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Online Territories of Terror – How Jihadist Movements Project Influence on the Internet and Why It Matters Off- Line“

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DISSERTATION Titel der Dissertation “Online Territories of Terror – How Jihadist Movements Project Influence on the Internet and Why it Matters Off- line“ Verfasser Mag. phil. Nico Prucha angestrebter akademischer Grad Doktor der Philosophie (Dr. phil.) Wien, 2015 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt: A 092 385 Dissertationsgebiet lt. Studienblatt: Arabistik Betreuer: Univ.-Prof. Dr. Rüdiger Lohlker Table of Contents INTRODUCING THE ONLINE TERRITORIES OF TERROR 6 JIHADIST INNOVATION AND LEARNING BY ADAPTING TO THE ‘NEW’ AND ‘SOCIAL MEDIA’ ZEITGEIST 19 THE VALUE OF THE INTERNET FOR STRATEGIC COMMUNICATION 31 SOCIAL MEDIA AND ICONOGRAPHY – THE VISUAL LITERACY OF IDEOLOGY WITHIN THE REACH OF A MOUSE CLICK 39 THE EVERYDAY JIHAD ON THE INTERNET 47 CELEBRITIES OF THE AFTERLIFE: DEATH CULT, STARS, AND FANDOM OF JIHADIST PROPAGANDA ON THE INTERNET 57 ON JIHADI MEDIA ACTIVISTS AND NEW MARTYR ROLE MODELS 59 VARIOUS MARTYR TYPES AS ROLE MODELS 61 THE NEW MARTYRS OF THE INTERNET – THE DEATH OF AQ’S SECOND-IN- COMMAND, ABU YAHYA AL-LIBI, EULOGIZED BY AYMAN AL-ZAWAHIRI 63 ELEMENTS OF THE MARTYR STORIES – WONDROUS TALES (KARAMAT) BY ‘ABDALLAH ‘AZZAM 69 INTERSECTIONS – THE THEOLOGICAL MAKING OF THE “MEDIA SHAHID” 80 ONLINE MARTYRS AND FANDOM DEATH CULT 83 THE MARTYRDOM OF THE MEDIA MUJAHID MU’AWIYYA ‘ABD AL-QAHHAR BELHAJJ 85 THE FOUNDERS, PIONEERS AND ACTORS OF THE EARLY ELECTRONIC MEDIA FRONTIER – ABU A’ID AL-FILASTINI 87 ABU ‘UMAR – THE NEW ROLE MODEL OF THE “MEDIA MARTYR” 99 THE MARTYRDOM OF THE MUNSHID OF THE AL-SHUMUKH FORUM 105 ABU QASURA AL-LIBI – FIGHTING AGAINST AL-QADHDHAFI TO DIE IN AL-ASSAD’S SYRIA. 108 A NEW GENERATION OF SHUHADA’ – PATHWAYS AND INTERSECTIONS OF THE ON- AND OFFLINE WORLDS 114 JIHADIST AGITPROP ONLINE AND NEW MEDIA STRATEGIES 117 THE ‘ARAB SPRING’ AS A RENAISSANCE FOR AQ AFFILIATES IN A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 120 THE ROLE OF SOCIAL MEDIA IN DEFINING THE RULES OF ENGAGEMENT FOR JIHADI CONFLICTS 136 DIVIDING THE SPOILS OF WAR – Q&A ON FACEBOOK 138 “FATAWA AL-MINBAR: QUESTIONS FROM #AL-SHAM REGARDING THE #LEGAL RULING ON #PRISONERS AND #BOOTY?” BY ABU’ L-MUNDHIR AL-SHINQITHI 141 MEDIATING HISTORICAL SOURCES TO SANCTION PHYSICAL PUNISHMENT 147 1 THE BIRTH OF A JIHADIST AND SALAFIST SCENE IN GERMANY – 2005 ONWARDS 153 COMMUNICATING JIHAD 156 FRAMING AND DATA SELECTION 158 BRIDGING THE GAPS – ONLINE AND OFFLINE RADICAL MILIEUS 164 THE CASE OF MUHAMMAD MAHMUD – FOUNDER OF THE GERMAN GLOBAL ISLAMIC MEDIA FRONT 168 FROM SYRIA WITH LOVE: A GERMAN VOICE FOR THE GLOBAL ISLAMIC MEDIA FRONT 180 “METICULOUS ANSWERS” BY THE MIGRANT AID WORKER AND MUJAHID 186 ISLAM IS LIKE A TREE. JIHAD IS THE CROWN AND THE ANSAR (SUPPORTERS) ARE LIKE A BRANCH 189 A PLEDGE OF ALLEGIANCE TO ISIS: WHY JOIN AND FIGHT FOR THE ISLAMIC STATE 191 NEW JIHADIS ON THE BLOCK: SYRIA AS THE MAIN BASE OF FIGHTING AND FILMING 198 THE CAPTURING AND EXECUTION OF THE “MEDIA SHABIHA”, STATEMENT NO. 41 206 THE KILLING OF THE DIRECTOR OF THE POLITICAL MEDIA BUREAU, STATEMENT NO. 49 209 AN EYE FOR AN EYE: PUNISHING ALAWITES AS REVENGE FOR USE OF CHEMICAL WEAPONS BY THE REGIME 211 THE LIQUIDATION OF THE PREACHER BADR WAHIB GHAZAL, “THE ALAWITE MUFTI OF LATAKIA” 213 THE SECOND AN EYE FOR AN EYE OPERATION: THE KILLING OF SHABIHA BY MAJOR MARTYRDOM OPERATIONS 216 CAPITALIZING ON SECTARIANISM: REVENGE OPERATIONS IN THE REGION OF DAR’A 218 REPENTANCE FOR SUNNIS FIGHTING WITH ASSAD – EXECUTION IN THE MAINFRAME OF THE ISLAMIC STATE 219 ENTER THE ‘JIHADI TWITTERSPHERE’ 230 TWITTER ACTIVISM AND JIHADI SUPPORTERS 232 WHAT ARE THEY SHARING? 