Nature of Interlayer Material in Silicate Clays of Selected Oregon Soils
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A Vibrational Spectroscopic Study of the Silicate Mineral Harmotome Â
Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy 137 (2015) 70–74 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/saa A vibrational spectroscopic study of the silicate mineral harmotome – (Ba,Na,K)1-2(Si,Al)8O16Á6H2O – A natural zeolite ⇑ Ray L. Frost a, , Andrés López a, Lina Wang a,b, Antônio Wilson Romano c, Ricardo Scholz d a School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, GPO Box 2434, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia b School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, No. 391, Bin Shui West Road, Xi Qing District, Tianjin, PR China c Geology Department, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil d Geology Department, School of Mines, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Campus Morro do Cruzeiro, Ouro Preto, MG 35400-00, Brazil highlights graphical abstract We have studied the mineral harmotome (Ba,Na,K)1- 2(Si,Al)8O16Á6H2O. It is a natural zeolite. Raman and infrared bands are attributed to siloxane stretching and bending vibrations. A sharp infrared band at 3731 cmÀ1 is assigned to the OH stretching vibration of SiOH units. article info abstract Article history: The mineral harmotome (Ba,Na,K)1-2(Si,Al)8O16Á6H2O is a crystalline sodium calcium silicate which has Received 31 March 2014 the potential to be used in plaster boards and other industrial applications. It is a natural zeolite with cat- Received in revised form 7 July 2014 alytic potential. Raman bands at 1020 and 1102 cmÀ1 are assigned to the SiO stretching vibrations of Accepted 28 July 2014 three dimensional siloxane units. -
Current Best Practices for Vermiculite Attic Insulation
What is vermiculite insulation? What if I occasionally have to go into Vermiculite is a naturally occurring mineral that has my attic? the unusual property of expanding into worm-like EPA and ATSDR strongly recommend that accordion shaped pieces when heated. The homeowners make every effort not to disturb expanded vermiculite is a light-weight, fire- vermiculite insulation in their attics. If you resistant, absorbent, and odorless material. These occasionally have to go into your attic, current best properties allow vermiculite to be used to make practices state you should: numerous products, including attic insulation. 1. Make every effort to stay on the floored part Do I have vermiculite insulation? of your attic and to not disturb the Vermiculite can be purchased in various forms for insulation. various uses. Sizes of vermiculite products range 2. If you must perform activities that may from very fine particles to large (coarse) pieces disturb the attic insulation such as moving nearly an inch long. Vermiculite attic insulation is a boxes (or other materials), do so as gently pebble-like, pour-in product and is usually light- as possible to minimize the disturbance. brown or gold in color. The pictures in the center of What should I do if I have 3. Leave the attic immediately after the this pamphlet and on the cover show several disturbance. samples of vermiculite attic insulation. vermiculite attic insulation? 4. If you need work done in your attic such as DO NOT DISTURB IT. Any disturbance has the the installation of cable or utility lines, hire trained and certified professionals who can Is vermiculite insulation a problem? potential to release asbestos fibers into the air. -
Carbonation and Decarbonation Reactions: Implications for Planetary Habitability K
American Mineralogist, Volume 104, pages 1369–1380, 2019 Carbonation and decarbonation reactions: Implications for planetary habitability k E.M. STEWART1,*,†, JAY J. AGUE1, JOHN M. FERRY2, CRAIG M. SCHIFFRIES3, REN-BIAO TAO4, TERRY T. ISSON1,5, AND NOAH J. PLANAVSKY1 1Department of Geology & Geophysics, Yale University, P.O. Box 208109, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8109, U.S.A. 2Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, U.S.A. 3Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution for Science, 5251 Broad Branch Road NW, Washington, D.C. 20015, U.S.A. 4School of Earth and Space Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Orogenic