DOCSLIB.ORG

Studies on the Mechanisms of Alkali ".'Carbonate Reaction Part I. Chemical Reactions

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Studies on the Mechanisms of Alkali Studies on the Mechanisms of Alkali ".'Carbonate Reaction Part I. Chemical Reactions W. CULLEN SHERWOOD and HOWARD H. NEWLON, JR., respectively, Geologist and Highway Research Engineer, Virginia Council of Highway Investigation and Research •AN understanding of the mechanisms of alkali-carbonate rock reaction which result in expansion of concrete is of primary importance in dealing with the resultant prob­ lems on a practical level. This paper reports results of laboratory studies made to determine the contributory chemical reactions that may take place. Results of parallel studies on such physical aspects as internal structure of and access of alkalies into various carbonate rock types are not included, but will be published at a later date. The method of approach has been to consider each of the three major minerals or groups of minerals that normally make up carbonate rocks; i.e., quartz, clays and carbonates. These were investigated through studies of pure minerals, as well as re­ active and non-reactive rocks, to determine what possible role each might play in ob­ served expansion in the composite system. These major constituents were analyzed and measured by a variety of methods to determine chemical composition, phase composition, and volume and mass of the ma­ terials before and after exposure to sodium and potassium hydroxide solutions. (Mass and weight are used interchangeably throughout this paper.) Evidences of reactions noted during this portion of the study were then sought in thin sections, test prisms, and in aggregate from laboratory and field concrete. MINERALS AND ROCKS UTILIZED The calcite and dolomite minerals used in this study were high-purity coarsely crystalline materials. The dolomite was the snow-white variety obtained from Wards Natural Science Establishment, Inc. , and was shown by chemical analysis to contain 46.4 percent MgC03. The calcite was a clear-to-white vein material containing less than 1 percent MgC03 and was collected at Harrisonburg, Virginia. Approximately 300 hand samples and data on their composition and expansivity as measured by the prism test described by Hadley (6) were available for this study from a previously conducted statewide survey for reactive carbonate aggregates from Virginia commercial aggregate sources (Newlon and Sherwood, 10). The,se rocks in­ cluded a great variP.ty of lithologic types exhibiting wide ranges in composition, texture and reactivity. Samples exhibiting extremes in composition and expansion as well as more representative rock materials were utilized from this suite. EFFECT OF ALKALIES ON QUARTZ AND CLAY Quartz In all the rocks studied, quartz was present in quantities easily detected by thin section or X-ray analysis. The actual percent of quartz varied from about 1 to as high as 40. Petrographic studies indicated this material to be dominantly a dense, well- Paper sponsored by Committee on Performance of Concrete~Chemical Aspects . 41 42 TABLE 1 ROCKS SELECTED FOR QUARTZ AND CLAY MINERAL STUDIES Ratio: 1 Prism Expansion, Rock Dolomite/ Total Quartz (%) Clay (%) (8 weeks) Carbonate % 1-8 0. 63 9 . 5 16.3 0.69 5-1 0.18 6.5 13.1 0.13 26-5 1.00 1.0 4 .8 0 . 02 35-6 0.09 8,0 1.0 0 . 01 22-2 0.80 2 . 0 18.5 -0.01 32-2 0.56 1.0 18.5 -0.02 1-17 0.03 2.0 1.0 -0 . 08 1 The two-nwnber designation of the rock samples has been carried over from the previous work (9). The first number designates the quarry, the occond the sample taken from Llrn.L 4_uw·r·y. crystallized, clear quartz with only minor amounts of chert. However, a considerable amount of clay-sized quartz with a high surface area to volume ratio was present in all the samples and the susceptibility of this material to attack by strong alkalies might be suspected. To investigate this possibility, two chips for thin sectioning and 3 gm of -200 mesh material were prepared from each of several rocks showing a large varia­ tion in composition and reactivity (Table 1). One chip was soaked in lN NaOH for three months, and one-half of the powdered rock was soaked for four weeks . (The effects of NaOH have received most attention in these studies because induced expansions of re­ active rocks were previously determined to be greater with NaOH than with KOH (6, 9).) Subsequent to the alkali exposure, thin sections were made from both the soaked ilul unsoaked chips, and the rock powders were analyzed by X-ray diffraction. In each case, no significant change could be discerned in the amount or nature of the quartz present. The clay-sized fractions of the insoluble resicine of these rocks were also exposed to strong alkali solutions and X-rayed for quartz with similar results. These test results, together with lack of visible evidence (gel, etc.) of alkali-silica reaction in laboratory and field concrete, have led the authors to disregard quartz as a deleterious constituent in any of the carbonate rocks studied to date. Clays Clay minerals, like quartz, were present in every carbonate rock analyzed