DOCSLIB.ORG

A Gazetteer of Medieval Sites in Cilicia

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Gazetteer of Medieval Sites in Cilicia Appendix 2 A Gazetteer of Medieval Sites in Cilicia The following section is a gazetteer of all major, archaeological position of each site by degrees and minutes in latitude (north) sites from the Armenian kingdom. The sites are presented al- and longitude (east). The fourth entry is a summary from phabetically and each site is defined by two to four categories of modern publications where more information can be found. information that will provide an immediate reference to some The goal of this gazetteer is neither to provide a historical de- basic facts. The emphasis here is on the archaeology of Cilicia scription nor analyse the historiographic veracity of the textual and thus a place is listed with * when there is some physical, evidence here. While such a study is certainly necessary, its extant evidence of medieval occupation or construction has presence here is a separate effort entirely and one which would taken place. Consequently, for instance, the city of Adana is outweigh the dissertation itself not only in new data, but in listed without *. Although we know historically that some Ar- sheer volume. The fifth entry is collection of my personal menians lived within its collapsed walls after the 10th century, observations.2 no particular medieval remains are to be found in the current city. This in contrast to the city of Misis, where a current archae- Abidye ology team of the University of Pisa are excavating the remains Toponomy: Abedi of the fortified outcrop. Typology: 9 The modern Turkish name for each site is the first entry be- History: Casale mentioned in the grant of 1212 by Levon i cause the medieval toponym, in the majority of the cases, is un- to the Teutonic Knights (Langlois, 1863: 118) known or in dispute. The Turkish designation, and not the Ar- menian, appears on modern maps. If variant spellings or two Adana separate names are commonly used for a site, then both will be Toponomy: τὰ Ἄδανα, τὰ Ἀδανά, Athena, Adena, Azara, listed. Aḏana, The second entry, the Classification of Buildings, is a number Typology: 10 that represents the type of occupation and construction that is Location: 37°0´06″N ; 35°19´44″E present at a given site. This typology has been worked out in Chapter 4. The order is as follows: 1 = Watch Posts; 2 = Agner, Eǧner * Quadriburgia (without keep); 3 = Tower Keeps/ Hall Houses Toponomy: Aguener, Akanc’, Eǧnar (without bailey); 4 = Keep and Bailey (sometimes incorporat- Typology: 11 ed); 5 = Castle without Enclosure; 6 = Enclosure Castle; 7 = Location: 37°26´54″N ; 35°27´34″E Fortress/Citadel; 8 = Sea Castle; 9 = Rural Settlement or unforti- fied medieval village; 10 = Classical site; 11 = Cloister.1 If it sus- Akkale (near Lamas)* pected that a particular site does have Armenian remains, but Location: 36°31´44″N ; 34°13´21″E the published information is simply inadequate or too unpro- Typology: 10 fessional for one to draw firm conclusions, a question mark (?) follows the number. If the site is incorporated in the discussions ak kale of this thesis, then the name of the site will be in small caps. As Typology: 6 a consequence that means that some physical, extant evidance Location: 37°32′55″N ; 36°22′02″E of medieval occupation or construction was present at the site. Publications: Fedden and Thomson, 1957: 12; 22; 54 – Boase, The third entry is the exact location of each site if known. 