Belt and Crustal Evolution, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China 5School of Science, University of Waikato, 101-121 Durham Street, Tauranga 3110, New Zealand ABSTRACT The geologic carbon cycle plays a fundamental role in controlling Earth’s climate and habitability. For billions of years, stabilizing feedbacks inherent in the cycle have maintained a surface environ- ment that could sustain life. Carbonation/decarbonation reactions are the primary mechanisms for transferring carbon between the solid Earth and the ocean–atmosphere system. These processes can be broadly represented by the reaction: CaSiO3 (wollastonite) + CO2 (gas) ↔ CaCO3 (calcite) + SiO2 (quartz). This class of reactions is therefore critical to Earth’s past and future habitability. Here, we summarize their significance as part of the Deep Carbon Obsevatory’s “Earth in Five Reactions” project. In the forward direction, carbonation reactions like the one above describe silicate weathering and carbonate formation on Earth’s surface. Recent work aims to resolve the balance between silicate weathering in terrestrial and marine settings both in the modern Earth system and through Earth’s history. -
Greensand.Pdf
www.natureswayresources.com GREENSAND Greensand is a naturallyoccurring mineral mined from ocean deposits from a sedimentary rock known as “Glauconite”. It is often an olive-green colored sandstonerock found in layers in many sedimentary rock formations. Origin of Greensand Greensand forms in anoxic (without oxygen) marine environments that are rich in organic detritus and low in sedimentary inputs. Some greensands contain marine fossils (i.e. New Jersey Greensand). Greensand has been found in deposits all over the world. The greenish color comes from the mineral glauconite and iron potassiumsilicate that weathers and breaks down releasing the stored minerals. The color may range from a dark greenish gray, green-black to blue-green dependingon the minerals and water content. It often weatherseasilyand forms nodules that have been oxidized with iron bearing minerals that has a reddish brown or rust color. +3 The major chemical description is ((K,Na)(Fe , Al, Mg)2(Si,Al)4O10(OH)2) General chemical information: Iron (Fe) 12-19% Potassium (K) 5-7 % Silicon (Si) 25.0% Oxygen (O) 45% Magnesium (Mg) 2-3 % Aluminum (Al) 1.9 % Sodium (Na) 0.27% Hydrogen (H) 0.47% Over 30 other trace minerals and many micronutrients. Types of Greensand Glauconite is the namegiven to a group of naturally occurring iron rich silica minerals that may be composed of pellets or grains. When glauconite is mined the upper layers that have weathered and become oxidizedand minerals are released.These sometimes form pyrite a iron sulfide (FeS2) when oxygen is www.natureswayresources.com absent. In the deeper layers or reduced zone pyrite crystals often form. -
Carbonation and Decarbonation Reactions: Implications for Planetary Habitability K
American Mineralogist, Volume 104, pages 1369–1380, 2019 Carbonation and decarbonation reactions: Implications for planetary habitability k E.M. STEWART1,*,†, JAY J. AGUE1, JOHN M. FERRY2, CRAIG M. SCHIFFRIES3, REN-BIAO TAO4, TERRY T. ISSON1,5, AND NOAH J. PLANAVSKY1 1Department of Geology & Geophysics, Yale University, P.O. Box 208109, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8109, U.S.A. 2Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, U.S.A. 3Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution for Science, 5251 Broad Branch Road NW, Washington, D.C. 20015, U.S.A. 4School of Earth and Space Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Orogenic Belt and Crustal Evolution, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China 5School of Science, University of Waikato, 101-121 Durham Street, Tauranga 3110, New Zealand ABSTRACT The geologic carbon cycle plays a fundamental role in controlling Earth’s climate and habitability. For billions of years, stabilizing feedbacks inherent in the cycle have maintained a surface environ- ment that could sustain life. Carbonation/decarbonation reactions are the primary mechanisms for transferring carbon between the solid Earth and the ocean–atmosphere system. These processes can be broadly represented by the reaction: CaSiO3 (wollastonite) + CO2 (gas) ↔ CaCO3 (calcite) + SiO2 (quartz). This class of reactions is therefore critical to Earth’s past and future habitability. Here, we summarize their signifcance as part of the Deep Carbon Obsevatory’s “Earth in Five Reactions” project. In the forward direction, carbonation reactions like the one above describe silicate weathering and carbonate formation on Earth’s surface. Recent work aims to resolve the balance between silicate weathering in terrestrial and marine settings both in the modern Earth system and through Earth’s history. -
