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Home , Africa (Roman province), Ceuta, Chellah, Iulia Traducta, Lixus (ancient city), Mauretania

Map 28 Tingitana Compiled by M. Euzennat, 1995

Introduction Map 1a Fortunatae Insulae Map 28

The Mediterranean coast of Mauretania was regularly visited from the seventh century B.C. onwards, first by Phoenician (later Carthaginian) sailors on their way west to . At the same time, the merchants of Gades (Map 26 D5) explored the Atlantic coast as far as the island of Mogador, today firmly identified as Cerne (Map 1a C2), which served as a trading station for two centuries as well as from time to time thereafter. The map attempts to reflect the current views of geologists and geographers on the nature of the physical landscape in antiquity, particularly in the Atlantic coastal plains (Desanges 1978, 111-12, 134; Euzennat 1989, 98-103; EncBerb 20 Gharb). Little is known of the organization of the interior, occupied by warlike Moorish tribes, before the middle of the second century B.C. when it came to be ruled by King Bocchus and his descendants. Eventually, in 33, the entire kingdom of Mauretania somehow passed to the Romans, who established three colonies, Zilil, Babba (unlocated) and Banasa, spread out between and the Oued Sebou (ancient Sububus fl.), and sited in part to strengthen links with the two principal centers of the south, Sala and . In 25 B.C. reconstituted the kingdom of Mauretania for Juba. In A.D. 40, however, after the death of Juba’s son , it was divided into two Roman provinces, to the east and Mauretania Tingitana to the west. An extensive mountainous area occupied by Moorish tribes separated the two, and only one attempt to unify their administration was ever made, by at the beginning of the third century (Euzennat 1990). Even at its greatest extent the province of Mauretania Tingitana was in reality limited to the Tingi peninsula northwest of the Oued Lau (ancient Laud fl.), and then south along the Atlantic coast and the plains behind as far as Sala and Volubilis. The mountains and plateaux were the domain of tribes more or less loyal to according to the mood of the times; their instability, however, demanded the maintenance of a considerable garrison (Euzennat 1984). In 290 at the latest, the whole southern part of the province as far as the Oued Loukos (ancient fl.) was abandoned, except for Sala and (from time to time) the trading station of Cerne. Henceforth the principal role of Mauretania Tingitana was to protect the Spanish provinces from Moorish invasions, thus confirming it in the frontier role which it had always had. Ancient authors from Herodotus to the Cosmographer provide copious data on western Mauretania. Their material, however, is often difficult to use, and sometimes impossible. Even so, it can be rewardingly reinforced by inscriptions (IAM 2) and by archaeological findings (Euzennat 1989, 9-19). In fact, because of the province’s limited size, archaeological exploration has been more complete and more systematic here than elsewhere in . It was begun before the end of the nineteenth century by Tissot (1878) and La Martinière (whose work on the Roman period was used extensively by Cagnat 1912). It was then considerably extended–at least in the area of the French protectorate–by the creation of an Antiquities Service for in 1915 (Roget 1938; Chatelain 1944; Carcopino 1943). After World War II, with the help of aerial photography, it was particularly active from 1955 to 1963. Most recently, since 1982, new surveys undertaken between Volubilis and the Oued Loukos have contributed important fresh information. More limited research along the Mediterranean coast, as well as inland there, has so far only produced disappointing results for (Tarradell 1960, 76-77, 121-29; Gozalbes 1980; Cressier 1992, 398-99); the same must be said of exploration undertaken along the Atlantic coast south of Sala (Euzennat 1965; 1994; Rebuffat 1974a). These findings, however, accurately reflect the limits of the province. East 458 MAP 28 MAURETANIA TINGITANA of Volubilis, communications by land with Mauretania Caesariensis always remained uncertain and probably sporadic, due to the migrations, rivalries and wars of the Moorish tribes (Euzennat 1960; 1978; 1984; Hamdoune, 1995; and Map 29 Introduction). The easternmost remains found in this direction are at Bou Hellou (E5). ItAnt furnishes an outline of the major roads (Euzennat 1962; 1990b; Lenoir 1993), although practically no section of ancient date has yet been found. The road network confirms the organization of Mauretania Tingitana as a frontier region, a fact underlined by the number of camps, small forts and watch towers that have been identified (Rebuffat 1986; Euzennat 1989, 288-92; Limane 1992; 1995). Even so, these are altogether fewer in number than has sometimes been supposed, since nothing can more easily be mistaken for a small fort or tower than the type of farm or small rural sanctuary commonly situated on a hilltop less than a century ago, and still sometimes found there today. Similarly, one cannot deduce the presence of a permanent occupied site on the basis of a few scattered sherds (Euzennat 1989, 16-17).