1978: 149; 153 – Edwards, 1987: 55–56 The geographic coordinates found on Google Earth indicate the Photos: 1a–b 1 The category of “Classical site” will be cited whether the city was 2 Because of the time limit it was impossible for me to visit every site. occcupied by the Armenians themselves or uninhabited but adj- A good attempt, however, has been made during the summers be- acant to an Armenian site. tween 2011 and 2013. © koninklijke brill nv, leiden, ���� | doi 10.1163/9789004417410_009 Dweezil Vandekerckhove - 9789004417410 Downloaded from Brill.com09/24/2021 09:02:03AM via free access A Gazetteer of Medieval Sites in Cilicia 145 Plan: Dağ with the Gebel Akmar and Gebel Simon, and the northern the Nur Dağları stretching up to Marʻash Amanus Gates Toponomy: Ἀμανικαὶ πύλαι, Ἀμανίδες πύλαι, Pylae Amanides, Derbendal Marrim Location: It lies between the modern cities of Osmaniye and Fevsipaşa. On the south it is approached by a group of shallow valleys, and a southern track runs through them from Osmaniye to Islahiye. To the north another pass, the Bahçe, leads to a route between the Hamus and Pyramus rivers. Amaykʽ Toponomy: Amoykʽ, ‘Amāōs Akkilise* amuda, hemite kalesi Typology: 11 Toponomy: Amouda, Amoudain, Amutay, Adamodana, Location: 37°42´31″N ; 35°37´00″E Qalʻat al-‘Āmudain Publications: Hellenkemper, 1986: 98 – Hild, 1990: 167 Typology: 4 Location: 37°11′17″N ; 36°05′40″E Akören* Publications: Alishan, 1899: 225–29 – Boase, 1978: 113–15 – Hel- Typology: 11 lenkemper, 1976: 123–31 – Edwards, 1987: 58–62 Location: 37°28´23″N ; 35°27´51″ Photos: 3a–c Plan: aladağ Toponomy: 2 Location: 37°05′18″N ; 34°58′00″E Photos: 2a–b alafakılar Toponomy: Alifakılı, Kaleyüzü Typology: 1 Location: 37°30´50″N ; 35°43´54″E Publications: Edwards, 1987: 57 Alahan* Typology: 11 Location: 36°47´29″N ; 33°21´10″E Alaiye* Toponomy: Alanya Köyü, Alanyalı Location: 37°05´52″N ; 34°30´25″ Publications: Hild, 1990: 170 Amanus Mountains Toponomy: Ἀμανός, Montana Nigra, Seaw Liarn (Armenian for Black Mountains), Nur Daǧları (Amanus Daǧları) Location: Mountain range divided into two ranges by the Belen Pass (Syrian Gates); the southern the Kizil Dweezil Vandekerckhove - 9789004417410 Downloaded from Brill.com09/24/2021 09:02:03AM via free access 146 Appendix 2 Amuq Plain Location: Marshy plain north of Antioch, stretching in a long but little used corridor up to Marʻash, be- tween the Amanus Mountains and the Kurd Dagh Anabat Typology: 11 anacık Typology: 3 Location: 37°23′55″N ; 36°20′17″E Publications: Edwards, 1987: 62 Photos: 4a anahşa Toponomy: Eskianahşa Rodentos, Butrentrum Typology: 7 Location: 37°23′36″N ; 34°54′23″E Publications: Langlois, 1861: 166; 377–79 – Heffening, 1925: 179–89 – Hild, 1981: 185 – Edwards, 1987: 62–65 Photos: 5a–b Plan: andıl kalesi & andıl köy Toponomy: Andul Typology: 5 & 9 Location: 37°32′50″N ; 35°47′35″E & 37°32′28″N ; 35°47′22″E Publications: Alishan, 1899: 66; 264 – Edwards, 1987: 72–77 Photos: 7a–b & 8a Andouchedza Toponomy: Antouchezda, Antiochetta? Andriasankʽ Toponomy: Alabozan, Alibozan Fenk Typology: 11 anavarza Andırın Toponomy: Άνάβαρζα, Anazarbus, ʻAin Zarba, ʻAin Zarbā, Toponomy: Ἀνδρασσός Nāwarzā, Ānāzarbā, Anavarza Location: 37°34´36″N ; 36°21´09″ Typology: 7 Location: 37°15′14″N ; 35°54′17″E Ane, Han Kalesi* Publications: Gough, 1952: 85–150 – Hellenkemper, 1976: Location: 37°49´52″N ; 36°52´30″ 191–201 – Hild, 1990: 178–85 – Edwards, 1987: 65–72 Anamur* Photos: 6a–i Toponomy: Ἀνεμούριον, Ἀνεμώριον, Ἀνεμόνη, Anemurium, Plan: Anemorium, Anemourion, Astalimure, Stallim- uri, Stallimuro Dweezil Vandekerckhove - 9789004417410 Downloaded from Brill.com09/24/2021 09:02:03AM via free access A Gazetteer of Medieval Sites in Cilicia 147 Typology: 10 Ayas, Elaiussa Sebaste* Location: 36°01´20″N ; 32°48´11″E Typology: 10 Publications: Hild, 1990: 187–91 Location: 36°29′01″N ; 34°10′26″E Antiochetta* Aydap İskelesi Toponomy: Ἀντιόχεια ἐπὶ Κράγῳ, Antiochia ad Cragum, An- Toponomy: Ἰωτάπη, Ayžutap tiochia parva, Antiochet, Antiozeta, Andawšc, Typology: 10 Andūšīǧ Location: 36°19´36″N ; 32°16´56″E Typology: 10 Location: 