INDEX

Activism Antiequality conservative ideology, diaspora, 157 142 environmental justice, 249–252 Antiextremism advocacy and institutional, 27 outreach, 164–165 online, 227–229 Antiinequality frame political, 75–76 amplification, legitimization, and youth, 217–221 cooptation of, 11–13 Activist(s) legitimation and “discursive careers, 238–239, 245–246 resources”,12–13 hierarchy to movements, 243 Antiinequality messaging, democratic recruitment and participation, party adoption of, 14–16 243 Antisystemic socialization, 248 Affordable Care Act (ACA). Arab Spring See Patient Protection and diaspora mobilization for, 161–165 Affordable Care Act (2010) revolutionary, 159 African National Congress, 242 Yemeni mobilization in response Age, 216 to, 165–168 age-based expectations, 217–221 Arab-Muslim majority, 156 as deterrent for action, 222–225 Arizona Education Association legal age for political participation, (AEA), 202 224–225 Arizona Educators United (AEU), Agenda, 6, 16 204, 206, 208 policy plank on, 5–6 Assertive action, 69–70 transnational, 247 Attitude, 49–51 on tuition policies, 71 change and polarization over time, AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power 55–57 (ACT UP), 140 Al Qaeda, 156 Basic pension scheme, 62 Al-Nusra, 156 Benevolent coercion, 102 Allgemeiner Studierendenausschuss Bernie Sanders campaign, 17–18 (AStA), 75 Biographical barriers, 187 American Federation of Teachers Biological reproduction, 117 (AFT), 209 Bipartite strategy, 34 American public policy, 6 Bismarckian-type transfer programs, Amplification of antiinequality frame, 53 11–13 Black LGBTQ people Antiausterity demonstrators, 184, 190 limited representation, 145–147 Antiauthoritarian Filipino activism, in United States, 143 158–159 Black MSM, 139

263 264 INDEX

inequality and lived experience of investor-owned utilities’ policy Black MSM with HIV, preferences, 32–33 136–137 state policymakers as “institutional Black Panther Party, 71–72 activists”,33–34 Black Reconstruction, 136 Co-pollutants, 30–31, 36 British Petroleum (BP), 29–30 Coalition politics, 24 Coalition power, 29 California Air Resources Board Coalition-building, 250 (CARB), 30–31 Coalitions include non-movement California climate policymaking, actors, 36–37 27–28 Coefficient of variation (CV), 52 California’s climate law, 25 Coercive rehabilitation, 93–94 California’s San Joaquin Valley, Coercive turn of neoliberalism, Rural Latinx women in, 116–117 122–124 Cold War, 157 Cap-and-trade program, 24, 31, 35 Collective action, 69, 71 Carceral family work, 127–130 frames, 10 types of, 128–130 student-led collective action, 72 Caught in Act of Protest Study, 179 Collective identity, 185 CCC study, 179, 181–182 College students, 227–229 Center for American Progress (CAP), Combat authoritarianism, 156 20 “Command-and-control” regulations, Center-right Christian Democrats 24 (CDU), 74–75 Communities of fate, 205 Centers for Disease Control and Community standards, 196 Prevention (CDC), 139 Comparative method, 70 Child Tax Credit (CTC), 97–98 Comparative research, 92 CHP, 76 Comparative welfare state literature, Climate change policy in United 50 States, 24 Computational method, 70, 77 climate policymaking in Califor- Continued partisan politicization, nia, 29–34 16–18 data and methods, 34–35 Control variables, 52 social movement and interest Cooptation of antiinequality frame, group theory, 26–29 11–13 state policymakers as “institutional Cost–benefit analysis, 205 activists”,33–34 Countermovements, 26–27 understanding limited influence of Court-based diversion programs, justice-oriented movement, 101–102 35–39 COVID-19 epidemic, 137 Climate policymaking in California, Creative disappointment theory, 29–34 242–256 “green business” and policy Crime, 92 preferences, 32 Criminal legal developments, 93 Index 265

