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2002 Season Report SEARCHING FOR ISLAMIC JARASH A report on the 2002 field season of the Danish–Jordanian Islamic Jarash Project Alan Walmsley Islamic Art and Archaeology Carsten Niebuhr Institute The University of Copenhagen HE MONUMENTAL ARCHITECTURE Lacking, however, in this impressively of Jarash (Gerasa), erected with long cultural record is the later history of T great extravagance during the the site; that is, the period following the period of Roman rule, readily impresses non‐violent Islamic Conquest of 634–640. many visitors to the site. Yet, the history It is precisely this vacuous historical of Jarash as a major city extends well period that the Islamic Jarash Project – a beyond the Roman age (first to early third joint endeavour between the Department centuries AD). In particular, Jarash’s many of Antiquities of Jordan and the Carsten early Christian churches, often decorated Niebuhr Institute of the University of with brightly coloured mosaics, reveal a Copenhagen – sets out to address in a vibrant Late Antique culture, as does the comprehensive program of research and wonderful series of vividly painted plates excavation. known as ‘Jarash Bowls’. The Islamic Jarash Report on the Page Project, Jordan 2002 Season 2 Islamic Jarash: the problem In these sources, which served as handbooks on the cities and routes of the dentifying and understanding the Islamic empire for government officials I civic features and urban nature of based in Baghdad, Jarash was listed as an Jarash in the formative centuries administrative district (kûrah) in the Jund following the Islamic Conquest has not al‐Urdunn. A jund was a military province been satisfactorily accomplished. Conven‐ established after the Islamic Conquest to tional wisdom among earlier generations of Western archaeologists argued that the formerly magnificent ‘Classical’ city of Roman Gerasa was, by the mid‐eighth century CE, in its death throws after years of relentless decline, urban decay and abandonment. In recent decades, the scholarly reconsideration of both new and old data drawn from a range of historical, archaeological and numismatic sources has increasingly supported the view that there ought to have been a significant – and probably important – early Islamic settlement at Jarash. However, the extent and precise nature of Islamic occupation at the site has not been properly understood nor explained. 1. The Written Sources Fig. 1. The geographical extent of the Jund al- Urdunn in the early Islamic period (Walmsley) The first clear indication for a continuing support the army. In addition to Jarash, social and administrative role for Jarash is there were eight other district centres in preserved in the written accounts of four the Jund al‐Urdunn, all of which were authoritative ‘Abbâsid‐period sources answerable to Tabariyah (Tiberias), the dating to the third century Hijra (ninth provincial capital (Fig. 1). The jund century AD). These works are: extended to the strategic naval ports of 1. Ibn Khurdâdhbih (211–300/826–913), Akkâ and Sûr (Tyre) on the Mediter‐ Kitâb al‐Masâlik wa’l‐Mamâlik 78.8 ranean Sea. Jarash was located in the (published 232/847, redaction southeast corner of the Jund al‐Urdunn, 272/885–6); and abutted against the important 2. al‐Balâdhurî (d. 279/892), Kitâb Futûh district(s) of ‘Ammân/al‐Balqâ’ in the al‐Buldân 116.19; extensive province of the Jund Dimashq. 3. al‐Ya‘qûbî (d. 284/897), Kitâb al‐Buldân 115/327.22 (published 278/891); and Apart from recording the official role 4. Ibn Faqîh, Kitâb al‐Buldân 116.16 of the city, the ‘Abbâsid sources pay scant (published c. 290/903). attention to Jarash. However, a little later the geographer al‐Maqdisî (al‐Muqaddasî, The Islamic Jarash Report on the Page Project, Jordan 2002 Season 3 d. 1000) of Jerusalem (Bayt al‐Maqdis), G.L. Harding between 1937 and 1940. who wrote about 985 under Fâtimid The quarter probably dated to after hegemony, placed the region north of the the reign of the Byzantine emperor wâdî Zarqâ’ called ‘Jabal Jarash’ in the Maurice Tiberias (582–602), based on district of al‐Urdunn, which had Adhri’ât a coin hoard recovered during the (Dera‘â) as its chief town (Kitâb Ahsân at‐ excavation. Fallen architraves were Taqasîm fî Ma‘rifat al‐Aqalîm 162.5‐6). He incorporated into the house walls, described the region as being populated suggesting their construction after an with many villages, and producing honey, earthquake. Water was pressure‐feed olives and different types of fruit, to a central fountain by pottery especially grapes. The agricultural piping in two channels cut into the productivity of the district, remarked al‐ paving entering from the north and Maqdisi, was a major contributor to the the west. wealth of Tabariyah, the provincial 2. Further housing built over the Cardo capital. However, while al‐Maqdisi was a between the Oval Piazza and the native of Jerusalem, and travelled widely, South Tetrakonia, and around the his knowledge of this region