An Investigation Into Transitions in Clay Mineral Chemistry on Mars
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Serpentine–Hisingerite Solid Solution in Altered Ferroan Peridotite and Olivine Gabbro
minerals Article Serpentine–Hisingerite Solid Solution in Altered Ferroan Peridotite and Olivine Gabbro Benjamin M. Tutolo 1,* , Bernard W. Evans 2 and Scott M. Kuehner 2 1 Department of Geoscience, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada 2 Department of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-1310, USA; [email protected] (B.W.E.); [email protected] (S.M.K.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 20 November 2018; Accepted: 11 January 2019; Published: 15 January 2019 Abstract: We present microanalyses of secondary phyllosilicates in altered ferroan metaperidotite, 2+ containing approximately equal amounts of end-members serpentine ((Mg,Fe )3Si2O5(OH)4) and 3+ hisingerite (Fe 2Si2O5(OH)4·nH2O). These analyses suggest that all intermediate compositions can exist stably, a proposal that was heretofore impossible because phyllosilicate with the compositions reported here have not been previously observed. In samples from the Duluth Complex (Minnesota, USA) containing igneous olivine Fa36–44, a continuous range in phyllosilicate compositions is associated with hydrothermal Mg extraction from the system and consequent relative enrichments in Fe2+, Fe3+ (hisingerite), Si, and Mn. Altered ferroan–olivine-bearing samples from the Laramie Complex (Wyoming, USA) show a compositional variability of secondary FeMg–phyllosilicate (e.g., Mg–hisingerite) that is discontinuous and likely the result of differing igneous olivine compositions and local equilibration during alteration. Together, these examples demonstrate that the products of serpentinization of ferroan peridotite include phyllosilicate with iron contents proportionally larger than the reactant olivine, in contrast to the common observation of Mg-enriched serpentine in “traditional” alpine and seafloor serpentinites To augment and contextualize our analyses, we additionally compiled greenalite and hisingerite analyses from the literature. -
Washington State Minerals Checklist
Division of Geology and Earth Resources MS 47007; Olympia, WA 98504-7007 Washington State 360-902-1450; 360-902-1785 fax E-mail: [email protected] Website: http://www.dnr.wa.gov/geology Minerals Checklist Note: Mineral names in parentheses are the preferred species names. Compiled by Raymond Lasmanis o Acanthite o Arsenopalladinite o Bustamite o Clinohumite o Enstatite o Harmotome o Actinolite o Arsenopyrite o Bytownite o Clinoptilolite o Epidesmine (Stilbite) o Hastingsite o Adularia o Arsenosulvanite (Plagioclase) o Clinozoisite o Epidote o Hausmannite (Orthoclase) o Arsenpolybasite o Cairngorm (Quartz) o Cobaltite o Epistilbite o Hedenbergite o Aegirine o Astrophyllite o Calamine o Cochromite o Epsomite o Hedleyite o Aenigmatite o Atacamite (Hemimorphite) o Coffinite o Erionite o Hematite o Aeschynite o Atokite o Calaverite o Columbite o Erythrite o Hemimorphite o Agardite-Y o Augite o Calciohilairite (Ferrocolumbite) o Euchroite o Hercynite o Agate (Quartz) o Aurostibite o Calcite, see also o Conichalcite o Euxenite o Hessite o Aguilarite o Austinite Manganocalcite o Connellite o Euxenite-Y o Heulandite o Aktashite o Onyx o Copiapite o o Autunite o Fairchildite Hexahydrite o Alabandite o Caledonite o Copper o o Awaruite o Famatinite Hibschite o Albite o Cancrinite o Copper-zinc o o Axinite group o Fayalite Hillebrandite o Algodonite o Carnelian (Quartz) o Coquandite o o Azurite o Feldspar group Hisingerite o Allanite o Cassiterite o Cordierite o o Barite o Ferberite Hongshiite o Allanite-Ce o Catapleiite o Corrensite o o Bastnäsite -
Nature of Interlayer Material in Silicate Clays of Selected Oregon Soils
AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF PAUL C, SINGLETON for the Ph.D. in Soils (Name) (Degree) (Major) Date thesis is presented July 28, 1965 Title NATURE OF INTERLAYER MATERIAL IN SILICATE CLAYS OF SELECTED OREGON SOILS - Redacted for Privacy Abstract approved = ajor professor) Ç A study was conducted to investigate the nature of hydroxy interlayers in the chlorite -like intergrade clays of three Oregon soils with respect to kind, amount, stability, and conditions of formation. The clays of the Hembre, Wren, and Lookout soils, selected to represent weathering products originating from basaltic materials under humid, subhumid, and semi -arid climatic conditions respectively, were subjected to a series of progressive treatments designed to effect a differential dissolution of the materials intimately asso- ciated with them. The treatments, chosen to represent a range of increasing severity of dissolution, were (1) distilled water plus mechanical stirring, (2) boiling 2% sodium carbonate, (3) buffered sodium citrate -dithionite, (4) boiling sodium hydroxide, and (5) preheating to 400 °C for 4 hours plus boiling sodium hydroxide. Extracts from the various steps of the dissolution procedure were chemically analyzed in order to identify the materials removed from the clays. X -ray diffraction analysis and cation exchange capacity determinations were made on the clays after each step, and any differences noted in the measured values were attributed to the removal of hydroxy interlayers from the clays. Hydroxy interlayers were found to occur more in the Hembre and Wren soils than in the Lookout soil, with the most stable interlayers occurring in the Wren. Soil reaction was one of the major differences between these soils. -
Clay Minerals Soils to Engineering Technology to Cat Litter
Clay Minerals Soils to Engineering Technology to Cat Litter USC Mineralogy Geol 215a (Anderson) Clay Minerals Clay minerals likely are the most utilized minerals … not just as the soils that grow plants for foods and garment, but a great range of applications, including oil absorbants, iron casting, animal feeds, pottery, china, pharmaceuticals, drilling fluids, waste water treatment, food preparation, paint, and … yes, cat litter! Bentonite workings, WY Clay Minerals There are three main groups of clay minerals: Kaolinite - also includes dickite and nacrite; formed by the decomposition of orthoclase feldspar (e.g. in granite); kaolin is the principal constituent in china clay. Illite - also includes glauconite (a green clay sand) and are the commonest clay minerals; formed by the decomposition of some micas and feldspars; predominant in marine clays and shales. Smectites or montmorillonites - also includes bentonite and vermiculite; formed by the alteration of mafic igneous rocks rich in Ca and Mg; weak linkage by cations (e.g. Na+, Ca++) results in high swelling/shrinking potential Clay Minerals are Phyllosilicates All have layers of Si tetrahedra SEM view of clay and layers of Al, Fe, Mg octahedra, similar to gibbsite or brucite Clay Minerals The kaolinite clays are 1:1 phyllosilicates The montmorillonite and illite clays are 2:1 phyllosilicates 1:1 and 2:1 Clay Minerals Marine Clays Clays mostly form on land but are often transported to the oceans, covering vast regions. Kaolinite Al2Si2O5(OH)2 Kaolinite clays have long been used in the ceramic industry, especially in fine porcelains, because they can be easily molded, have a fine texture, and are white when fired. -
Nontronite Is a Smectire Group Clay Mineral Which. Ff,T'lffi'"Fff"#:J""
The American Mineralogist, Yolume60, pages 840448, 1975 Primary NontroniteFrom the VenezuelanGuayana W. C. ISpHoRpllrC Department of Geology and Geography, Uniuersity of South Alabama Mobile, Alabama 36688 Abstract Nontronite, the iron-rich end member of SmectiteGroup clays, has previouslybeen reported as a hydrothermalalteration product, as a constituentof soil clays formed by weatheringof a variety of rock types,and as an alterationproduct of volcanicrocks. This paper describesthe chemical,optical, and X-ray propertiesof a new occurrenceof the mineralwhere its origin is apparentlyrelated to directcrystallization from high temperature waters.The mineral is further unique in that it containsonly a very small percentageof aluminaand therebyclosely approaches the previouslyunreported wholly iron end-member. Significantdifferences were found in the optical propertiesof the Venezuelannontronit€ when comparedwith those of an earlier study, especiallywith regard to the variation in refractiveindex with Fe2Oscontent. It now appearsthat this variationhas been over-simpli- fied and may not be as orderlyas was previouslybelieved. The variouslines of evidencethat argue againstan origin by either hydrothermalalteration or chemicalweathering are dis- cussed,as well as thosesupporting an origin by direct crystallizationfrom high temperature watersof probablemagmatic or metamorphicorigin. lntroduction product in gneissesand slates.At the other sites,non- Nontroniteisa Smectire Group clay mineral which. ff,T'Lffi'"fff"#:j""1|# ,XXT::""."t1:j'# occurs as the iron-rich end-memberin the d.ioc- rr-;i",;-be an arterationproduct. At the type tahedral sub-group montmorillonite-beidellite- io.uri,v,Nontron, France, Berthier (1g27) descri6ed nontroniteseries' It haspreviously been *p":l:9^:t^1 ,tr" ri".r"r-: as occurringas "onion-like" massesas- constituentof sedimentaryrocks, as the productof -:-,--; -,,, alterationorvolcanic grasses andas a hydrother.mal alterationproduct. -