Criminal legal supervision, 101–103 Syrian associations combat Crises of social reproduction, discrimination abroad, 115–116 162–164 carceral familywork among women Diffusion of antiinequality frame, 12 of color in Southern Disability Insurance, 96 California, 127–130 Disadvantaged unincorporated caring for families in communities (DUCs), 122 unincorporated Discursive eruption, 8, 11–12 communities, 124–127 Discursive opportunity structure, 12 Latinas confronting family Discursive resources, legitimation planning cutbacks in Texas’ and, 12–13 Rio Grande Valley, Disruptive action, 69–70 118–119 Domestic mobilization, 158–159 policy impacts and hardships, Drug courts, 104–105 120–122 unincorporated lives, 122–124 Early American Literature, 145 Cultures of inequality, 118 Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC), 97–98 Deficit-based criticism, 218 Ecologies of knowledge, 248–249 Democracy, 238 Economic efficiency, 196 embodiments, 238 Economic inequality, 196 history, 257 rebirth as political issue, 6 scholarship, 238 Economic Issues and Policies, 20 students, 244 Economic news, 71 Democrat from Illinois, 163 Education and Science Workers Democratic disappointments, 246, Union, 75 249, 252, 256 Education reformers, 198 Democratic movement, 242 Emotions, 243 Democratic Party, 4 Engaged skeptics, 219 adoption of antiinequality Environmental Defense Fund (EDF), messaging, 14–16 26–27, 29–30 platform, 4 Environmental justice activism, Democratic themes, 243 249–252 Demonization of Black, 92 Environmental Justice Advisory Detention, 101 Committee (EJAC), 36 Diaspora, 156 Environmental Protection Agency, 124 activism, 157 Equality, 48 antiextremism advocacy and of membership, 137 outreach, 164–165 of opportunity, 137 case selection, data, and analytical of treatment, 137 procedures, 159–160 Ethnic Studies, 145 diaspora mobilization for Arab European Union (EU), 218 Spring, 161–165 Exploratory study, 200 mobilization, 157–159 Extremist nonstate actors, 156 266 INDEX

Face discriminatory governments, 156 Globalization, 181–182 Facebook, 181 GOP, 143–145 Fairness, 48 Green business, 24–25, 28 Family transformations, 50 and policy preferences, 32 Federalist Society website, 218–219 Greenhouse gas (GHG), 24 Fee-for-service Group-based racism, 144 arrangements, 99–100 Gun control vs. gun rights move- models, 102–103 ments, 26 Financial/economic crisis, 178 Financialization of public higher Hardships education, 68 challenges and, 124–127 France policy impacts and, 120–122 recalibration in, 54–55 Health disparities, 138 social policy reforms in, 53–55 High school students, 222–225 Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung Higher education council (HEC), 82 (FAZ), 76 Higher education tuition policy Tuition Debates in, 78, 81–82 data, 76–77 Free haven, 184–185 Germany, 74–75 Free higher education, 73 methodology, 77–78 “Free market” policies, 116–117 opportunities and constraints, Free spaces, 184–185 70–73 Free Women, 242 results, 78–84 Freedom Is an Endless Meeting Student Protests in Hurriyet¨ ,82–84 (Polletta), 240 Tuition Debates in FAZ, 78–82 Functionalist theories, 48–49 tuition hikes come knocking, 73–76 Turkey, 75–76 Gender inequalities, 20 HIV/AIDS, 138 Gendered caring labor, 129–130 inequality and lived experience of Gendered geographies of struggle, Black MSM with, 136–137 247–248 Housing Choice Voucher program General Assemblies, 185 (HCV), 98 General Economic Inequality, 4–5 Human services, 96 German Socialist Party, 243 Hurriyet¨ in Turkey, 76 German Trade Union Confederation Student Protests in Hurriyet¨ , 82, (DGB), 75 84–85 German welfare state recalibration, 51 Hybrid citizens, 248 Germany “Hyper-reactionary” policies, higher education tuition policy in, 116–117 74–75 recalibration in, 53–54 Immigrant, 156 social policy reforms in, 53–55 case selection, data, and analytical Global economic crisis, 181–182 procedures, 159–160 Global feminist sisterhood, 248 mobilization, 157–159 Global financial crisis, 178 Inadequate policies, 138 Index 267