36°09´24″N ; 32°24´54″E Aygek Publications: Hild, 1990: 191–93 Toponomy: Aygeak Areg Ayun Toponomy: Aregin, Aregni, Aregi Toponomy: Ayn, Ayim, Heion, Ayınselime (?) Typology: 11 Typology: 9 History: Unidentified casale granted by Levon i in 1212 to Ark῾akałin the Teutonic Knights (Langlois, Cartulaire: 117; Toponomy: Ark῾akałni, probably Peri Kalesi 119; 121). Typology: 11 azgit arslanköy Toponomy: Šołakan Toponomy: Aslanköy Typology: 4 Typology: 6 Location: 37°36′35″N ; 36°22′56″E Location: 36°59´31″N ; 34°17´24″E Publications: Fedden & Thomson, 1957: 46 – Boase, 1978: 84– Publications: Edwards, 1987: 76–77 91 – Mutafian, 1988, i: 301; 416 – Edwards, 1987: 82–84 – Hild, 1990: 418 Arsuz Photos: 10a–d Toponomy: Port Bonnel, Rhossus, Rosus Typology: 10 babaoğlan Typology: 6 Asgouras: Location: 37°14′35″N ; 36°11′14″E Toponomy: Ἄσκορα, Askuṙas Publications: Edwards, 1987: 84–87 – Hild, 1990: 411 Publications: Hild, 1990: 199–200 Photos: 11a–b Plan: Aşılı, Nürfet Yolu Typology: 6 Location: 37°35´08″N ; 31°15´00″E Publications: Hild, 1990: 199 Avlik, Koçlu* Location: 37°29´47″N ; 36°11´27″E ayas, yumurtalık Toponomy: Αἰγαῖαι, Αἰγέαι, Αἰγαί, Ἁγιάσιν, Āyās, Ayas, Aegea[e] Ayacium, Ayazzo, Ayaccio, Lajazzo, Layazzo, La Giazza, La Jazza, Laicum, Laiacium, Laizo, Typology: 6 and 8 Location: 36°46′03″N ; 35°47′19″E Publications: Langlois, 1863: 4 – Hellenkemper, 1976: 154–64 – Boase, 1978: 137–44 – Edwards, 1987: 77–83 Dweezil Vandekerckhove - 9789004417410 Downloaded from Brill.com09/24/2021 09:02:03AM via free access 148 Appendix 2 babıklı Location: 37°26′41″N ; 35°55′44″E Typology: 4 Publications: Fedden & Thomson, 1957: 12 – Hellenkemper, Location: 37°29′38″N ; 36°15′35″E 1976: 214 – Edwards, 1987: 97 Photos: 16a–b bağras Toponomy: Πάγραι, Bağras, Bakras, Gaston, Guastone Buquequia Typology: 7 Toponomy: Buchona, Bucona, Bequoqua Location: 36°25′36″N ; 36°13′31″E Typology: 9 Publications: Cahen, 1940: 141–55 – Müller-Wiener, 1966: 48 – Deschamps, 1973: 165–71; 359 – Boase, 1978: Büyükçakιr* 35–49 – Edwards, 1983: 415–55 Location: 37°46´11″N ; 35°24´39″E Barsełeanc῾
Load more

Recommended publications
  • CILICIA: the FIRST CHRISTIAN CHURCHES in ANATOLIA1 Mark Wilson
    CILICIA: THE FIRST CHRISTIAN CHURCHES IN ANATOLIA1 Mark Wilson Summary This article explores the origin of the Christian church in Anatolia. While individual believers undoubtedly entered Anatolia during the 30s after the day of Pentecost (Acts 2:9–10), the book of Acts suggests that it was not until the following decade that the first church was organized. For it was at Antioch, the capital of the Roman province of Syria, that the first Christians appeared (Acts 11:20–26). Yet two obscure references in Acts point to the organization of churches in Cilicia at an earlier date. Among the addressees of the letter drafted by the Jerusalem council were the churches in Cilicia (Acts 15:23). Later Paul visited these same churches at the beginning of his second ministry journey (Acts 15:41). Paul’s relationship to these churches points to this apostle as their founder. Since his home was the Cilician city of Tarsus, to which he returned after his conversion (Gal. 1:21; Acts 9:30), Paul was apparently active in church planting during his so-called ‘silent years’. The core of these churches undoubtedly consisted of Diaspora Jews who, like Paul’s family, lived in the region. Jews from Cilicia were members of a Synagogue of the Freedmen in Jerusalem, to which Paul was associated during his time in Jerusalem (Acts 6:9). Antiochus IV (175–164 BC) hellenized and urbanized Cilicia during his reign; the Romans around 39 BC added Cilicia Pedias to the province of Syria. Four cities along with Tarsus, located along or near the Pilgrim Road that transects Anatolia, constitute the most likely sites for the Cilician churches.
