermal fluids leached out Mg, Ca, Fe and other elements from the serpentinized rocks and finally carbonation of these ions resulted in the formation of their hydroxides and carbonates of different combinations to produce these de- posits. The XRD analysis of the ores revealed a high magnesite content in association with artinite, brucite, huntite, Fe- magnesite, dolomite, calcite and Mg-calcite. Initially, at low temperatures and low partial pressure from carbon dioxide (PCO2), metastable hydroxides and carbonates are formed, and these are gradually converted into a stable magnesite phase. The low abundance of allied minerals reflects the relatively high temperature conditions and PCO2 that convert metastable minerals into their stable magnesite phase. The study revealed an increasing temperature and PCO2 from brucite through artinite, hydromagnesite, huntite, and dolomite to magnesite. Principal component analysis (PCA) and correlation matrix analysis were also utilized to reveal the genetic affiliation that existed between these minerals. Keywords: Balochistan, Khuzdar, Kraubath-type magnesite, mineralogy, Pakistan. ÖZ Khuzdar Bölgesi (Belucistan, Pakistan)’ndeki manyezit yataklarının mineralojisi X-ışınları kırınım tekniğiyle araştırıl- mıştır. Kraubath tipi bu manyezit yatakları, Kretase yaşlı Bela ofiyolitleriyle ilişkili serpantinleşmiş harzburjitler için- de yer almaktadır. Bu çökeller, kriptokristalin damarlar ve botriyodal ve kemiksi. özelliklere sahip ağsı yatak şeklin- de oluşmuşlardır. Bela ofiyolitik kayaçları serpantinleşmeye maruz kalmışlardır. Hidrotermal akışkanlarca taşınan Mg, Ca, Fe ve serpantinleşmiş kayalardan gelen diğer elementler ve sonuçta bu iyonların karbonatlaşması, bunların hid- roksitlerinin oluşumuyla ve farklı bileşimlerdeki karbonatların bu çökelleri oluşturmasıyla sonuçlanmıştır. Cevherle- rin X-ışınları kırınım analizleri; artinit, brusit, huntit, Fe-manyezit, dolomit, kalsit ve Mg-kalistle ilişkili yüksek manye- zit içeriğinin varlığını göstermektedir. İlk olarak, düşük sıcaklıkta ve düşük kısmi karbondioksit (PCO2) basıncı altın- da, tedricen duraylı manyezit fazına dönüşen yarı-duraylı hidroksitler ve karbonatlar oluşmuştur. Yabancı mineralle- rin azlığı, göreceli olarak yüksek sıcaklık koşullarına ve yarı-duraylı mineralleri manyezit fazına dönüştüren PCO2’ye işaret etmektedir. Bu çalışma, artan sıcaklığı ve arinit, hidromanyezit, huntit, dolomitten itibaren brusitten PCO2 artı- şını göstermiştir. Ayrıca asal bileşen analizi (PCA) ve korelasyon matriksi analizi bu mineraller arasında mevcut olan kökensel ilişknin araştırılmasıi için kullanılmıştır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Belucistan, Khuzdar, Kraubath tipi manyezit, mineraloji, Pakistan. E. Bashir E-mail: [email protected] 170 Yerbilimleri INTRODUCTION minerals. The CO2-rich fluids were either deri- ved from decarbonation of deep-seated carbo- Regionally, the study area belongs to the ophi- nates or decarboxylation of organic rich sedi- olite thrust belt, which marks the boundary bet- ments (Gartzos, 2004; Zedef et al., 2000). ween the Indian and Eurasian plates. Along the ophiolite, sedimentary rocks of Jurassic to Ter- Showings and deposits of Kraubath-type tiary age are also exposed on either side (Figure cryptocrystalline magnesite are widely exposed 1). The Bela Ophiolite is linked with the Alpine- within the Bela Ophiolite of the Cretaceous age. Himalayan Mesozoic Belt, which stretches from These deposits are hosted within the upper part the European Alps to the Himalayas. The Bela of highly fractured and imbricated ultramafic Ophiolite has characteristics of both a supra- complexes containing the serpentinized equ- subduction zone and mid-ocean ridge settings, ivalent of harzburgite (Bashir, 2008). The pro- and is also intruded by hotspot-derived mag- mising deposits are in Baran Lak, Pahar Khan, mas (Khan et al., 2007). Sheth (2008) also ve- Gangu and Nal (see Figure 1), and are being mi- rified the above assumption and showed oc- ned locally (Bashir et al., 2004). Magnesite oc- currences of rocks with affinities