Directory All place names are in Morocco unless otherwise noted

Abbreviations

IAM2 M.Euzennatetal.(eds.),Inscriptions antiques du Maroc, 2. Inscriptions latines,Paris,1982 Lixus 1992 Lixus. Actes du colloque organisé par l'Institut des sciences de l'archéologie et du patrimoine de avec le concours de l'Ecole française de Rome, , 8-11 novembre 1989,Rome, 1992

Names

Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference

D2 Abila M. CHRL Monte Acho SPN Desanges 1980, 147-49; EncBerb 1 C3 Adeb RL Akerraz 1991, 377 C2 Ad Mercuri? Bled Mers ItAnt 24.4; Euzennat 1990a C3 Ad Novas? RL? Souiyar ItAnt 24.3; PECS C2 Ain Dalia R Ponsich 1964, 278 (no. 82) A6 Ain el Hajaj R Euzennat 1989, 154-55 C2 Ain el Hammam RL Ponsich 1970, 302-11 C5 Ain Kerma R Bled Akser, Ain Sidi Euzennat 1989, 176 (nos. 28-32) Mrizig B3 Ain Mesbah R Ponsich 1966, 422 (no. 85) C5 Ain Schkour R fort and rural settlement to Euzennat 1989, 255-72 W C5 Ain Skhoun R Luquet 1964, 293 (nos. 3-7); Euzennat 1989, 176 (no. 26) C5 Ain Taslalet R Sidi Rgui Rgua Euzennat 1989, 176 (nos. 24-25), 276 (n. 314) Ampelusia Pr. = Soloeis Pr. C5 Aquae Dacicae R Sidi Moulay Yakoub ItAnt 23.3; Euzennat 1989, 185-87 D2 Aquila Maior Pr. RL? Cabo Negro ItAnt 10.1; Gozalbes 1980, 17 D2 Aquila Minor Pr. RL? Restinga ItAnt 9.5; Gozalbes 1980, 17 C4 Arbaoua R Akerraz 1991, 378-79 B3 RL? Sidi Bleil Ponsich 1964, 271 (nos. 52-53); Desanges 1980, 86-87 A2 Atlanticus Oceanus See Map 1 A6 Autololes/ RL? S Sala Pliny, NH 5.5, 17; EncBerb 8 Autoteles

C1 B(a)elo SPN See Map 26 MAP 28 MAURETANIA TINGITANA 459

Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference

B4 Banasa CHR Sidi Ali bou Jenoun Pliny, NH 5.5; EncBerb 9 § Col. Iulia Banasa C4 Baniurae? H?R SE Banasa Pliny, NH 5.17; Ptol. 4.1.5; Rebuffat 1974; § Banioubai EncBerb 9 Banioubae § Boniuricis GeogRav 3.11 D6 Baquates R ESE Volubilis ItAnt 2.2; EncBerb 9 § Bakouatai Ptol. 4.1.5 § Ouakouatai D2 Barbari Pr. RL? Cape Mazari ItAnt 2.3; Gozalbes 1980, 17 C2 el Benian RL Tarradell 1966, 443 (no. 25); Rebuffat 1986, 35-36 C2 Beni Said R?L Ponsich 1964, 276 (no. 71); 1970, 358 C6 Sfia R Bled Fachar Limane 1992, 472 (no. MK 15) E5 Bou Hellou R Euzennat 1978 C5 Bou Rebaa R Euzennat 1989, 176 (no. 11), 279 C2 Briej RL? Lenoir 1993, 515

