DOCSLIB.ORG

Rocks Soil Formation Soil Deposits Soil Mineralogy Soil Structure

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Rocks Soil Formation Soil Deposits Soil Mineralogy Soil Structure Geology; Rocks Soil Mineralogy Soil Formation Soil Soil Structure Deposits Engineering Soil Classification Site Exploration Characterization of Soils Phase Soil Permeability Stresses in Soil Relationships Seepage Masses Stress Strain Behavior of Soils Soil Consolidation Soil Shear Strength 1 Engineering Characterization of Soils Soil Properties that Control its Engineering Behavior Particle Size − Sieve Analysis − Hydrometer Analysis coarse-grained fine-grained Particle/Grain Size Soil Plasticity Distribution Particle Shapes (?) 2 Particle Size; Standard Sieve Sizes 3 ASTM Particle Size Classification 4 Sieve Analysis (Mechanical Analysis) This procedure is suitable for coarse grained soils See next slide for ASTM Standard Sieves No.10 sieve …. Has 10 apertures per linear inch 5 ASTM Standard Sieves 6 Hydrometer Analysis Also called Sedimentation Analysis Stoke’s Law D2γ (G − G ) v = w s L 18η 7 Grain Size Distribution Curves 8 Terminology C….. Poorly-graded soil D …. Well-graded soil E …. Gap-graded soil D10, D30, D60 = ?? Coefficient of Uniformity, Cu= D60/D10 Coefficient of Curvature, )2 Cc= (D30 /(D10)(D60) 9 Particle Distribution Calculations Example 10 Particle Shapes 11 Clay Formation Clay particles < 2 µm Compared to Sands and Silts, clay size particles have undergone a lot more “chemical weathering”! 12 Clay vs. Sand/Silt Clay particles are generally more platy in shape (sand more equi-dimensional) Clay particles carry surface charge Amount of surface charge depends on type of clay minerals Surface charges that exist on clay particles have major influence on their behavior (for e.g. plasticity) 13 Clay Minerals Kaolinite family Kaolinite (ceramic industry, paper, paint, pharmaceutical) Smectite family Montmorillonite (weathered volcanic ash, Wyoming Bentonite, highly expansive, used in drilling mud) Illite family 14 15 Elements of Earth 8-35 km crust % by weight in crust O = 49.2 Si = 25.7 82.4% Al = 7.5 Fe = 4.7 Ca = 3.4 Na = 2.6 K = 2.4 Mg = 1.9 other = 2.6 12500 km dia 16 17 Basic Structural Units Clay minerals are made of two distinct structural units. hydroxyl or oxygen oxygen aluminium or silicon magnesium 0.26 nm 0.29 nm Silicon tetrahedron Aluminium Octahedron 18 Tetrahedral Sheet Several tetrahedrons joined together form a tetrahedral sheet. tetrahedron hexagonal hole 19 Tetrahedral & Octahedral Sheets For simplicity, let’s represent silica tetrahedral sheet by: Si and alumina octahedral sheet by: Al 20 Different Clay Minerals Different combinations of tetrahedral and octahedral sheets form different clay minerals: 1:1 Clay Mineral (e.g., kaolinite, halloysite): 21 Different Clay Minerals Different combinations of tetrahedral and octahedral sheets form different clay minerals: 2:1 Clay Mineral (e.g., montmorillonite, illite) 22 Kaolinite Al Si Typically 70-100 Al 0.72 nm layers Si Al joined by strong H-bond ∴no easy separation Si Al joined by oxygen sharing Si Kaolinite ¾ used in paints, paper and in pottery and pharmaceutical industries ¾ (OH)8Al4Si4O10 Halloysite ¾ kaolinite family; hydrated and tubular structure ¾ (OH)8Al4Si4O10.4H2O 24 Montmorillonite ¾ also called smectite; expands on contact with water Si Al Si Si Al 0.96 nm ∴easily separated Si by water Si joined by weak van der Waal’s bond Al Si 25 Montmorillonite ¾ A highly reactive (expansive) clay swells on contact with water ¾ (OH)4Al4Si8O20.nH2O Bentonite high affinity to water ¾ montmorillonite family ¾ used as drilling mud, in slurry trench walls, stopping leaks 26 Illite Si Al Si joined by K+ ions Si fit into the hexagonal Al 0.96 nm holes in Si-sheet Si Si Al Si 27 Others… Chlorite ¾ A 2:1:1 (???) mineral. Si Al Al or Mg Vermiculite ¾ montmorillonite family; 2 interlayers of water Attapulgite ¾ chain structure (no sheets); needle-like appearance 28 A Clay Particle Plate-like or Flaky Shape 29 Clay Fabric edge-to-face contact face-to-face contact Flocculated Dispersed 30 Clay Fabric ¾ Electrochemical environment (i.e., pH, acidity, temperature, cations present in the water) during the time of sedimentation