to Mid Ocea- curs either as veins, stockwork or as irregular nic Ridge Basalt (MORB), Ocean Island Basalt masses posessing botryoidal and bone habits. (OIB) and Island Arc Basalt (IAB) in the Bela Op- Various carbonates and hydroxides of Mg oc- hiolite. cur in the study area with varying proportions Magnesite deposits are formed by a number of in different localities. Each Mg-mineral exhibits processes (Pohl and Siegl, 1986; Schroll, 2002). a typical regime of formation and stability un- Among them two genetic types are important, der varying temperature, water and carbon dio- and the first type is known as the Veitsch type. xide partial pressure (PCO2). The mineralogical These are replacement-type and strata-bound convergence and the occurrence of the mag- lensoid deposits, consisting of coarse crystal- nesite minerals appear to be tools to illustrate line spar-magnesite hosted by marine plat- the dominance of kinetic and physicochemical form sediments. The second type of deposit is processes that prevailed in the study area du- cryptocrystalline and known as the Kraubath ring the formation of these minerals. The poten- type. These deposits are much smaller and less tial for decomposition of metastable hydrated frequent than the Veitsch-type. Bashir (2008) magnesium carbonate phases to stable mag- revealed that the magnesites of the study area nesite may represent the long-term stability of are genetically affiliated with cryptocrystalline the products of mineral sequestration (Wilson Kraubath type magnesite. They are commonly et al., 2009). The obduction of ophio lite, tec- found in contact with or in close proximity to tonics pulses and emplacement of dykes also the serpentinized ultramafic rocks of the Alpi- contribute to varia tion in the geochemical en- ne ophiolites (Sasvári and Kondela, 2007; Gart- vironment. zos, 2004). The aim of this paper is to present the results of The obduction of the Bela Ophiolite over the a study of the mineralogy of the magnesite de- continental margin of the Indian Plate creates posits of the Khuzdar area, in order to infer from a number of fractures and cracks in the host these the impact of kinetic and physicochemical rock. The fracturing phenomenon facilitates processes on the genesis of magnesite and allied water to initiate hydration of the ferromagnesi- minerals. The present study also highlighted the an rocks, causing serpentinization. The serpen- transformation pathway of magnesite through tinized rocks release Mg, Ca, Fe etc. via dis- the process of serpentinization. The mineralo- solution, leaching or other mineral-alteration re- gical information obtained from this study may actions. The released Mg ions may react with assists miners, exploiters and industrialists in water molecules to form brucite. Subsequently, better utilizing magnesite ore in Pakistan so that Mg along with Ca and Fe can react with dis- the mineral sector can play its proper role in bo- solved CO2 to precipitate different carbonate osting the economy of that country. Bashir et al. 171 Figure 1. Simplified map of the Khuzdar area showing sampling sites. Şekil 1. Örnekleme noktalarını gösteren Khuzdar bölgesinin yalınlaştırılmış haritası. ANALYTICAL METHODS diffractometer. Cu and K α radiation was used The samples of host rocks and magnesites during the analysis. The diffractometer was were first crushed using a jaw crusher, and gro- operated at 40 KV and 30 Ma. Randomly orien- und in a tema mill. The pulverized (-200 mesh) ted amounts of the samples were scanned from and moisture free samples were used for X-ray 10°-90° (2θ) with a step size of 0.05° (2θ). The analysis. The analyses of magnesite samples scanning speed was one degree per second. were carried out using a Bruker AXS 5000 X-ray 172 Yerbilimleri RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS water molecules forming brucite (Figure 2). Ki- netically, brucites are formed at a low tempera- Brucite ture, a basic pH and at a low PCO2. Brucite [Mg (OH) ] is reported from four samp- 2 Brucite [Mg (OH) ] deposits of economic interest les (UW2, PS, CG and SB) was studied thro- 2 are genetically linked to shallow level igneous ugh X-ray diffractograms. It shows a wide ran- ge of concentration (2-12.7%). The brucite rocks intruded into dolomite and/or magnesite- shows association with other Mg bearing mine- bearing sedimentary or metasedimentary rocks rals but more commonly it is related to magne- (Simandl et al.,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • List of New Mineral Names: with an Index of Authors