Calpe = D1 CalpeM. GIB SeeMap26 D1 Carteia/ SPN See Map 26 Calpe/ Karpessos C2 Cephisis? L. CHR Oued Tahadart / Oued Scylax 112; Pliny, NH 37.37; Khobs Desanges 1978, 111-12 D1/D2 Columnae Herculis ACHR GIB / SPN Mela 1.27; Desanges, 1980, 81; EncBerb 1 Abila; 12 C2 Cottae? HR S Pliny, NH 5.2; Desanges 1980, 81-82; EncBerb 14 §Kotes Scylax 112; Desanges 1978, 111 § Gytte AC Hanno, Periplus 5; Euzennat 1994, 565

C5 Dar bel Amri R Euzennat 1989, 184 A6 Dar Dqios R Euzennat 1989, 149-50 C3 Dar Sied RL? Ponsich 1964, 272 (nos. 60-61); Akerraz 1981, 214-15 B3 Djouima HR Ponsich 1966, 410-12 (no. 46) C5 Douar Naasa R Euzennat 1989, 185

D2 Emsa HR Tarradell 1966, 440, 443 (no. 20) B2 Ermaia Akra HR Ras el Kouass Scylax 110; Desanges 1978, 113

C5 Ferme Biarnay R M'Souiatt Euzennat 1989, 58-59 C5 Ferme Priou R Sidi Slimane Euzennat 1989, 180-84 A5 Fghaina R NW Euzennat 1989, 70, 97 B4 Frigidae R Hazib el ItAnt 7.3; Luquet 1966, 374 (no. 31) §Friglas? L NotDig Oc. 26.10; Akerraz 1991, 404

C5 el Gaada R Euzennat 1989, 275-79 B4 Gadadra R Sidi al Mokhfi Gadadra Akerraz 1995, 283 (no. SG 11) Gaditanum Fretum = Herakleios Porthmos C2 Gandori R?L Ponsich 1970, 345-52 D6 el Gour RL PECS; EncBerb 21

C5 Hafra Ennaga R Luquet 1964, 293 (no. 2); Euzennat 1989, 176 (no. 22) C2 Herakleios Porthmos/ See Map 26 Gaditanum Fretum D1 Heras? Ins. HR Palomas Is. in Straits of 3.5.3, 5 SPN D2 Heras? Ins. HR Peregil Is. in Straits of Strabo 3.5.3, 5 Gibraltar 460 MAP 28 MAURETANIA TINGITANA

Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference

C2 Hjar Zerbotta R?L Lenoir 1993, 515

E2 Ibericum Mare See Map 1 D1 / SPN See Map 26 Iulia Ioza/ Tingertera

C5 Jebel bou Draa R Euzennat 1989, 276 C2 Jouima R?L Euzennat 1990; Lenoir 1993, 516

Karpessos = Carteia B5 Kaunoi H?R between Sala fl. and Oued Ptol. 4.1.5; Euzennat 1974, 178 § Iangaukanoi Beth A6 Khedis R Euzennat 1989, 153-54 D2 Kitzan HR Tarradell 1966, 437 (no. 13) B2 Kouass HRL settlement and Ponsich 1967 manufacturing cluster, Oued Rharifa C5 Koudia Aicha R Kerkour Leben Euzennat 1989, 277 (no. 12); Limane 1992, 472 (no. QN 28) C5 Koudia bou Mimoun H?R Akerraz 1995, 284-85 (no. SN 8) B3 Koudia es Souma HRL Ponsich 1966, 398-99, 420-22 (nos. 13, 16, 71-80) C4 Koudia Fergana R Limane 1995, 302-306 (no. AR 73) B3 Krimda HRL W Krimda: Taitaiya, Ponsich 1966, 410 (nos. 36-43) Iknoun C2 Ksar es Sghir HRL Tarradell 1966, 431-35 (nos. 3-4)