Income inequality, 5–6, 8, 15–16 Institutional isomorphism, 245 Indignados movement, 177–178, Institutional left, 6, 11, 18 189–190, 253 Institutional politics, 18 Individual partner selections, 144 Institutionalization, 16–18 Individual-level virtual network, Interest group theory, social 181–182 movement and, 26–29 Inequality. See also Equality, 137, 196 Internalization, consequences of, amplification, legitimization, and 219–221 cooptation of anti- International Social Survey Program inequality frame, 11–13 (ISSP), 51–52 of black MSM with HIV, 136–137 quantitative analyses of, 60 collecting data and sampling Internationalization of Tawakkol participants, 182–184 Karman, 165–168 comparing occupiers and InterOccupy, 254 antiausterity demonstra- Investor-owned utilities (IOUs), 24, tors, 184, 190 32 continued partisan politicization policy preferences, 32–33 and institutionalization, ISIS, 156 16–18 Islamophobic state policies, 156 democratic party adoption of Issue attention cycle, 8 antiinequality messaging, 14–16 Jemez Principles for Democratic discursive eruption, 8–11 Organizing, 250 enduring impacts of occupy Journalists perceive social movement movement, 8 actors, 69 general economic, 4–5 Justice-oriented environmental methods, 182–184 movement in California, mobilization dynamics, 184–186 30 motivational dynamics, 188–190 Justice-oriented SMOs, 24, 26, 28, 30 occupy movement, 179, 182, coalitions include non-movement 190–191 actors, 36–37 rebirth of economic inequality as resources, tactics, and “legal political issue, 6 discursive opportunity sampling demonstrations, 182 structure”, 37, 39–40 social movements and political understanding limited influence of, parties, 7 35–39 sociodemographics, 187–188 sustained attention and Keynesianism, 92 politicization, 13–14 threat of climate change, 192 Labor market Innovation, 246–247 institutions, 196 Instagram, 181 risks, 50 Institutional actors, 69, 71 Labor strikes, 208 Institutional approach, 49 Labor unions, 196 268 INDEX

Latinas confronting family planning Motivational dynamics, 188–190 cutbacks in Texas’ RGV, Movements, 238 118–119 actors, 69 Legal discursive opportunity struc- for democracy, 242 ture, 28, 37, 39 examples of unsatisfactory Legitimation. See also Polarization character of movement and “discursive resources”,12–13 democracy, 239–242 of antiinequality frame, 11–13 movement-induced party Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, polarization, 19 and queer (LGBTQ), 138, organizations, 245 227 responses, 246, 249, 252, 256 equality, 136 Municipal underbounding, 122–123 racial inequality in, 148 Murky middle, 103 Lived experience of Black MSM with Muslim Ban, 156, 169–171 HIV, 136–137 Low-carbon fuel standard (LCFS), National Education Association 35 (NEA), 209 Loyalty, 245–246 National People of Color Environmental Leadership Machine learning (ML), 77 Summit, 250 Male Blackness, 92 Natural Resources Defense Council Marginalized immigrant groups, 156 (NRDC), 26–27, 29–30 Market-based strategies, 99–100 Negative radical flank effects, 26 Market-oriented SMOs, 24, 26–27 Neoliberal capitalism, 117–118 Mass disruption, 197 Neoliberal paternalism, 100 Mass incarceration, 92, 101 Neoliberal policies, 115–116 Mass media, 68–69 Neoliberal poverty governance, 108 social movements and, 70–73 Neoliberalism, 92–93 Mass mobilization, 70 New York Anti-Saleh Protest (2012), Mass supervision, 93–94, 101–102 167–168 Materialistic values, 178–179 New York City (NYC), 8–10 Means-tested programs, 96, 98–99 Nitrogen oxides (NOx), 30 Media Non-movement actors, coalitions, attention, 8 36–37 cultures, 69 Nonprofit organizations, 93–94 outlets, 204 Medicaid, 98 Occupiers, 184, 190 Medicare, 96, 98 Occupy Movement, 179, 182, 238, Migratory effect, 11 246, 252, 256 Mixed-methods design, 70 Occupy 2.0, 254–255 Mobilization dynamics, 184–186 Occupy University, 255 Moral economies, 196, 201, 210 Occupy Wall Street (OWS), 6 external mechanisms, 201–204 movement, 177–178 internal mechanisms, 204–210 protest, 8, 18 Index 269