    415 A (fifth) list of new mineral names: with an index of authors. 1 By L. J. S~v.scs~, M.A., F.G.S. Assistant in the ~Iineral Department of the,Brltish Museum. [Communicated June 7, 1910.] Aglaurito. R. Handmann, 1907. Zeita. Min. Geol. Stuttgart, col. i, p. 78. Orthoc]ase-felspar with a fine blue reflection forming a constituent of quartz-porphyry (Aglauritporphyr) from Teplitz, Bohemia. Named from ~,Xavpo~ ---- ~Xa&, bright. Alaito. K. A. ~Yenadkevi~, 1909. BuU. Acad. Sci. Saint-P6tersbourg, ser. 6, col. iii, p. 185 (A~am~s). Hydrate~l vanadic oxide, V205. H~O, forming blood=red, mossy growths with silky lustre. Founi] with turanite (q. v.) in thct neighbourhood of the Alai Mountains, Russian Central Asia. Alamosite. C. Palaehe and H. E. Merwin, 1909. Amer. Journ. Sci., ser. 4, col. xxvii, p. 899; Zeits. Kryst. Min., col. xlvi, p. 518. Lead recta-silicate, PbSiOs, occurring as snow-white, radially fibrous masses. Crystals are monoclinic, though apparently not isom0rphous with wol]astonite. From Alamos, Sonora, Mexico. Prepared artificially by S. Hilpert and P. Weiller, Ber. Deutsch. Chem. Ges., 1909, col. xlii, p. 2969. Aloisiite. L. Colomba, 1908. Rend. B. Accad. Lincei, Roma, set. 5, col. xvii, sere. 2, p. 233. A hydrated sub-silicate of calcium, ferrous iron, magnesium, sodium, and hydrogen, (R pp, R',), SiO,, occurring in an amorphous condition, intimately mixed with oalcinm carbonate, in a palagonite-tuff at Fort Portal, Uganda. Named in honour of H.R.H. Prince Luigi Amedeo of Savoy, Duke of Abruzzi. Aloisius or Aloysius is a Latin form of Luigi or I~ewis.
    [Show full text]
  • Fluid Mixing and the Deep Biosphere of a Fossil Lost City-Type Hydrothermal System at the Iberia Margin
    Fluid mixing and the deep biosphere of a fossil Lost City-type hydrothermal system at the Iberia Margin Frieder Kleina,1, Susan E. Humphrisb, Weifu Guob, Florence Schubotzc, Esther M. Schwarzenbachd, and William D. Orsia aDepartment of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543; bDepartment of Geology and Geophysics, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543; cDepartment of Geosciences and Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, 28334 Bremen, Germany; and dDepartment of Geosciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061 Edited by David M. Karl, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, and approved August 4, 2015 (received for review March 7, 2015) Subseafloor mixing of reduced hydrothermal fluids with seawater is aging, brucite undersaturated in seawater dissolves and aragonite believed to provide the energy and substrates needed to support recrystallizes to calcite (7). deep chemolithoautotrophic life in the hydrated oceanic mantle (i.e., Actively venting chimneys host a microbial community with a serpentinite). However, geosphere-biosphere interactions in serpen- relatively high proportion of methanogenic archaea (the Lost tinite-hosted subseafloor mixing zones remain poorly constrained. City Methanosarcinales), methanotrophic bacteria, and sulfur- Here we examine fossil microbial communities and fluid mixing oxidizing bacteria, whereas typical sulfate-reducing bacteria are processes in the subseafloor of a Cretaceous Lost City-type hydro- rare (8–10). Geochemical evidence for significant microbial sulfate thermal system at the magma-poor passive Iberia Margin (Ocean reduction in basement lithologies and distinct microbial commu- Drilling Program Leg 149, Hole 897D). Brucite−calcite mineral assem- nities in Lost City vent fluids and chimneys suggest that subsurface blages precipitated from mixed fluids ca.