B5 Lalla Aicha R Euzennat 1989, 97 B5 Lalla Yto R Sidi Hadj Malek Akerraz 1995, 271-72 (nos. GD 1, GD 3) C5 Lalla Ghannama RL? Douar Khass Akerraz 1995, 284 (nos. SN 5, SN 6) B4 Lalla Rhano HR Sidi es Sarrakh Souville 1973, 54-55; Akerraz 1995, 275 (no. MM 4) D3 Laud fl. Pliny, NH 5.18; Desanges 1980, 149 B3 Lixus ACHRL Tchemmisch Lixus 1992 § Lixitai H Hanno, Periplus 6 § Aulucus L NotDig Oc. 26.5 B3 Lixus fl. ACHRL Oued Loukos Desanges 1980, 110-11 §Lixoxfl. § Lunx fl.

B4 Maatga R Euzennat 1989, 59 C6 Macenites R WSW Baquates Desanges 1962, 33-34; § Makanitai Hamdoune 1993, 262-63 D2 el Marsa RL? Tarradell 1966, 435 (no. 6) C3 Masikes H?R Ptol. 4.15; Euzennat 1974, 177 C3 Mauretania Tingitana RL N Morocco Desanges 1980, 78-81, 143-44 D4 Maurusii RL Desanges 1962, 35-36; 1980, 144-45 § §Maurensioi C5 Mechra Sfa R Bab Tisra Euzennat 1989, 287 (n. 342) C1 Mellaria SPN See Map 26 B5 Merja Touila R Euzennat 1989, 70 C2 Mestroila RL Ponsich 1964, 276 (no. 75) C2 Metagonitai R N Morocco Ptol. 4.15; Hamdoune 1993, 266-67 B3 Mezgalef HR Ponsich 1966, 406-10 (nos. 33-36) B4 MM18 R Limane 1995, 309 C2 Mogogha H Jodin 1960 C3 Mzora RL? Souville 1973, 32-36

C4 Oppidum Novum R Ksar el Kebir ItAnt 24.2; Euzennat 1989a, 101-102 A6 Oued Akrech RL? Euzennat 1989, 149 B5 Oued Bqader R Akerraz 1995, 289 (no. YG 5) MAP 28 MAURETANIA TINGITANA 461

Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference

C5 Ouerbikai R between Ouadi Sebou and Ptol. 4.1.5; Euzennat 1984, 376; Ouerrha Hamdoune 1993, 268-69 C5 Oueroueis R N bank of Oued Ouerrha Ptol. 4.1.5; Euzennat 1984, 376; Hamdoune 1993, 268-69

B3 Rekada HRL? Ponsich 1966, 394-97 (nos. 2-3), 399-402 (nos. 19-20) C2 el Rhorba R?L Ponsich 1970, 352 C5 Rirha R Gilda? Euzennat 1989, 177-80 D2 er Rmel RL? Exilissa Tarradell 1966, 435 (no. 5)