during this study. The amount of clay is often difficult to measure accurately because of problems encountered in separating the fine quartz particles from the clay fraction. Several X-ray methods have been suggested (1, 5), and the authors are now experi­ menting with modifications of these. Generaiiy,-X-ray diffraction methods using an internal standard for determining quartz in the insoluble residue of a carbonate rock and designating the remainder of the residue as clay, providing no other minerals are present in large amounts, havebeenfound to be satisfactory for most of the work done to date. These techniques indicate that clay contents of more than 15 percent are not unusual in the Virginia carbonates. To investigate the effects of strong alkali on the clay fraction of the carbonate rocks the seven samples given in Table 1, which represent both reactive and non-reactive rocks and also wide variations in the carbonate minerals and insoluble residue contents, were utilized . Each rock was ground to - 50 mesh and treated with a 0. 23N HCl, which was added in small increments until vigorous reaction ceased. This concentration was previously determined to have essentially no effect on the clay minerals present. 43 The clay fraction was separated, dried and identified by X-ray diffraction. The clay species found in both reactive and non-reactive rock from the Virginia portion of the Appalachian geosyncline are very similar, consisting almost entirely of a 10.A illite and a 14.A chlorite . This chlorite varies slightly from sample to sample but appears to be a magnesian variety. Clay fractions of rocks 1-8, 5-1and1-17 which showed high, moderate, and no alkali reactivity, respectively, .were each split into three parts. One-third was put into lN NaOH and another in lN KOH for a period of one year. The remaining one­ third was kept sealed and dry as a standard. At the end of one year, all three parts were oriented by settling on glass slides and studied by X-ray diffraction. The only alteration evident in the X-ray diffraction patterns of the soaked versus unsoaked ma­ terial involved the peaks representing d-spacings at approximately 7. 68A and 7 .13A. The 7. 68A spacing seemed to have weakened during soaking; whereas the 7. 13.A spacing appeared to have been reinforced. This phenomenon occurred with both NaOH and KOH exposures and was clearly evident in the clays from each rock type. This alteration may be due to poorly crystallized chlorite (002 plane) being trans­ formed to a better crystallized material during the soaking period. Heat treatment is reported to have tllis effect on some chlorites (3). The values of 7. lA for this d-spacing is that generally evident in well-crystallized chlorites. In any case this minor alte1·a­ tion in crystal structure was observed to take place in both reactive and non-reactive rock and is of academic rather than practical significance in the present work. EFFECTS OF ALKALIES ON POWDERED CARBONATE MINERALS AND ROCKS Volume and Mass Changes Based on the work of Swenson and Gillott (12), Hadley (6), and others, the break­ down of dolomite had been suspected as the major cause Of the expansive alkali­ carbonate reaction prior to the present work. The remainder of this paper is devoted primarily to data and observations taken from experiments investigating the effects of sodium and potassium hydroxides on calcite and dolomite mixtures and on carbonate rocks. Mineral Calcite and Dolomite.-Experiments were designed to measure possible volume and mass changes in finely ground dolomite and calcite minerals exposed to alkali solutions. The first of these involved five discrete mixtures ranging from pure dolomite to pure calcite computed on a mole-rather than a weight basis. Each of these mixtures was exposed to NaOH solutions with the following hydroxide to car­ bonate ratios: Equivalents of OW 1 Equivalents of C0 = 0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, and 1.00 3 All the mixtures were stored at 25 C in graduated cylinders and were stirred peri­ odically for :!2 weeks. At the end of this period the solid material was allowed to settle for several days to a constant level and its apparent volume was measured. Figure 1 shows the level of the solid materials after exposure to distilled water and to concen­ trated NaOH for 22 weeks. Figure 2 shows the curves obtained by plotting apparent volume increase of solid material in the cylinders versus concentration of NaOH for several mixtures of calcite 1 Yielding NaOH concentrations of approximately o, lN, 2N, 3N and 4N, respectively, since the moles of carbonate and the volume of solution were kept constant.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Determination of Carbonate Rock Chemistry Using Laboratory-Based Hyperspectral Imagery
