Clay Minerals
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M]NIJRALOGICAL NOTI'S 229 Talr,e 1. Cnrutcet Conpostrron ol Wnolvolrrtn lnon Vanrous Souncos CaO 38 38 38.46 38 83 38.36 38 23 C:O: 49 28 49.65 49.38 50.28 48.69 HrO 12.34 72 74 123l 11.36 Not Determined 1. Ca(C:Oa).HrO 2. Pchery', Bohemia 3. Briix, Bohemia 4. Maikop, Caucasus 5. Milan, Ohio Note: Analyses 2,3 and 4 from Palache et ol. (195L). This find is of interest for the following reasons: 1. It is the first reported in easternUnited States.2. It is the first of any sizablequantity in the United States.3. It is found in older rocks than previous finds. 4. The location is readilv accessibleto interested petrologists. We are glad to acknowledgethe help of Mr. Owen Keim who per- formed the chemicalanalysis and Mr. C. R. Tipton, Jr. who made this work possibie,both of whom werethe authors' associatesat the BasicIn- corporated ResearchCenter. Of course,special thanks and recognition must go to Mr. ClarenceRaver rvhosupplied us with the samples. RrlBnrNcos Guon, A. J., 3rd, E. J. YouNc, V. C KnNNrov aNn L. B Rrr.r:v (1960) Wheu,ellite and celestitefrom a fault opening in San Juan County, IJtah- Am. Mineral.45,1257-1265. Per.ecun, C, H. BnnlreN aNo C FnoNou. (1951) Danos' SystemoJ Mineralogy, Vol. II, 7th ed., John lViley and Sons,Inc., Nelr' York. Pocon.r, W T eNo J. H. Krnn (1954) Whewellite from a septarian iimestone concretion in marine shalenear llavre, Montana Am. Mineral.Jg,208-214. THE AMERICAN MINERALOGIST,VOL 51, JANUARY_FEBRUARY,1966 LACLTSTI{INE GLAUCONITIC MICA FROM PI,UVIAL LAKE MOUND. -
17. Clay Mineralogy of Deep-Sea Sediments in the Northwestern Pacific, Dsdp, Leg 20
17. CLAY MINERALOGY OF DEEP-SEA SEDIMENTS IN THE NORTHWESTERN PACIFIC, DSDP, LEG 20 Hakuyu Okada and Katsutoshi Tomita, Department of Geology, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890, Japan INTRODUCTION intensity of montmorillonite can be obtained by sub- tracting the (001) reflection intensity of chlorite from the Clay mineral study of samples collected during Leg 20 of preheating or pretreating reflection intensity at 15 Å. the Deep Sea Drilling Project in the western north Pacific In a specimen with coexisting kaolinite and chlorite, was carried out mainly by means of X-ray diffraction their overlapping reflections make it difficult to determine analyses. Emphasis was placed on determining vertical quantitatively these mineral compositions. For such speci- changes in mineral composition of sediments at each site. mens Wada's method (Wada, 1961) and heat treatment Results of the semiquantitative and quantitative deter- were adopted. minations of mineral compositions of analyzed samples are The following shows examples of the determination of shown in Tables 1, 2, 3, 5, and 7. The mineral suites some intensity ratios of reflections of clay minerals. presented here show some unusual characters as discussed below. The influence of burial diagenesis is also evidenced Case 1 in the vertical distribution of some authigenic minerals. Montmorillonite (two layers of water molecules between These results may contribute to a better understanding silicate layers)—kaolinite mixture. of deep-sea sedimentation on the northwestern Pacific This is the situation in which samples contain both plate. montmorillonite and kaolinite. The first-order basal reflec- tions of these minerals do not overlap. When the (002) ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES reflection of montmorillonite, which appears at about 7 Å, Each sample was dried in air, and X-ray diffraction is absent or negligible, the intensity ratio is easily obtained. -
Download PDF About Minerals Sorted by Mineral Name
MINERALS SORTED BY NAME Here is an alphabetical list of minerals discussed on this site. More information on and photographs of these minerals in Kentucky is available in the book “Rocks and Minerals of Kentucky” (Anderson, 1994). APATITE Crystal system: hexagonal. Fracture: conchoidal. Color: red, brown, white. Hardness: 5.0. Luster: opaque or semitransparent. Specific gravity: 3.1. Apatite, also called cellophane, occurs in peridotites in eastern and western Kentucky. A microcrystalline variety of collophane found in northern Woodford County is dark reddish brown, porous, and occurs in phosphatic beds, lenses, and nodules in the Tanglewood Member of the Lexington