seems vague, South Tetrakonia, ‘cleared away’ by suggesting he never went there himself. the Yale/British School/American 2. Archaeological Sources School Mission (hereafter Yale Joint Mission) to Jarash during 1933–1934 While extensive archaeological activity and Harding in 1937–1940. has taken place at Jarash over the last seventy‐five years, this work has tradi‐ tionally focused on the Classical and early Christian monuments. Nevertheless, the excavations also uncovered – mostly by chance – a significant Islamic presence at the site. Yet in spite of nearly three‐ quarters of a century’s work, no comprehensive picture has been formed of the main urban features and physical extent of the early Islamic settlement. Briefly, evidence has been found in the following areas of the site, and is chiefly domestic, commercial or industrial in nature (this sample list is based on available published material). No major public structures were properly identified by this work (for none, in any case, were expected by the excavators). Fig. 2. The Umayyad ‘housing’ at Jarash, excavated by the Polish team of the Jerash 1. An extensive domestic quarter built Archaeological Project in 1982 and 1983. View to over the ‘Oval Piazza’ and cleared by the southeast. The Islamic Jarash Report on the Page Project, Jordan 2002 Season 4 3. Umayyad structures located north of 5. Other potters’ kilns spread over many the South Decumanus, west of the parts of the site, including a massive South Tetrakonia, consisting of shops industrial complex in the temenos of along the street front and, behind the ruined Artemis Temple (Fig. 3), them, a ‘house’ with rooms placed numerous kilns in and around the either side of an open court (Fig. 2). North Theatre and its portico, the Later, the ‘house’ was subdivided and Macellum (industrial, but perhaps not the shops converted into another potters?), and in front of the Temple ‘house’ (late eighth century). After an of Zeus compound. Moulded ceramic earthquake, the area was converted lamps were a common product (see into a potters’ workshop (ninth Fig. 24A), at times with inscriptions in century). Kufic Arabic mentioning the potter’s 4. Another domestic quarter west of St name and Jarash as the place of Theodore’s church, also with a later manufacture. kiln. Fig. 4. The mosaic floor in the Church of SS Cosmas and Damianus. Jarash’s churches continued uninterrupted after the Islamic Conquest, serving the predominantly Christian population of the town. 6. Continued use of Jarash’s many churches as religious establishments, especially the triple churches of John the Baptist, St George, and popular SS Cosmas and Damianus (Fig. 4), and the subdivision of space within the common atrium of these three churches. There was also use of the Synagogue Church and SS Peter and Fig. 3. A potters’ workshop of the Umayyad Paul, the latter possibly an Umayyad period, built in the temenos of the Artemis temple (background), a discarded urban monument since construction. Evidence for the the adoption of Christianity in the Roman world removal of images from church during the fourth century. Surplus urban space was commonly used for commercial purposed in mosaics at Jarash reveals the late antiquity and early Islamic times. continuing operation of these buildings well into ‘Abbâsid times, The Islamic Jarash Report on the Page Project, Jordan 2002 Season 5 during which time the iconoclastic and new interpretations of the character movement swept the Eastern Church, of human settlement in towns have and strongly influenced the Christian aggressively questioned this naïve communities located in regions under assumption. Rather, attention has turned Islamic hegemony. No churches to seeking a more comprehensive showed evidence of conversion into a understanding of urban change in late mosque. antiquity and the first Islamic centuries. 7. Two blacksmiths’ shops, one at the 3. Numismatic Sources South Tetrakonia and another occupying two modified shops up the The identification in the 1980s of copper Cardo between the Cathedral Propy‐ coins issued by the mint of Jarash in both laeum and the Nymphaeum. the Pre‐Reform and Post‐Reform series 8. Ongoing urban activity in the Baths marked a major step forward in the of Placcus and adjacent shops next to recognition of the town as a significant the Cathedral Church, where twenty‐ Islamic centre (Fig. 4). While the subject of three ‘Arabic’ coins were found much recent research, Umayyad coinage, during excavation. and especially the Pre‐Reform types, is still poorly understood. For instance, it is 9. Continuing occupation in the Clergy not clear why some of the district towns House of St Theodore’s church, with were authorized to issue coins and others ten ‘Arabic’ coins identified. not, but to some degree it must indicate 10. The recent reanalysis of the upper varying levels of administrative seniority. occupation levels in the Macellum on the Cardo has identified a major Islamic presence.
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