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Volume 5D, ESA – Trans Mountain Pipeline ULC Socio-Economic Technical Reports Trans Mountain Expansion Project Traditional Land and Resource Use Technical Report An Elder reported that he and fellow Ermineskin Cree Nation community members once fished for whitefish, pickerel, perch, rainbow trout, pike and bull trout in Wabamun Lake. However, due to an oil spill in 2005, the water quality is now poor and fishing is not ideal. The fish are small and are believed to be unhealthy due to pollution. Although Ermineskin Cree Nation community members do not travel to the lake to fish, community members from nearby bands still report it to be an important fishing site. Community members report that some of their past fishing sites are no longer used. An Elder identified Pigeon Lake as a fishing site (Plate 5.1.7-1). Most fishing takes place at the south end of the lake. Historically, net fishing has been conducted. Community members reported that Buck Lake was the best spot to catch whitefish in the past. Chimney Creek, near Kootenay Plains, was also a known fishing site, now used for grazing livestock and not often used by Ermineskin Cree Nation members. A cabin was once situated there. Plate 5.1.7-1 Pigeon Lake from helicopter overflight. TABLE 5.1.7-5 FISHING SITES IDENTIFIED BY ERMINESKIN CREE NATION Approximate Distance and Current/Past Requested Direction from Project Site Description Use Mitigation 31 km south of RK 15.4 Coal Lake Current None 51.8 km southwest of RK 29.9 Pigeon Lake Current None 24.6 km south of RK 61.4 Along North Saskatchewan River for Current None trout, sturgeon, rainbow trout, catfish, suckers and walleye. 1.3 km south of RK 95.7 Wabamun Lake Past None 80 km south of RK 102.4 Wilson Creek for brook trout Current None 69.2 km south of RK 118.7 Buck Lake for jackfish, pike and walleye Current/Past None 87 km south of RK 136 Crystal Creek/Horseshoe Creek for bull Current None trout, rainbow trout, brook trout and grayling 7894/December 2013 REP-NEB-TERA-00035 Page 5-49 Volume 5D, ESA – Trans Mountain Pipeline ULC Socio-Economic Technical Reports Trans Mountain Expansion Project Traditional Land and Resource Use Technical Report TABLE 5.1.7-5 Cont'd Approximate Distance and Current/Past Requested Direction from Project Site Description Use Mitigation 67.1 km south of RK 203.4 Elk River region Current None 78 km southeast of RK 256 Thunder Lake Current None 82 km south of RK 263 Chimney Creek near Kootenay Plains Past None No fishing sites were identified within the proposed pipeline corridor during the TLU study and no mitigation was requested for hunting sites by Ermineskin Cree Nation. Trapping Ermineskin Cree Nation community Elders and community members identified several traplines and trapping sites during the TLU study for the Project, detailed in Table 5.1.7-6. Community members reported a historically used trapline near Alder Flats but were uncertain as to whether it was still in use. TABLE 5.1.7-6 TRAPPING SITES IDENTIFIED BY ERMINESKIN CREE NATION Approximate Distance and Direction from Current/Past Requested Project Site Description Use Mitigation 13.3 km north of Trap lines at northwest end of Lac Ste. Past None RK 95 Anne 51 km south of RK 100 Trap line in Brown Creek region in Current None Brazeau County 68 km south of Trap line near Alder Flats Past None RK 126.6 5.3 km south of Trappers’ cabins along Pembina River Current None RK 134.5 No trapping sites were identified within the proposed pipeline corridor during the TLU study and no mitigation was requested for trapping sites by Ermineskin Cree Nation. Gathering Places Ermineskin Cree Nation members identified several gathering places during the TLU study for the Project, detailed in Table 5.1.7-7. Community members reported that powwows and sundances currently take place at Paul First Nation reserve on the eastern shore of Wabamun Lake. Many Ermineskin Cree Nation members travel there to attend these ceremonies and to trade food with other family members. Items traded include medicinal plants and berries. Community members reported that gatherings and pilgrimages take place at Lac Ste. Anne, usually for 10 days in July (Plate 5.1.7-2). Most gatherings are Catholic-based; however, many traditional Cree prayers are also recited at Lac Ste. Anne. Community Elders reported that Mission Beach, at the northeast corner of Pigeon Lake, is an historic gathering place. This place is associated with historic stories regarding the Cree language and survival of the Cree people. In the past, family groups from the four bands would gather at the east end of Pigeon Lake and share the whitefish harvest in late September and October. 