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Afghanistan Turmoil and Its Implications for Pakistan’S Security (2009-2016)

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AFGHANISTAN TURMOIL AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR PAKISTAN’S SECURITY (2009-2016) By MUHAMMAD TARIQ Reg. No.11-AU-RM-M.PHIL-P/SCIENCE-F-5 Ph. D (Political Science) SUPERVISOR Dr. JEHANZEB KHALIL Co-Supervisor Dr. Manzoor Ahmad DEPARTMENT OF POLITCAL SCIENCE FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES, ABDUL WALI KHAN UNIVERSITY MARDAN Year 2018 1 AFGHANISTAN TURMOIL AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR PAKISTAN’S SECURITY (2009-2016) By MUHAMMAD TARIQ Reg. No.11-AU-RM-M.PHIL-P/SCIENCE-F-5 Ph. D (Political Science) Dissertation submitted to the Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan in the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Ph. D in Political Science DEPARTMENT OF POLITCAL SCIENCE FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES, ABDUL WALI KHAN UNIVERSITY MARDAN YEAR 2018 2 Author’s Declaration I, Muhammad Tariq__hereby state that my Ph D thesis titled, “ Afghanistan Turmoil and Its Implications for Pakistan’s Security (2009-2016) is my own work and has not been submitted previously by me for taking any degree from this University i.e. ABDUL WALI KHAN UNIVERSITY MARDAN or anywhere else in the country/world. At any time if my statement is found to be incorrect even after my Graduate, the University has the right to withdraw my Ph D degree. Name of Student: Muhammad Tariq Date: 10 January, 2018 3 Plagiarism Undertaking I solemnly declare that research work presented in the thesis titled “AFGHANISTAN TURMOIL AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR PAKISTAN’s SECURITY (2009- 2016)” is solely my research work with no significant contribution from any other person. Small contribution/help wherever taken has been duly acknowledged and that complete thesis has been written by me. I understand the zero tolerance policy of the HEC and Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan towards plagiarism. Therefore, I as an author of the above titled thesis declare that no portion or of my thesis has been plagiarized and any material used as reference is properly referred/cited. I understand that if I am found guilty of any formal plagiarism in the above titled thesis even after award of Ph D degree, the University reserves the right to withdraw /revoke my Ph D degree and the HEC and the University has the right to publish my name on the HEC website on which names of students are placed who submitted plagiarized thesis. Student/Author Signature:__________________________ Muhammad Tariq 4 Certificate of Approval This is to certify that the research work presented in this thesis, titled, “Afghanistan Turmoil and its Implications for Pakistan’s Security (2009-2016) was conducted by Mr. Muhammad Tariq under the supervision of Prof: Dr. Jehanzeb Khalil. No part of this thesis has been submitted anywhere else for any other degree. This thesis is submitted to the AWKUM in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the field of Political Science Department of Political Science University of Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan. a) Student Name: Signature:________________ b) Supervisor : Name Signature:________________ (Designation & Office Address) Signature:________________ ………………………………. ………………………………. c) HoD: Name Signature:________________ (Designation & Office Address) ………………………………. ………………………………. d) Concerned Dean : Name Signature:________________ (Designation & Office Address) ……………………………… 5 ……………………………… DEDICATED To MY MOTHER WHOSE PRAYERS, LOVE AND PATIENCE TOOK ME TO THE APEX OF GLORY AND TRANSFORMED MY DREAM INTO REALITY 6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS All praise be to Almighty Allah, the Lord of the world, the creator of the heavens and the earth and the most Generous Who taught man by the pen, that he knew not. It is all by the grace of Almighty Allah, Who bestowed the researcher with the courage, determination and persistence to complete this study. The researcher was fortunate enough to have Dr. Jehanzeb Khalil as his supervisor for this Ph D dissertation. His practical experience, extensive knowledge, everlasting encouragement and constant inspiration helped him achieve this goal. The researcher has the honor to express his deepest gratitude to Dr. Manzoor Ahmad, Assistant Professor at the Department of Political Science in Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Pakistan for his kind and precious assistance throughout this study. The researcher offers his sincerest gratitude to Dr. Abdull Ghaffar for his expert knowledge and invaluable views regarding the topic and relevant information therewith, constructive criticism, scholastic guidance, kind and timely suggestions. He had always been too nice and kind to render help that kept the researcher on the right track. The researcher is extremely thankful to his mother whose benign attitude and prayers enabled him to undertake this dissertation in time and motivated him from time to time. It is due to the prayers of the mother that enabled the researcher to complete this study and who had been a source of inspiration throughout this process. 