Le Contexte Idéologique De Girart De Roussillon. Quelques Remarques Sur La Partie Finale Du Poème

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Le Contexte Idéologique De Girart De Roussillon. Quelques Remarques Sur La Partie Finale Du Poème Le contexte idéologique de Girart de Roussillon. Quelques remarques sur la partie finale du poème Dorothea Kullmann University of Toronto The ideological background of many chansons de geste is still but little known. One of the most interesting texts from this point of view is the twelfth-century poem Girart de Roussillon, which praises ecclesiastical values such as pacifism and humility and even defends some very specific theological positions. This paper analyzes some aspects of the final part of the poem, such as the allusion to the legend of St. Bartholomew (which further corroborates the localization of the text in the Lyon region), the uncommon use which is made of this legend and which implies a rejection of extreme poverty and an acceptance of social constraints, as well as the stress laid on the construction of churches and on prayers for the dead. These concerns presuppose the reactions of the Church against the heretics of the first half of the twelfth century, Peter of Bruys and Henry of Lausanne. The necessity of fighting the latter’s movement (which was still virulent around the middle of the century) might very well be one of the reasons that induced the poet to write an epic in the local language.1 L’essor étonnant que prend la littérature vernaculaire en France pendant la période qui va de la fin du XIe à la fin du XIIe siècle est le plus souvent considéré comme un fait acquis de l’histoire littéraire qui ne réclame plus d’explication. Cependant, nous ne savons pas vraiment pourquoi ni comment cette éclosion s’est faite, à une époque où l’enseignement de l’écriture passait forcément par le latin et où l’érudition latine était également en plein développement. Nous sommes convaincue qu’au XIIe siècle, au moins pendant les trois premiers quarts de ce siècle, la composition et la mise par écrit d’une œuvre narrative en langue vernaculaire, et a fortiori celle d’une épopée, ne peuvent se concevoir sans une raison particulière. Pour certains textes, des recherches ont déjà été menées dans ce sens. Ainsi, on a toujours vu que la Chanson de Roland avait quelque rapport avec la propagande pour la première croisade. Le Couronnement de Louis doit se rattacher à un débat sur l’hérédité de la couronne, même s’il n’y a pas de consensus sur l’événement exact visé par le texte. La Chanson d’Antioche de Graindor a été mise en relation avec la croisade flamande de 1177. Aspremont est peut-être à mettre en rapport avec la troisième croisade (on peut d’ailleurs se demander s’il ne faut pas 1 Cet article est une version révisée et légèrement augmentée de la communication que j’ai faite au XVIIe congrès international de la Société Rencesvals à Storrs (Connecticut), sous le titre “Le contexte idéologique de Girart de Roussillon”. 25.1-2 272 Dorothea Kullmann identifier dans cette croisade une des causes de l’accélération de la production épique à laquelle on assiste pendant le dernier quart du XIIe siècle). Mais qu’en est-il des autres ? En fin de compte, on ne peut que constater que bien des textes du XIIe siècle restent mal connus en ce qui concerne leur contenu idéologique. Nous partons d’une hypothèse de travail qui, au fond, est banale et selon laquelle une bonne partie de ces textes se doivent à des intérêts particuliers de l’Eglise, intérêts qui ont amené des ecclésiastiques non seulement à composer des œuvres en langue vernaculaire, et dans un genre qui était susceptible d’intéresser une grande partie des laïcs, mais à les prendre au sérieux au point de les juger dignes d’être conservés. Il nous semble en effet que bon nombre de chansons de geste contiennent des détails dont la portée théologique n’a pas suffisamment retenu l’attention des chercheurs. Un texte s’imposait tout d’abord à l’attention: Girart de Roussillon. Il est bien connu que cette chanson de geste est imprégnée d’un point de vue clérical. Elle préconise la Paix de Dieu. Des représentants de l’Eglise y jouent un rôle assez considérable : par deux fois, lors du mariage et après la bataille de Vaubeton, le pape réconcilie Girart avec le roi ; lorsque Girart et Berte, ayant tout perdu, échappent de justesse aux troupes de Charles, ils rencontrent un saint hermite, dont les remontrances les dirigent sur un chemin de pénitence. Les miracles ne font pas défaut ; et la fable entière suit un schéma édifiant qui culmine dans la conversion finale du héros lui-même. Paula Leverage a souligné la structuration de l’histoire sur la base du calendrier liturgique2. Par ce côté religieux très prononcé, Girart de Roussillon s’oppose nettement aux chansons de geste plus anciennes, lesquelles, tout en appelant à la croisade ou en