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Roma E a Representação De Domínio Do Mundo No Contexto Das Guerras Púnicas: Uma Leitura Das Histórias , De Políbio

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Roma E a Representação De Domínio Do Mundo No Contexto Das Guerras Púnicas: Uma Leitura Das Histórias , De Políbio UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO ESPÍRITO SANTO CENTRO DE CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS E NATURAIS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM HISTÓRIA SOCIAL DAS RELAÇÕES POLÍTICAS José Guilherme Rodrigues da Silva ROMA E A REPRESENTAÇÃO DE DOMÍNIO DO MUNDO NO CONTEXTO DAS GUERRAS PÚNICAS: UMA LEITURA DAS HISTÓRIAS , DE POLÍBIO VITÓRIA 2010 ii UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO ESPÍRITO SANTO CENTRO DE CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS E NATURAIS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM HISTÓRIA SOCIAL DAS RELAÇÕES POLÍTICAS José Guilherme Rodrigues da Silva ROMA E A REPRESENTAÇÃO DE DOMÍNIO DO MUNDO NO CONTEXTO DAS GUERRAS PÚNICAS: UMA LEITURA DAS HISTÓRIAS , DE POLÍBIO Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em História, do Centro de Ciências Humanas e Naturais da Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, como requisito parcial para receber o grau de Mestre em História, na área de concentração em História Social das Relações Políticas, sob a orientação do Professor Doutor Gilvan Ventura da Silva. VITÓRIA 2010 iii Dados Internacionais de Catalogação-na-publicação (CIP) (Biblioteca Central da Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, ES, Brasil) Silva, José Guilherme Rodrigues da, 1961- S586r Roma e a representação de domínio do mundo no contexto das guerras púnicas : uma leitura das Histórias de Políbio / José Guilherme Rodrigues da Silva. – 2010. 193 f. Orientador: Gilvan Ventura da Silva. Dissertação (mestrado) – Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Centro de Ciências Humanas e Naturais. 1. Polibio. 2. Identidade social. 3. Representações sociais. 4. Guerras púnicas. 5. Cartago (Cidade extinta). 6. Roma. 7. Roma - História - República, 265-30 A.C. I. Silva, Gilvan Ventura da, 1967-. II. Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo. Centro de Ciências Humanas e Naturais. III. Título. CDU: 93/99 iv JOSÉ GUILHERME RODRIGUES DA SILVA Roma e a representação de domínio do mundo no contexto das Guerras Púnicas: Uma leitura das Histórias , de Políbio Dissertação apresentada ao programa de Pós-graduação em História do Centro de Ciências Humanas e Naturais da Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, como requisito parcial para obtenção do grau de Mestre na área de concentração em História Social das Relações Políticas. Aprovada em ............. de ........................... de 2010. COMISSÃO EXAMINADORA ______________________________________________ Professor Doutor Gilvan Ventura da Silva Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo Orientador _______________________________________________ Professora Doutora Cláudia Beltrão da Rosa Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro _______________________________________________ Professor Doutor Sergio Alberto Feldman Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo _______________________________________________ Professor Doutor Antonio Carlos Amador Gil Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo v Aos meus pais. Aos meus irmãos. Aos meus amigos. vi AGRADECIMENTOS Agradeço, em primeiro lugar, à Professora Doutora Adriana Pereira Campos, como diria Políbio, pela oportunidade, arquitetada por týkhe , de me colocar em contato com meu orientador. As coisas começaram assim. Agradeço também ao Professor Doutor Raimundo Nonato Barbosa de Carvalho, do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Letras do Departamento de Línguas e Letras da UFES, pela tradução de uma passagem dos fragmentos do De bello Carthaginiensi , de Catão. Ao meu chefe, Roberto Bonora, pela oportunidade e pela confiança. Isso foi fundamental. Aos amigos e amigas que, ao longo do meu caminho no Mestrado, leram os textos que escrevi – e criticaram. À minha mulher, Ivana, por segurar a barra, e ao meu enteado, Lucas, por me compreender – bastante. Aos meus colegas de Mestrado, pelos bate-papos e cervejas que tivemos, e que ainda teremos mais. Ao meu orientador, o Professor Doutor Gilvan Ventura da Silva, pela grande oportunidade – enorme –, pela orientação – sempre presente –, e, acima de tudo, por aceitar um geólogo que caiu meio de pára-quedas na História. Por fim ao meu pai, por me colocar no rumo das letras e dos livros. vii Resumo No período das Guerras Púnicas ocorre uma mudança fundamental na história de Roma. A nobreza romana, antes detentora do domínio na esfera da Península Itálica, torna-se representante da principal potência no Mediterrâneo. Mas nesse período surgem, igualmente, mudanças na forma em que essa nobreza expressa o poder – em seu posicionamento político perante outros povos – e no conceito do que é ser romano. Nosso estudo procura demonstrar essas mudanças de comportamento e idéias como resultantes do processo de