influence clay fabric significantly. ¾ Clay particles tend to align perpendicular to the load applied on them. 31 32 Scanning Electron Microscope ¾ common technique to see clay particles ¾ qualitative plate-like structure 33 Others… X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) ¾ to identify the molecular structure and minerals present Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) ¾ to identify the minerals present 34 Casagrande’s PI-LL Chart 60 U-line 50 montmorillonite illite A-line 40 dex n I y t 30 ci i kaolinite ast 20 l P halloysite 10 chlorite 0 0 102030405060708090100 Liquid Limit 35 36 Specific Surface ¾ surface area per unit mass (m2/g) ¾ smaller the grain, higher the specific surface e.g., soil grain with specific gravity of 2.7 10 mm cube 1 mm cube spec. surface = 222.2 mm2/g spec. surface = 2222.2 mm2/g 37 Isomorphous Substitution ¾ substitution of Si4+ and Al3+ by other lower valence (e.g., Mg2+) cations ¾ results in charge imbalance (net negative) positively charged edges + + ++_ + _ _ negatively charged faces + __ _ _ _ _ _ _ + _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Clay Particle with Net negative Charge 38 Cation Exchange Capacity (c.e.c) known as exchangeable cations ¾ capacity to attract cations from the water (i.e., measure of the net negative charge of the clay particle) ¾ measured in meq/100g (net negative charge per 100 g of clay) milliequivalents ¾ The replacement power is greater for higher valence and larger cations. Al3+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+ >> NH + > K+ > H+ > Na+ > Li+ 4 39 A Comparison Mineral Specific surface C.E.C (meq/100g) (m2/g) Kaolinite 10-20 3-10 Illite 80-100 20-30 Montmorillonite 800 80-120 Chlorite 80 20-30 40 Cation Concentration in Water ¾ cation concentration drops with distance from clay particle + clay particle + +--+ cations + + + + -- + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + -- + + + + --+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + --+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +--+ + + + + + + + + + --+ + + + + + + double layer + free water41 Adsorbed Water ¾ A thin layer of water tightly held to particle; like a skin ¾ 1-4 molecules of water (1 nm) thick ¾ more viscous than free water -- adsorbed water -- -- -- -- -- -- 42 Clay Particle in Water adsorbed water -- -- 1nm -- 50 nm -- free water -- --double layer --water 43 44 Summary - Clays ¾ Clay particles are like plates or needles. They are negatively charged. ¾ Clays are plastic; Silts, sands and gravels are non-plastic. ¾ Clays exhibit high dry strength and slow dilatancy. 45 Summary - Montmorillonite ¾ Montmorillonites have very high specific surface, cation exchange capacity, and affinity to water. They form reactive clays. ¾ Montmorillonites have very high liquid limit (100+), plasticity index and activity (1-7). ¾ Bentonite (a form of Montmorillonite) is frequently used as drilling mud. 46.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Fire Retardancy of Polypropylene/Kaolinite Composites Marcos Batistella, Belkacem Otazaghine, Rodolphe Sonnier, Carlos Petter, José-Marie Lopez-Cuesta
    Fire retardancy of polypropylene/kaolinite composites Marcos Batistella, Belkacem Otazaghine, Rodolphe Sonnier, Carlos Petter, José-Marie Lopez-Cuesta To cite this version: Marcos Batistella, Belkacem Otazaghine, Rodolphe Sonnier, Carlos Petter, José-Marie Lopez-Cuesta. Fire retardancy of polypropylene/kaolinite composites. Polymer Degradation and Stability, Elsevier, 2016, 129, pp.260-267. 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2016.05.003. hal-02906432 HAL Id: hal-02906432 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02906432 Submitted on 26 May 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Fire retardancy of polypropylene/kaolinite composites * Marcos Batistella a, c, , Belkacem Otazaghine b, Rodolphe Sonnier b, Carlos Petter c, Jose-Marie Lopez-Cuesta b a Federal University of Santa Catarina, R. Eng. Agronomico^ Andrei Cristian Ferreira, s/n e Trindade, Florianopolis, SC, CEP 88040-900, Brazil b Ecole des Mines d’Ales, Centre des Materiaux (C2MA) e Pole^ Materiaux Polymeres Avances, 6 Avenue de Clavieres, 30319, Ales Cedex, France c Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre, CEP 91501-970, Brazil abstract In this study the influence of surface modification of kaolinite with trisilanolisooctyl Polyhedral Oligo- SilSesquioxane (POSS) in polypropylene composites was evaluated in terms of thermal stability and fire retardancy and compared with talc.
