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MAMLU±K STUDIES REVIEW XI (1) 2007 MIDDLE EAST DOCUMENTATION CENTER (MEDOC) THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PLEASE NOTE: As of 2015, to ensure open access to scholarship, we have updated and clarified our copyright policies. This page has been added to all back issues to explain the changes. See http://mamluk.uchicago.edu/open-acess.html for more information. MAMLŪK STUDIES REVIEW published by the middle east documentation center (medoc) the university of chicago E-ISSN 1947-2404 (ISSN for printed volumes: 1086-170X) Mamlūk Studies Review is an annual, Open Access, refereed journal devoted to the study of the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt and Syria (648–922/1250–1517). The goals ofMamlūk Studies Review are to take stock of scholarship devoted to the Mamluk era, nurture communication within the field, and promote further research by encouraging the critical discussion of all aspects of this important medieval Islamic polity. The journal includes both articles and reviews of recent books. Submissions of original work on any aspect of the field are welcome, although the editorial board will periodically issue volumes devoted to specific topics and themes.Mamlūk Studies Review also solicits edited texts and translations of shorter Arabic source materials (waqf deeds, letters,fatawa and the like), and encourages discussions of Mamluk era artifacts (pottery, coins, etc.) that place these resources in wider contexts. An article or book review in Mamlūk Studies Review makes its author a contributor to the scholarly literature and should add to a constructive dialogue. Questions regarding style should be resolved through reference to the MSR Editorial and Style Guide (http://mamluk.uchicago.edu/msr.html) and The Chicago Manual of Style. Transliterated Middle Eastern languages should conform to the system utilized by the Library of Congress (see the conversion chart near the end of this volume). The Style Guide covers Unicode fonts and diacritical marks, specifications for photos, maps and other graphics, text formatting, and other matters. Please read it carefully. Articles which diverge widely from the guidelines may not be accepted, and graphics which do not meet the requirements may not be usable. Submissions may be made by emailing the editor at the address below. Please contact the editor with questions about format, graphics or other matters before sending the article. OPEN ACCESS Mamlūk Studies Review is an Open Access publication. We believe that free and open access to scholarship benefits everyone. Open Access means that users, whether individual readers or institutions, are able to access articles and other content in Mamlūk Studies Review at no charge. All content published in Mamlūk Studies Review will be immediately and permanently free for anyone to use. Content in Mamlūk Studies Review is copyrighted by its authors and published under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC-BY), which explicitly grants anyone permission to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, use, or link to the work, as long as users properly cite the author(s) and Mamlūk Studies Review. Please contact the editor regarding uses which may fall outside of this description. For more information, please see http://mamluk.uchicago.edu/msr.html. CONTACT All communications should be sent to: The Editor,Mamlūk Studies Review, 5828 South University Avenue, 201 Pick Hall, Chicago, IL 60637, USA. The editor can be contacted by email at msaleh@ uchicago.edu. The logo that appears on the cover and title page was created by John E. Woods. Readers of Mamlūk Studies Review are encouraged to visit MEDOC’s websites, including http://guides.lib.uchicago.edu/mideast and http://mamluk.uchicago.edu. These sites provide links to back issues of this journal, The Chicago Online Bibliography of Mamluk Studies (a fully searchable database of thousands of primary and secondary sources), and other Mamluk Studies resources created and maintained by MEDOC. The site also has information about subscribing to the Mamluk listserv, an open forum for discussing all aspects of the history and culture of the Mamluk Sultanate. The Editors of Mamlūk Studies Review encourage readers to use the listserv to comment upon and discuss issues raised in the journal.. This work is made available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC-BY). Mamlūk Studies Review is an Open Access journal. See http://mamluk.uchicago.edu/msr.html for more information. MAMLU±K STUDIES REVIEW Published by the MIDDLE EAST DOCUMENTATION CENTER (MEDOC) THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO Mamluk≠ Studies Review is a biannual refereed journal devoted to the study of the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt and Syria (648–922/1250–1517). It appears in January and July. The goals of Mamlu≠k Studies Review are to take stock of scholarship devoted to the Mamluk era, nurture communication within the field, and promote further research by encouraging the critical discussion of all aspects of this important medieval Islamic polity. The journal includes both articles and reviews of recent books. Submissions of original work on any aspect of the field are welcome, although the editorial board will periodically issue volumes devoted to specific topics and themes. Mamlu≠k Studies Review also solicits edited texts and translations of shorter Arabic source materials (waqf deeds, letters, fata≠wá and the like), and encourages discussions of Mamluk era artifacts (pottery, coins, etc.) that place these resources in wider contexts. Transliterated Middle Eastern languages should conform to the system utilized by the Library of Congress. All questions regarding style should be resolved through reference to The Chicago Manual of Style, 14th edition. Submissions should be composed with current word-processing software, and if possible should use a Unicode font, such as Charis SIL (see the website below for further information). Submissions may be made via email, but authors must also send a printed