Bio-Preservation Potential of Sediment in Eberswalde Crater, Mars
Western Washington University Western CEDAR WWU Graduate School Collection WWU Graduate and Undergraduate Scholarship Fall 2020 Bio-preservation Potential of Sediment in Eberswalde crater, Mars Cory Hughes Western Washington University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://cedar.wwu.edu/wwuet Part of the Geology Commons Recommended Citation Hughes, Cory, "Bio-preservation Potential of Sediment in Eberswalde crater, Mars" (2020). WWU Graduate School Collection. 992. https://cedar.wwu.edu/wwuet/992 This Masters Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the WWU Graduate and Undergraduate Scholarship at Western CEDAR. It has been accepted for inclusion in WWU Graduate School Collection by an authorized administrator of Western CEDAR. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Bio-preservation Potential of Sediment in Eberswalde crater, Mars By Cory M. Hughes Accepted in Partial Completion of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science ADVISORY COMMITTEE Dr. Melissa Rice, Chair Dr. Charles Barnhart Dr. Brady Foreman Dr. Allison Pfeiffer GRADUATE SCHOOL David L. Patrick, Dean Master’s Thesis In presenting this thesis in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a master’s degree at Western Washington University, I grant to Western Washington University the non-exclusive royalty-free right to archive, reproduce, distribute, and display the thesis in any and all forms, including electronic format, via any digital library mechanisms maintained by WWU. I represent and warrant this is my original work, and does not infringe or violate any rights of others. I warrant that I have obtained written permissions from the owner of any third party copyrighted material included in these files. -
NEW DATA for HISINGERITE and NEOTOCITE J. A. S. S. Hisingerite
THE AMERICAN MINERALOGIST, VOL. 46, NOVEMBER-DECEMBER, 1961 NEW DATA FOR HISINGERITE AND NEOTOCITE J. A. WHELAN AND S. S. GoLDICH* ABSTRACT New chemical and x-ray data are given for three samples of hisingerite from northern Minnesota. The variable chemical composition of hisingerite, a hydrous iron silicate, is shown by the new analyses representing two samples from gabbros of the Beaver Bay complex and one from veins in the Biwabik iron-formation at Babbitt, Minnesota. The x-ray diffraction patterns consist of a few diffuse lines that resemble the pattern for nontronite and also bear some similarity to the published data for iron-rich saponite. Structural formulas computed for the Beaver Bay hisingerites fit a saponite structure reasonably well; however, the hisingerite from Babbitt, as well as analyzed samples from Parry Sound, Ontario, and from Montauban, Quebec, show excess Fe20a for the saponite structure. Hisingerite occurs in a variety of geologic environments, and commonly results from alteration of pyroxene and olivine. So-called hisingerites may represent mixtures of two or more minerals or stages in the alteration of ferromagnesian minerals. A sample of hisingerite-like material from the Montreal Mine, Iron County, Wisconsin, closely resembling hisingerite in physical properties, was found to be a hydrous man ganese silicate, neotocite. A chemical analysis and x-ray data are given for the neotocite. INTRODUCTION Hisingerite is a soft, black, hydrous iron silicate with a characteristic resinous luster and conchoidal fracture. It has been reported throughout the world in rocks of various ages and in many geologic settings. It occurs with ores of uranium, tin, copper, lead, zinc, iron, and manganese. -
New Minerals Approved Bythe Ima Commission on New