    [Show full text]
  • Tentative Lists Submitted by States Parties As of 15 April 2021, in Conformity with the Operational Guidelines
    World Heritage 44 COM WHC/21/44.COM/8A Paris, 4 June 2021 Original: English UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL, SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL ORGANIZATION CONVENTION CONCERNING THE PROTECTION OF THE WORLD CULTURAL AND NATURAL HERITAGE WORLD HERITAGE COMMITTEE Extended forty-fourth session Fuzhou (China) / Online meeting 16 – 31 July 2021 Item 8 of the Provisional Agenda: Establishment of the World Heritage List and of the List of World Heritage in Danger 8A. Tentative Lists submitted by States Parties as of 15 April 2021, in conformity with the Operational Guidelines SUMMARY This document presents the Tentative Lists of all States Parties submitted in conformity with the Operational Guidelines as of 15 April 2021. • Annex 1 presents a full list of States Parties indicating the date of the most recent Tentative List submission. • Annex 2 presents new Tentative Lists (or additions to Tentative Lists) submitted by States Parties since 16 April 2019. • Annex 3 presents a list of all sites included in the Tentative Lists of the States Parties to the Convention, in alphabetical order. Draft Decision: 44 COM 8A, see point II I. EXAMINATION OF TENTATIVE LISTS 1. The World Heritage Convention provides that each State Party to the Convention shall submit to the World Heritage Committee an inventory of the cultural and natural sites situated within its territory, which it considers suitable for inscription on the World Heritage List, and which it intends to nominate during the following five to ten years. Over the years, the Committee has repeatedly confirmed the importance of these Lists, also known as Tentative Lists, for planning purposes, comparative analyses of nominations and for facilitating the undertaking of global and thematic studies.
    [Show full text]
  • MSGSÜ Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi
    MSGSÜ Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi MSGSÜ Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi - MSFAU Journal of Social Sciences Cilt 3 Sayı 20/ Güz 2019 Journal of MSGSÜ Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi - MSFAU MSFAU Journal of Social Sciences Cilt 3 Sayı 20/ Güz 2019 Vol 3 Issue 20/ Fall 2019 TARİHSEL SÜREÇ İÇERİSİNDE KENT / THE CITY INSIDE HISTORICAL PROCESS Editoryel Sunuş: Tarihsel Süreç İçerisinde Kent Editorial Introduction: The City Inside Historical Process Ferit Baz Kentleşmenin Kökeni: Mezopotamya’da İlk Kentler The Origins of Urbanization: First Cities in Mesopotamia Nihan Naiboğlu Hellen Polisinin Ortaya Çıkışı: Güncel Çalışmalar Üzerine Değerlendirmeler The Emergence of the Greek Polis: Implications on Current Studies Kenan Eren Augustus’un Anadolu’daki Yapı Politikası The Building Policy of Augustus in Anatolia Mehmet Oktan Kapadokya’daki Hierapolis Kentinden Sıradışı Bir Onurlandırma: Beş Arkhiereus Annesi Bir Kadın An Extraordinary Honor from the City of Hierapolis in Cappadocia: A Woman as a Mother of Five Archiereis Ferit Baz Imparator Zeno Dönemi’nde Cilicia ve Isauria’da Kilise İnşa Faaliyetleri Church Building Activities in Cilicia and Isauria during the Emperor Zeno Period Murat Özyıldırım, Yavuz Yeğin Doğu Avrupa Türk Şehirciliğine Hazar Dönemi’nden Bir Örnek: Mayatsk An Example for the East European Turkish Urbanism from Khazar Period: Mayatsk Özlem Oktay Çerezci Büyük Selçuklular Devrinde Şehirlerin İdaresi Administration of Cities in the Period of the Great Seljuks Nevzat Keleş Oryantalizmi Doğuran İki Başkent: İstanbul – Paris Two Bedrocks of Orientalism:
    [Show full text]
  • Civic Responses to the Rise and Fall of Sol Elagabal in the Roman Empire