    Remote Sens. 2014, 6, 4149-4172; doi:10.3390/rs6054149 OPEN ACCESS remote sensing ISSN 2072-4292 www.mdpi.com/journal/remotesensing Article Determination of Carbonate Rock Chemistry Using Laboratory-Based Hyperspectral Imagery Nasrullah Zaini 1,2,*, Freek van der Meer 1 and Harald van der Werff 1 1 Department of Earth Systems Analysis, Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands; E-Mails: [email protected] (F.M.); [email protected] (H.W.) 2 Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Syiah Kuala University, Darussalam, Banda Aceh, 23111 Aceh, Indonesia * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +31-534-874-444; Fax: +31-534-874-400. Received: 6 December 2013; in revised form: 11 April 2014 / Accepted: 28 April 2014 / Published: 5 May 2014 Abstract: The development of advanced laboratory-based imaging hyperspectral sensors, such as SisuCHEMA, has created an opportunity to extract compositional information of mineral mixtures from spectral images. Determining proportions of minerals on rock surfaces based on spectral signature is a challenging approach due to naturally-occurring minerals that exist in the form of intimate mixtures, and grain size variations. This study demonstrates the application of SisuCHEMA hyperspectral data to determine mineral components in hand specimens of carbonate rocks. Here, we applied wavelength position, spectral angle mapper (SAM) and linear spectral unmixing (LSU) approaches to estimate the chemical composition and the relative abundance of carbonate minerals on the rock surfaces. The accuracy of these classification methods and correlation between mineral chemistry and mineral spectral characteristics in determining mineral constituents of rocks are also analyzed.
    [Show full text]
  • Dissolution of Carbonate Rocks in a Laboratory Setting: Rates and Textures
    minerals Article Dissolution of Carbonate Rocks in a Laboratory Setting: Rates and Textures Erik B. Larson 1,* and Ronald V. Emmons 1,2 1 Department of Natural Sciences, Shawnee State University, 940 Second St, Portsmouth, OH 45662, USA; [email protected] 2 Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft St, Toledo, OH 43606, USA * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-740-351-3144 Abstract: Determining the dissolution rates of carbonate rocks is vital to advancing our under- standing of cave, karst, and landscape processes. Furthermore, the role of carbonate dissolution is important for the global carbon budget and climate change. A laboratory experiment was setup to calculate the dissolution rates of two whole rock carbonate samples with different petrographic makeup (ooids and brachiopods). The carbonate rock samples were also explored under a scanning electron microscope to evaluate the textures that developed after dissolution The oolitic limestone dissolved at a rate of 1579 cm yr−1, and the pentamerous limestone (dolostone) dissolved at a rate of 799 cm yr−1. Both rocks did not dissolve evenly across their surface as indicated by scanning electron microscopy, it appears the allochems dissolved preferentially to the matrix/cement of the rocks and that some mechanical weathering happened as well. This work reports that the petrography and mineralogy of carbonate rocks is important to consider when exploring the cave, karst, and landscape evolution and that attention should be paid to the petrography of carbonate rocks when considering Citation: Larson, E.B.; Emmons, R.V. the global carbon budget.
    [Show full text]
  • Fluid Mixing and the Deep Biosphere of a Fossil Lost City-Type Hydrothermal System at the Iberia Margin
    Fluid mixing and the deep biosphere of a fossil Lost City-type hydrothermal system at the Iberia Margin Frieder Kleina,1, Susan E. Humphrisb, Weifu Guob, Florence Schubotzc, Esther M. Schwarzenbachd, and William D. Orsia aDepartment of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543; bDepartment of Geology and Geophysics, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543; cDepartment of Geosciences and Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, 28334 Bremen, Germany; and dDepartment of Geosciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061 Edited by David M. Karl, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, and approved August 4, 2015 (received for review March 7, 2015) Subseafloor mixing of reduced hydrothermal fluids with seawater is aging, brucite undersaturated in seawater dissolves and aragonite believed to provide the energy and substrates needed to support recrystallizes to calcite (7). deep chemolithoautotrophic life in the hydrated oceanic mantle (i.e., Actively venting chimneys host a microbial community with a serpentinite). However, geosphere-biosphere interactions in serpen- relatively high proportion of methanogenic archaea (the Lost tinite-hosted subseafloor mixing zones remain poorly constrained. City Methanosarcinales), methanotrophic bacteria, and sulfur- Here we examine fossil microbial communities and fluid mixing oxidizing bacteria, whereas typical sulfate-reducing bacteria are processes in the subseafloor of a Cretaceous Lost City-type hydro- rare (8–10). Geochemical evidence for significant microbial sulfate thermal system at the magma-poor passive Iberia Margin (Ocean reduction in basement lithologies and distinct microbial commu- Drilling Program Leg 149, Hole 897D). Brucite−calcite mineral assem- nities in Lost City vent fluids and chimneys suggest that subsurface blages precipitated from mixed fluids ca.