233 AQ’S SYRIAN STAKEHOLDER JABHAT AL-NUSRA ON TWITTER 234 DATASETS OF JABHAT AL-NUSRA ON TWITTER 243 CASE STUDIES OF THREE PROMINENT USERS 245 LINKS ON YOUTUBE 252 SAMPLES OF THE TEN MOST SHARED SHORTLINKS 254 THE TOP FOUR SHARED SHORTLINKS OF JABHAT AL-NUSRA IN A SMALL SCALE SAMPLE 260 2 THE TURKISH-CHECHEN NETWORK IN THE SYRIAN CONTEXT OF TWITTER ACTIVISM 261 ABORTING IED ATTACKS TO PRESERVE THE SACROSANCT BLOOD OF MUSLIMS – YOUTUBE CLIPS AS PART OF AN IDEOLOGICAL CLUSTER NETWORK 268 RULES OF ENGAGEMENT – LESSONS LEARNED FROM IRAQ AND ALGERIA FOR THE JIHAD IN SYRIA 272 THE APRIL AND DECEMBER 2007 SUICIDE BOMBINGS IN ALGERIA AS A PRECEDENT FOR JIHADIST RULES OF ENGAGEMENT 274 THE CASE OF ALGERIA – ABU AL-HASAN RASHID AND THE RESPONSE TO QUESTIONS REGARDING THE 11 APRIL SUICIDE ATTACKS IN ALGIERS 277 INTRODUCING ATTIYATULLAH AL-LIBI: THE ONLINE JIHADI SUPERSTAR 286 DEATH FROM ABOVE: DRONE STRIKES AND ABU YAHYA AL-LIBI’S MAINFRAME TO OPERATIONALIZE SHARI’A CONDUCT 300 DRONE STRIKES IN YEMEN AND THE RESPONSE ON TWITTER 305 DRONE STRIKES AND SPIES AMONG US – TELEVISING CONFESSIONS AND EXECUTIONS 312 GUNS ON THE ROOF: THE ACTION-REACTION SYMBIOSIS OF VIOLENCE 328 OPERATIONAL RADIUS OF SPIES: PENETRATING ISLAMIC HOUSES 334 TREASON AMONG THE ROWS OF THE BELIEVERS: THE CASE OF HATIB B. ABI BALTA’A AS AN ANALOGY TO MODERN SPIES 344 HATIB BIN ABU BALTA’A – THE FIRST MUSLIM SPY? 354 “THE RULING ON KILLING THE SPY WHO POSES AS A MUSLIM” – DIGGING INTO ABU YAHYA’S MINDSET 357 OPERATIONALIZATION AND INTERNALIZATION OF IDEOLOGY – THE INTERSECTION OF ONLINE GUIDELINES BY ABU YAHYA AND THE IMPACT IN THE OFFLINE 361 THE ROLE OF TWITTER AND THE MOST IMPORTANT ACCOUNTS TO FOLLOW – BY ADVICE OF A SHUMUKH AL-ISLAM FORUM MEMBER 366 TWITTER AS THE “ELECTRONIC RIBAT” – A NOTE ON THE TERM “RIBAT” IN CONTEMPORARY JIHADIST MIND-SET 366 TYPES OF ACCOUNT IMPORTANT FOR JIHAD AND THE MUJAHIDIN ON TWITTER 368 “THE MOST IMPORTANT JIHADIST SITES AND SUPPORT FOR JIHAD AND THE MUJAHIDIN ON TWITTER” 370 ENGAGED FOLLOWERS OF ‘IMPORTANT JIHADI’ ACCOUNTS 378 RELATIONAL DYNAMICS 381 KEY NODES IN THE NETWORK 384 INFORMATION FLOW 391 KEY ACTOR ANALYSIS 393 BIBLIOGRAPHY 397 3 For my father 4 I am grateful and indebted to my family, friends and colleagues who have supported and inspired my work. I would like to thank the patient supervisor of this doctoral thesis in particular. Not only has Rüdiger Lohlker by his supervision and with his meticulous methodology sharpened my eyes and ears for the Arabic use in general, but also for the jihadist slang and rhetoric especially, allowing me a deeper insight into the theme and the ability of ‘translating terror’. Ali Fisher has shared his insight and worked on data sets for this doctoral thesis, allowing me to further the analysis and showcase findings by visualized data. For his never-ending support and good spirited help I thank Ali. I am obliged to Alex P. Schmid, a thoughtful adviser with