Clay Minerals Soils to Engineering Technology to Cat Litter
Clay Minerals Soils to Engineering Technology to Cat Litter USC Mineralogy Geol 215a (Anderson) Clay Minerals Clay minerals likely are the most utilized minerals … not just as the soils that grow plants for foods and garment, but a great range of applications, including oil absorbants, iron casting, animal feeds, pottery, china, pharmaceuticals, drilling fluids, waste water treatment, food preparation, paint, and … yes, cat litter! Bentonite workings, WY Clay Minerals There are three main groups of clay minerals: Kaolinite - also includes dickite and nacrite; formed by the decomposition of orthoclase feldspar (e.g. in granite); kaolin is the principal constituent in china clay. Illite - also includes glauconite (a green clay sand) and are the commonest clay minerals; formed by the decomposition of some micas and feldspars; predominant in marine clays and shales. Smectites or montmorillonites - also includes bentonite and vermiculite; formed by the alteration of mafic igneous rocks rich in Ca and Mg; weak linkage by cations (e.g. Na+, Ca++) results in high swelling/shrinking potential Clay Minerals are Phyllosilicates All have layers of Si tetrahedra SEM view of clay and layers of Al, Fe, Mg octahedra, similar to gibbsite or brucite Clay Minerals The kaolinite clays are 1:1 phyllosilicates The montmorillonite and illite clays are 2:1 phyllosilicates 1:1 and 2:1 Clay Minerals Marine Clays Clays mostly form on land but are often transported to the oceans, covering vast regions. Kaolinite Al2Si2O5(OH)2 Kaolinite clays have long been used in the ceramic industry, especially in fine porcelains, because they can be easily molded, have a fine texture, and are white when fired. -
VERMICULITE by Michael J
VERMICULITE By Michael J. Potter Domestic survey data and tables were prepared by Nicholas Muniz, statistical assistant, and the world production table was prepared by Glenn J. Wallace, international data coordinator. +2 Vermiculite is a hydrated magnesium-aluminum-iron silicate, with a suggested formula of (Mg,Fe ,Al)3(Al,Si)4O10(OH)2·4H2O (Fleisher and Mandarino, 1991, p. 211). Flakes of raw vermiculite concentrate are mica-like in appearance and contain water molecules within their internal structure. When the flakes are heated rapidly at a temperature of 900º C or higher, the water flashes into steam, and the flakes expand into accordion-like particles. The color, which can range from black and various shades of brown to yellow for the raw flakes, changes upon expansion to gold or bronze. This expansion process is called exfoliation, and the resulting lightweight material is chemically inert, fire resistant, and odorless. In lightweight plaster and concrete, vermiculite provides good thermal insulation. Vermiculite can absorb such liquids as fertilizers, herbicides, and insecticides, which can then be transported as free-flowing solids (Harben and Kuzvart, 1996). Production Domestic production (sold or used) data for vermiculite were collected by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) from two voluntary canvasses—one for mine-mill (concentrator) operations and the other for exfoliation plants. Data were not available for the three mine-mill operations. The two U.S. producers of vermiculite concentrate were Virginia Vermiculite Ltd. with operations near Woodruff, SC, and in Louisa County, VA; and W.R. Grace & Co. from its operation at Enoree, SC. Vermiculite concentrate was shipped to exfoliating plants for conversion into lightweight material. -
VERMICULITE by Jason C