    EMPIRE OF THE SUN? CIVIC RESPONSES TO THE RISE AND FALL OF SOL ELAGABAL IN THE ROMAN EMPIRE Martijn Icks During its long and turbulent history, the city of Rome witnessed many changes in its religious institutions and traditions. For many centuries, these came to pass under the benevolent eye of Iupiter Optimus Maximus, the city‟s supreme deity since time immemorial. Not until the fourth century AD would Iupiter finally loose this position to the monotheistic, omnipotent God of Christianity. However, the power of the thunder god had been challenged before. The first deity who temporarily conquered his throne was Sol Invictus Elagabal, a local sun god from the Syrian town of Emesa. This unlikely usurper was the personal god of the emperor Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, whose short-lived reign lasted from 218 to 222 AD, and who has been nicknamed Elagabalus for his affiliation with Elagabal. Even before his rise to power, Elagabalus served as Elagabal‟s high priest. The deity was worshipped in the form of a conical black stone, a so-called baitylos or “house of god”, which resided in a big temple in Emesa. Elagabalus, at that time a fourteen-year-old boy, performed ritual dances in honour of his god. By doing so, he drew the attention of Roman soldiers who were stationed near the town. They proclaimed the boy emperor under the false pretense that he was a bastard son of emperor Caracalla (211-217 AD). Elagabalus won sufficient military support, defeated the reigning emperor and thus gained the throne. He installed himself in Rome and took his god with him.
    [Show full text]
  • ROMANIZATION and SOME CILICIAN CULTS by HUGH ELTON (BIAA)
    ROMANIZATION AND SOME CILICIAN CULTS By HUGH ELTON (BIAA) This paper focuses on two sites from central Cilicia in Anatolia, the Cory­ cian Cave and Kanhdivane, to make some comments about religion and Romanization. From the Corycian Cave, a pair of early third-century AD altars are dedicated to Zeus Korykios, described as Victorious (Epinikios), Triumphant (Tropaiuchos), and the Harvester (Epikarpios), and to Hermes Korykios, also Victorious, Triumphant, and the Harvester. The altars were erected for 'the fruitfulness and brotherly love of the Augusti', suggesting they come from the period before Geta's murder, i.e. between AD 209 and 212. 1 These altars are unremarkable and similar examples are common else­ where, so these altars can be interpreted as showing the homogenising effect of the Roman Empire. But behind these dedications, however, may lie a re­ ligious tradition stretching back to the second millennium BC. At the second site, Kanhdivane, a tomb in the west necropolis was accompanied by a fu­ nerary inscription erected by Marcus Ulpius Knos for himself and his family, probably in the second century AD. Marcus then added, 'but if anyone damages or opens [the tomb] let him pay to the treasury of Zeus 1000 [de­ narii] and to the Moon (Selene) and to the Sun (Helios) above 1000 [denarii] and let him be subject to the curses also of the Underground Gods (Kata­ chthoniai Theoi). ' 2 When he wanted to threaten retribution, Knos turned to a local group of gods. As at the Corycian Cave, Knos' actions may preserve traces of pre-Roman practices, though within a Roman framework.
    [Show full text]
  • Armenia, Republic of | Grove
    Grove Art Online Armenia, Republic of [Hayasdan; Hayq; anc. Pers. Armina] Lucy Der Manuelian, Armen Zarian, Vrej Nersessian, Nonna S. Stepanyan, Murray L. Eiland and Dickran Kouymjian https://doi.org/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.T004089 Published online: 2003 updated bibliography, 26 May 2010 Country in the southern part of the Transcaucasian region; its capital is Erevan. Present-day Armenia is bounded by Georgia to the north, Iran to the south-east, Azerbaijan to the east and Turkey to the west. From 1920 to 1991 Armenia was a Soviet Socialist Republic within the USSR, but historically its land encompassed a much greater area including parts of all present-day bordering countries (see fig.). At its greatest extent it occupied the plateau covering most of what is now central and eastern Turkey (c. 300,000 sq. km) bounded on the north by the Pontic Range and on the south by the Taurus and Kurdistan mountains. During the 11th century another Armenian state was formed to the west of Historic Armenia on the Cilician plain in south-east Asia Minor, bounded by the Taurus Mountains on the west and the Amanus (Nur) Mountains on the east. Its strategic location between East and West made Historic or Greater Armenia an important country to control, and for centuries it was a battlefield in the struggle for power between surrounding empires. Periods of domination and division have alternated with centuries of independence, during which the country was divided into one or more kingdoms. Page 1 of 47 PRINTED FROM Oxford Art Online. © Oxford University Press, 2019.