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluation of Selected Kaolin Clays As a Raw Material for the Turkish Cement and Concrete Industry
    Evaluation of Selected Kaolin Clays as a Raw Material for the Turkish Cement and Concrete Industry Aydin Aras1, Mustafa Albayrak1, Metin Arikan2, Konstantin Sobolev3 * 1 General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration (MTA), Turkey 2 Civil Engineering Department, Middle East Technical University (METU), Turkey 3 Facultad de Ingenieria Civil, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon (UANL), Mexico ABSTRACT Turkey has a long tradition (starting from the prehistoric civilizations) and experience in exploring and processing clay raw materials into ceramic products. Many of these products, such as tiles and sanitary ware, are manufactured for domestic and export markets. Kaolin clay is one of the raw materials of major importance for the ceramic and paper industry, as well as for a number of auxiliary applications. There is an ongoing interest to apply kaolin clay in the construction industry as a raw material for the production of white cement clinker and as an artificial pozzolanic additive for concrete (in a form of metakaolin). This report presents the results related to search, assessment and evaluation of available resources for advanced cement and concrete additives. Keywords: kaolin, metakaolin, construction, resources, ceramics, cement, x-ray diffraction, SEM INTRODUCTION Turkey has an abundance of natural resources and its mining industry is one of the sectors showing steady growth. Among the most commonly mined minerals are borax, magnesite, chromites, barite, feldspars, different clays, and limestone [1-21]. Local ceramic industry has more than 4000 years of experience in exploring and processing widely available raw materials into useful commodities. Currently, several ceramic products, such as tiles and sanitary ware are manufactured to meet international standards (ISO 9000) and significant amounts (about 45 %) of these products are exported [21].
    [Show full text]
  • Nature of Interlayer Material in Silicate Clays of Selected Oregon Soils
    AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF PAUL C, SINGLETON for the Ph.D. in Soils (Name) (Degree) (Major) Date thesis is presented July 28, 1965 Title NATURE OF INTERLAYER MATERIAL IN SILICATE CLAYS OF SELECTED OREGON SOILS - Redacted for Privacy Abstract approved = ajor professor) Ç A study was conducted to investigate the nature of hydroxy interlayers in the chlorite -like intergrade clays of three Oregon soils with respect to kind, amount, stability, and conditions of formation. The clays of the Hembre, Wren, and Lookout soils, selected to represent weathering products originating from basaltic materials under humid, subhumid, and semi -arid climatic conditions respectively, were subjected to a series of progressive treatments designed to effect a differential dissolution of the materials intimately asso- ciated with them. The treatments, chosen to represent a range of increasing severity of dissolution, were (1) distilled water plus mechanical stirring, (2) boiling 2% sodium carbonate, (3) buffered sodium citrate -dithionite, (4) boiling sodium hydroxide, and (5) preheating to 400 °C for 4 hours plus boiling sodium hydroxide. Extracts from the various steps of the dissolution procedure were chemically analyzed in order to identify the materials removed from the clays. X -ray diffraction analysis and cation exchange capacity determinations were made on the clays after each step, and any differences noted in the measured values were attributed to the removal of hydroxy interlayers from the clays. Hydroxy interlayers were found to occur more in the Hembre and Wren soils than in the Lookout soil, with the most stable interlayers occurring in the Wren. Soil reaction was one of the major differences between these soils.