7 Muhammad Tariq January 10, 2018 ABSTRACT This study aimed at investigating Afghanistan Turmoil and its Implications for Pakistan’s Security (2009-2016). In the International Politics there are neither permanent friends nor foes but what prompts one to action is the national interest. The same is the case with Pak-Afghan Relations in terms of security paradigm. It is a matter of great concern that security in Afghanistan has a direct bearing on the overall security of Pakistan. Relations between the two countries remained quite normal during the Russians invasion of Afghanistan whereby Pakistan provided all logistic support to Afghanistan and the people of Afghanistan fought under the banner of Jihad against their enemies. Though all support was provided to Afghanistan through the Durand Line, the entire tribal areas remained peaceful and tranquil. In the current “war on terror” initiated by the International Community, under the patronage of the United States in the aftermath of 9/11 incident, Pakistan suffered a lot though the battle ground of terrorism was Afghanistan. The long porous border with its treacherous nature made the terrorists cross the border to Pakistan and took refuge in the tribal areas of Pakistan while some also entered the settled areas of Pakistan and particularly the provinces of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Balochistan but the provinces of Sindh and Punjab also did not remain calm. The most tragic event in the history of the country was the attack on the Army Public School Peshawar that was conducted in the most barbaric way resulting in the martyrdom of innocent students. This event triggered the National Action Plan that had hitherto been in defunct form. The country saw mixed amalgam of peace parleys and initiation of military operations aiming at eliminating terrorism and insurgency. Of all the 8 military operations conducted against the terrorists, Operation Zarb-e-Azab, has been the most successful one in dismantling the networks of terrorists with their sanctuaries. This study was undertaken to find out the causes of turmoil in Afghanistan and its impact on Pakistan. It also focused on analyzing the role of National Counter Terrorism Authority in countering terrorism in Pakistan and the achievements of the National Action Plan. Qualitative method of study comprising both primary and secondary sources were utilized for collecting the data and its analysis. Theoretical Framework was provided by the ‘Borderland Theory’. Findings and Recommendations testify the fact that the Pak- Afghan border should be properly managed and the National Action Plan needs to be implemented in true letter and spirit in the whole country for bringing peaceful law and order situation. List of Abbreviations ANDSF Afghan National Defense and Security Forces ANSF Afghan National Security Forces ANA Afghan National Army ATTA Afghan Transit Trade Agreement ASWAJ Ahle Sunnat Wal Jamaat ATA Anti-terrorism Act AJK Azad Jammu & Kashmir APHC Afghan Peace High Council BSA Bilateral Security Agreement BLA Balochistan Liberation Army CARs Central Asian Republics CCPO Capital City Police Officer CD Compact Disk CEO Chief Executive Officer CFLCTW Cyber Forensic Laboratory Counter Terrorism Wing CIA Central Investigation Agency 9 CJS Criminal Justice System CTD Counter Terrorism Department CRP Comprehensive Response Plan CDP Comprehensive Deterrence Plan CSF Coalition Support Fund CFLCTW Cyber Forensic Laboratory of Counter Terrorism Wing CPEC China-Pakistan Economic Corridor DG Director General DIG Deputy Inspector General of Police DIS Directorate of Internal Security ETIM East Turkmenistan Islamic Movement FC Frontier Corps FC Frontier Constabulary FBI Federal Board of Investigation FCB Frontier Corps Balochistan FMU Financial Monitoring Unit FTO Foreign Terrorist Organization GDP Gross Domestic Fund GWOT Global War on Terror GHQ General Head Quarter GTIJU German-Turkish Islamic Jihad Union HBIED Human Borne Improvised Device HuT Hizb-u-Tahreer IB Intelligence Bureau ICRD International Centre for Religion and Diplomacy IDP Internally Displaced Persons 10 IJU Islamic Jihad Union IMF International Monetary Fund ISIS Islamic State Group or Daesh ISPR Inter Services Public Relations IEDs Improvised Explosive Devices IS Islamic State ISAF International Security Assistance Force ISIL Islamic State in Iraq and Levant ISI Inter-Services Intelligence ISW Institute for the Study of War IMNC Interior Ministry and Narcotics Control IMU Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan IJU Islamic Jihad Union IMNC Interior Ministry and Narcotics Control ISI Inter-services Intelligence ICRD International Centre for Religion and Diplomacy
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