copy and a labeled CD-ROM which includes the article, all figures and illustrations, and any special fonts used. Articles which diverge widely from format and style guidelines may not be accepted, and illustrations which do not meet the requirements set forth by the editors may not be usable. Readers of Mamlu≠k Studies Review are encouraged to visit MEDOC's websites, including http://www.lib.uchicago.edu/e/su/mideast and http://mamluk.uchicago.edu. These sites provide links to The Chicago Online Bibliography of Mamluk Studies, a fully searchable database of thousands of primary and secondary sources, and The Chicago Online Encyclopedia of Mamluk Studies, as well as other resources created and maintained by MEDOC. The Mamlu≠k Studies Review page provides authors with editorial and style guidelines, instructions for creating and submitting illustrations, and information on using Unicode fonts for composition. The site also has information about subscribing to the Mamluk listserv, an open forum for discussing all aspects of the history and culture of the Mamluk Sultanate. The Editors of Mamlu≠k Studies Review encourage readers to use the listserv to comment upon and discuss issues raised in MSR. ISSN 1086-170X. Copyright O©2007 Middle East Documentation Center, The University of Chicago. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, electronic, photocopying or otherwise, without permission in writing from the Middle East Documentation Center. The logo that appears on the cover and title page was created by John E. Woods. Olaf Nelson provided valuable technical assistance in producing the volume. All communications should be sent to: The Editor, Mamlu≠k Studies Review, 5828 South University Avenue, 201 Pick Hall, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA. The editor can be contacted by email at brcr @ uchicago.edu. This issue can be downloaded at http://mamluk.uchicago.edu/MamlukStudiesReview_XI-1_2007.pdf MAMLU±K STUDIES REVIEW Editor BRUCE D. CRAIG, The University of Chicago Associate Editor MARLIS J. SALEH, The University of Chicago Editorial Board REUVEN AMITAI, Hebrew University of Jerusalem DORIS BEHRENS-ABOUSEIF, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London W. W. CLIFFORD, The University of Chicago LI GUO, University of Notre Dame TH. EMIL HOMERIN, University of Rochester R. STEPHEN HUMPHREYS, University of California, Santa Barbara DONALD P. LITTLE, McGill University JOHN L. MELOY, American University of Beirut CARL F. PETRY, Northwestern University WARREN C. SCHULTZ, DePaul University BETHANY J. WALKER, Grand Valley State University JOHN E. WOODS, The University of Chicago This issue can be downloaded at http://mamluk.uchicago.edu/MamlukStudiesReview_XI-1_2007.pdf The Bruce D. Craig Prize for Mamluk Studies The Bruce D. Craig Prize, carrying a cash award of $1,000, is given annually by Mamlu≠k Studies Review for the best dissertation on a topic related to the Mamluk Sultanate submitted to an American or Canadian university during the preceding calendar year. In the event no dissertations are submitted, or none is deemed to merit the prize, no prize will be awarded. To be considered for the 2007 Prize, dissertations must be defended by December 31, 2007, and submitted to the Prize Committee by January 31, 2008. Submissions should be sent to: Chair, Prize Committee Mamlu≠k Studies Review The University of Chicago Pick Hall 201 5828 S. University Avenue Chicago, IL 60637 Previous Prize Winners: 2004: Tamar el-Leithy, Princeton University, "Coptic Culture and Conversion in Medieval Cairo: 1293–1524." 2005: Zayde G. Antrim, Harvard University, “Place and Belonging in Medieval Syria, 6th/12th to 8th/14th Centuries.” This issue can be downloaded at http://mamluk.uchicago.edu/MamlukStudiesReview_XI-1_2007.pdf Preface This volume of Mamlu≠k Studies Review is dedicated to the Mamluk provinces, highlighting the rich and diverse lines of inquiry currently being used by scholars working in Bila≠d al-Sha≠m. While the methodologies and source material used by the authors of the articles in this issue vary considerably, they all share an appreciation for the rural dimension, particularly that of the imperial frontier, and emphasize local and regional cultures and identities.
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  • The Financial Reforms of Sultan Qaytbay (MSR XIII.1, 2009)

    The Financial Reforms of Sultan Qaytbay (MSR XIII.1, 2009)

    IGARASHI DAISUKE UNIVERSITY OF TOKYO The Financial Reforms of Sultan Qāytbāy The expansion of the Ottoman Empire from the middle of the ninth/fifteenth century redrew the power map in northern Syria and eastern Anatolia, threatening the hegemony of the Mamluk sultanate over the region. It also threatened the security of the sultanate, which had traditionally employed a defensive strategy of subordinating local rulers under its authority to protect its border areas. Because of frequent military conflicts with the Dulkadir (Dhū al-Qādir), Aqquyunlu, and the Ottomans which arose after 870/1455–56, the Mamluk sultanate suffered from a massive manpower and fiscal burden. Accordingly, combined with the dysfunction of the superannuated governmental machinery, the Mamluk sultanate entered a period of profound crisis wherein constant structural, political, and economic instability ensued for half a century until the Ottoman conquest of Egypt in 922/1517. 1 Under these circumstances, al-Ashraf Qāytbāy (r. 872–901/1468–96) and al- Ashraf Qānṣūh al-Ghawrī (r. 906–22/1501–16), two prominent sultans in the late Mamluk era, made persistent efforts to bolster the regime throughout their long reigns. They took two courses of action—reconstruction of the existing state machinery and adoption of new military and financial measures to overcome the crisis. Carl F. Petry’s works have revealed the military innovation of introducing firearms and establishing waqfs (religious endowments) as financial resources sustaining the policy. 2 Miura Toru, who has studied Damascus in this period, suggests that the adoption of a new financial policy imposing taxes on private © The Middle East Documentation Center.