    [Show full text]
  • Contribution of Carbonate Rock Weathering to the Atmospheric CO2
    Cases and solutions Contribution of carbonate rock weathering to the atmospheric CO2 sink Z. Liu ´ J. Zhao Introduction Abstract To accurately predict future CO2 levels in the atmosphere, which is crucial in predicting It is known Quay 1992; Watson and others 1990) that global climate change, the sources and sinks of the the combustion of fossil fuels releases about 5.4 billion atmospheric CO and their change over time must 2 tons of carbon a year as CO2 into the atmosphere. In be determined. In this paper, some typical cases addition, deforestation practices contribute about 1.6 bil- are examined using published and unpublished lion tons of carbon a year to atmospheric CO . Therefore, data. Firstly, the sensitivity of carbonate rock 2 the total input of CO2 from human activities is about weathering including the effects by both dissolu- 7.0 billion tons of carbon annually. However, only about tion and reprecipitation of carbonate) to the change 3.4 billion tons of carbon a year accumulates in the of soil CO and runoff will be discussed, and then 2 atmosphere. That means there is an atmospheric CO2 the net amount of CO2 removed from the atmos- sink of about 3.6 billion tons of carbon a year. phere in the carbonate rock areas of mainland To accurately predict future CO2-levels in the atmos- China and the world will be determined by the phere, which is crucial in predicting climate change, the hydrochem-discharge and carbonate-rock-tablet CO2 sinks and their change with time must be deter- methods, to obtain an estimate of the contribution mined.
    [Show full text]
  • Constraints on Sedimentary Ages of the Chuanlinggou Formation in the Ming Tombs, Beijing, North China Craton: LA-ICP-MS and SHRIMP U–Pb Dating of Detrital Zircons
    Acta Geochim (2018) 37(2):257–280 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11631-017-0211-1 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Constraints on sedimentary ages of the Chuanlinggou Formation in the Ming Tombs, Beijing, North China Craton: LA-ICP-MS and SHRIMP U–Pb dating of detrital zircons 1,2 1 1,3 4 Jing Ding • Yuruo Shi • Alfred Kro¨ner • J. Lawford Anderson Received: 13 November 2016 / Revised: 10 February 2017 / Accepted: 16 August 2017 / Published online: 1 September 2017 Ó Science Press, Institute of Geochemistry, CAS and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany 2017 Abstract Detrital zircons in five sedimentary samples, the Chuanlinggou Formation in the Ming Tombs District MC1 to MC5, from the bottom of the Chuanlinggou For- was deposited in a low-energy mud flat sedimentary mation in the Ming Tombs District, Beijing, were dated environment in the inter-supra tidal zone because it is with the LA-ICP-MS and SHRIMP U–Pb methods. Age mainly composed of silty mudstone and fine-grained spectra of the five samples show a major peak at 2500 Ma sandstone with relatively simple sedimentary structures. and a secondary peak at 2000 Ma, suggesting their provenances were mainly from the crystalline basement of Keywords Detrital zircon Á LA-ICP-MS U–Pb ages Á the North China Craton and the Trans-North China Orogen. SHRIMP Á Chuanlinggou Formation Á Ancient sedimentary The youngest zircon has an age of 1673 ± 44 Ma, indi- environment Á North China Craton cating that the Chuanlinggou Formation was deposited after this age. From sample MC4 to MC5, lithology changed from a clastic rock (fine-grained sandstone) to a 1 Introduction carbonate rock (fine-grained dolomite), suggesting that the depositional basin became progressively deeper.