    [Show full text]
  • Clay Minerals Soils to Engineering Technology to Cat Litter
    Clay Minerals Soils to Engineering Technology to Cat Litter USC Mineralogy Geol 215a (Anderson) Clay Minerals Clay minerals likely are the most utilized minerals … not just as the soils that grow plants for foods and garment, but a great range of applications, including oil absorbants, iron casting, animal feeds, pottery, china, pharmaceuticals, drilling fluids, waste water treatment, food preparation, paint, and … yes, cat litter! Bentonite workings, WY Clay Minerals There are three main groups of clay minerals: Kaolinite - also includes dickite and nacrite; formed by the decomposition of orthoclase feldspar (e.g. in granite); kaolin is the principal constituent in china clay. Illite - also includes glauconite (a green clay sand) and are the commonest clay minerals; formed by the decomposition of some micas and feldspars; predominant in marine clays and shales. Smectites or montmorillonites - also includes bentonite and vermiculite; formed by the alteration of mafic igneous rocks rich in Ca and Mg; weak linkage by cations (e.g. Na+, Ca++) results in high swelling/shrinking potential Clay Minerals are Phyllosilicates All have layers of Si tetrahedra SEM view of clay and layers of Al, Fe, Mg octahedra, similar to gibbsite or brucite Clay Minerals The kaolinite clays are 1:1 phyllosilicates The montmorillonite and illite clays are 2:1 phyllosilicates 1:1 and 2:1 Clay Minerals Marine Clays Clays mostly form on land but are often transported to the oceans, covering vast regions. Kaolinite Al2Si2O5(OH)2 Kaolinite clays have long been used in the ceramic industry, especially in fine porcelains, because they can be easily molded, have a fine texture, and are white when fired.
    [Show full text]
  • Kaolinite Al2si2o5(OH)4 C 2001 Mineral Data Publishing, Version 1.2 ° Crystal Data: Triclinic
    Kaolinite Al2Si2O5(OH)4 c 2001 Mineral Data Publishing, version 1.2 ° Crystal Data: Triclinic. Point Group: 1: Rarely as crystals, thin platy or stacked, to 2 mm. More commonly as microscopic pseudohexagonal plates and clusters of plates, aggregated into compact, claylike masses. Physical Properties: Cleavage: Perfect on 001 . Tenacity: Flexible but inelastic. Hardness = 2{2.5 D(meas.) = 2.61{2.68 D(caflc.) =g 2.63 Optical Properties: Transparent to translucent as single crystals. Color: White to tan, may be variously colored by impurities. Luster: Pearly to dull earthy. Optical Class: Biaxial ({). Orientation: X c = 13± to 10±; Y a = 1±{4±. Dispersion: r > v; weak. ® = 1.553{1.565^ ¯ =¡1.559{1¡.569 ° =^ 1.560{1.570 2V(meas.) = 24±{50± Cell Data: Space Group: P 1: a = 5.15 b = 8.95 c = 7.39 ® = 91:8± ¯ = 104:5± 105:0± ° = 90± Z = [2] ¡ X-ray Powder Pattern: Scalby, Yorkshire, England (1A). 7.16 (vvs), 3.573 (vvs), 4.336 (vs), 2.491 (s), 2.289 (s), 2.558 (ms), 2.379 (ms) Chemistry: (1) SiO2 45.80 Al2O3 39.55 Fe2O3 0.57 FeO 0.18 MgO 0.14 CaO 0.41 K2O 0.03 + H2O 13.92 H2O¡ 0.17 Total 100.77 3+ (1) Mikawo mine, Niigata Prefecture, Japan; corresponds to (Al2:00Fe0:02Mg0:01Ca0:02)§=2:05 Si2O5(OH)3:99: Polymorphism & Series: Dickite, halloysite, and nacrite are polymorphs. Mineral Group: Kaolinite-serpentine group. Occurrence: Replaces other aluminosilicate minerals during hydrothermal alteration and weathering. A common constituent of the clay-size fraction of sediments, where it may be formed by direct precipitation.
