Eugénio Luís Da Costa Almeida Fundamentalismo E

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Eugénio Luís Da Costa Almeida Fundamentalismo E UNIVERSIDADE TÉCNICA DE LISBOA INSTITUTO SUPERIOR DE CIÊNCIAS SOCIAIS E POLÍTICAS MESTRADO EM RELAÇÕES INTERNACIONAIS (Vertente “ Sistema Internacional) EUGÉNIO LUÍS DA COSTA ALMEIDA FUNDAMENTALISMO E TOLERÂNCIA POLÍTICO - RELIGIOSA EM ÁFRICA (Repercussões n as Relações Externas do Continente Africano) Dissertação elaborada sob orientação pedagógica do Professor Doutor António Costa de Albuquerque de Sousa Lara Lisboa, Outubro 2000 NOME: Eugénio Luís da Costa Almeida CURSO DE MESTRADO: Relaçõ es Internacionais – variante Sistema Internacional ORIENTADOR: Professor Doutor António Costa de Albuquerque de Sousa Lara DATA: 16 de Outubro de 2000 TÍTULO: FUNDAMENTALISMO E TOLERÂNCIA POLÍTICO - RELIGIOSA (REPERCUSSÕES NAS RELAÇÕES EXTERNAS DO CONTINENT E AFRICANO) RESUMO: A dissertação, que ora se resume, aborda as políticas sociais, militares e religiosas e as suas influências nos conflitos e nas políticas externas do Continente africano. O trabalho foi dividido em quatro partes: Introdução antropol ógica, histórica e politológica , onde se examina a evolução dos africanos desde as suas raízes antropológicas à II Guerra Mundial; A emergência da politologia em África , que analisa a génese da politologia africana, desde o nascimento da Libéria e do Garve yismo à Descolonização africana; Os fundamentalismos e as diferentes tolerâncias , a parte nuclear do trabalho, que aborda três grandes ramos ecuménicos (cristianismo, islamismo e judaísmo) desde o estudo da sua implantação em África até à sua grande influê ncia nas políticas externas africanas, o poder castrense e as Organizações supranacionais onde África está inserida; por fim, as Repercussões na política externa africana – que prospectivismo , neste capítulo examinamos a evolução das políticas sociais e te rritoriais, o socialismo africano, o apartheid e a imutabilidade das fronteiras afro - coloniais, particularmente, nas repercussões intra - africanas; nas questões extra - africanas abordou - se o Movimento dos não - alinhados e as diferentes cooperações financeiras , políticas e sociais Sul - Sul, Euro - Sul e com a ONU. Por fim, fez - se um prospectivismo da evolução africana sobre os desenvolvimentos sociais e políticos. Palavras - chave : África, fundamentalismo, islamismo, tolerância, militares, políticas 1 NAME : Eugén io Luís da Costa Almeida DATE: October 16 th , 2000 TITLE: FUNDAMENTALISM AND TOLERANCE POLITICO - RELIGIOUS (REPERCUSSIONS IN EXTERNALS RELATIONS OF THE AFRICAN CONTINENT) ABSTRACT: This thesis, which now summary, analyse the social, military and religio us politicals and their the influences in the conflicts and externals politics of African Continent. The subject was divided in four parts: Anthropological, Historical and Political Introduction , who examines the evolution of african people since the anthr opologic roots to II World War; The emergence of politology in Africa , who studies the genesis of african politics since the Liberia’s creation and Garveyism to africans independences; The fundamentalisms and differents tolerances , the principal part of th is study who analyse the three big ecumenical groups (christianism, islamism and jewism) since the study of your Africa implantation to their african external politicals influences, military power and supranacional organizations; and the Repercussions in t he african external politicals – what prospectivism , where we examine the evolution of territorial and social politics, african socialism, the apartheid and african borders’ immutability, with repercussions into Africa; for African external repercussions we give relief to Non Aligned Movement and differents financial, political and social South - South Co - operation and EU - ACP Co - operation and with UNO. Keys words: Africa, fundamentalism, islamism, tolerance, military - power, politics NOTA: Devido à inclusã o dos Resumos às páginas seguintes deverão ser adicionadas 2 folhas (não alterada a formatação inicial) 2 ÍNDICE . NOTA PREAMBULAR 10 . SIGLAS E ACRÓNIMOS 11 . INTRODUÇÃO 13 a . INTRODUÇÃO ANTROPOLÓGICA, HISTÓRICA E POLITOLÓGICA 17 1. Evolução antropológica dos africanos e a sua disseminação pelo Continente 17 1.1. Os Povos Proto - indígenas 18 1.1.1. Povos Bosquímanos - Hotentotes 19 1.2. Povos Negróides 20 1.2.1. Os Negro - Sudaneses 20 1.2.2. Os Bant u 20 1.2.3. Os Núbios 21 1.2.4. Os Polinésios 22 1.2.4.1. Os Malgaches 22 1.3. Os Povos Caucasóides 23 1.3.1. Os Egípcios e os Líbios 23 1.3.2. Os Árabes 23 1.3.3. Os Europeus 24 1.3.3.1. Arquipél agos Brancos do Atlântico 24 2. Evolução geo - histórica dos Povos Africanos 25 2.1. Os Grandes Impérios Negros 25 2.1.1. Os Grandes Impérios Negros - Sudaneses 25 2.1.1.1. Império do Ghana 25 2.1.1.2. Império Mali 26 2.1.1.3. Império Gao 28 2.1.1.4. Reinos Haússa, Benin e Daomé 29 2.1.2. Os Impérios Bantu e as migrações equatoriais 30 3 2.1.2.1. Alto Congo 31 2.1.2.1.1. Reino do Congo 31 2.1.2.1.2. Reino de Angola 33 2.1.2.2. África Central 33 2.1.2.3. África Oriental 34 2.1.3. Migrações Austrais 35 2.1.4. Migrações Insulares 36 2.1.4.1. Arquipélagos do Índico 37 2.1.4.2. Arquipélagos Negros do Atlântico 37 2.2. As migrações e os Impérios Islâmicos 38 2 .2.1. Islão Marítimo 39 2.2.2. Islão Continental 40 2.3. Do “ Mare Nostrum ” Ibérico a Berlim 41 2.3.1. O “ Mare Nostrum ” Ibérico 41 2.3.1.1. Tratado de Tordesilhas 41 2.3.2. Os Descobrimentos 42 2.3.3. Da Questionação do “ Mare Nostrum ” Ibérico a Berlim 43 2.4. A Conferência de Berlim e Partilha de África 46 2.4.1. A Divisão de África 46 2.4.1.1. A Conferência de Berlim 47 2.5. A Ocupação Efectiva e a Colonização Europeia em África 48 2.5.1. A Colonizaç ão Europeia 49 2.5.1.1. A Colonização Holandesa 50 2.5.1.2. A Colonização Portuguesa 51 2.5.1.3. A Colonização Franco - Inglesa 52 2.5.1.4. A Colonização Germânicaa 52 2.5.1.5. A Colonização Belga 53 3. Evolução politológica no Sistema pós - napoleónico 53 3.1. As novas Doutrinas Políticas dos Séculos XIX e XX 53 3.2. Dos Sociólogos aos Geopolíticos 54 3.2.1. A emergência do Socialismo 54 4 3.2.2. O efeito Geopolítico 56 3.3. As duas Guerras Mundiais e o seu contributo para o fim da era colonial 56 3.3.1. Ascenção e queda da Alemanha de Kaiser 57 3.3.1.1. A África Austral e as lutas intestinas 58 3.3.1.1.1. As guerras boers 58 3.3.1.1.2. A União Sul - Africana 59 3.3.2. A Europa entre as duas guerras 61 3.3.2.1. A Liga das Nações e o Sistema de Mandatos 62 3.3.2.2. A 2ª. Guerra Mundial 63 b . A EMERGÊNCIA DA POLITOLOGIA EM ÁFRICA 64 4. O fim do esclavagismo americano e o retorno às origens dos negros americanos 64 4.1. O Estado Liberiano 66 4. 2. O Garveyismo 67 5. Do pan - africanismo aos movimentos emancipalistas africanos 68 5.1. Os Congressos Pan - africanistas 69 5.1.1. A Organização para a Unidade Africana (OUA) 7 0 5.2. As independências coloniais 70 5.2.1. O fim da Europa Colonial 71 5.2.1.1. A 3ª Comissão ou Comité de Tutela 71 5.2.2. A Descolonização 72 5.2.2.1. Os movimentos independentistas francófonos 73 a. França 73 b. Bélg ica 74 5.2.2.2. As independências das colónias britânicas 74 5.2.2.3. As lutas coloniais da África Portuguesa 75 c. OS FUNDAMENTALISMOS E AS DIFERENTES TOLERÂNCIAS 80 6. Os Diferentes Fundamentalismos 80 6.1. Fundamentalismos de Bas e Religiosa 80 5 6.1.1. O Judaísmo, na base do sionismo 82 6.1.1.1. A génese filosófica do Judaísmo 82 6.1.1.2. A fundação de Israel 83 6.1.1.3. As guerras israelo - árabes 85 6.1.2. O Islamismo e os movimentos fundamentalistas 86 6.1.2.1.O Islamismo e as suas raízes históricas 86 6.1.2.2. Da Grande Fuga à Ascensão 88 6.1.2.3. As Cisões Islâmicas 91 6.1.2.3.1. Cisão Post – Mortem 91 6.1.2.3.2. Cisão na Hierarquia Teológica 92 6.1.2.3.2.1. A Sucessão Legitima do Profeta 92 6.1.2.3.2.1.1. Os Califas 92 6.1.2.4. A Diversidade de Ritos 94 6.1.2.4.1. Sunitas 94 6.1.2.4.2. Xiitas 95 6.1.2.4.3. Carijitas 97 6.1.2.4.4. Sufistas 97 6.1.2.4.5. Ibaditas 98 6.1.2.4.6. Outras Ramificações Teológicas 98 6.1. 3. O Islamismo, uma Religião e uma Ideologia 100 6.1.3.1. Quando a Ideologia se sobrepõe à Religião 100 6.1.3.1.1. Religião e Ideologia, concepções 100 6.1.3.2. Islamismo: Religião, Direito e Ideologia; a difícil fro nteira 101 6.1.3.2.1. O Postulado pré - Religioso 102 6.1.3.2.2. O Postulado da Fé ( Iman ) 103 6.1.3.2.3. O Postulado do Comportamento Social 105 6.1.3.2.3.1. As Ma’rufat 107 6.1.3.2.3.2. As Munkarat 107 6.1.3.2.4. A Ideologia Islâmica 107 6.1.3.3. Os três vértices do Moderno Fundamentalismo Islâmico 108 6.1.3.3.1. Os Irmãos Muçulmanos 108 6.1.3.3.2. Palestina, a Região da Conflitual idade 111 6.1.3.3.2.1. Os movimentos radicais palestinos e a origem da O.L.P. 111 6.1.3.3.2.1.1. A origem da O.L.P. 112 6 6.1.3.3.2.1.2.
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