A5 Sala HRL / Rabat PECS; Desanges 1980, 96-97 A5 Salat fl. Oued Desanges 1980, 96, 112 A5 Salenses R Ptol. 4.1.5; IAM 2.304a, 311; § Salinsai Euzennat 1974, 177 D2 Sania RL? Restinga Tarradell 1966, 435 (no. 10) A5 Sebaa Rjel R Euzennat 1989, 97 C5 Sedra Mehara R Euzennat 1989, 290-91 A6 Seguia Faraoun R Dar es Soltane Euzennat 1989, 129-53 D2 Septem RL Ceuta SPN Villada Paredes 1992, 1217-35 §Septa D2 Septem Fratres M. Roget 1938, 72 B3 Sidi Abderahim R Ponsich 1966, 398 (nos. 12-15) D2 Sidi Abdeslam HR Tarradell 1966, 437 (no. 12) C3 Si Ahmed Cherif RL? Ponsich 1964, 274 (no. 67) C5 Sidi Ahmed R Akerraz 1995, 286 (no. SN 15) A5 Sidi Allal el Bahraoui HR Souville 1973, 145-47 C6 Sidi Amar ben Azouz R Limane 1995, 312, 329 (no. MK 22) D2 Sidi bou Hayel RL? Tarradell 1966, 435 (no. 9) C5 Sidi el Mekki R numerous rural Akerraz 1995, 259-60, 280 (no. QN 26) settlements along E bank of Oued Beth C5 Sidi el Mokffi R Euzennat 1989, 58 (n. 73); Akerraz 1995, 285 (no. SN 10) C5 Sidi Embarek R Euzennat 1989, 275 C5 Sidi Hassine R Euzennat 1989, 176 (no. 15); Limane 1995, 328 (no. KW 7) C2 Sidi Kacem RL? Ponsich 1964, 268 (nos. 30-33) C4 Sidi Larbi Boujema R (Vo)pisciana? Euzennat 1989, 57; 1990b, 213 B5 Sidi Mbark R Akerraz 1995, 291 (no. YG 30) B5 Sidi Mohammed ben R Akerraz 1995, 273 (no. GD 7) Naseur C5 Sidi Moussa RL? Euzennat 1989, 275-86 C5 Sidi Said R Euzennat 1989, 195-99 C5 Sidi Slimane H Souville 1973, 130-33 D3 Sokossioi R Ptol. 4.1.5; Euzennat 1974, 177 C2 Soloeis/ Cape Spartel Hanno, Periplus 3; Scylax 112; Ampelusia Pr. Euzennat 1994, 564 Mela 1.25; Desanges 1980, 81 C4 Souk el Arba R Sidi Aissa Euzennat 1989, 35-55 C5 Souk Jema el Haouafa R Euzennat 1989, 58 A5 Sububus fl. Oued Sebou Pliny, NH 5.5, 5.9; Desanges 1980, 95, 112 § Sububa fl.

B3 Tabernae RL Lalla Djilaliya ItAnt 8.1; NotDig Oc. 26.9; Rebuffat 1973 D3 Taenia Longa? coastal stretch at mouth of Ptol. 4.1.3; ItAnt 10.3; Gozalbes 1980, 17 Oued Laou C2 Tahadart HRL Ponsich 1964, 270 (nos. 40-41) D2 HRL W Tetouan Pliny, NH 5.18; NotDig Oc. 26.3; § Tamucus Tarradell 1966, 440 (no. 16); PECS D2 Tamuda fl. Oued Pliny, NH 5.18; Desanges 1980, 149 § Tumuada fl. B5 Thamusida R Sidi Ali ben Ahmed Ptol. 4.1.7; ItAnt 7.1; PECS 462 MAP 28 MAURETANIA TINGITANA

Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference

Tingertera = Iulia Traducta C2 Tingi HRL Pliny, NH 5.2; ItAnt 2.2; PECS § Tingitani CH Hanno, Periplus 2; Scylax 112; § Thymiaterion Euzennat 1994, 563-64 C5 Tocolosida R Bled Takourart, fort and ItAnt 23.1; Euzennat 1989, 240-55, 288 outposts to S C4 Tremuli RL Oued Fouarat ItAnt 24.1; Euzennat 1990b

C5 Volubilis HRL Ksar Pharaoun PECS; Euzennat 1989, 201-39 § Volubilitani § Ouoloubilianoi Ptol. 4.1.5

C4 Zegrenses R ENE Banasa Ptol. 4.1.5; IAM 2, 94; Euzennat 1974 C2 Zilia fl. Oued el Kebir / Oued Ptol. 4.1.1 § Zilil fl. Khobs C2 Zilil/ RL Dchar Jedid Pliny, NH 5.2; Euzennat 1962, 601-602; Zilis PECS § Col. Iulia Constantia Zilil

Quarries

Grid Location Period Material Reference

D5 E Volubilis RL? Ls, Ss Luquet 1964, 297 (nos. 41-42)

Roads

Itinerary Period Reference

Ad Mercuri → Frigidae RL Euzennat 1962, 603-604 Ad Mercuri → Oppidum Novum RL Euzennat 1990a Frigidae → Sala RL Euzennat 1962, 604-605 Oppidum Novum → Ferme Priou → Sidi Moussa → RL Euzennat 1962, 605-608; Euzennat 1990 Tocolosida Sala → Thamusida → Ferme Priou → Aquae Dacicae RL Akerraz 1995, 259-60 → Mechra Sfa → Ain Schkour → Volubilis Tingi → Ad Mercuri RL Ponsich 1964, 262-72; Lenoir 1993 Tingi → Tamuda RL Ponsich 1970, 354 Volubilis area RL Euzennat 1989, 281-87 Volubilis → Tocolosida → E RL Euzennat 1978 MAP 28 MAURETANIA TINGITANA 463