    [Show full text]
  • Greek Cities & Islands of Asia Minor
    MASTER NEGATIVE NO. 93-81605- Y MICROFILMED 1 993 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES/NEW YORK / as part of the "Foundations of Western Civilization Preservation Project'' Funded by the NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE HUMANITIES Reproductions may not be made without permission from Columbia University Library COPYRIGHT STATEMENT The copyright law of the United States - Title 17, United photocopies or States Code - concerns the making of other reproductions of copyrighted material. and Under certain conditions specified in the law, libraries or other archives are authorized to furnish a photocopy the reproduction. One of these specified conditions is that for any photocopy or other reproduction is not to be "used purpose other than private study, scholarship, or for, or later uses, a research." If a user makes a request photocopy or reproduction for purposes in excess of fair infringement. use," that user may be liable for copyright a This institution reserves the right to refuse to accept fulfillment of the order copy order if, in its judgement, would involve violation of the copyright law. AUTHOR: VAUX, WILLIAM SANDYS WRIGHT TITLE: GREEK CITIES ISLANDS OF ASIA MINOR PLACE: LONDON DA TE: 1877 ' Master Negative # COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES PRESERVATION DEPARTMENT BIBLIOGRAPHIC MTCROFORM TAR^FT Original Material as Filmed - Existing Bibliographic Record m^m i» 884.7 !! V46 Vaux, V7aiion Sandys Wright, 1818-1885. ' Ancient history from the monuments. Greek cities I i and islands of Asia Minor, by W. S. W. Vaux... ' ,' London, Society for promoting Christian knowledce." ! 1877. 188. p. plate illus. 17 cm. ^iH2n KJ Restrictions on Use: TECHNICAL MICROFORM DATA i? FILM SIZE: 3 S'^y^/"^ REDUCTION IMAGE RATIO: J^/ PLACEMENT: lA UA) iB .
    [Show full text]
  • Sanherip Dönemi Kilikya İsyanları
    Sanherip Dönemi Kilikya İsyanları Cilician Rebellions in Sennacherib Period Mehmet KURT∗ Öz Kilikya; İran, Mezopotamya, Mısır, Ege, Kıbrıs, Doğu Akdeniz ve Anadolu dünyalarını birbirine bağlayan konumuyla stratejik bir öneme sahip olmuştur. Bölgenin doğal liman olanakları, ormanları ve zengin maden kaynakları sebebiyle çevre devletler için daima bir cazibe merkezi oluşturduğu görülmüştür. Bu bağlamda Yeni Asur Devleti’nin Urartu ve Phryglerle yapmış olduğu mücadelelerde, Kilikya’nın savaş alanı haline gelmesi çok sayıda problemi beraberinde getirmiştir. Kilikya’nın tanımlanan bu özelliğini en iyi yansıtan gelişmelerden birisi, hiç şüphesiz, Sanherip dönemi isyanlarıdır. Bölgenin yerel yöneticileri olan Azitawadda ve Kirua’nın Asur yönetimine karşı çıkarttıkları isyanlar, Asur Devleti için Kilikya’nın stratejik önemini ve sosyo-ekonomik değerini bir kez daha ortaya koymuştur. Bölgenin politik yapısı ve yerel güçlerin bu politik teşkilatlanmadaki etkisini bütün açıklığıyla gözler önüne sermiş olan isyanlar, Asur’un Anadolu politikası için de belirleyici olmuştur. Öte yandan birbirinin devamı olduğu anlaşılan iki isyan da Kilikya’da bölgesel bir gücün kurulmak istendiğini ve yerel güçlerin etkinliğini göstermesi açısından büyük önem taşımaktadır. Zira bölgede yapılan filolojik inceleme ve analizler, yerel güçlerle daha büyük güçler arasındaki politik ilişkiler konusunda önemli sonuçlar ortaya koymuşlardır. İşte bu makalenin amacı, Sargonidler Devri Asur kaynakları ve yerli hiyeroglif yazıtlar ışığında, söz konusu isyanların, Asur için stratejik,
    [Show full text]
  • The Latin Principality of Antioch and Its Relationship with the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, 1188-1268 Samuel James Wilson