    [Show full text]
  • Infrare D Transmission Spectra of Carbonate Minerals
    Infrare d Transmission Spectra of Carbonate Mineral s THE NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Infrare d Transmission Spectra of Carbonate Mineral s G. C. Jones Department of Mineralogy The Natural History Museum London, UK and B. Jackson Department of Geology Royal Museum of Scotland Edinburgh, UK A collaborative project of The Natural History Museum and National Museums of Scotland E3 SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V. Firs t editio n 1 993 © 1993 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Originally published by Chapman & Hall in 1993 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1993 Typese t at the Natura l Histor y Museu m ISBN 978-94-010-4940-5 ISBN 978-94-011-2120-0 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-011-2120-0 Apar t fro m any fair dealin g for the purpose s of researc h or privat e study , or criticis m or review , as permitte d unde r the UK Copyrigh t Design s and Patent s Act , 1988, thi s publicatio n may not be reproduced , stored , or transmitted , in any for m or by any means , withou t the prio r permissio n in writin g of the publishers , or in the case of reprographi c reproductio n onl y in accordanc e wit h the term s of the licence s issue d by the Copyrigh t Licensin g Agenc y in the UK, or in accordanc e wit h the term s of licence s issue d by the appropriat e Reproductio n Right s Organizatio n outsid e the UK. Enquirie s concernin g reproductio n outsid e the term s state d here shoul d be sent to the publisher s at the Londo n addres s printe d on thi s page.
    [Show full text]
  • DOGAMI Short Paper 8, Strategic and Critical Minerals: a Guide for Oregon
    STATE OF OREGON DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY AND MINERAL INDUSTRIES 702 Woodlark Building Portland, Oregon G M I SHORT PAPI:R No. 8 STRATEGIC AND CRITICAL MINERALS A GUIDE lOR OREGON PROSPECTORS. By Lloyd w. Staples; Ph.D, A••latant Proteaaor ot Geology University ot Oregon . • STATE GOVIEIIINING BOAIIID W. H. ITRAYIER, CHAIIIMAN . BAKU ALBIEIIIT BURC:H MIEDP'OIID IE MACNAUGHTON ••• PDIIT\.ANO EARL K. NIXON DIIIIIECTOIII PRICIE 15 CIENTI I Oat lORD In noraal tia•• ao1t pro•p•otor• look tor gold, 1inoe that aetal u1ually otter• the �uiok••t reward and i• generally tither •a•1ly reoogn1�•d or the or• 1• •usoept• 1ble or •••Y detera1nat1on. Pro1peotor11 ln general, thus gain llttlt or no experl­ tno• with other •inerai• who•• peaoetlae aarkttl otter little tnoentlve tor ltaroh tor new depo1it1. Under war oondltion• th••• aineral11 needed tor produotion ot war aat­ erial•, beooae ot priae iaportanoe and an in1i1tent deaand i1 created tor intoraation oonoernins ooourrenoe11 aineral oharaoteri1tio11 u1e1 and aarket1. fhe Dtpartaent i1 publllhins thil paper to help aeet thil deaand in1otar &I Oreson i1 �ono�rned. Dr. Staple• 11 tlptoially qualititd to write on the lubJeot or 1trateg1o aineral1. In rtoent rear• auoh ot hll work, both 1n private praotioe and 1n teaohing1 hat been oonoerntd with thll tubJeot. It 11 boptd that tht paptr will bt ot aattrial &1111t&not to Oregon pro1ptotor1 &1 well al to 1aall operator• who have turned their attention troa gold aintns to thole alneral depo1it1 e11ential tor war netdl. It i1 believed that 1ohool1 will al1o t1nd the paper intoraatlve and tiaely.
    [Show full text]
  • University of Bath Research Portal
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by University of Bath Research Portal Citation for published version: Kuenzel, C, Zhang, F, Ferrandiz-Mas, V, Cheeseman, CR & Gartner, EM 2018, 'The mechanism of hydration of MgO-hydromagnesite blends', Cement and Concrete Research, vol. 103, pp. 123-129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2017.10.003 DOI: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2017.10.003 Publication date: 2018 Document Version Peer reviewed version Link to publication University of Bath General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 13. May. 2019 1 The mechanism of hydration of MgO-hydromagnesite blends 2 3 C. Kuenzel, F. Zhang, aV. Ferrándiz-Mas, C.R. Cheeseman*, E.M. Gartner 4 5 Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, 6 South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom, 7 a Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, University of Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom 8 9 *Corresponding author: Email: [email protected] 10 11 ABSTRACT 12 13 The hydration of reactive periclase (MgO) in the presence of hydromagnesite (Mg5(CO3)4(OH)2·4H2O) 14 was investigated by a variety of physical and chemical techniques.