    [Show full text]
  • DOGAMI Short Paper 8, Strategic and Critical Minerals: a Guide for Oregon
    STATE OF OREGON DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY AND MINERAL INDUSTRIES 702 Woodlark Building Portland, Oregon G M I SHORT PAPI:R No. 8 STRATEGIC AND CRITICAL MINERALS A GUIDE lOR OREGON PROSPECTORS. By Lloyd w. Staples; Ph.D, A••latant Proteaaor ot Geology University ot Oregon . • STATE GOVIEIIINING BOAIIID W. H. ITRAYIER, CHAIIIMAN . BAKU ALBIEIIIT BURC:H MIEDP'OIID IE MACNAUGHTON ••• PDIIT\.ANO EARL K. NIXON DIIIIIECTOIII PRICIE 15 CIENTI I Oat lORD In noraal tia•• ao1t pro•p•otor• look tor gold, 1inoe that aetal u1ually otter• the �uiok••t reward and i• generally tither •a•1ly reoogn1�•d or the or• 1• •usoept• 1ble or •••Y detera1nat1on. Pro1peotor11 ln general, thus gain llttlt or no experl­ tno• with other •inerai• who•• peaoetlae aarkttl otter little tnoentlve tor ltaroh tor new depo1it1. Under war oondltion• th••• aineral11 needed tor produotion ot war aat­ erial•, beooae ot priae iaportanoe and an in1i1tent deaand i1 created tor intoraation oonoernins ooourrenoe11 aineral oharaoteri1tio11 u1e1 and aarket1. fhe Dtpartaent i1 publllhins thil paper to help aeet thil deaand in1otar &I Oreson i1 �ono�rned. Dr. Staple• 11 tlptoially qualititd to write on the lubJeot or 1trateg1o aineral1. In rtoent rear• auoh ot hll work, both 1n private praotioe and 1n teaohing1 hat been oonoerntd with thll tubJeot. It 11 boptd that tht paptr will bt ot aattrial &1111t&not to Oregon pro1ptotor1 &1 well al to 1aall operator• who have turned their attention troa gold aintns to thole alneral depo1it1 e11ential tor war netdl. It i1 believed that 1ohool1 will al1o t1nd the paper intoraatlve and tiaely.
    [Show full text]
  • Carbonate Geology and Hydrology of the Edwards Aquifer in the San
    Report 296 Carbonate Gec>logy and Hydrology ()f the Edwards Aquifer in the San Antonio Ar~ea, Texas November 1986 TEXAS WATER DEVELOPMENT BOARD REPORT 296 CARBONATE GEOLOGY AND HYDROLOGY OF THE EDWARDS AQUIFER IN THE SAN ANTONIO AREA, TEXAS By R. W. Maclay and T. A. Small U.S. Geological Survey This report was prepared by the U.S. Geological Survey under cooperative agreement with the San Antonio City Water Board and the Texas Water Development Board November 1986 TEXAS WATER DEVELOPMENT BOARD Charles E. Nemir. Executive Administrator Thomas M. Dunning, Chairman Stuart S. Coleman. Vice Chairman Glen E. Roney George W. McCleskey Charles W. Jenness Louie Welch A uthorization for use or reproduction ofany originalmaterial containedin this publication. i.e., not obtained from other sources. is freely granted. The Board would appreciate acknowledgement. Published and distributed by the Texas Water Development Board Post Office Box 13231 Austin. Texas 78711 ii ABSTRACT Regional differences in the porosity and permeability of the Edwards aquifer are related to three major depositional areas, the Maverick basin, the Devils River trend, and the San Marcos platform, that existed during Early Cretaceous time. The rocks of the Maverick basin are predominantly deep basinal deposits of dense, homogeneous mudstones of low primary porosity. Permeability is principally associated with cavernous voids in the upper part of the Salmon Peak Formation in the Maverick basin. The rocks of the Devils River trend are a complex of marine and supratidal deposits in the lower part and reefal or inter-reefal deposits in the upper part. Permeable zones, which occur in the upper part ofthe trend, are associated with collapse breccias and rudist reefs.