Occupy-like demonstrators, 179 Phraseology, 146 Occupy-like protests, 177–179 Planned Parenthood, 118, 121–122 Oklahoma Education Association “Point source” regulations, 24 (OEA), 202 Polarization, 51 Oklahoma Legislature, 202 over time, 55–57 Oklahoma Teachers United (OTU), Policing, 103–104 208 Policy impacts and hardships, Online activism. See also Activism, 120–122 221, 227, 229 Policy responsiveness, 48–49, 51 anticlimactic nature of, 229–230 Policymakers, 68–69 Organization for Economic Policymaking, 50 Cooperation and Political context, 25, 72–73 Development (OECD), 68, Political elites, 27–28 73–74 Political mediation model, 25, 28–29 Organizational histories, 241 Political news, 71 Organizational resources, 71–72 Political opportunity structure, 25 Orientalist, 156 Political participation, legal age for, Othering, 142–143 224–225 OTPOR, 180 Political parties, social movements and, 7 Pacific Gas and Electric (PG&E), 37 Political racism, 143–145 Parallel political science research, 29 Politicization, sustained attention and, Parole, 105–106 13–14 Participation, 216–217 Polls, 200 Participation and marginalization in Poorer education opportunities, 138 French Revolutionary Positive feedback effect, 197 activism, 241 Positive radical flank effects, 26 Participatory democracy, 240 Postindustrial labor market, 50 Partisanship politics, 142 Postmaterialistic values, 178–179 Party-centered theoretical approach, Poverty, 92, 138 49 governance, 92 Patient Protection and Affordable Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP), Care Act (2010), 140–141 139, 141 Pay-as-you-go-basis, 53 Pro-choice versus antiabortion Penal welfarism, 92 movements, 26 Pension reform, 48 Pro-verus anti-marijuana legalization People with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA), movements, 26 140–141 Probation, 105–106 Per capita welfare expenditures, 97 Progressive policies, 73 Persistent inequality, 142–143 Progressive stack, 254 Personal Responsibility and Work Protest, 13–14, 69, 72, 80, 179 Opportunity Act occupiers and anti-austerity (PRWORA), 97 demonstrators, 179 Personalism, 181 occupy-like protests, 177–179 270 INDEX

OWS protest, 6, 8, 18 Latinas confronting family participation motives, 188 planning cutbacks in Texas’ Public Employees Insurance Agency RGV, 118–119 (PEIA), 197 Rising Tide, 256 Public institutions, 68 Rituals, 184–185 Public opinion analysis, 50 “Roll back” neoliberalism, 116 Public pervasiveness of deficit model, “Roll out” neoliberalism, 116–117 217–219 Rural Latinx women in California’s Public policymaking, 26 San Joaquin Valley, Punishment, 92, 100, 103 122–124 criminal legal supervision, 101–103 Safer spaces committees, 254 detention, 101 Semi-Exit, 238–239, 245–246, 256 mapping punishment–welfare Sexual racism, 144 continuum, 95–96 Sexually transmitted infection murky middle, 103 testing (STI testing), policing, 103–104 118, 138 Shadow carceral state, 93–94 Qualitative analysis, 70 Snowball sampling, 34, 123–124 Qualitative code, 222 Social capital, 119 Quantitative analyses of changes, 49 Social construction of race, 148 Social embeddedness, 188 Race, 145 Social expenditure data, 49 “Race to the Top” competitive Social inequality, 177–178 funding program, 198 Social insurance programs, 98 Racial inequality, 20, 138, 141 Social marginality Racism, 144 governing, 92 Racist, 156 in United States, 93 body politics, 147–148 Social media, 181 “Radical flank effects” framework, 26 Social movement, 68–69, 238, 248 Rational anticipation, 50 activists, 248 Reactionary neoliberalism, 118 actors, 69 “Reactionary” policies, 116–117 and interest group theory, 26–29 Recalibration and mass media, 70–73 in France, 54–55 mobilization, 25 in Germany, 53–54 organizations, 243–244 Red State Revolt, 196, 199 and political parties, 7 Refugee crisis, 163 scholars, 216, 239 Rehabilitation, 105 Social movement organizations Religious-based stigma, 138 (SMOs). See also Representation, 7, 145, 147 Justice-oriented SMOs, “Restorative justice” process, 254 24 Rio Grande Valley (RGV), 116 Social networks, 188 Index 271