    The Latin Principality of Antioch and Its Relationship with the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, 1188-1268 Samuel James Wilson A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of Nottingham Trent University for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy March 2016 1 Copyright Statement This work is the intellectual property of the author. You may copy up to 5% of this work for private study, or personal, non-commercial research. Any re-use of the information contained within this document should be fully referenced, quoting the author, title, university, degree level and pagination. Queries or requests for any other use, or if a more substantial copy is required, should be directed to the owner of the Intellectual Property Rights. 2 Abstract The Latin principality of Antioch was founded during the First Crusade (1095-1099), and survived for 170 years until its destruction by the Mamluks in 1268. This thesis offers the first full assessment of the thirteenth century principality of Antioch since the publication of Claude Cahen’s La Syrie du nord à l’époque des croisades et la principauté franque d’Antioche in 1940. It examines the Latin principality from its devastation by Saladin in 1188 until the fall of Antioch eighty years later, with a particular focus on its relationship with the Armenian kingdom of Cilicia. This thesis shows how the fate of the two states was closely intertwined for much of this period. The failure of the principality to recover from the major territorial losses it suffered in 1188 can be partly explained by the threat posed by the Cilician Armenians in the late twelfth and early thirteenth centuries.
    [Show full text]
  • ÇUKUROVA ARAŞTIRMALARI DERGİSİ ISSN: 2458-7559 DOI Number: CİLT 1, SAYI 1, KIŞ 2015 S
    ÇUKUROVA ARAŞTIRMALARI DERGİSİ ISSN: 2458-7559 DOI Number: http://dx.doi.org/10.18560/cukurova.13 CİLT 1, SAYI 1, KIŞ 2015 s. 1-7 ANAZARBUS, AEGEAI VE TARSUS KENTLERİNİN TİCARET YOLLARIYLA BAĞLANTISI1 Murat DURUKAN2 Özet Doğu Akdeniz tarihinin yanıt bekleyen sorularından biri, Roma İmparatorluk Dönemi’nde ve Geç Antik Çağ’da ortaya çıkan ekonomik hareketliliğin nedenleridir. Anadolu, Suriye, Lübnan ve Filistin kıyılarında yaşanan dikkat çekici gelişmelerin gerekçeleri hakkında net yanıtlar verilememektedir. Bazı bilim insanları Roma lejyonlarının Doğu Akdeniz’deki üretim hacmini arttırdığı ve ekonomiye hatırı sayılır bir canlılık kazandırdığı üzerinde durmaktadır. Ancak askerî seferler her bölgede aynı ekonomik kalkınmaya neden olmamıştır. Kilikia bölgesinde özellikle MS 4 ile erken 7. yy.’lar arasında gözlenen gelişmeler de, ciddi bir ekonomik hareketliliğin yaşandığına işaret etmekte ve tüm Doğu Akdeniz’in merak uyandıran bu problemine ışık tutabilecek önemli ipuçları barındırmaktadır. Bölgenin sahillerinde ortaya çıkan yeni yerleşimler; tarımsal üretim yapan çiftliklerin ve kırsal yerleşimlerin anormal ölçüde çoğalması ile inşa edilen kiliselerin sayısındaki artış, bu ekonomik hareketliliğin en somut yansımaları arasında gösterilebilir. Bu gelişmelerin yanı sıra antik dünyanın hemen her noktasında bulunan ve aynı zaman dilimine ait olan Kilikia kökenli LR1 amphoralarının üretiminde de bir patlama yaşanmıştır. Bölgede, Roma ve Erken Bizans Dönemi’nde nasıl bir siyasi ve ticari tablo ile karşılaşılmaktadır? Ayrıca LR1 amphoralarının bu denli geniş bir coğrafyaya yayılması nasıl ve kimler vasıtasıyla olmuştur? Adana ve Mersin illerinin sınırları içindeki antik kentler, tüm Doğu Akdeniz’i ilgilendiren bu çözümlenememiş probleme yanıt olabilecek ipuçları barındırmaktadır. Özellikle Anazarbus kentinin kuruluşu, Aegeai ve Tarsus kentleriyle birlikte bölgede nasıl bir ticari misyon üstlendiği irdelenecek ve konuya ışık tutulmaya çalışılacaktır.