décrivant des épisodes de conversion personnelle (par exemple dans le cas de Roland), ne nient pas pour autant les valeurs guerrières de la société chevaleresque. Une étude plus approfondie des idées défendues par le poète du Girart nous semble donc indispensable, d’autant plus qu’il s’agit sans doute de la première chanson de geste écrite (plus ou moins) en occitan et que les raisons de ce choix linguistique restent dans l’ombre. On ne prétend pas, dans cette communication, résoudre tous les problèmes que pose la composition de Girart de Roussillon. Ce qu’on va présenter ici, ce ne sont que quelques observations partielles, première étape d’un travail à peine entrepris. On voudrait simplement signaler une voie qu’il pourrait être utile de suivre, aussi bien pour ce texte-ci que pour d’autres chansons du XIIe siècle : l’étude du contexte idéologique immédiat de chaque œuvre. Qu’on nous permette quelques remarques préliminaires à propos des recherches précédentes sur Girart de Roussillon. Il n’y a peut-être pas d’autre texte pour lequel le débat des individualistes et des traditionalistes ait causé autant de dégâts. Comme le monastère de Vézelay et les reliques de Marie- Madeleine qui ont été transférées à ce monastère y jouent un rôle important, le texte se prêtait à une interprétation bédiérienne (voir, par exemple, Bédier, Les légendes épiques, vol. 1, pp. 25-95). D’autre part, quelques contradictions dans le poème tel que nous le lisons ainsi que la remarque initiale du poète sur une version antérieure de la chanson (v. 73), devaient forcément amener les traditionalistes à chercher à identifier 2 Voir dans ce volume l’article de Leverage, “The Reception of the Chansons de Geste.” 3 Nous citons le texte de Girart de Roussillon d’après l’édition de W. Mary Hackett. Olifant Contexte idéologique de Girart 273 des états antérieurs du texte. Roussillon étant un nom particulièrement fréquent dans la toponymie française, les chercheurs pouvaient laisser libre cours à leur imagination. On a postulé des états du texte provenant du Poitou ou de l’Aquitaine centrale, de la Bourgogne (où se déroule une bonne partie de l’action) et de la région du Roussillon, avec des cheminements assez surprenants de la légende entre ces endroits. La chanson du XIIe siècle que nous possédons a été identifiée (et l’est toujours) tantôt avec l’une, tantôt avec l’autre de ces versions postulées (voir, par exemple, Louis, De l’histoire, p. 288 ; Lot, Etudes, p. 165 ; Pfister, Lexikalische Untersuchungen, p. 55). Claudie Duhamel-Amado (Genèse, p. 199), sans exprimer d’opinion très arrêtée sur l’origine de la chanson, attire l’attention sur l’apparition du nom de “Géraud” dans la famille des comtes de Roussillon du Sud-Ouest vers le milieu du XIIe siècle4. Il ne nous semble donc pas superflu de rappeler qu’une autre hypothèse n’avait été écartée par les deux courants principaux de la recherche plus ancienne que parce qu’elle ne s’accordait pas avec des idées préconçues en fonction de leurs théories respectives. Nous voulons dire l’opinion selon laquelle Girart de Roussillon est à mettre en rapport avec le château de Roussillon qui se trouve à quelques vingt kilomètres au sud de Vienne, dans le voisinage du péage de Roussillon, donc près de la résidence principale du comte Girart de Vienne historique. Il y avait une famille comtale qui se faisait appeler “de Roussillon” et qui contrôlait justement ce péage. Cette possibilité ne s’accordait pas avec les théories de Bédier parce qu’elle n’impliquait pas directement un monastère sur les routes de pèlerinage. Or, Vézelay, lieu de pèlerinage célèbre, n’était certainement pas hors de portée pour un clerc écrivant dans la vallée du Rhône, d’autant plus que ce monastère se rattachait directement à l’histoire du personnage historique qui était au centre de son œuvre, et que ce clerc s’intéressait aux histoires édifiantes. Il serait plus difficile d’expliquer la présence des indications très détaillées sur les domaines rhodaniens de Girart que le texte contient aussi si celui-ci avait été composé à ou pour Vézelay. René Louis a écarté l’hypothèse viennoise parce que ni le château ni la famille comtale de Roussillon ne sont attestés avant le XIIe siècle (De l’histoire, pp. 241-45). Etant donné qu’il considère la chanson existante comme poitevine (p. 288) et que les chansons précédentes dont il postule l’existence sont antérieures au XIIe siècle, il ne pouvait utiliser ce Roussillon pour expliquer la naissance de celle-ci. Nous n’entrerons pas ici dans dans le débat sur les origines de la chanson de geste. Il est vrai que, dans le cas de Girart de Roussillon, l’existence d’une version versifiée antérieure à la chanson existante paraît assez probable, étant donné que le poète, au début de son poème, fait clairement référence à une chanson préexistante qu’il aurait révisée.
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