Unnamed Sites

Grid Description Period Reference

C2 rural settlement S and E Cottae? R Ponsich 1964 C2 sites in Ksar es Sghir vicinity R Tarradell 1966 C2 rural settlement SW Zilil R Ponsich 1964 C2 rural settlement S Ain Dalia R Lenoir 1993, 514 D2 rural settlement E Tamuda R Tarradell 1966 B3 rural settlement in Djouima vicinity RL Ponsich 1966 C4 rural settlement between Oppidum Novum R Limane 1995, 308 and Arbaoua C4 rural settlement near Tremuli R Limane 1995, 308 C4 rural settlement N Souk el Arba R Limane 1995, 308 C5 rural settlement S Volubilis HR Luquet 1964 C5/C6 settlement and fort N Bled Fachar R Luquet 1964, 297-98 (nos. 34, 48)

Unlocated Toponyms

Name Period Probable Location Reference

Ad Mercurios R Oued Yquem? ItAnt 8.3; Euzennat 1989, 157-59 Akra AC between Cape Spartel and Lixus Hanno, Periplus 5; Euzennat 1994, 565 Anides fl. H Oued Rharifa? Scylax 112; Desanges 1978, 113 Arambys AC between Cape Spartel and Lixus Hanno, Periplus 5; Euzennat 1994, 565

Babba/ R/ Pliny, NH 5.5; IAM 2, 250; EncBerb 9 Col. Iulia Campestris R/ Babba/ L NotDig Oc. 26.16 Castrabariensis

Castrabariensis = Babba Cobucla R el Jabha? ItAnt 10.4; Gozalbes 1980, 18

Dugas L el Benian? NotDig Oc. 26.2

Emporikos Kolpos/ HR/ coastal region S Lixus Strabo 17.3.2; Desanges 1978, 134 Sagigi Sinus R Pliny, NH 5.9; Desanges 1980, 111

Gilda/ HR between Rirha and Sidi Slimane Mela 3.107; ItAnt 23.4; Silda Euzennat 1989, 182-84 Gontiana/ RL Ptol. 4.1.7; GeogRav 3.11; Roget 1938, 46-47 Gentiano

Hesperidum Horti CHR Lixus area Pliny, NH 5.3; Desanges 1980, 89 Hesperioi EncBerb 22

Karikon Teichos AC between Cape Spartel and Lixus Hanno, Periplus 5; Euzennat 1994, 565

Lissa CH Exilissa? Pliny, NH 5.2; Desanges 1980, 82

Masaesyli R Pliny, NH 5.17; IAM 2, 52; Desanges 1980, 145-46 Egel L S Mauretania GeogRav 3.12; Desanges 1978, 137 Mauritania Perosis/ L perhaps Sala area GeogRav 3.12; Desanges 1978, 139 Mauritania Salinarum Melitta AC between Cape Spartel and Lixus Hanno, Periplus 5; Euzennat 1994, 565 Mulelacha Pr. Moulay bou Selham? Pliny, NH 5.9; Desanges 1980, 111-12 464 MAP 28 MAURETANIA TINGITANA

Name Period Probable Location Reference

Nektiberes R el Jabha area? Ptol. 4.15; Desanges 1962, 36-37; Euzennat 1974, 180

Ouobrix R Ptol. 4.17; Hamdoune 1993, 268-69

Pacatiana L N Mauretania? NotDig Oc. 26.8 Pontion C Ras el Kouass / Oued Tahadart Scylax 112; Desanges 1978, 113 area? Pisciana R Sidi Larbi Boujema? Ptol. 4.1.7 Pyron Pedion R Gharb plain? Ptol. 4.1.5; Hamdoune 1993, 256

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