Map 26 Lusitania-Baetica Compiled by R.C. Knapp and F.H. Stanley, Jr. (Portugal), 1996 Introduction Portugal The works of Tovar (1974; 1976; 1989) and, above all, Alarcão (1988) are indispensable for the mapping of ancient Portugal. Alarcão catalogs some 3,000 known sites of all types, including Greek, pre-Roman and Roman remains. Because of the large number, it is of course impossible to mark all of them here, and his study should be consulted for additional information about villas, mines, roads, bridges and settlements. The map does, however, include all the more important settlements, and as many road stations as can be located (Roldán Hervás 1975; Mantas Soares 1990). The physical configuration of Portugal has changed since antiquity, particularly with regard to silting of river mouths and slight changes in river courses. Less certain is the extent of topographical changes along the coasts; probably these are not significant enough to show at the scale adopted here. During the past century several large reservoirs have been built in central and southern Portugal, so that it has been necessary to restore the courses of the rivers affected. It seems clear that the principal routes are those which receive double attestation, both through the archaeological record, and in ancient itineraries and other literary sources. By contrast, many, if not most, secondary routes may be identified only from very small surviving stretches of road, or from bridges. Reliance upon the latter as testimony for an ancient road offers special problems insofar as the dates for some are not clearly established. However, those roads represented here as approximate are marked thus only because their exact course has yet to be established; their dating is not in question. Gorges (1979) provides extensive material on villas. Quintela (1986) offers information about the spread of Roman dams and aqueducts throughout the region south of the R. Tagus; this can further assist in locating villas. Although there was no doubt centuriation, the evidence for it remains difficult to ascertain, and none is marked. Spain Much material for mapping south-west Iberia is at hand. The compilation of ancient sources and modern hypotheses in Iberische Landeskunde (Schulten 1955; Tovar 1974; 1976; 1989) and in TIR Emerita provides a generally sound basis for further work. For Andalucía, the magisterial study by Sillières (1990) offers solid opinions on a wide variety of geographical topics. The revised edition of CIL II has begun to appear; it provides up-to-date information on the mass of inscriptional evidence relevant to geographical questions. The physical environment has altered since antiquity. The coast has undergone little movement (Flemming 1969), except where the silting of certain river mouths has produced extensive change. An attempt has been made to reflect such change on the map in the bay of Cádiz (ancient Gades) (Escacena Carrasco 1986), the mouth of the R. Guadalquivir (Baetis), and the bay of Huelva (Onoba) (Caro Bellido 1989); for disputes concerning the area around Gades, see the judicious discussion by Sillières (1990). In the interior, many reservoirs have been constructed in the last 125 years; the ancient course of the rivers affected has been restored to the extent possible. Although Greek goods were traded extensively in the south-west and Greek cultural influence was significant (Rouillard 1991), there were no Greek settlements. The Iron Age Iberian civilization which the Greeks found is well attested in the archaeology of the area; major indigenous sites have been marked, especially if they continued to be inhabited into the periods of more intense interaction with Greeks or Romans. No attempt has been made, however, to mark all native sites known archaeologically. 416 MAP 26 LUSITANIA-BAETICA For the Roman period, after 206 B.C., archaeology provides material at an ever increasing rate. Thus the location of attested Roman settlements and road stations represents the main focus of the map. Even so, all the archaeologically attested settlement cannot be shown at this scale; more comes to light every year, increasing the impression of a densely populated region. Nonetheless the general pattern remains fairly constant, and the discovery of further places to which an attested ancient name can be attached with certainty is unusual. In order not to overburden the map, a representative selection has been made: the emphasis is on town settlements, accompanied by only a few of the hundreds of rural habitations which existed in the area by the first two centuries A.D. (for villas, see Gorges 1979; Fernández Castro 1982; much work has also been done since). The same limitation applies to mines and mining areas; these were extensive in the region, but again only a representative selection is shown. Domergue (1987; 1990) provides full information. Roman alteration of the landscape through road- and bridge-building, as well as centuriation, leaves many marks. Sillières (1990) is fundamental for roads and bridges; Corzo Sánchez (1992) must be used with caution for