VERMICULITE By Jason c. Willett and michael J. Potter Domestic survey data and tables were prepared by Nicholas A. Muniz, statistical assistant, and the world production table was prepared by Glenn J. Wallace, international data coordinator. Vermiculite production and consumption declined by about 5% Stansbury Holdings Corporation announced that two mortgage in the United States. Worldwide vermiculite production increased foreclosure proceedings against the company’s Montana to 510,000 metric tons (t) in 2004. U.S. exports dropped by one- vermiculite properties have proceeded to final judgment. Sheriff’s third to 10,000 t, while imports almost doubled to about 69,000 t. sales subsequently divested the company of all of its vermiculite The average price of U.S. exfoliated vermiculite sold or used by claims and properties in Montana (Stansbury Holdings Corporation, producers increased by 5% compared with that in 2003. 2003§1). Montana Mining took ownership of the Elk Gulch Vermiculite is a hydrated magnesium-aluminum-iron silicate, vermiculite project from Stansbury Holdings through the Sheriff’s +2 with a generalized formula of (Mg,Fe ,Al)3(Al,Si)4O10(OH)2•4H2O sales. The company has brought the project back into compliance (Fleischer and Mandarino, 1991, p. 211). Deposits of vermiculite are with Federal and State regulations (Moeller and Hindman, 2005). generally associated with ultramafic rocks rich in magnesium silicate In February, International Business Investments Corporation (IBI) minerals. Vermiculite is a secondary mineral formed primarily by signed an option to acquire 5 square kilometers of vermiculite-bearing the alteration of mica and less commonly by alteration of amphibole, land located in Clarke County, NV. -
VERMICULITE by Michael J
VERMICULITE By Michael J. Potter Vermiculite is a mica-like mineral that Arizona, Arkansas, Florida, and New Jersey. to produce exfoliated vermiculite and products rapidly expands upon heating to produce a Prices for U.S. vermiculite concentrate, that contain vermiculite. During subsequent lightweight material. This expanded converted to dollars per metric ton, were years, a subbranch was established for the (exfoliated) product is used as lightweight approximately $72 to $149 for raw, FOB plant, production of building materials. The aggregate in concrete, plaster, and premixes. bulk material. Prices for South African enterprise "Techservice Vermiculite" was Vermiculite also is used in building boards of concentrate were approximately $116 to $187 established and developed technology for various types such as fire-resistant plaster board, per metric ton for crude, bulk, FOB barge, Gulf processing lower-grade vermiculite ores without some lightweight wall boards, various refractory coast material.2 losing quality in final products. The technology board products, etc.1 In 1994, the largest end can treat ores from small deposits that occur in use for vermiculite continued to be in potting World Review many countries of the world. Detailed analyses soils and other horticultural products, as a soil had been carried out on vermiculite ores from conditioner, fertilizer carrier, etc. Capacity.—The data in Table 4 are an Bulgaria, Egypt, India, Korea, Turkey, and approximation of rated annual capacity for other countries. Vermiculite exfoliation plant Production vermiculite plants as of December 31, 1994. projects had been developed for Australia, Rated capacity is defined as the maximum Cyprus, and Spain. Production operations U.S. -
Origin and Metal Content of Magmatic Sulfides in Cu-Au Mineralizing Silicic Magmas
Introduction Based on work by Keith et al. (1997) at the Bingham and Tintic mining districts in Utah, evidence from the Bajo de la Alumbrera complex, and preliminary evidence from other porphyry systems, Halter et al. (2002a) proposed that the destabilization of magmatic sulfides and dissolution temperature of sulfide metals into magmatic ore fluids is responsible for producing the characteristic Au/Cu ratios shared by both the magmatic sulfides and the bulk ore body. This study compares the copper, silver and gold content and ratios of magmatic sulfide inclusions related to the Cu±Mo porphyry system of Yerington, Nevada, USA, and the high-sulfidation epithermal Au- Cu system of Yanacocha, Peru. These two groups of magmatic rocks are compared with one another to test whether or not the metal contents and ratios of magmatic sulfides in each large mining district dictate the average metal content and metal ratios of bulk ores. Samples of volcanic rocks spanning around 4 Ma from pre-ore to syn- ore in the Yanacocha district were chosen to determine the variation of sulfide mineralogy and metal content, and correlate these with mineralizing events. Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICPMS) and electron microprobe analysis were used to directly determine the metal contents of magmatic sulfide inclusions. A methodology for LA-ICPMS analysis of sulfides was developed for the OSU instrumentation, and included standardization, lab protocols, and estimation of detection limits of relevant trace metals. 2 Geologic Setting and Background Information Where there is sufficient quantity of sulfide sulfur in a silicate melt, sulfide saturation may occur to produce immiscible sulfide and silicate liquids (Ebel and Naldrett, 1997). -
Metamorphism
Title page INTRODUCING METAMORPHISM Ian Sanders DUNEDIN EDINBURGH LONDON Contents Contents v Preface ix Acknowledgements x 1 Introduction 1 1.1 What is metamorphism? 1 1.1.1 Protoliths 1 1.1.2 Changes to the minerals 1 1.1.3 Changes to the texture 3 1.1.4 Naming metamorphic rocks 3 1.2 Metamorphic rocks – made under mountains 3 1.2.1 Mountain building 3 1.2.2 Directed stress, pressure and temperature in a mountain’s roots 4 1.2.3 Exhumation of a mountain’s roots 6 1.3 Metamorphism in local settings 6 1.3.1 Contact metamorphism 7 1.3.2 Hydrothermal metamorphism 7 1.3.3 Dynamic metamorphism 9 1.3.4 Shock metamorphism 9 2 The petrography of metamorphic rocks 11 2.1 Quartzite and metapsammite 11 2.1.1 Quartzite 11 2.1.2 Metapsammite 13 2.2 Metapelite 13 2.2.1 Slate 14 2.2.2 Phyllite and low-grade schist 16 2.2.3 Minerals and textures of medium-grade schist 17 2.2.4 The regional distribution of minerals in low- and medium-grade schist 20 2.2.5 Pelitic gneiss and migmatite 22 2.2.6 Metapelite in a contact aureole 23 2.2.7 The significance of Al2SiO5 for inferring metamorphic conditions 23 2.3 Marble 24 2.3.1 Pure calcite marble 24 2.3.2 Impure marble 26 2.3.3 Metasediments with mixed compositions 29 CONTENTS 2.4 Metabasite 30 2.4.1 Six kinds of metabasite from regional metamorphic belts 31 2.4.2 The ACF triangle for minerals in metabasites 36 2.4.3 P–T stability of metabasites, and metamorphic facies 38 vi 2.4.4 A metabasite made by contact metamorphism 40 2.5 Metagranite 41 2.5.1 Granitic gneiss and orthogneiss 41 2.5.2 Dynamic metamorphism -
VERMICULITE by Michael J
VERMICULITE By Michael J. Potter Domestic survey data and tables were prepared by Nicholas A. Muniz, statistical assistant, and the world production table was prepared by Glenn J. Wallace, international data coordinator. Vermiculite is a hydrated magnesium-aluminum-iron silicate, supplied vermiculite for the insulation was shut down in 1990 +2 1 with a generalized formula of (Mg,Fe ,Al)3(Al,Si)4O10(OH)2· (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2003§ ). 4H2O (Fleischer and Mandarino, 1991, p. 211). Flakes of raw vermiculite concentrate are mica-like in appearance and contain Consumption water molecules within their internal structure. When the flakes are heated rapidly at a temperature of 900° C or higher, the Vermiculite has a wide range of uses that take advantage of its water flashes into steam, and the flakes expand into accordion- various attributes of fire resistance, good insulation, high liquid like particles. The color, which can range from black and absorption capacity, inertness, and low density. Vermiculite is various shades of brown to yellow for the raw flakes, changes used in general building plasters, either in its own formulations upon expansion to gold or bronze. This expansion process or combined with such other lightweight aggregates as perlite. is called exfoliation, and the resulting lightweight material is Special plasters include fire protection and acoustic products in chemically inert, fire resistant, and odorless. In lightweight which vermiculite is combined with a binder, such as gypsum plaster and concrete, vermiculite provides good thermal or portland cement, and fillers and rheological aids (Roskill insulation. Vermiculite can absorb such liquids as fertilizers, Information Services Ltd., 1999, p.