Kilikya Bölgesinin İkiz Kalesi: “Sinap” Twin Castles of the Cilicia
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Sanherip Dönemi Kilikya İsyanları
Sanherip Dönemi Kilikya İsyanları Cilician Rebellions in Sennacherib Period Mehmet KURT∗ Öz Kilikya; İran, Mezopotamya, Mısır, Ege, Kıbrıs, Doğu Akdeniz ve Anadolu dünyalarını birbirine bağlayan konumuyla stratejik bir öneme sahip olmuştur. Bölgenin doğal liman olanakları, ormanları ve zengin maden kaynakları sebebiyle çevre devletler için daima bir cazibe merkezi oluşturduğu görülmüştür. Bu bağlamda Yeni Asur Devleti’nin Urartu ve Phryglerle yapmış olduğu mücadelelerde, Kilikya’nın savaş alanı haline gelmesi çok sayıda problemi beraberinde getirmiştir. Kilikya’nın tanımlanan bu özelliğini en iyi yansıtan gelişmelerden birisi, hiç şüphesiz, Sanherip dönemi isyanlarıdır. Bölgenin yerel yöneticileri olan Azitawadda ve Kirua’nın Asur yönetimine karşı çıkarttıkları isyanlar, Asur Devleti için Kilikya’nın stratejik önemini ve sosyo-ekonomik değerini bir kez daha ortaya koymuştur. Bölgenin politik yapısı ve yerel güçlerin bu politik teşkilatlanmadaki etkisini bütün açıklığıyla gözler önüne sermiş olan isyanlar, Asur’un Anadolu politikası için de belirleyici olmuştur. Öte yandan birbirinin devamı olduğu anlaşılan iki isyan da Kilikya’da bölgesel bir gücün kurulmak istendiğini ve yerel güçlerin etkinliğini göstermesi açısından büyük önem taşımaktadır. Zira bölgede yapılan filolojik inceleme ve analizler, yerel güçlerle daha büyük güçler arasındaki politik ilişkiler konusunda önemli sonuçlar ortaya koymuşlardır. İşte bu makalenin amacı, Sargonidler Devri Asur kaynakları ve yerli hiyeroglif yazıtlar ışığında, söz konusu isyanların, Asur için stratejik, -
The Latin Principality of Antioch and Its Relationship with the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, 1188-1268 Samuel James Wilson
The Latin Principality of Antioch and Its Relationship with the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, 1188-1268 Samuel James Wilson A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of Nottingham Trent University for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy March 2016 1 Copyright Statement This work is the intellectual property of the author. You may copy up to 5% of this work for private study, or personal, non-commercial research. Any re-use of the information contained within this document should be fully referenced, quoting the author, title, university, degree level and pagination. Queries or requests for any other use, or if a more substantial copy is required, should be directed to the owner of the Intellectual Property Rights. 2 Abstract The Latin principality of Antioch was founded during the First Crusade (1095-1099), and survived for 170 years until its destruction by the Mamluks in 1268. This thesis offers the first full assessment of the thirteenth century principality of Antioch since the publication of Claude Cahen’s La Syrie du nord à l’époque des croisades et la principauté franque d’Antioche in 1940. It examines the Latin principality from its devastation by Saladin in 1188 until the fall of Antioch eighty years later, with a particular focus on its relationship with the Armenian kingdom of Cilicia. This thesis shows how the fate of the two states was closely intertwined for much of this period. The failure of the principality to recover from the major territorial losses it suffered in 1188 can be partly explained by the threat posed by the Cilician Armenians in the late twelfth and early thirteenth centuries. -
Art-Sanat, 13(2020): 361–385
Art-Sanat, 13(2020): 361–385 DOI: 10.26650/artsanat.2020.13.0015 http://dergipark.gov.tr/iuarts Başvuru: 20.05.2019 Revizyon talebi: 09.12.2019 Art-Sanat Son revizyon teslimi: 27.12.2019 Kabul: 21.01.2020 ARAŞTIRMA MAKALESI / RESEARCH ARTICLE Mersin Toroslar’da Çandır Kalesi Çandir Castle at the Taurus Mountains of Mersin Halil Sözlü* , Lale Yılmaz** Öz Mersin ili, tarih boyunca bölgenin savunma ve egemenliğinde önem taşıyan yapılar olarak tanımlanabilecek çok sayıda kale yapısının inşa edildiği bir bölgede yer almaktadır. Özellikle Ortaçağ döneminde etkin olarak yerleşme ve savunma bakımından kullanılan kale yapıları, kuzeyden güneye limanlara ulaşan ticaret yollarının güvenliğini sağlamaktaydı. Makalede coğrafi konumu ve yapısal özellikleri bakımından özgün bir nitelik taşıyan Çandır Kalesi ele alınmıştır. Kalenin yalnızca bir savunma yapısı olarak değil, geniş bir alanı kaplayan yapılardan oluşan küçük bir yerleşim birimi olarak kurulduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Çalışmada Kilikya Bölgesi’nde Ortaçağ’da Bizans döneminde Ermeni baronluğuna ait olarak tanımlanan Çandır Kalesi üzerine yapılmış tarihsel çalışmalar incelenmiş, kale alanında günümüze ulaşan yapı kalıntıları belirlenmiştir. Günümüzde Çandır Kalesi’nde görülebilen doğal ve insan eliyle gerçekleşen yıkım, kale kompleksinin yapısal özelliklerinin yeniden tanımlanmasını gerekli kılmıştır. Anahtar Kelimeler Mersin, Ortaçağ, Bizans, Paperon, Kale Abstract Mersin is located in a region where many fortress structures have been built, which can be defined as structures that are important in the defense and sovereignty of the region throughout history. Especially in the Middle Ages, the castle structures, which were used effectively in terms of settlement and defense, ensured the security of the trade routes reaching the ports from north to south. It is understood that the fortress structures were established at strategic points on the main transportation and trade routes. -
