India and Pakistan NiPUN www.nipunindia.in 1 SOME Major Incident in India – Pak Kashmir war-1947 The Karachi Agreement 27th of July 1949. a cease- fire agreement signed by Military Representatives of India and Pakistan Shimla summit, July 2, 1972 Siachen conflict, 1984 Mumbai blasts - 12 March 1993 Nuclear tests in 1998 Lahore Declaration is February 21, 1999, The Lahore Declaration brought addedNiPUN responsibility to both nations' leadership towards avoiding nuclear race 1999 Kargil war- Armed conflict (May and July 1999) Operation Vijay www.nipunindia.in 2 Agra summit 14–16 July 2001 At this meeting, a proposal was made to drastically reduce nuclear arsenals, and other issues involving the Kashmir dispute, and cross-border terrorism. The 2001 Indian Parliament attack Certain confidence-building measures — such as the 2003 2007 Samjhauta Express bombings Mumbai attacks 26 November2008 Pathankot attack 2016 terrorist attack committed on 2 January 2016 by a heavily armed group which attacked the PathankotNiPUNAir Force Station URI Attack 18 soldiers killed in militant attack in Uri Baramulla district on Sep 20, 2016 Surgical Strikes – 29/9/2016www.nipunindia.in 3 Surgical Strikes – 29/9/2016 1. Operation begins around 12.30 am on Wednesday. According to reports, paratroopers from Special Forces were involved. 2. The commandos were airdropped at the LoC, from where they crossed over to the Pakistani side. 3. According to sources, Indian commandos entered three kilometres across the Line of Control to conduct the 'surgical strikes' NiPUN 4. The strikes were carried out in Bhimber, Hotspring, Kel & Lipa sectors, on Pak's side of LoC, www.nipunindia.in 4 Surgical strikes does not mean war Surgical strikes are military operations undertaken by forces across the world to move on the offensive, hit enemy targets and installations, and return to primary positions, all with lightening speed and with the added precaution of suffering limited casualty. Surgical strikes require not just detailed and exhaustiveNiPUN planning but need to be carried out with absolute precision to achieve the objective of taking down targets with either no or minimal collateralwww.nipunindia.in damage 5 Why did India go for this The option of surgical strikes was taken in the wake of increase in infiltration bids , the DGMO informed. Terrorists had begun gathering in large numbers along the LoC with the objective of crossing the border and targeting locations in Jammu and Kashmir, as well asNiPUN other metros. In such a scenario surgical strikes was considered the best option to deal with the threat. www.nipunindia.in 6 India International – UNO Charter give the power for action to all countries in self defense. Neighbor country – Bangladesh, Afghanistan, Nepal, Lanka Global Power – USA, Russia, EU, France, Israel etc INDIA is changingNiPUN the Nature Soft State to Soft Power www.nipunindia.in 7 China Pakistani supporter Russia will instantly try to hold China. In south China sea – Japan, Vietnam, America & Australia. Turkey - Israel - Afghanistan – Turkey is a known ally of Pakistan. Afghanistan will surely prove to be weaker in that region. Turkey will undoubtedly dominate Afghanistan because of which the next entry would be of Israel. Israel will badly defeatNiPUN Turkey Gulf countries Pakistan will beg to Gulf countries including Saudi where they may or may not get help but one thing is sure they'll surely get financialwww.nipunindia.in aid. 8 NiPUN Pakistanwww.nipunindia.inNuclear Weapon9 Pakistan Nuclear program start date 20 January 1972 First nuclear weapon test 28 May 1998 (Chagai-I) First fusion weapon test N/A Last nuclear test 30 May 1998 (Chagai-II) 25–40 kt in 1998 Largest yield test (PAEC claim) Total tests 6 detonations 130 warheads Peak stockpile NiPUN(2016 estimate) Current stockpile (usable and not) 130 warheads Maximum missile range 2,750 km (Shaheen-III) NPT party www.nipunindia.inNo 10 -The TPG succeeded in the earlier implosion-type weapon design in 1977–78, with the first cold test conducted in 1983. -that were eventually used in the Chagai-I tests in 1998. - the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission for feasibility of weapons grade plutonium but parallel efforts were mounted toward weapons-grade uranium after India's test, the Smiling Buddha, in 1974. -On 11 March 1983, PAEC, carried out its first subcritical testing of a working nuclear device. This is also called a cold test,NiPUN and was codenamed Kirana-I. There were 24 more cold tests from 1983–94. -in 1987 that could be delivered by all Pakistan Air Force fighter aircraft www.nipunindia.in 11 India Nuclear Weapons NiPUN www.nipunindia.in 12 Nuclear programme start date 1967 First nuclear 18 May 1974 weapon test First fusion 11 May 1998 weapon test Most recent test 13 May 1998 Largest-yield test 20-60kt total Number of tests to date 6 Peak stockpile 110 - 120 Current stockpile NiPUN110 - 120 Maximum missile range 5,000-5,800 km (Agni-V) NPT Party www.nipunindia.in No 13 -India possesses weapons of mass destruction in the form of nuclear weapons