Andalucía. Roldán Hervás (1975) provides information on areas further north, but lacks detail and good maps; it should be supplemented with Fernández Corrales (1987). TIR Emerita is essential for bridges and aqueducts. Fernández Casado’s works (1972; 1980) are unpaginated and need to be used judiciously; much of his material also appears in Gazzola (1968). The identification of “Roman” bridges remains problematic; those marked are in general thought likely to be of Roman origin, but many others have been proposed at one time or another. Roads are marked as approximate unless long stretches are attested archaeologically or through milestones. Roads shown as major are those attested by ancient itineraries; all others are shown as minor, even though there must have been considerable variation in their importance. Disagreement about routes, especially minor ones, remains strong; the one marked along the left bank of the R. Baetis between Corduba and Hispalis is particularly controversial. Although centuriation has been sought in every nook and cranny (note Corzo Sanchez 1992), still only two areas, around Mérida (Emerita Augusta) (Gorges 1982) and Urso (Osuna), have solid evidence in support, the former on the ground, the latter from inscriptional evidence. Despite the strong likelihood that much land was divided thus, convincing evidence from specific locations remains hard to detect (Haley 1996). Directory All place names are in Spain unless otherwise noted Abbreviations THA J. Mangas and D. Plácido (eds.), Testimonia Hispaniae Antiqua I: Avieno, Ora maritima: descriptio orbis terrae phaenomena, Madrid, 1994 TIR Caesaraugusta Tabula Imperii Romani K-30, Madrid: Caesaraugusta, Clunia, Madrid, 1993 TIR Emerita Tabula Imperii Romani J-29, Lisboa: Emerita-Scallabis-Pax Iulia-Gades, Madrid, 1995 Names Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference C2 Abelterium RL probably Alter do Chão Alarcão 1988 II.3, 150; TIR Emerita 23 POR B4 Abicada RL 2 miles from Portimão Gorges 1979, 481-82; TIR Emerita 23 POR Abona = A(qua)bona E5 Acinippo HR Ronda la Vieja Tovar 1974, 153-54 F4 Ad Aras RL La Carlota Sillières 1990, 312 F4 Ad Decumum HRL between Villafranca and Sillières 1990, 312 Córdoba, right bank of R. Guadalquivir D5 Ad Herculem RL Novo Sancti Petri TIR Emerita 24 (Chiclana de la Frontera) MAP 26 LUSITANIA-BAETICA 417 Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference D5 Ad Pontem RL Puente de Suazo (contra Sillières 1990, 314 TIR Emerita 24) D5 Ad Portum/ RL/ Puerto de S. María (contra Tovar 1974, 50; Sillières 1990, 313 Gaditanus Portus HRL TIR Emerita 24, 107, § Menestheos Limen? HRL 130) D4 Ad Rubras RL Aljaraque? (contra TIR Sillières 1990, 337 Emerita 24-25) C2 Ad Septem Aras RL? Degolados? POR TIR Emerita 25 D2 Ad Sorores RL Casas de Don Antonio TIR Emerita 25 C3 Adrus fl. CHRL Ribeira Degebe POR Schulten 1955, 340 B1 Aeminium POR See Map 24 Aesuris = (B)Aesuris D5 Aipora/ ACHRL/ Cortijo de Evora (Sanlúcar TIR Emerita 26, 76 Ebora HRL de Barrameda) D4 Alajar R González Fernández 1989, 62 E5 Albus Portus RL Torre de S. García near Tovar 1974, 69; Sillières 1990, 358-59 Algeciras C2 Alcains H?R N Castelo Branco POR Alarcão 1988 II.1, 75; TIR Emerita 27 D2 Alcántara RL TIR Emerita 27 D3 La Alconera R TIR Emerita 27 F4 Alhonoz ACH Escacena Carrasco 1985, 275, 279 D4 Almadén de la Plata R Canto 1977, 175-77 D3 Almendralejo R A. Caballos C1 Alpedrinha POR See Map 24 B2 Alto do Castelo H Alpiarça, near Santarém TIR Emerita 30 POR A3 Alto do Cidreira R Alcabideche, near Cascais TIR Emerita 30 POR C4 Amendoal RL? in surburbs of Faro POR Gorges 1979, 480; Alarcão 1988 II.3, 209 C2 Ammaia R near Aramenha POR TIR Emerita 31 § Municipium Ammaiense C3 Anas fl. ACHRL Guadiana POR / SPN TIR Emerita 31-32 §Samus?fl. L D4 Anatolikon Stoma L E mouth of R. TIR Emerita 42 Guadalquivir D5 Aphrodisias/ CHR/ N Cádiz peninsula Schulten 1955, 263; TIR Emerita 32, 77-78 Erythea/ CHR/ Iunonis Ins. HR A3 A(qua)bona RL possibly Barreiro POR Alarcão 1988 II.2, 127; TIR Emerita 32 § Equabona B4 Arandis/ CHRL near Ourique? POR Alarcão 1988 II.3, 171; TIR Emerita 32 Aranni E5 Arcos de la Frontera RL? Sillières 1990, 438 C2 Aritium R Casal da Várzea; 9 miles Alarcão 1988 II.3, 146-47; TIR Emerita 34 § Aritium oppidum vetus EAbrantesPOR B2 Aritium Praetorium RL possibly Tamazim, near TIR Emerita 34, 150 Bemposta POR B2 Arnal RL near Maceira POR Gorges 1979, 460 C4 Aroeira R?L near Alcoutim POR Alarcão 1988 II.3, 204 B4 Arregata R near Aljezur POR TIR Emerita 34-35 B2 Arrepiado R? Pinheiro Grande near TIR Emerita 35 Santarém POR F3 Arroyo del Alamo CHR Domergue 1987, 177-78 Arsa=Erisane E3 Artigi HRL Castuera? (contra Sillières CIL 2.2.7, 216 1990, 460) C4 Arucci RL Cortijo de Fuente Seca TIR Emerita 35 (Aroche) (contra Sillières 1990, 444) E5 Arunda R Ronda Tovar 1974, 154 E4 Arva R El Castillejo (Alcolea del Tovar 1974, 159-60 Río) 418 MAP 26 LUSITANIA-BAETICA Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference E5 Asido HRL Medina Sidonia Tovar 1974, 150-51 § Asido Caesarina Asta = (H)Asta E4 Astigi/ HRL Écija Tovar 1974, 111-13 Col.