Limestone. Some fossils in the Tanglewood Member are coated with phosphate. Beds are generally very thin, but occasionally several feet thick. The Woodford County phosphate beds were mined during the early 1900s near Wallace, Ky. BARITE Crystal system: orthorhombic. Cleavage: often in groups of platy or tabular crystals. Color: usually white, but may be light shades of blue, brown, yellow, or red. Hardness: 3.0 to 3.5. Streak: white. Luster: vitreous to pearly. Specific gravity: 4.5. Tenacity: brittle. Uses: in heavy muds in oil-well drilling, to increase brilliance in the glass-making industry, as filler for paper, cosmetics, textiles, linoleum, rubber goods, paints. Barite generally occurs in a white massive variety (often appearing earthy when weathered), although some clear to bluish, bladed barite crystals have been observed in several vein deposits in central Kentucky, and commonly occurs as a solid solution series with celestite where barium and strontium can substitute for each other. Various nodular zones have been observed in Silurian–Devonian rocks in east-central Kentucky. -
Mineralogy, Fluid Inclusion, and Stable Isotope Studies of the Hog Heaven Mining District, Flathead County, Montana
Montana Tech Library Digital Commons @ Montana Tech Graduate Theses & Non-Theses Student Scholarship Spring 2020 MINERALOGY, FLUID INCLUSION, AND STABLE ISOTOPE STUDIES OF THE HOG HEAVEN MINING DISTRICT, FLATHEAD COUNTY, MONTANA Ian Kallio Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.mtech.edu/grad_rsch Part of the Geological Engineering Commons MINERALOGY, FLUID INCLUSION, AND STABLE ISOTOPE STUDIES OF THE HOG HEAVEN MINING DISTRICT, FLATHEAD COUNTY, MONTANA by Ian Kallio A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Science in Geoscience Geology Option Montana Tech 2020 ii Abstract The Hog Heaven mining district in northwestern Montana is unique in that it is a high- sulfidation epithermal system containing high Ag-Pb-Zn relative to Au-Cu, with a very high Ag to Au ratio (2,330:1). The deposits are hosted within the Cenozoic Hog Heaven volcanic field (HHVF), a 30 to 36 Ma suite that consists predominantly of rhyodacite flow-dome complexes and pyroclastic rocks. The HHVF is underlain by shallow-dipping siliclastic sediments of the Mesoproterozoic Belt Supergroup. These sediments are known to host important SEDEX (e.g., Sullivan) and red-bed copper (e.g., Spar Lake, Rock Creek, Montanore) deposits rich in Ag-Pb- Zn-Cu-Ba. The HHVF erupted through and deposited on the Belt strata during a period of Oligocene extension. Outcrops and drill core samples from Hog Heaven show alteration patterns characteristic of volcanic-hosted, high-sulfidation epithermal deposits. Vuggy quartz transitions laterally into quartz-alunite alteration where large sanidine phenocrysts (up to 4 cm) have been replaced by fine-grained, pink alunite, and/or argillic alteration that is marked by an abundance of white kaolinite-dickite clay. -
Fire Retardancy of Polypropylene/Kaolinite Composites Marcos Batistella, Belkacem Otazaghine, Rodolphe Sonnier, Carlos Petter, José-Marie Lopez-Cuesta
Fire retardancy of polypropylene/kaolinite composites Marcos Batistella, Belkacem Otazaghine, Rodolphe Sonnier, Carlos Petter, José-Marie Lopez-Cuesta To cite this version: Marcos Batistella, Belkacem Otazaghine, Rodolphe Sonnier, Carlos Petter, José-Marie Lopez-Cuesta. Fire retardancy of polypropylene/kaolinite composites. Polymer Degradation and Stability, Elsevier, 2016, 129, pp.260-267. 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2016.05.003. hal-02906432 HAL Id: hal-02906432 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02906432 Submitted on 26 May 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Fire retardancy of polypropylene/kaolinite composites * Marcos Batistella a, c, , Belkacem Otazaghine b, Rodolphe Sonnier b, Carlos Petter c, Jose-Marie Lopez-Cuesta b a Federal University of Santa Catarina, R. Eng. Agronomico^ Andrei Cristian Ferreira, s/n e Trindade, Florianopolis, SC, CEP 88040-900, Brazil b Ecole des Mines d’Ales, Centre des Materiaux (C2MA) e Pole^ Materiaux Polymeres Avances, 6 Avenue de Clavieres, 30319, Ales Cedex, France c Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre, CEP 91501-970, Brazil abstract In this study the influence of surface modification of kaolinite with trisilanolisooctyl Polyhedral Oligo- SilSesquioxane (POSS) in polypropylene composites was evaluated in terms of thermal stability and fire retardancy and compared with talc. -