    [Show full text]
  • Far-Infrared Spectra of Hydrous Silicates at Low Temperatures Providing Laboratory Data for Herschel and ALMA
    A&A 492, 117–125 (2008) Astronomy DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361:200810312 & c ESO 2008 Astrophysics Far-infrared spectra of hydrous silicates at low temperatures Providing laboratory data for Herschel and ALMA H. Mutschke1,S.Zeidler1, Th. Posch2, F. Kerschbaum2, A. Baier2, and Th. Henning3 1 Astrophysikalisches Institut, Schillergässchen 2-3, 07745 Jena, Germany e-mail: [mutschke;sz]@astro.uni-jena.de 2 Institut für Astronomie, Türkenschanzstraße 17, 1180 Wien, Austria e-mail: [email protected] 3 Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie (MPIA), Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany e-mail: [email protected] Received 2 June 2008 / Accepted 4 September 2008 ABSTRACT Context. Hydrous silicates occur in various cosmic environments, and are among the minerals with the most pronounced bands in the far infrared (FIR) spectral region. Given that Herschel and ALMA will open up new possibilities for astronomical FIR and sub-mm spectroscopy, data characterizing the dielectric properties of these materials at long wavelengths are desirable. Aims. We aimed at examining the FIR spectra of talc, picrolite, montmorillonite, and chamosite, which belong to four different groups of phyllosilicates. We tabulated positions and band widths of the FIR bands of these minerals depending on the dust temperature. Methods. By means of powder transmission spectroscopy, spectra of the examined materials were measured in the wavelength range 25−500 μm at temperatures of 300, 200, 100, and 10 K. Results. Room-temperature measurements yield the following results. For talc, a previously unknown band, centered at 98.5 μm, was found, in addition to bands at 56.5 and 59.5 μm.
    [Show full text]
  • Bio-Preservation Potential of Sediment in Eberswalde Crater, Mars
    Western Washington University Western CEDAR WWU Graduate School Collection WWU Graduate and Undergraduate Scholarship Fall 2020 Bio-preservation Potential of Sediment in Eberswalde crater, Mars Cory Hughes Western Washington University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://cedar.wwu.edu/wwuet Part of the Geology Commons Recommended Citation Hughes, Cory, "Bio-preservation Potential of Sediment in Eberswalde crater, Mars" (2020). WWU Graduate School Collection. 992. https://cedar.wwu.edu/wwuet/992 This Masters Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the WWU Graduate and Undergraduate Scholarship at Western CEDAR. It has been accepted for inclusion in WWU Graduate School Collection by an authorized administrator of Western CEDAR. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Bio-preservation Potential of Sediment in Eberswalde crater, Mars By Cory M. Hughes Accepted in Partial Completion of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science ADVISORY COMMITTEE Dr. Melissa Rice, Chair Dr. Charles Barnhart Dr. Brady Foreman Dr. Allison Pfeiffer GRADUATE SCHOOL David L. Patrick, Dean Master’s Thesis In presenting this thesis in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a master’s degree at Western Washington University, I grant to Western Washington University the non-exclusive royalty-free right to archive, reproduce, distribute, and display the thesis in any and all forms, including electronic format, via any digital library mechanisms maintained by WWU. I represent and warrant this is my original work, and does not infringe or violate any rights of others. I warrant that I have obtained written permissions from the owner of any third party copyrighted material included in these files.