produção da identidade e da representação romanas de domínio do “mundo”, processo gerado pelas inter-relações entre romanos e cartagineses naquele período. A fonte textual para o estudo é a obra de Políbio, as Histórias , o relato mais antigo e próximo dessas guerras que chegou aos nossos dias. Analisamos a fonte a partir da perspectiva da transmissão histórica de significados e da apreensão destes em símbolos que expressam, através de ações, comportamentos e atitudes transcritas por Políbio, assim como das interpretações e opiniões do historiador grego, as disposições e motivações dos indivíduos e grupos presentes na obra. De acordo com nossa análise, as interações entre romanos e cartagineses no período das Guerras Púnicas foram responsáveis, tanto pela produção daquelas identidade e representação de domínio “mundial”, quanto da alteridade em relação aos cartagineses – posto que a identidade é dependente da marcação da diferença –, alteridade simbolizada na figura de Aníbal, percebido como a reificação de Cartago. Em outras palavras, com as Guerras Púnicas, a realidade, da forma que era percebida pelos romanos, se transforma. Portanto, aquelas interações geraram uma nova forma de agir nos romanos: as atitudes romanas ante outros povos passam a traduzir um discurso altamente impositivo, que exprime a nova visão romana do “mundo” como dominado. O estudo permitiu também observar que o início da dissensão interna à nobilitas romana, após a Segunda Guerra Púnica, foi devido em parte a essa mesma produção de identidade e representação de domínio sobre o “mundo”. viii Abstract During the period of the Punic Wars a fundamental change in Roman history occurred. The Roman nobility, once dominant in the Italic Peninsula, becomes the greatest Mediterranean power. But in the same period the way power is expressed by that nobility – in its political positioning before other people – and the concept of what is to be a Roman change. This study tries to demonstrate that this behaviour and conceptual changes were a result of the production process of “world” domination identity and representation, process generated by the interrelationships between Romans and Carthaginians in that period. The textual source for the study is the work of Polybius, the Histories, the oldest contemporaneous narrative of the Punic Wars we have today. The analysis of the source was made by the perspective of the historic transmission of significances, and the apprehension of those significances as symbols which expresses through the actions, behaviours and attitudes transcribed by Polybius, as long as the opinions and interpretations of the Greek historian, individual and group – as they are part of the narrative – dispositions and motivations. According to this analysis the interrelations between Romans and Carthaginians during the Punic Wars were responsible for that production of identity and representation of “world” domination, and “otherness” regarding the Carthaginians – as the identity depends on the difference –, “otherness” symbolized on Hannibal, perceived as the reification of Carthage. In other words, during the Punic Wars the way reality was perceived by the Romans changed. Therefore, those interactions generated a new way of Roman acting: their attitudes before other people translate a highly imposing discourse which expresses the new Roman imaging of the “world” as dominated. Other result provided by this study is that the beginnings of the dissention inside the Roman nobility occurred after the Second Punic War, partly because of the same production of identity and representation of the “world” as a Roman dominion. ix SUMÁRIO INTRODUÇÃO – 1 CAPÍTULO I UM GREGO ENTRE ROMANOS – 18 UMA BREVE BIOGRAFIA – 19 AS HISTÓRIAS E SUA TRADIÇÃO MANUSCRITA – 22 ESTRUTURA E CONTEÚDO DA OBRA – 26 O TEMA DAS HISTÓRIAS – 26 A ORGANIZAÇÃO TEMPORAL DOS LIVROS – 29 POLÍBIO E A HISTÓRIA PRAGMÁTICA – 34 AS FONTES DE POLÍBIO – 42 A HISTÓRIA DE “TODO O MUNDO HABITADO” – 46 POLÍBIO COMO INTERLOCUTOR ROMANO – 50 CAPÍTULO II ROMA E CARTAGO: potências em conflito – 59 ROMA – 59 CARTAGO – 66 O TEMPO DAS GUERRAS PÚNICAS – 68 OS TRATADOS ENTRE ROMA E CARTAGO – 74 CAPÍTULO III OS SENHORES DO MUNDO – 83 OS ROMANOS COMO DOMINADORES DO MUNDO – 86 A SEGUNDA GUERRA PÚNICA E A CONSTITUIÇÃO ROMANA – 90 DOMÍNIOS EM DEFINIÇÃO – 94 A SEGUNDA GUERRA PÚNICA E A CRISE DO SISTEMA DE DOMÍNIO ROMANO – 107 Aníbal e a representação romana dos cartagineses – 115 A eliminação da crise – 124 O “MUNDO ” COMO DOMÍNIO ROMANO – 134 O CONTROLE SOBRE A OYKOUMÉNE E A CISÃO DA NOBILITAS – 149 x CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS – 166 REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS – 174 DOCUMENTAÇÃO PRIMÁRIA IMPRESSA – 174 BIBLIOGRAFIA INSTRUMENTAL – 175 OBRAS DE APOIO – 178 ANEXO OBSERVAÇÕES SOBRE CERTAS PASSAGENS DAS HISTÓRIAS TRADUZIDAS PARA O PORTUGUÊS – 190 1 INTRODUÇÃO I Nesta dissertação nos propomos demonstrar como os romanos passaram a se perceber como senhores do mundo. O período recortado é o correspondente às Guerras Púnicas, de 264 a 146 a.C., marcado pela delimitação não muito precisa,
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