Evaluation of Selected Kaolin Clays As a Raw Material for the Turkish Cement and Concrete Industry
Evaluation of Selected Kaolin Clays as a Raw Material for the Turkish Cement and Concrete Industry Aydin Aras1, Mustafa Albayrak1, Metin Arikan2, Konstantin Sobolev3 * 1 General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration (MTA), Turkey 2 Civil Engineering Department, Middle East Technical University (METU), Turkey 3 Facultad de Ingenieria Civil, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon (UANL), Mexico ABSTRACT Turkey has a long tradition (starting from the prehistoric civilizations) and experience in exploring and processing clay raw materials into ceramic products. Many of these products, such as tiles and sanitary ware, are manufactured for domestic and export markets. Kaolin clay is one of the raw materials of major importance for the ceramic and paper industry, as well as for a number of auxiliary applications. There is an ongoing interest to apply kaolin clay in the construction industry as a raw material for the production of white cement clinker and as an artificial pozzolanic additive for concrete (in a form of metakaolin). This report presents the results related to search, assessment and evaluation of available resources for advanced cement and concrete additives. Keywords: kaolin, metakaolin, construction, resources, ceramics, cement, x-ray diffraction, SEM INTRODUCTION Turkey has an abundance of natural resources and its mining industry is one of the sectors showing steady growth. Among the most commonly mined minerals are borax, magnesite, chromites, barite, feldspars, different clays, and limestone [1-21]. Local ceramic industry has more than 4000 years of experience in exploring and processing widely available raw materials into useful commodities. Currently, several ceramic products, such as tiles and sanitary ware are manufactured to meet international standards (ISO 9000) and significant amounts (about 45 %) of these products are exported [21]. -
Fluid Mixing and the Deep Biosphere of a Fossil Lost City-Type Hydrothermal System at the Iberia Margin
Fluid mixing and the deep biosphere of a fossil Lost City-type hydrothermal system at the Iberia Margin Frieder Kleina,1, Susan E. Humphrisb, Weifu Guob, Florence Schubotzc, Esther M. Schwarzenbachd, and William D. Orsia aDepartment of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543; bDepartment of Geology and Geophysics, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543; cDepartment of Geosciences and Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, 28334 Bremen, Germany; and dDepartment of Geosciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061 Edited by David M. Karl, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, and approved August 4, 2015 (received for review March 7, 2015) Subseafloor mixing of reduced hydrothermal fluids with seawater is aging, brucite undersaturated in seawater dissolves and aragonite believed to provide the energy and substrates needed to support recrystallizes to calcite (7). deep chemolithoautotrophic life in the hydrated oceanic mantle (i.e., Actively venting chimneys host a microbial community with a serpentinite). However, geosphere-biosphere interactions in serpen- relatively high proportion of methanogenic archaea (the Lost tinite-hosted subseafloor mixing zones remain poorly constrained. City Methanosarcinales), methanotrophic bacteria, and sulfur- Here we examine fossil microbial communities and fluid mixing oxidizing bacteria, whereas typical sulfate-reducing bacteria are processes in the subseafloor of a Cretaceous Lost City-type hydro- rare (8–10). Geochemical evidence for significant microbial sulfate thermal system at the magma-poor passive Iberia Margin (Ocean reduction in basement lithologies and distinct microbial commu- Drilling Program Leg 149, Hole 897D). Brucite−calcite mineral assem- nities in Lost City vent fluids and chimneys suggest that subsurface blages precipitated from mixed fluids ca. -
Nature of Interlayer Material in Silicate Clays of Selected Oregon Soils
AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF PAUL C, SINGLETON for the Ph.D. in Soils (Name) (Degree) (Major) Date thesis is presented July 28, 1965 Title NATURE OF INTERLAYER MATERIAL IN SILICATE CLAYS OF SELECTED OREGON SOILS - Redacted for Privacy Abstract approved = ajor professor) Ç A study was conducted to investigate the nature of hydroxy interlayers in the chlorite -like intergrade clays of three Oregon soils with respect to kind, amount, stability, and conditions of formation. The clays of the Hembre, Wren, and Lookout soils, selected to represent weathering products originating from basaltic materials under humid, subhumid, and semi -arid climatic conditions respectively, were subjected to a series of progressive treatments designed to effect a differential dissolution of the materials intimately asso- ciated with them. The treatments, chosen to represent a range of increasing severity of dissolution, were (1) distilled water plus mechanical stirring, (2) boiling 2% sodium carbonate, (3) buffered sodium citrate -dithionite, (4) boiling sodium hydroxide, and (5) preheating to 400 °C for 4 hours plus boiling sodium hydroxide. Extracts from the various steps of the dissolution procedure were chemically analyzed in order to identify the materials removed from the clays. X -ray diffraction analysis and cation exchange capacity determinations were made on the clays after each step, and any differences noted in the measured values were attributed to the removal of hydroxy interlayers from the clays. Hydroxy interlayers were found to occur more in the Hembre and Wren soils than in the Lookout soil, with the most stable interlayers occurring in the Wren. Soil reaction was one of the major differences between these soils. -
Clay Minerals Soils to Engineering Technology to Cat Litter
Clay Minerals Soils to Engineering Technology to Cat Litter USC Mineralogy Geol 215a (Anderson) Clay Minerals Clay minerals likely are the most utilized minerals … not just as the soils that grow plants for foods and garment, but a great range of applications, including oil absorbants, iron casting, animal feeds, pottery, china, pharmaceuticals, drilling fluids, waste water treatment, food preparation, paint, and … yes, cat litter! Bentonite workings, WY Clay Minerals There are three main groups of clay minerals: Kaolinite - also includes dickite and nacrite; formed by the decomposition of orthoclase feldspar (e.g. in granite); kaolin is the principal constituent in china clay. Illite - also includes glauconite (a green clay sand) and are the commonest clay minerals; formed by the decomposition of some micas and feldspars; predominant in marine clays and shales. Smectites or montmorillonites - also includes bentonite and vermiculite; formed by the alteration of mafic igneous rocks rich in Ca and Mg; weak linkage by cations (e.g. Na+, Ca++) results in high swelling/shrinking potential Clay Minerals are Phyllosilicates All have layers of Si tetrahedra SEM view of clay and layers of Al, Fe, Mg octahedra, similar to gibbsite or brucite Clay Minerals The kaolinite clays are 1:1 phyllosilicates The montmorillonite and illite clays are 2:1 phyllosilicates 1:1 and 2:1 Clay Minerals Marine Clays Clays mostly form on land but are often transported to the oceans, covering vast regions. Kaolinite Al2Si2O5(OH)2 Kaolinite clays have long been used in the ceramic industry, especially in fine porcelains, because they can be easily molded, have a fine texture, and are white when fired. -
Removal of Iron-Bearing Minerals from Gibbsitic Bauxite by Direct Froth Flotation
a Original Article http://dx.doi.org/10.4322/2176-1523.0924 REMOVAL OF IRON-BEARING MINERALS FROM GIBBSITIC BAUXITE BY DIRECT FROTH FLOTATION Felipe de Melo Barbosa 1 Maurício Guimarães Bergerman 2 Daniela Gomes Horta 3 Abstract The refractory bauxite needs to present less than 2.5% of Fe2O3 to be applied in the ceramics industry. The depletion of high Al2O3 grade deposits has stimulated the improvement of bauxite concentration methods in order to remove iron-bearing minerals. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of collector dosage, pH and milling time on the gibbsite flotation performance. Firstly, the sample mineralogical composition was determined by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and binocular loupe analysis. X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis was used to determine the sample chemical composition. Flotation was then accomplished by using hydroxamate as gibbsite collector, sodium silicate as silicate depressant and starch as iron-bearing minerals depressant. The bauxite Fe2O3 content was reduced from 7.66% to 4.81-5.03%. In addition, the flotation performance decreased by diminishing the pH from 9.5 to 8.5 or increasing the pH to 10.5. The milling time influence on the flotation indicates that the presence of slime can significantly affect the gibbsite concentration. Keywords: Bauxite; Gibbsite; Direct flotation; Hydroxamate. REMOÇÃO DE MINERAIS PORTADORES DE FERRO DE BAUXITA GIBSÍTICA POR FLOTAÇÃO DIRETA Resumo As bauxitas refratárias precisam apresentar teores de ferro menores que 2,5% para serem utilizadas na indústria de cerâmica. A exaustão dos depósitos com altos teores de Al2O3 tem estimulado a pesquisa por métodos de concentração de bauxita de forma a remover os minerais portadores de ferro. -
THE HYDROUS COMPONENT of SILLIMANITE 8R3
American Mineralogist, Volume 74, pages812-817, 1989 The hydrous componentof sillimanite ANroN Brn-LNo* Gnoncn R. RossvreN Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences,California Institute of Technology,Pasadena, California 91125, U.S.A. Eow.q.nnS. Gnnw Department of Geological Sciences,University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04469, U.S.A. Ansrnlcr Polarized infrared spectra of a suite of sillimanite samplesfrom high-grade regionally metamorphosedrocks and associatedquartz veins and pegmatites(upper-amphibolite to pyroxene granulite facies), from xenoliths in basaltic rocks, and from alluvial deposits indicate that hydroxyl is the dominant hydrous speciesbound in sillimanite. Absorption bands at 3556, 3329, 3300, and 3248 cm-L are characteristic of many of the samples. Heating experiments indicate that only above 700'C is weight loss primarily due to loss 'C. of structurally bound OH. Complete dehydration required heating to 1400 The max- imum content of bound OH in the sillimanites was 0.02 wto/oHrO equivalent. The inten- sities of the OH features generally decreasewith increasing temperatures estimated for metamorphism, consistentwith the expectationthat water activities decreasewith increas- ing temperature. However, notable exceptionsto this trend suggestthat secondaryhydra- tion at the unit-cell scaleis also a viable explanation for OH incorporation in sillimanite. INrnooucrrol,l ExpnnrvrnNTAl DETAILS Trace amounts of water have been reported in a num- The sillimanites listed in Table I originate from high- ber of nominally anhydrous minerals, including the grade regionally metamorphosed rocks and associated AlrSiO, polymorphs. Sillimanite analysesindicate up to quartz veins and pegmatites, from xenoliths in basaltic 0.72wto/oHrO (Aramakiand Roy, 1963;Deer etal., 1982', rocks, and from alluvial deposits (Rossmanet al., 1982 Beranet al., I 983). -
Alumohydrocalcite Caal2(CO3)2(OH)4 • 3H2O C 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, Version 1 Crystal Data: Triclinic
Alumohydrocalcite CaAl2(CO3)2(OH)4 • 3H2O c 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, version 1 Crystal Data: Triclinic. Point Group: 1or1. As fibers and needles, to 2.5 mm; commonly in radial aggregates and spherulites, feltlike crystal linings, and powdery to chalky masses. Physical Properties: Cleavage: {100} perfect; {010} imperfect. Tenacity: Brittle. Hardness = 2.5 D(meas.) = 2.21–2.24 D(calc.) = 2.213 Decomposes in boiling H2O to calcite and hydrous aluminum oxide. Optical Properties: Transparent to opaque. Color: Chalky white to pale blue, pale yellow, cream, gray; pale rose or brownish pink to dark violet in chromian varieties; colorless in transmitted light. Luster: Vitreous to pearly, earthy. Optical Class: Biaxial (–). Orientation: X = b; extinction inclined 6◦–10◦. α = 1.485–1.502 β = 1.553–1.563 γ = 1.570–1.585 2V(meas.) = 64◦ 2V(calc.) = 50◦–55◦ Cell Data: Space Group: P 1or P 1 (chromian). a = 6.498(3) b = 14.457(4) c = 5.678(3) α =95.83(5)◦ β =93.23(3)◦ γ =82.24(3)◦ Z=2 X-ray Powder Pattern: Bergisch-Gladbach, Germany. 6.25 (100), 6.50 (70), 3.23 (60), 2.039 (50), 2.519 (40), 7.21 (30), 2.860 (30) Chemistry: (1) (2) (3) (1) (2) (3) CO2 24.2 26.4 26.19 CaO 17.8 16.5 16.68 Al2O3 31.3 22.0 30.33 H2O 26.7 26.6 26.80 Cr2O3 8.3 Total 100.0 99.8 100.00 2− 1− (1) Bergisch-Gladbach, Germany; (CO3) , (OH) , and H2O confirmed by IR.