    [Show full text]
  • The Influence of Halloysite Content on the Shear Strength of Kaolinite
    Portland State University PDXScholar Dissertations and Theses Dissertations and Theses 1981 The influence of halloysite content on the shear strength of kaolinite Reka Katalin Gabor Portland State University Follow this and additional works at: https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds Part of the Geology Commons, and the Materials Science and Engineering Commons Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Gabor, Reka Katalin, "The influence of halloysite content on the shear strength of kaolinite" (1981). Dissertations and Theses. Paper 3215. https://doi.org/10.15760/etd.3206 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of PDXScholar. Please contact us if we can make this document more accessible: [email protected]. AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Reka Katalin Gabor for the Master of Science in Geology presented October 6, 1981. Title: The Influence of Halloysite Content on the Shear Strength of Kaolinite. APPROVED BY MEMBERS OF THE THESIS COMMITTEE: The objective of this thesis is to determine the rel­ ative shear strengths of halloysite, kaolinite, synthetic mixtures, and local soils, to investigate the influence of halloysite content on the shear strength of kaolinite, and to explore the possibility that the strength properties of soil clays might be controlled by the relative content of their component minerals. Sets of samples of pure kaolinite and halloysite min­ erals and their mixtures in proportions of 1:1, 3:1, and 2 1:3 were prepared in the Harvard Miniature Compaction de­ vice, each compacted in four separate layers with 35 tamp- ings from the 30 pound spring compactor on each layer.
    [Show full text]
  • Metamorphism Definition of Metamorphism
    Chapter-1 1.Introduction to Metamorphism Definition of Metamorphism • The word "Metamorphism" comes from the Greek: Meta = change, Morph = form, so metamorphism means to change form. • In geology Metamorphism is a proceses leading change in mineralogy and/or structure and /or chemical composition in a rock.. • These changes are due to physical and/or chemical conditions that differ from theses normally occurring in the zone of weathering cementation and diagenesis. petrology is key 2 • The original rock that has undergone metamorphism is called the protolith. • Protolith- refers to the original rock, prior to metamorphism. In low grade metamorphic rocks, original textures are often preserved allowing one to determine the likely protolith. • Metamorphic rocks are produced from üIgneous rocks üSedimentary rocks See on Rock cycle!!! üOther metamorphic rocks • Metamorphism progresses incrementally from low-grade to high- grade. • During metamorphism the rock must remain essentially solid. petrology is key 3 The Rock Cycle petrology is key 4 • The limits of metamorphism is dependent on the two important physical variables, i.e. Temp and pressure. Ø L o w t e m p l i m i t o f m e t a m o r p h i s m : A t w h i c h transformation set are strongly dependent on the material under investigation. (e.g. Important transformation of evaporate and organic material, begin to take place at considerably low temp. than transformation of most silicates and carbonate rocks. • In general, the low temp. Limit of metamorphism silicate rocks are around 150 + 50 0c. • the first appearance of the following minerals is taken to indicate the beginning of metamorphism: • F e - M g – c a r p h o l i t e , g l a u c o p h o n e , l a w s o n i t e , paragonite, prehnite,).
    [Show full text]
  • An Investigation Into Transitions in Clay Mineral Chemistry on Mars
    UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones 8-31-2015 An Investigation into Transitions in Clay Mineral Chemistry on Mars Seth Gainey University of Nevada, Las Vegas Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/thesesdissertations Part of the Geochemistry Commons, Geology Commons, and the Mineral Physics Commons Repository Citation Gainey, Seth, "An Investigation into Transitions in Clay Mineral Chemistry on Mars" (2015). UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones. 2475. http://dx.doi.org/10.34917/7777303 This Dissertation is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by Digital Scholarship@UNLV with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Dissertation in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/or on the work itself. This Dissertation has been accepted for inclusion in UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones by an authorized administrator of Digital Scholarship@UNLV. For more information, please contact [email protected]. AN INVESTIGATION INTO TRANSITIONS IN CLAY MINERAL CHEMISTRY ON MARS By Seth R. Gainey Bachelor of Science in Geology St. Cloud State University 2009 Master of Science in Geology University of Oklahoma 2011 A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy – Geoscience Department of Geoscience College of Sciences The Graduate College University of Nevada, Las Vegas August 2015 Copyright by Seth R.