    [Show full text]
  • Experimental Investigations of the Reaction Path in the Mgo–CO2
    Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Applied Geochemistry Applied Geochemistry 23 (2008) 1634–1659 www.elsevier.com/locate/apgeochem Experimental investigations of the reaction path in the MgO–CO2–H2O system in solutions with various ionic strengths, and their applications to nuclear waste isolation Yongliang Xiong *, Anna Snider Lord Sandia National Laboratories, Carlsbad Programs Group, 4100 National Parks Highway, Carlsbad, NM 88220, USA1 Received 26 June 2007; accepted 25 December 2007 Editorial handling by Z. Cetiner Available online 9 February 2008 Abstract The reaction path in the MgO–CO2–H2O system at ambient temperatures and atmospheric CO2 partial pressure(s), especially in high-ionic-strength brines, is of both geological interest and practical significance. Its practical importance lies mainly in the field of nuclear waste isolation. In the USA, industrial-grade MgO, consisting mainly of the mineral peri- clase, is the only engineered barrier certified by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for emplacement in the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) for defense-related transuranic waste. The German Asse repository will employ a Mg(OH)2- based engineered barrier consisting mainly of the mineral brucite. Therefore, the reaction of periclase or brucite with car- bonated brines with high-ionic-strength is an important process likely to occur in nuclear waste repositories in salt forma- tions where bulk MgO or Mg(OH)2 will be employed as an engineered barrier. The reaction path in the system MgO–CO2– H2O in solutions with a wide range of ionic strengths was investigated experimentally in this study. The experimental results at ambient laboratory temperature and ambient laboratory atmospheric CO2 partial pressure demonstrate that hyd- romagnesite (5424) (Mg5(CO3)4(OH)2 Á 4H2O) forms during the carbonation of brucite in a series of solutions with differ- ent ionic strengths.
    [Show full text]
  • Brucite Mg(OH)2 C 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, Version 1
    Brucite Mg(OH)2 c 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, version 1 Crystal Data: Hexagonal. Point Group: 32/m. Crystals tabular {0001}, to 19 cm, in platy or foliated masses and rosettes; also fibrous, to 50 cm; granular, massive. Physical Properties: Cleavage: {0001}, perfect. Tenacity: Sectile; separable plates are flexible, fibers are elastic. Hardness = 2.5 D(meas.) = 2.39 D(calc.) = 2.368 Pyroelectric. Optical Properties: Transparent. Color: White, pale green, blue, gray; honey-yellow to brownish red and deep brown in manganoan varieties; colorless in transmitted light. Streak: White. Luster: Waxy, pearly on cleavage surfaces. Optical Class: Uniaxial (+); anomalously biaxial. ω = 1.56–1.59 = 1.58–1.60 2V(meas.) = Small. Cell Data: Space Group: P 3m1..a = 3.142(1) c = 4.766(2) Z=1 X-ray Powder Pattern: Synthetic. 2.365 (100), 4.77 (90), 1.794 (55), 1.573 (35), 1.494 (18), 1.373 (16), 1.310 (12) Chemistry: (1) (2) (3) Fe2O3 0.10 1.95 FeO 9.57 MnO 0.84 MgO 68.29 60.33 69.11 H2O 30.74 28.60 30.89 Total 99.97 100.45 100.00 (1) Wood’s Chrome mine, Pennsylvania, USA; corresponds to (Mg0.99Fe0.01)Σ=1.00(OH)2. (2) Asbestos, Canada; after deduction of Fe2O3 impurity, corresponds to 2+ (Mg0.93Fe0.08)Σ=1.01(OH)2. (3) Mg(OH)2. Mineral Group: Brucite group. Occurrence: A common alteration of periclase in marble; a low-temperature hydrothermal vein mineral in metamorphic limestones and chlorite schists; formed during serpentinization of dunites.