7894/December 2013 REP-NEB-TERA-00035 Page 5-50 Volume 5D, ESA – Trans Mountain Pipeline ULC Socio-Economic Technical Reports Trans Mountain Expansion Project Traditional Land and Resource Use Technical Report Plate 5.1.7-2 Gathering site at Lac Ste. Anne. A traditional bartering game called “stick game”, wipiawake in Cree, played by Ermineskin Cree Nation Elders, community members and other First Nations people across North America was described by an Elder. According to the Elder, tournaments are held throughout North America today and cash prizes are commonly awarded to the winners. Today, the Elder plays the game with community members on the Ermineskin Cree Nation Reserve, on the Paul Band Reserve and most recently in First Nation Casino near Seattle, Washington. In the past, the game was played for material goods such as art work. To play the game, two players square off face-to-face, each with a set of four bones (two bones are plain and two bones have stripes) and in between the players is a special bone called the “kick-stick”. The purpose of the game is to guess which hand is holding the plain bone by gesturing. There are different versions of the game but in the version played by the Elder, the gesture involved pointing to the left or right with the thumb. Traditional songs are recited while the game is played and are believed to indicate the location of the opponent’s plain bone to the best singer. TABLE 5.1.7-7 GATHERING PLACES IDENTIFIED BY ERMINESKIN CREE NATION Approximate Distance and Requested Direction from Project Site Description Current/Past Use Mitigation 51.8 km southwest of RK 29.9 Gatherings at Mission Beach, northeast corner Past None of Pigeon Lake 60 km south of RK 72.1 Gathering at Battle Lake Current None 13.3 km north of RK 95 Gatherings and annual pilgrimages at Lac Ste. Current None Anne 3.3 km southwest of RK 103.3 Pow wows and sundance ceremonies at Paul Current None First Nation reserve 69.2 km south of RK 118.7 Gatherings at Buck Lake Current None 87 km south of RK 136.1 Gatherings at Horseshoe Creek Provincial Past None Natural Area 7894/December 2013 REP-NEB-TERA-00035 Page 5-51 Volume 5D, ESA – Trans Mountain Pipeline ULC Socio-Economic Technical Reports Trans Mountain Expansion Project Traditional Land and Resource Use Technical Report No gathering places were identified within the proposed pipeline corridor during the TLU study and no mitigation was requested for gathering places by Ermineskin Cree Nation. Sacred Areas Ermineskin Cree Nation Elders and community members identified several sacred areas during the TLU study for the Project, detailed in Table 5.1.7-8. Lac Ste. Anne is considered to be a sacred site by Ermineskin Cree Nation community Elders and people (Plate 5.1.7-3). It is the site of an annual 10 day pilgrimage for many First Nations people and numerous Ermineskin Cree Nation members attend the ceremonies. A community Elder reported that the waters at Lac Ste. Anne are known to have healing properties and thousands of community members travel from across Canada to visit the lake. During ground reconnaissance, a ‘smudging rock’ was observed along the shores of the lake. It was reported that the Brazeau Dam is an important site for Ermineskin Cree Nation community members to gather stone for sacred and material use. The stones gathered include quartzite, soapstone, black chert and crushing stones. White quartzite is an important stone used in ceremonial rattles and sweats. The stone sparks when it is shaken, creating a loud noise. Soapstone is used for pipe work and carving. Black chert is used to make arrow heads and for tanning hides. Men and women use the stone to scrape the hides. It was reported that elk hide is the best to tan. Arrowhead-making is an important resurgent cultural activity. Crushing stones are used to prepare pemmican and to make jam by crushing berries. Community members report that the best stones are smooth. Colourful stones of all types are also collected and used for art and decoration. The community convenes at this site annually to gather rocks and stones. Plate 5.1.7-3 Crutches inside the church at Lac Ste. Anne, which are evidence of the healing properties of the water in the lake. An Elder identified Buck Mountain as a sacred site. There are stories that ‘thunderbirds,’ which are mysterious, small people, lived on that mountain. During the map review, sacred burial grounds were identified within the City of Edmonton. These burial sites were commemorated with a reburial ceremony on August 28, 2006 and a built memorial including a 7894/December 2013 REP-NEB-TERA-00035 Page 5-52 Volume 5D, ESA – Trans Mountain Pipeline ULC Socio-Economic Technical Reports Trans Mountain Expansion Project Traditional Land and Resource Use Technical Report names wall, a pathway surrounding the site and seven interpretive panels honouring those buried at the site today were included.