    [Show full text]
  • Experimental Investigations of the Reaction Path in the Mgo–CO2
    Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Applied Geochemistry Applied Geochemistry 23 (2008) 1634–1659 www.elsevier.com/locate/apgeochem Experimental investigations of the reaction path in the MgO–CO2–H2O system in solutions with various ionic strengths, and their applications to nuclear waste isolation Yongliang Xiong *, Anna Snider Lord Sandia National Laboratories, Carlsbad Programs Group, 4100 National Parks Highway, Carlsbad, NM 88220, USA1 Received 26 June 2007; accepted 25 December 2007 Editorial handling by Z. Cetiner Available online 9 February 2008 Abstract The reaction path in the MgO–CO2–H2O system at ambient temperatures and atmospheric CO2 partial pressure(s), especially in high-ionic-strength brines, is of both geological interest and practical significance. Its practical importance lies mainly in the field of nuclear waste isolation. In the USA, industrial-grade MgO, consisting mainly of the mineral peri- clase, is the only engineered barrier certified by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for emplacement in the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) for defense-related transuranic waste. The German Asse repository will employ a Mg(OH)2- based engineered barrier consisting mainly of the mineral brucite. Therefore, the reaction of periclase or brucite with car- bonated brines with high-ionic-strength is an important process likely to occur in nuclear waste repositories in salt forma- tions where bulk MgO or Mg(OH)2 will be employed as an engineered barrier. The reaction path in the system MgO–CO2– H2O in solutions with a wide range of ionic strengths was investigated experimentally in this study. The experimental results at ambient laboratory temperature and ambient laboratory atmospheric CO2 partial pressure demonstrate that hyd- romagnesite (5424) (Mg5(CO3)4(OH)2 Á 4H2O) forms during the carbonation of brucite in a series of solutions with differ- ent ionic strengths.
    [Show full text]
  • The Clumped-Isotope Geochemistry of Exhumed Marbles from Naxos, Greece U
    The clumped-isotope geochemistry of exhumed marbles from Naxos, Greece U. Ryb, M.K. Lloyd, D.A. Stolper, J.M. Eiler Abstract Exhumation and accompanying retrograde metamorphism alter the compositions and textures of metamorphic rocks through deformation, mineral–mineral reactions, water–rock reactions, and diffusion-controlled intra- and inter-mineral atomic mobility. Here, we demonstrate that these processes are recorded in the clumped- and single-isotope (δ13Cand δ18O) compositions of marbles, which can be used to constrain retrograde metamorphic histories. We collected 27 calcite and dolomite marbles along a transect from the rim to the center of the metamorphic core-complex of Naxos (Greece), and analyzed their carbonate single- and clumped-isotope compositions. The majority of Δ47 values of whole-rock samples are consistent with exhumation- controlled cooling of the metamorphic complex. However, the data also reveal that water–rock interaction, deformation driven recrystallization and thermal shock associated with hydrothermal alteration may considerably impact the overall distribution of Δ47 values. We analyzed specific carbonate fabrics influenced by deformation and fluid– rock reaction to study how these processes register in the carbonate clumped-isotope system. Δ47 values of domains drilled from a calcite marble show a bimodal distribution. Low Δ47 values correspond to an apparent temperature of 260 °C and are common in static fabrics; high Δ47values correspond to an apparent temperature of 200 °C and are common in dynamically recrystallized fabrics. We suggest that the low Δ47 values reflect diffusion-controlled isotopic reordering during cooling, whereas high Δ47 values reflect isotopic reordering driven by dynamic recrystallization. We further studied the mechanism by which dynamic recrystallization may alter Δ47 values by controlled heating experiments.
    [Show full text]
  • Brucite Mg(OH)2 C 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, Version 1
    Brucite Mg(OH)2 c 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, version 1 Crystal Data: Hexagonal. Point Group: 32/m. Crystals tabular {0001}, to 19 cm, in platy or foliated masses and rosettes; also fibrous, to 50 cm; granular, massive. Physical Properties: Cleavage: {0001}, perfect. Tenacity: Sectile; separable plates are flexible, fibers are elastic. Hardness = 2.5 D(meas.) = 2.39 D(calc.) = 2.368 Pyroelectric. Optical Properties: Transparent. Color: White, pale green, blue, gray; honey-yellow to brownish red and deep brown in manganoan varieties; colorless in transmitted light. Streak: White. Luster: Waxy, pearly on cleavage surfaces. Optical Class: Uniaxial (+); anomalously biaxial. ω = 1.56–1.59 = 1.58–1.60 2V(meas.) = Small. Cell Data: Space Group: P 3m1..a = 3.142(1) c = 4.766(2) Z=1 X-ray Powder Pattern: Synthetic. 2.365 (100), 4.77 (90), 1.794 (55), 1.573 (35), 1.494 (18), 1.373 (16), 1.310 (12) Chemistry: (1) (2) (3) Fe2O3 0.10 1.95 FeO 9.57 MnO 0.84 MgO 68.29 60.33 69.11 H2O 30.74 28.60 30.89 Total 99.97 100.45 100.00 (1) Wood’s Chrome mine, Pennsylvania, USA; corresponds to (Mg0.99Fe0.01)Σ=1.00(OH)2. (2) Asbestos, Canada; after deduction of Fe2O3 impurity, corresponds to 2+ (Mg0.93Fe0.08)Σ=1.01(OH)2. (3) Mg(OH)2. Mineral Group: Brucite group. Occurrence: A common alteration of periclase in marble; a low-temperature hydrothermal vein mineral in metamorphic limestones and chlorite schists; formed during serpentinization of dunites.