    [Show full text]
  • Ms 4. Yüzyilda Isauria Eyaleti'nin Siyasal Ve Idari
    MS 4. YÜZYILDA ISAURIA EYALETİ’NİN SİYASAL VE İDARİ YAPISI MEHMET KURT* Giriş Antik Isauria, Anadolu’nun güneyinde doğudan Kilikia Trakheia/Kilikia Aspera (Dağlık Kilikia), batıdan Pamphylia ve kuzeyden de Lykaonia ile sınır- lanmış oldukça dağlık bir bölgedir (Harita)1. Bölgenin özellikle Toros dağlarının batı kesimlerinde yer alan bölümü son derece engebeli olup, akarsular tarafından parçalanmış çok sayıda vadi ve kanyondan oluşmaktadır. Bu durumunun istisna- larını ise kıyı kesimi ve Kalykadnos (Göksu) Vadisi oluşturmaktadır. Hierokles2’in Isauria Eyaleti’nin metropolis Seleukeia olmak üzere 23 kentini sıraladığı listeden ve Constantinus Porphyrogenitus3’un saymış olduğu Isauria dekapolisinden de açıkça * Doç. Dr., Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey Üniversitesi, Edebiyat Fakültesi, Tarih Bölümü, Karaman/ TÜRKİYE, [email protected] 1 W. Ruge, “Isauria”, RE IX/2, 1916, s. 2056. Isauria ve Isaurialılar hakkında detaylı bilgi ve literatür için bkz. J. Matthews, The Romans Empire of Ammianus with a new introduction, Michigan Classical Press, London 1989, ss. 355-367; B. D. Shaw, “Bandit Highlands and Lowland: The Mountains of Isauria-Cilicia”, Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient XXXIII/3, 1990, ss. 237-270; N. Lenski, “Assimilation and Revolt in the Territory of Isauria, from the 1st Century BC to the 6th Century AD”, Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient XLII/4, 1999, ss. 413-465; S. Dmitriev, “Observations on the Historical Geography of Roman Lycaonia”, Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies 41, 2000, ss. 350-357. Haritanın hazırlanmasında J. Matthews, The Roman Empire of Ammianus with a new Introduction, s. 356, Map 8’den faydalanılmıştır. 2 Hierok. 708.1-710.9’da kıyı ve iç Isauria’da yer alan 23 kent şu şekilde sıralanmaktadır: Seleucia metropolis, Celesdere, Anemurium, Titiopolis, Lamus, Antiochia, Juliosebaste, Cestri, Selinus, Iotape, Diocaesarea, Olbe, Claudiopolis, Hieropolis, Dalisandus, Germanicopolis, Irenopolis, Philadelphia, Moloe, Darasus, Zeede, Neapolis, Lauzados.
    [Show full text]
  • Comments on the Early/Middle Iron Age Chronology of Lake Van Basin
    1170-08_ANES(45)08_07_ Koroglu 08-10-2008 12:34 Pagina 123 doi: 10.2143/ANES.45.0.2033167 ANES 45 (2008) 123-146 Comments on the Early/Middle Iron Age Chronology of Lake Van Basin Kemalettin KÖROGLU Department of Ancient History Faculty of Science and Letters Marmara University 34722 Göztepe/ Istanbul TURKEY E-mail: [email protected] Erkan KONYAR Department of Ancient History Faculty of Letters Istanbul University 34459 Beyazıt/ Istanbul TURKEY E-mail: [email protected] Abstract* In the Van Lake basin, or in Northeast Anatolia in general, Early Iron Age denotes pre-Urartian times. Although the beginning of this age is rather obscure, it is generally accepted that it came to an end with the establishment of the Urartian Kingdom in the middle of the ninth century BC. Following the focus on a number of large, well-planned Urartian sites over the last hundred years or so, there has been a shift in the last twenty years to small, rural settlements and necropoleis, like Dilkaya, Karagündüz and Yoncatepe in the hope of finding pre- Urartian Early Iron Age remains. In this paper we shall discuss ‘grooved pottery’ and other important finds used to date these sites and necropoleis to the Early * We would like to express our gratitude to General Directorate of Monuments and Museums for their kind permission to study the archaeological material in Van Museum, to Mete Tozkoparan, the deputy director of the Van Museum, and finally to Oktay Belli, who gave us the chance to study Yoncatepe material during my (Konyar 2004) thesis.
    [Show full text]