    [Show full text]
  • Granasen, a Dolomite-Brucite Deposit with Potential for Industrial Development
    NGU -BULL 436, 2000 - PAGE 75 Granasen, a dolomite-brucite deposit with potential for industrial development ODD 0VERENG 0vereng, O. 2000: Granasen, a do lomite-brucite deposi t wi th pote ntial for indust rial develo pm ent. Norges geolog iske und ersekelse Bulletin 436, 75-84. Granasen, situated close to Mo sjoen in north ern Norway, is a deposit containing several milli on tonn es of dolomite and brucite. The deposit has been investig ated and characte rised in preparati on fo r future deve lopment and exploitation. The ore consists of dol omi te and brucite . Brucite has fo rmed as a result of hydro th ermal alte rat ion associated with intrusion of gabbro. Tests have been carried out to evaluate the com mercial value of the dolom ite resources. A variet y of different bene ficiation met hods were investigated to achieve co mmerc ial concent rates of brucite . The most successful result was obtai ned by selective flocculat ion , w hich up-gr ades th e ore to a maximum gra de of 95.5 % brucite, with a recovery of 80 %. As an alte rnative, or by-product of bru cite concent rate produ ction, th e deposit cou ld also be w orked for dolomite. Odd 0vereng, Norgesgeologi ske undersekelse,N-749 1 Trondh eim, Norw ay. of th e Granasen dol om it e marble (Faye & 0 vereng 1979). Introduction Extensive mi neralogical and geo log ical investigat ions, Since the beg inning of the 1970s, the Geologica l Survey of including diamond drill ing, were carried out in 1979 and Norway (NGU) has investigated a large number of indu strial 1980 (0 vereng 1981), and confirmed th e interpretation th at min eral occurrence s.
    [Show full text]
  • Minerals Found in Michigan Listed by County
    Michigan Minerals Listed by Mineral Name Based on MI DEQ GSD Bulletin 6 “Mineralogy of Michigan” Actinolite, Dickinson, Gogebic, Gratiot, and Anthonyite, Houghton County Marquette counties Anthophyllite, Dickinson, and Marquette counties Aegirinaugite, Marquette County Antigorite, Dickinson, and Marquette counties Aegirine, Marquette County Apatite, Baraga, Dickinson, Houghton, Iron, Albite, Dickinson, Gratiot, Houghton, Keweenaw, Kalkaska, Keweenaw, Marquette, and Monroe and Marquette counties counties Algodonite, Baraga, Houghton, Keweenaw, and Aphrosiderite, Gogebic, Iron, and Marquette Ontonagon counties counties Allanite, Gogebic, Iron, and Marquette counties Apophyllite, Houghton, and Keweenaw counties Almandite, Dickinson, Keweenaw, and Marquette Aragonite, Gogebic, Iron, Jackson, Marquette, and counties Monroe counties Alunite, Iron County Arsenopyrite, Marquette, and Menominee counties Analcite, Houghton, Keweenaw, and Ontonagon counties Atacamite, Houghton, Keweenaw, and Ontonagon counties Anatase, Gratiot, Houghton, Keweenaw, Marquette, and Ontonagon counties Augite, Dickinson, Genesee, Gratiot, Houghton, Iron, Keweenaw, Marquette, and Ontonagon counties Andalusite, Iron, and Marquette counties Awarurite, Marquette County Andesine, Keweenaw County Axinite, Gogebic, and Marquette counties Andradite, Dickinson County Azurite, Dickinson, Keweenaw, Marquette, and Anglesite, Marquette County Ontonagon counties Anhydrite, Bay, Berrien, Gratiot, Houghton, Babingtonite, Keweenaw County Isabella, Kalamazoo, Kent, Keweenaw, Macomb, Manistee,
    [Show full text]
  • A Specific Gravity Index for Minerats
    A SPECIFICGRAVITY INDEX FOR MINERATS c. A. MURSKyI ern R. M. THOMPSON, Un'fuersityof Bri.ti,sh Col,umb,in,Voncouver, Canad,a This work was undertaken in order to provide a practical, and as far as possible,a complete list of specific gravities of minerals. An accurate speciflc cravity determination can usually be made quickly and this information when combined with other physical properties commonly leads to rapid mineral identification. Early complete but now outdated specific gravity lists are those of Miers given in his mineralogy textbook (1902),and Spencer(M,i,n. Mag.,2!, pp. 382-865,I}ZZ). A more recent list by Hurlbut (Dana's Manuatr of M,i,neral,ogy,LgE2) is incomplete and others are limited to rock forming minerals,Trdger (Tabel,l,enntr-optischen Best'i,mmungd,er geste,i,nsb.ildend,en M,ineral,e, 1952) and Morey (Encycto- ped,iaof Cherni,cal,Technol,ogy, Vol. 12, 19b4). In his mineral identification tables, smith (rd,entifi,cati,onand. qual,itatioe cherai,cal,anal,ys'i,s of mineral,s,second edition, New york, 19bB) groups minerals on the basis of specificgravity but in each of the twelve groups the minerals are listed in order of decreasinghardness. The present work should not be regarded as an index of all known minerals as the specificgravities of many minerals are unknown or known only approximately and are omitted from the current list. The list, in order of increasing specific gravity, includes all minerals without regard to other physical properties or to chemical composition. The designation I or II after the name indicates that the mineral falls in the classesof minerals describedin Dana Systemof M'ineralogyEdition 7, volume I (Native elements, sulphides, oxides, etc.) or II (Halides, carbonates, etc.) (L944 and 1951).