    [Show full text]
  • Clay Mineralogy Techniques
    ITATI OP OHIO DIPAlTMINT OP NATURAL lUOUlCIS DIVISION OF &EOLO&ICAL SURVEY INFORMATION CIRCULAR NO. 20 CLAY MINERALOGY TECHNIQUES - A REVIEW- by Merril I F. Au kla nd COLUMBUS 1956 SECOND PRINTING 1959 STA TE OF omo Michael V. DiSalle Governor DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES Herbert B. Eagon Director NATURAL RESOURCES COMMISSION C. D. Blubaugh L. L. Rummell Herbert B. Eagon Demas L. Sears Byron Frederick James R. Stephenson Forrest G. Hall Myron T. Sturgeon William Hoyne DIVISION OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Ralph J. Bernhagen Chief r STATI OF OHIO ! I DIPAlTMINT 011 NATURAL lUOUICH I DIVISION OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY INFORMATION CIRCULAR NO. 20 CLAY MINERALOGY TECHNIQUES - A REVIEW- by Merrill F. Aukland COLUMBUS 1956 SECOND PRINTING 1959 Blank Page CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION 1 DEFINITIONS . 1 CLASSIFICATION AND NOMENCLATURE OF CLAY AND CLAY MINERALS .............. 2 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF CLAY MATERIALS 5 General . ...... 5 Particle size and composition. 7 Bonding strength . 8 Firing properties . 9 Differential thermal analysis . 10 X-ray diffraction . 12 Optical properties . 13 Summary of physical properties. 14 ORIGIN AND OCCURRENCE OF CLAY AND CLAY MINERALS 16 STRUCTURAL MINERALOGY OF CLAYS 18 CONCLUSIONS. 22 BIBLIOGRAPHY . 23 APPENDIX ... 27 ILLUSTRATIONS Figure 1. Miscellaneous differential thermal curves 11 2. Structure of kaolinite (Grim) 19 3. Diagram of the crystal structure of kaolinite (after Gruner) . 20 4. Diagram indicating the crystal structure of pyrophyllite (after Pauling). 20 iii INTRODUCTION The study of clays and the clay minerals is of considerable magnitude when it is realized that it is a subject pertaining to several closely integrated sciences and applied sciences. Among the sciences are chemistry, physics, mineralogy, and geology; and in the field of applied science, ceramics, engineering, and agriculture.
    [Show full text]
  • Crystallochemical Characterization of the Palygorskite and Sepiolite from the Allou Kagne Deposit, Senegal
    CRYSTALLOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF THE PALYGORSKITE AND SEPIOLITE FROM THE ALLOU KAGNE DEPOSIT, SENEGAL 2 E. GARCÍA-RoMER01,*, M. SUÁREZ , J. SANTARÉN3 AND A. ALVAREZ3 1 Departamento de Cristalografía y Mineralogía, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain 2 Departamento de Geología, Universidad de Salamanca, E-37008 Salamanca, Spain 3 TOLSA Ctra Vallecas-Mejorada del Campo, km 1600, 28031 Madrid, Spain Abstract-The Allou Kagne (Senegal) deposit consists of different proportions of palygorskite and sepiolite, and these are associated with small quantities of quartz and X-ray amorphous silica as impurities. No pure palygorskite or sepiolite has been recognized by X-ray diffraction. Textural and microtextural features indicate that fibrous clay minerals ofthe Allou Kagne deposit were formed by direct precipitation from solution. Crystal-chemistry data obtained by analyticalltransmission electron microscopy (AEMI TEM) analyses of isolated fibers show that the chemical composition of the particles varies over a wide range, from a composition corresponding to palygorskite to a composition intermediate between that of sepiolite and palygorskite, but particles with a composition corresponding to sepiolite have not been found. Taking mto account the results from selected area electron diffraction and AEM-TEM, fibers of pure palygorskite and sepiolite have been found but it cannot be confirmed that all of the particles analyzed correspond to pure palygorskite or pure sepiolite because both minerals can occur together at the crystallite scale. In addition, the presence ofMg-rich palygorskite and very Al-rich sepiolite can be deduced. It is infrequent in nature that palygorskite and sepiolite appear together because the conditions for simultaneous formation ofthe two minerals are very restricted.
    [Show full text]