NEW MINERALS APPROVED BY THE IMA COMMISSION ON NEW MINERALS AND MINERAL NAMES ALLABOGDANITE, (Fe,Ni)l Allabogdanite, a mineral dimorphous with barringerite, was discovered in the Onello iron meteorite (Ni-rich ataxite) found in 1997 in the alluvium of the Bol'shoy Dolguchan River, a tributary of the Onello River, Aldan River basin, South Yakutia (Republic of Sakha- Yakutia), Russia. The mineral occurs as light straw-yellow, with strong metallic luster, lamellar crystals up to 0.0 I x 0.1 x 0.4 rnrn, typically twinned, in plessite. Associated minerals are nickel phosphide, schreibersite, awaruite and graphite (Britvin e.a., 2002b). Name: in honour of Alia Nikolaevna BOG DAN OVA (1947-2004), Russian crys- tallographer, for her contribution to the study of new minerals; Geological Institute of Kola Science Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Apatity. fMA No.: 2000-038. TS: PU 1/18632. ALLOCHALCOSELITE, Cu+Cu~+PbOZ(Se03)P5 Allochalcoselite was found in the fumarole products of the Second cinder cone, Northern Breakthrought of the Tolbachik Main Fracture Eruption (1975-1976), Tolbachik Volcano, Kamchatka, Russia. It occurs as transparent dark brown pris- matic crystals up to 0.1 mm long. Associated minerals are cotunnite, sofiite, ilin- skite, georgbokiite and burn site (Vergasova e.a., 2005). Name: for the chemical composition: presence of selenium and different oxidation states of copper, from the Greek aA.Ao~(different) and xaAxo~ (copper). fMA No.: 2004-025. TS: no reliable information. ALSAKHAROVITE-Zn, NaSrKZn(Ti,Nb)JSi401ZJz(0,OH)4·7HzO photo 1 Labuntsovite group Alsakharovite-Zn was discovered in the Pegmatite #45, Lepkhe-Nel'm MI. -
The History of Water on Mars: Hydrated Minerals As a Water Sink in the Martian Crust
Ninth International Conference on Mars 2019 (LPI Contrib. No. 2089) 6065.pdf THE HISTORY OF WATER ON MARS: HYDRATED MINERALS AS A WATER SINK IN THE MARTIAN CRUST. L. J. Wernicke1,2 and B. M. Jakosky1,3, 1Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado Boulder. [email protected]. [email protected]. Introduction: The ancient landscape of Mars pro- example calculation. Nontronite’s empirical formula vides morphological and mineralogical evidence that and all other values used in the example calculation can significant amounts of liquid water once flowed on its be found in Table 1. Nontronite has 6 oxygen atoms surface. Previous research has identified the amount of from water and hydroxyl, which comprises 19.36% of water stored in the polar caps and in high latitude sub- its molecular mass. The oxygen mass/thickness of surface ice [1]. The amount of water lost to space has nontronite is: also been constrained [2]. But how much water is stored (0.1936)*(2300 kg/m3)*(1.449×1014 m2) in Martian rocks? 16 =6.45×10 kg/m Chemical alteration hydrates Martian minerals, stor- 3+ ing water within Martian rocks. A large variety of hy- Nontronite - Na0.3Fe 2Si3AlO10(OH)2•4(H2O) drated minerals have been detected on the surface of Molecular mass (kg) 0.4959 Mars [3,4], and a significant abundance of hydrated minerals has been detected inside Martian craters [5,6]. Oxygen from water 19.36% We use published surveys of the global distribution and Density (kg/m3) 2300 abundance of hydrated minerals to calculate the total Surface area of Mars (m2) 1.449×1014 volume of water stored in hydrated minerals within the Oxygen Mass/thick (kg/m) 6.45×1016 Martian crust. -
Halloysite Formation Through in Situ Weathering of Volcanic Glass From
Ciay Minerals (1988) 23, 423-431 mineralogy. Phys. ition of Mössbauer L HALLOYSITE FORMATION THROUGH Ih' SITU shaviour? J. Mag. WEATHERING OF VOLCANIC GLASS FROM 3n analysis of two TRACHYTIC PUMICES, VICO'S VOLCANO, ITALY d.X, 29-31. ir Conímbriga and P. QUANTIN, J. GAUTHEYROU AND P. LORENZONI* ts correlation with .central Portugal). ORSTOM, 70 route d'Aulnay. 93143 Bondy Cedex, France, and *ISSDS, Piazza d'Azeglio 30, Firenze, Italy ibrico da cerâmica (Received October 1987; revised 5 April 1988) of dolomites, clays ABSTRACT: The weathering of a trachytic pumice within a pyroclastic flow underlying an ., MADWCKA.G., andic-brown soil on the volcano Vico has been studied. The main mineral formed is a spherical 10 A halloysite which has been shown by SEM and in situ microprobe analysis to have formed norphology on the directly from the glass. The major mineralogical characteristics as determined by XRD, IR, DTA, TEM and microdiffraction are typical of 10 A halloysite. However, some minor mineralogical properties and the high Fe and K contents, suggest that it is an interstratification of 74% halloysite and 26% illite-smectite. The calculated formula of the hypothetical 2:l minerals reveals an Fe- and K-rich clay, with high tetrahedral substitution, like an Fe-rich vermiculite, but the detailed structure of this mineral remains uncertain. This study deals with the weathering of trachytic pumices to a white clay which seems to be derived directly from glass, without change in texture. This clay is a well crystallized 10 A halloysite, and although nearly white in colour, has an unusual composition being rich in Fe and Ti, and having a high K content. -