Social policy, 48–49 Sustained attention and politicization, France and Germany reforms, 13–14 53–55 Symbolism, 184–185 reforms, 48 Syndemic theory, 138 Social reproductive labor, 117 Synergism of plagues, 138 Social Security, 96, 98 Syria Social services, 96, 99–100 auxiliary force against Sociodemographics, 187–188 authoritarianism in, 161 Socioeconomic backgrounds, 57–59 humanitarian crisis, and, 156 results, 59–61 Syrian American Council (SAC), Southern politics of spatial exclusion, 161–162 143–145 Syrians, 156 Spaces, 248 associations combat discrimination Spatial exclusion, Southern politics of, abroad, 162–164 143–145 case, 161–165 Special Supplemental Nutrition in democracies, 156 Program, 98 Spokescouncil model, 254 Tawakkol Karman, internationaliza- Standards-based education reform tion of, 165–168 policies, 198 Tax credits, 97–98 State policymakers as “institutional Teachers, 196–197 activists”,33–34 Temporary Assistance to Needy Stigma, 146 Families (TANF), 98 antigay, 141 Temporary Protective Status (TPS), HIV, 141 163 religious-based stigma, 138 Therapeutic community model (TC Stratification systems, 216 model), 105 Strike Debt, 255 Tooleville, 124–125 Strikes, 196, 200 “Tough on crime” policies, 116–117, Structural changes, 50 127 Structural inequities, 138–139 Toxic masculinity, 138 Structural outcomes, 143–145 Traditional “greedy” institutions, 181 Structural topic models (STMs), 77 Transnational advocacy networks, Student Nonviolent Coordinating 157 Committee (SNCC), 240 Transnational dimensions, 246–249 Student-led collective action, 72 Transnational feminist networks, 248 Students for Democratic Society Transnational mobilization, 158–159 (SDS), 240–241 Transnational movement, 238, Sulfur oxides (SOx), 30 246–247, 250 Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Trevor Project, 227 Program (SNAP), 98 Tuition policy, 68 Supplemental Security Income (SSI), Turkey, higher education tuition 98 policy in, 75–76 272 INDEX

Turkish political system, 74 policing, 103–104 Twitter, 181 retrenchment, 92 social insurance programs, 98 UN Conference on Environment and social services, 99–100 Development, 250 in United States, 93 “Under age” youth, forms of activism Welfare state recalibration for, 226–227 attitude change and polarization Unemployment over time, 55–57 degressive factor in, 54 attitudes, 49–51 in Germany, 58 difference between attitudes of insurance, 96 more advantaged people Unequal distribution, 24 and of people from lower Unequal policy responsiveness, 51 methods and data, 51–52 Unincorporated communities, social policy reforms in France 122–123 And Germany, 53–55 caring for families in, 124–127 West Virginia Public Employees Universal basic income (UBI), 17–18 United, 208 Universal social insurance programs, White MSM, 139 96 White-supremacist social movements, US Securities and Exchange 156 Commission (SEC), Whiteness, 136 14–15 Women, Infants, and Children (WIC), US teachers’ strikes 98 case presentation, 197–200 Women of color in Southern data and methods, 200–201 California, 127–130 moral economies mechanisms, Work stoppage, 203 201–210 World Social Forums (WSF), 248, US-based Syrian Emergency Task 250–251 Force and British Solidarity for Syria, 161–162 Yemen free speech and human rights in, Virtual brokers, 181–182 166 Voice, 248–249 global spokesperson for, 166 Vulnerability troubling, 142 immigrant in, 156 violence in, 166 War on terror, 170–171 Yemen Peace Project, 159–160 Wealth inequality, 5–6 Yemeni American Coalition for Wealth tax, 4 Change, 167–168 Welfare, 92, 96, 100 Yemeni American Merchants mapping punishment–welfare Association (YAMA), 169 continuum, 95–96 Yemeni mobilization in response to means-tested programs, 98–99 Arab Spring, 165–168 murky middle, 103 Internationalization of Tawakkol and penal institutions, 93 Karman, 166–167 Index 273

New York Anti-Saleh Protest, activism, 217–221 January and February activists, 219–220 2012, 167–168 deficit model, 216–217, 224, Yemenis, 156 229–230 in democracies, 156 forms of activism for “under age” Young people, 216, 220 youth, 226–227 data and methods, 221–222 Youth, 216 Zuccotti Park, 10, 252–253