    [Show full text]
  • Acidic Weathering of Carbonate Building Stones: Experimental Assessment (Preliminary Results)
    Studia Universitatis Babeş-Bolyai, Geologia, 2009, 54 (1), 33 – 36 Acidic weathering of carbonate building stones: experimental assessment (preliminary results) Ryszard KRYZA, Marta PRELL, Franciszek CZECHOWSKI Malgorzata DOMARADZKA University of Wroclaw, ul. Cybulskiego 30, 50-205 Poland Received February 2009; accepted April 2009 Available online June 2009 ABSTRACT. Three types of carbonate rocks, travertine, limestone, and marble have been studied to determine their selected technical parameters (water absorption, resistance to salt crystallization damage) and reaction to experimentally modelled acid rain weathering, imitating the polluted urban atmospheric conditions. The acidic agents present in the natural acid rain precipitation, H2SO4, HCl, HNO3, CH3COOH, and the mixture of these acids (“Acid mix”), were tested. The initial stages of acid weathering involve, apart from chemical dissolution, particularly intense physical detachment of rock particles (granular disintegration) significantly contributing to the total mass loss. Travertine was found to be most prone to salt crystallization damage and to acid weathering, and these features should be taken into account especially in external architectural usage of this stone in cold climate conditions and polluted urban atmosphere. Key words: building stones, travertine, limestone, marble, chemical weathering, acid rain, atmospheric pollution. INTRODUCTION (L) from Morawica (central Poland) and marble (M) from Stronie Slaskie (SW Poland). All these carbonate rocks are Carbonate rocks have been widely used as building commonly used as architectural building and ornamental stones since ancient times, e.g. in Rome and across the materials in Poland and other countries in Central Europe. whole Mediterranean. Carbonates are formed in various Travertine is a sedimentary carbonate rock, with marine and terrestrial environments; therefore, they are macroscopically distinct porosity and parallel banded composed of various amounts of matrix, biogenic and non- structure (bedding).
    [Show full text]
  • Granasen, a Dolomite-Brucite Deposit with Potential for Industrial Development
    NGU -BULL 436, 2000 - PAGE 75 Granasen, a dolomite-brucite deposit with potential for industrial development ODD 0VERENG 0vereng, O. 2000: Granasen, a do lomite-brucite deposi t wi th pote ntial for indust rial develo pm ent. Norges geolog iske und ersekelse Bulletin 436, 75-84. Granasen, situated close to Mo sjoen in north ern Norway, is a deposit containing several milli on tonn es of dolomite and brucite. The deposit has been investig ated and characte rised in preparati on fo r future deve lopment and exploitation. The ore consists of dol omi te and brucite . Brucite has fo rmed as a result of hydro th ermal alte rat ion associated with intrusion of gabbro. Tests have been carried out to evaluate the com mercial value of the dolom ite resources. A variet y of different bene ficiation met hods were investigated to achieve co mmerc ial concent rates of brucite . The most successful result was obtai ned by selective flocculat ion , w hich up-gr ades th e ore to a maximum gra de of 95.5 % brucite, with a recovery of 80 %. As an alte rnative, or by-product of bru cite concent rate produ ction, th e deposit cou ld also be w orked for dolomite. Odd 0vereng, Norgesgeologi ske undersekelse,N-749 1 Trondh eim, Norw ay. of th e Granasen dol om it e marble (Faye & 0 vereng 1979). Introduction Extensive mi neralogical and geo log ical investigat ions, Since the beg inning of the 1970s, the Geologica l Survey of including diamond drill ing, were carried out in 1979 and Norway (NGU) has investigated a large number of indu strial 1980 (0 vereng 1981), and confirmed th e interpretation th at min eral occurrence s.
    [Show full text]