Cilician Armenia in the Thirteenth Century.[3] Marco Polo, for Example, Set out on His Journey to China from Ayas in 1271
The Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia (also known as Little Armenia; not to be confused with the Arme- nian Kingdom of Antiquity) was a state formed in the Middle Ages by Armenian refugees fleeing the Seljuk invasion of Armenia. It was located on the Gulf of Alexandretta of the Mediterranean Sea in what is today southern Turkey. The kingdom remained independent from around 1078 to 1375. The Kingdom of Cilicia was founded by the Rubenian dynasty, an offshoot of the larger Bagratid family that at various times held the thrones of Armenia and Georgia. Their capital was Sis. Cilicia was a strong ally of the European Crusaders, and saw itself as a bastion of Christendom in the East. It also served as a focus for Armenian nationalism and culture, since Armenia was under foreign oc- cupation at the time. King Levon I of Armenia helped cultivate Cilicia's economy and commerce as its interaction with European traders grew. Major cities and castles of the kingdom included the port of Korikos, Lam- pron, Partzerpert, Vahka (modern Feke), Hromkla, Tarsus, Anazarbe, Til Hamdoun, Mamistra (modern Misis: the classical Mopsuestia), Adana and the port of Ayas (Aias) which served as a Western terminal to the East. The Pisans, Genoese and Venetians established colonies in Ayas through treaties with Cilician Armenia in the thirteenth century.[3] Marco Polo, for example, set out on his journey to China from Ayas in 1271. For a short time in the 1st century BCE the powerful kingdom of Armenia was able to conquer a vast region in the Levant, including the area of Cilicia. -
Cilician Armenian Mediation in Crusader-Mongol Politics, C.1250-1350
HAYTON OF KORYKOS AND LA FLOR DES ESTOIRES: CILICIAN ARMENIAN MEDIATION IN CRUSADER-MONGOL POLITICS, C.1250-1350 by Roubina Shnorhokian A thesis submitted to the Department of History In conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Queen’s University Kingston, Ontario, Canada (January, 2015) Copyright ©Roubina Shnorhokian, 2015 Abstract Hayton’s La Flor des estoires de la terre d’Orient (1307) is typically viewed by scholars as a propagandistic piece of literature, which focuses on promoting the Ilkhanid Mongols as suitable allies for a western crusade. Written at the court of Pope Clement V in Poitiers in 1307, Hayton, a Cilician Armenian prince and diplomat, was well-versed in the diplomatic exchanges between the papacy and the Ilkhanate. This dissertation will explore his complex interests in Avignon, where he served as a political and cultural intermediary, using historical narrative, geography and military expertise to persuade and inform his Latin audience of the advantages of allying with the Mongols and sending aid to Cilician Armenia. This study will pay close attention to the ways in which his worldview as a Cilician Armenian informed his perceptions. By looking at a variety of sources from Armenian, Latin, Eastern Christian, and Arab traditions, this study will show that his knowledge was drawn extensively from his inter-cultural exchanges within the Mongol Empire and Cilician Armenia’s position as a medieval crossroads. The study of his career reflects the range of contacts of the Eurasian world. ii Acknowledgements This project would not have been possible without the financial support of SSHRC, the Marjorie McLean Oliver Graduate Scholarship, OGS, and Queen’s University. -
The Inscription at Tamrut Castle: the Case for a Revision of Armenian History1
THE INSCRIPTION AT TAMRUT CASTLE: THE CASE FOR A REVISION OF ARMENIAN HISTORY1 Seldom has the discovery of a single inscription helped to rewrite his- tory. The dedicatory epigraph that is the subject of this study was installed over the entrance to the 13th-century baronial castle of T῾ambrowt (now Tamrut), in the heart of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia (Fig. 1), which was a conduit for cultural, political, and military exchanges with the Crusader kingdoms, the Byzantine Empire, the Seljuks, the Mamluks, and the Mongols. The often-stated conclusion that Cilicia was at this time a client state dependent on the Mongols for protection must be revised with the discovery of the first evidence that the Armenians were building new military strongholds during this crucial period of history. The inscription from T῾ambrowt Castle, which was photographed in 1981, and destroyed shortly thereafter, is also an historically important source for redrawing the boundaries between the spheres of influence of the two rival dynastic fami- lies in the Armenian Kingdom, the Het῾umids and Ṙubēnids. 1. TheHistoryoftheTamrutInscriptionanditsTranslation In 1987 Robert W. Edwards published his FortificationsofArmenian Cilicia, the result of many expeditions to Cilicia which began in 1973 and culminated in this voluminous, detailed study of seventy-five sites2. In this publication, he mentions, among others, a fortress that had been hitherto unattested until his survey in 1981, alternatively known as Tamrut Kale and Alişekale/ Alişe Kale3. A number of factors made this fortress stand 1 With sincere thanks to Dr. Robert W. Edwards for allowing me to study his copy of the photograph he took before the destruction of the inscription at Tamrut Castle and his many comments that improved this article, and appreciation for his years of work to ensure that the Armenian monuments of Anatolia are studied and published. -