Clay Mineralogy Techniques
ITATI OP OHIO DIPAlTMINT OP NATURAL lUOUlCIS DIVISION OF &EOLO&ICAL SURVEY INFORMATION CIRCULAR NO. 20 CLAY MINERALOGY TECHNIQUES - A REVIEW- by Merril I F. Au kla nd COLUMBUS 1956 SECOND PRINTING 1959 STA TE OF omo Michael V. DiSalle Governor DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES Herbert B. Eagon Director NATURAL RESOURCES COMMISSION C. D. Blubaugh L. L. Rummell Herbert B. Eagon Demas L. Sears Byron Frederick James R. Stephenson Forrest G. Hall Myron T. Sturgeon William Hoyne DIVISION OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Ralph J. Bernhagen Chief r STATI OF OHIO ! I DIPAlTMINT 011 NATURAL lUOUICH I DIVISION OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY INFORMATION CIRCULAR NO. 20 CLAY MINERALOGY TECHNIQUES - A REVIEW- by Merrill F. Aukland COLUMBUS 1956 SECOND PRINTING 1959 Blank Page CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION 1 DEFINITIONS . 1 CLASSIFICATION AND NOMENCLATURE OF CLAY AND CLAY MINERALS .............. 2 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF CLAY MATERIALS 5 General . ...... 5 Particle size and composition. 7 Bonding strength . 8 Firing properties . 9 Differential thermal analysis . 10 X-ray diffraction . 12 Optical properties . 13 Summary of physical properties. 14 ORIGIN AND OCCURRENCE OF CLAY AND CLAY MINERALS 16 STRUCTURAL MINERALOGY OF CLAYS 18 CONCLUSIONS. 22 BIBLIOGRAPHY . 23 APPENDIX ... 27 ILLUSTRATIONS Figure 1. Miscellaneous differential thermal curves 11 2. Structure of kaolinite (Grim) 19 3. Diagram of the crystal structure of kaolinite (after Gruner) . 20 4. Diagram indicating the crystal structure of pyrophyllite (after Pauling). 20 iii INTRODUCTION The study of clays and the clay minerals is of considerable magnitude when it is realized that it is a subject pertaining to several closely integrated sciences and applied sciences. Among the sciences are chemistry, physics, mineralogy, and geology; and in the field of applied science, ceramics, engineering, and agriculture. -
Crystallochemical Characterization of the Palygorskite and Sepiolite from the Allou Kagne Deposit, Senegal
CRYSTALLOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF THE PALYGORSKITE AND SEPIOLITE FROM THE ALLOU KAGNE DEPOSIT, SENEGAL 2 E. GARCÍA-RoMER01,*, M. SUÁREZ , J. SANTARÉN3 AND A. ALVAREZ3 1 Departamento de Cristalografía y Mineralogía, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain 2 Departamento de Geología, Universidad de Salamanca, E-37008 Salamanca, Spain 3 TOLSA Ctra Vallecas-Mejorada del Campo, km 1600, 28031 Madrid, Spain Abstract-The Allou Kagne (Senegal) deposit consists of different proportions of palygorskite and sepiolite, and these are associated with small quantities of quartz and X-ray amorphous silica as impurities. No pure palygorskite or sepiolite has been recognized by X-ray diffraction. Textural and microtextural features indicate that fibrous clay minerals ofthe Allou Kagne deposit were formed by direct precipitation from solution. Crystal-chemistry data obtained by analyticalltransmission electron microscopy (AEMI TEM) analyses of isolated fibers show that the chemical composition of the particles varies over a wide range, from a composition corresponding to palygorskite to a composition intermediate between that of sepiolite and palygorskite, but particles with a composition corresponding to sepiolite have not been found. Taking mto account the results from selected area electron diffraction and AEM-TEM, fibers of pure palygorskite and sepiolite have been found but it cannot be confirmed that all of the particles analyzed correspond to pure palygorskite or pure sepiolite because both minerals can occur together at the crystallite scale. In addition, the presence ofMg-rich palygorskite and very Al-rich sepiolite can be deduced. It is infrequent in nature that palygorskite and sepiolite appear together because the conditions for simultaneous formation ofthe two minerals are very restricted.