    [Show full text]
  • Reexamination of the Crystal Structure of Artinite, Mg2co3(OH)2・3H2O
    SMP44-10 JpGU-AGU Joint Meeting 2017 Reexamination of the crystal structure of artinite, Mg2CO3(OH)2･3H2O, with two-dimensional disorder *Gen-ichiro Yamamoto1, Atsushi Kyono1 1. Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba Artinite is a magnesium carbonate hydrate mineral with the formula Mg2CO3(OH)2･3H2O. It is known to possess a disordered structure in which carbonate groups and water molecules alternate statistically along b-axis (Akao and Iwai 1977). The Mg atoms are octahedrally coordinated by three hydroxyl groups, two water molecules, and one O(1) atom, and arranged in infinite chains parallel to b-axis by sharing edges. In the structure, half of the O(1) atoms is bounded to carbonate groups and the other half is to water molecules. It is therefore possible that in the disordered structure a carbonate group is arrayed at the next of a carbonate group along b-axis. However, if a carbonate group is positioned at the next of a carbonate group, the O-O distance between the carbonate groups is 0.894 Å, which is apparently shorter than the van der Waals radius of an O atom (1.40 Å). On the other hand, if the carbonate groups and water molecules strictly alternate along b-axis, a periodicity of two unit cell should appear along the b -axis. In the study, we reexamined the crystal structure of artinite and reconsidered the disordered configuration of carbonate group and water molecule in the structure. Naturally occurring artinite (San Benito, USA) was used in the study. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction measurements were performed using Bruker APEXII ULTRA single-crystal diffractometer equipped with a CCD detector, multilayer optics, and graphite monochromated MoKα radiation (λ = 0.71073 Å) generated by a rotating anode.
    [Show full text]
  • Clay Minerals
    CLAY MINERALS CD. Barton United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Aiken, South Carolina, U.S.A. A.D. Karathanasis University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, U.S.A. INTRODUCTION of soil minerals is understandable. Notwithstanding, the prevalence of silicon and oxygen in the phyllosilicate structure is logical. The SiC>4 tetrahedron is the foundation Clay minerals refers to a group of hydrous aluminosili- 2 of all silicate structures. It consists of four O ~~ ions at the cates that predominate the clay-sized (<2 |xm) fraction of apices of a regular tetrahedron coordinated to one Si4+ at soils. These minerals are similar in chemical and structural the center (Fig. 1). An interlocking array of these composition to the primary minerals that originate from tetrahedral connected at three corners in the same plane the Earth's crust; however, transformations in the by shared oxygen anions forms a hexagonal network geometric arrangement of atoms and ions within their called the tetrahedral sheet (2). When external ions bond to structures occur due to weathering. Primary minerals form the tetrahedral sheet they are coordinated to one hydroxyl at elevated temperatures and pressures, and are usually and two oxygen anion groups. An aluminum, magnesium, derived from igneous or metamorphic rocks. Inside the or iron ion typically serves as the coordinating cation and Earth these minerals are relatively stable, but transform- is surrounded by six oxygen atoms or hydroxyl groups ations may occur once exposed to the ambient conditions resulting in an eight-sided building block termed an of the Earth's surface. Although some of the most resistant octohedron (Fig.
    [Show full text]