an always-open ear, for his support and for including me in project work he contracted. Conveying knowledge in a pedagogical fashion is needed in the field of studying terrorism; I have had the privilege to take my lessons in this important regard from Alex in many occasions. Harald Weilnböck enabled me to share aspects of my knowledge with people that matter, ranging from street workers engaged in the field to interact with juveniles to policymakers that seek an understanding of the wider phenomena of radicalisation and the role the Internet may play. I am indebted to him for his support and his always- helping hand. Of the many people I want to thank, I am deeply grateful to C. Holland Taylor for showing me the richness of Islam and spirituality – an essence one may forget when solely engaged in dealing with extremist propaganda and content. Judith Tinnes, who has written a masterful doctoral thesis on the jihadi use of the virtual world has shared her insight – and material – with me for years. For her always friendly feedback and support I am highly grateful. I am thankful to Maura Conway, Lisa McInerney and Daniela Pisoiu for facilitating the possibility to continue my work in an academic environment, for the exchange and for their comprising support. Furthermore, I am indebted to Robert Wesley, Martin Kahl, Pia Lichtblau, Laurent Ziegler, Karin Wey, Joshua Sinai, Magnus Ranstorp, Joas Wagemakers, Kamal Allabwani, Peter Neumann, John Bew, Shiraz Maher, Alexander Meleagrou-Hitchens, Waleed Bonni and Jamal El Freji. Maja Ruscher is entitled for my special thanks, without her commitment and goodwill of support this thesis would never have been realised. Last and certainly not least, my gratitude is for Elisabeth and Jonathan. This work would not have been possible without them. Despite the ‘dark’ and bloody nature of especially the jihadist videos, Elisabeth and Jonathan are the countering balances whose understanding, patience, humor and thoughtfulness allows me to continue my work. 5 Introducing The Online Territories of Terror Oh my companions, male and female, don’t just study shari’a (Islamic law) or merely by clever at reading, writing and telling stories (about religion). In the end, this will lead to nothing but misery. Many who memorize the Qur’an and hadith love to condemn other people as infidels while ignoring their own infidelity (to God) their hearts and minds still mired in filth easily seduced by anger and passion amid the glittering temptations of this world jealous and envious of their neighbor’s possessions for their hearts are full of darkness and contemptible.1 H.E. Kyai Haji Abdurrahman Wahid (Gus Dur) Jihadist groups have aggressively expanded their use of social media including Twitter, Google+, Facebook, and YouTube, to disseminate a sophisticated blend of audio-visual media that is intended to attract fighters and fundraisers to the cause. This material on social media platforms produces a persistent and interconnected multiplatform zeitgeist, which is constantly updated by the media mujahidin (pl.). The media departments – or the designated individual media mujahid (sg.) – facilitate all means possible to transport, broadcast and thus project strategic influence by enabling individuals worldwide to tune into the jihadist monopoly of truth.
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