and, in the past, chemical weapons. -Though India has not made any official statements about the size of its nuclear arsenal, recent estimates suggest that India has 110 nuclear weapons -India is not a signatory to the 1968 Nuclear Non- Proliferation Treaty (NPT) -India has signed and ratified the Biological Weapons Convention and the ChemicalNiPUN Weapons Convention. -India is also a member of the Missile Technology Control Regime and a subscribing state to the Hague Code of Conduct. www.nipunindia.in 14 Biological Weapons No information exists in the public domain suggesting interest by the Indian government in delivery of biological agents by these or any other means. in October 2002, the then President Dr. A. P. J. Abdul KalamNiPUNasserted that "India will not make biological weapons. It is cruel to human beings". www.nipunindia.in 15 Chemical Weapons -In 1992, India signed the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC), ratified it on 2 September 1996. -In June 1997, India declared its stock of chemical (1,045 tonnes of sulphur mustard). -By the end of 2006 - April 2009, India had destroyed more than 75 percent - India informed the United Nations in May 2009, This was cross-checked by inspectors of the United Nations. With this India has become third country after South Korea and Albania to do so. - India has an advanced commercial chemical industry, and produces the bulk of its NiPUNown chemicals for domestic consumption (civilian chemical and pharmaceutical industry) and annually exports to countries such as the United Kingdom, United States andwww.nipunindia.in Taiwan. 16 Nuclear weapons started on March 1944 and its three-stage efforts in technology were established by Dr. Homi Bhabha when he founded the nuclear research centre, the Institute of Fundamental Research. India's loss of territory to in October 1962, provided the New DelhiNiPUN government impetus for developing nuclear weapons as a means of deterring potential Chinese aggression. www.nipunindia.in 17 Nuclear disarmament 1948: create an Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) 1952: four-year plan to begin developing India's nuclear infrastructure. 1954: The Indian government creates the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE), which takes over the execution of Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) policies. 1955: Britain provides India with six kilograms of enriched uranium fuel rods, The Atomic Energy Commission of the United States agrees to sell ten tons of heavy water to India for use in the nuclear research reactor 1956: Canada agrees to NiPUNsupply India with half the initial uranium fuel required for the CIRUS research reactor,33 and the United States agrees to sell 18.9 tons of heavy water for the reactor. www.nipunindia.in 18 October 6, 1961: India signs an agreement with the Soviet Union. September 21, 1962: The Indian government enacts the Atomic Energy Act of 1962, which allows for enhanced secrecy and mandates central governmental control over atomic energy. August 8, 1963: United States and the Government of India Concerning the Civil Uses of Atomic Energy is signed. The United States will supply two 200MW reactors. 1963: India concludes cooperation agreements with Denmark and Poland. October 16, 1964: China conducts a test of a nuclear weapon. December 1966: The United States, India, and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) sign an agreement allowing the United States to supply a small amount of plutonium to India for research purposes. October 6, 1967: India will notNiPUN sign the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) www.nipunindia.in 19 India first tested a nuclear device in 1974 (code-named "Smiling Buddha"), which it called a "peaceful nuclear explosion." The test used plutonium produced in the Canadian- supplied CIRUS reactor, and raised concerns that nuclear technology supplied forNiPUN peaceful purposes could be diverted to weapons purposes. www.nipunindia.in 20 Controversy regarding the yield - with unclear data provided by Indian sources, although Indian politicians have given the country's press a range from 2 kt to 20 kt. Analysts usually estimate the yield at 4 to 6 kt International reaction -This also stimulated the early work of the Nuclear Suppliers Group. -Canada and United States reacted negatively, -France sent a congratulatory telegram to India but later withdrewNiPUN it - Pakistan's Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto vowed “nuclear blackmail" or accept "Indian hegemony or domination over the subcontinent". www.nipunindia.in 21 Pokhran-II consisted India performed of five detonations, further nuclear tests in of which the first was 1998 (code-named a fusion bomb . "Operation Shakti". originally they were called Operation Shakti– 98 (Power–98), the five nuclear bombs were designated NiPUN Shakti-I through Shakti-V. Period11–13 May 1998Number of tests5 www.nipunindia.in 22 International reactions United States The United States issued a strong statement condemning India and promised that sanctions would follow.